美国文学史 爱伦坡 the fall of the house of Usher 总结
The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》《厄舍古屋的倒塌》_中文译版
The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》/《厄舍古屋的倒塌》【中文译版】[爱伦·坡著]他的心脏像是一个悬挂着的琴箱，稍一碰触便发出音乐的鸣响。
——贝朗瑞在这年秋天的一个沉淡、阴暗、寂静的白日，天上的云彩低垂。
整整一天我独自一人骑着马走过乡下一大片极为凄凉的土地，暮色降临时，我终于看见了那阴沉的厄舍古厦。
不知怎么搞的，我一看到这幢房子，就不由产生出一种难以忍受的忧郁感。
我说难以忍受，是由于这种感情中没有半点美的味道，要知道，即使是最荒凉、最可怕的自然景象，在人们心中也往往会引起一种近乎诗意的感伤，而我现在的忧郁感中却毫无诗意可言。
我望着前面的景象——望着这幢房子和它周围的地貌，望着光秃秃的墙壁，望着眼睛般的窗户，望着那一排排蓑草，望着那几株死树的白树干，心中极感压抑。
这感觉就如同吸足鸦片的人从美梦中醒来，重新回到冰冷的现实中一样。
我心里冰凉冰凉的，心猛地往下一沉，感到一阵恶心——不论运用何种崇高的想象力，这种忧郁感都是无法驱散的。
我不由想到：这是怎么了为什么我一看到厄舍古厦心里便极为别扭这是一个难解之谜，我无法解释为什么我一想到它便心中充满种种阴沉的想象。
我只好得出一个十分牵强的结论：一方面，毫无疑问，自然景物这种组合，确实产生了一种力量，可以影响人的情绪，而另一方面，对于这种组合的感受和分析，却应该是因人而异，寓于人本身的思考当中的。
我想到，假如把眼前的这些景物重新安排一下，它们的压抑性很可能就会大大减弱，甚至完全消除。
这样一想，我便策马来到池塘陡峭的边缘，观看灰色的蓑草、丑陋的枯树干，和那眼睛般空洞洞的窗口，我心中忽然打一个冷战，情绪变得比刚才更为压抑。
然而，我却将在这幢阴沉的古厦中住上几个星期。
它的主人罗德里克·厄舍从小就是我的好朋友，但是现在我俩已经许多年未曾谋面了。
最近我收到了一封来自远方乡下的信——一封来自他的信，一封纠缠着我、必须我亲自答复的信。
The-Fall-of-the-House-of-Usher——爱伦坡PPT课件
Translation: "His/her heart is a poised lute; as soon as it is touched, it resounds".
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6
•Narrator
• First Person • Nameless • Knew little about his friend • Unreliable
(2)Usher loved his sister very much, but Madeline suffered a lot from her malady and was going to die
(3)He put his sister living in the tomb to decrease some fear, but on the contrary it caused greater fear and drived him to die
• the Belphegor of Machiavelli;
• the Heaven and Hell of Swedenborg;
• the Subterranean Voyage of Nicholas Klimm by Holberg;
• the Chiromancy of Robert Flud, of Jean D'Indagine, and of De la Chambre;
• the Journey into the Blue Distance of Tieck;
• and the City of the Sun of Campanella.
• the Directorium Inquisitorum; 《宗教法庭手册》
厄舍古屋的倒塌——读书笔记
《厄舍古屋的倒塌》读书笔记《厄舍古屋的倒塌))(The Fall of the House of Usher)是美国小说家、诗人、文学批评家埃德加·艾伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849)的著名的短篇小说之一，被世人评价为坡的最优秀的作品。
在该小说中，坡运用各种词语，巧妙安排情节，结合运用文笔技巧，制造了异常恐怖的艺术效果，读者对其小说技艺无不折服。
通过运用如夸张、借代、比喻、拟人、矛盾等修辞手段，使得整个作品寓意丰富且耐人寻味，作品氛围充满神秘的恐怖气息。
在文章中，爱伦坡擅长运用象征的这一手法挖掘读者内心的想象力，从而激发读者心灵的恐怖。
坡的作品被称为“象征主义戏剧”，通过典型的气氛烘托以及情节细腻描写，使得作品具有强烈的戏剧效果。
坡的小说被称为象征主义戏剧，通过典型的气氛与情节描写具有强烈的戏剧效果，其中《厄舍古屋的倒塌》被评论家称为爱伦坡象征手法运用得无懈可击的小说。
象征是艺术表现手法之一，指借用某种具体的形象的事物暗示特定的人物或事理，以表达真挚的感情和深刻的寓意;是指用具体的事物来代指抽象事物和思想感情。
象征的具有本体意义和象征意义，二者之间原本没有根本和直接的联系，但是通过作家对本体事物的细腻描绘，读者会产生一种由此及彼的联想，从而意会到作家所要表达的含义。
象征手法的效果是寓意深刻，不但丰富读者的想象，还可以通过简练形象的语言表达真挚的情感。
坡用象征的手法贯穿整部作品，将人物与房屋融为一体厄舍古屋最后的倒塌寓意着厄舍兄妹的死亡，也代表厄舍家族的灭亡。
厄舍家族与古屋十分相似，古屋年久失修、破败不堪、摇摇欲坠，而饱受保守精神折磨的厄舍家族最后一代的兄妹二人整日神经兮兮、行为怪异。
在一个风雨交加的夜晚，兄妹二人倒地身亡，厄舍古屋的倒塌同厄舍兄妹的死亡互为隐喻相辅相成。
在故事中，这座古屋象征着一个躯体，而兄妹二人就是同一个灵魂驱使下的两副躯体，房屋逐日破败就像男主人公饱受精神折磨、女主人公重疾缠身一样，他们的精神和内心就和那座古屋一样也出现了裂缝，随时可能崩溃。
The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher(1)文学作业
心理分析
心理分析（又称精神分析，心理动 力学），是在中国文化心理学基础 上对于西方精神分析理论与技术的 整合与发展，其中包含着心之本义， 理心之妙用以及心灵的智慧。
•这是爱伦· 坡精神世界的真实写照，是 他对死亡的恐惧，对人性本能的恶、 对人格分裂的恐惧。 •一方面是爱伦· 坡悲惨、孤独的生活经 历；另一方面是爱伦· 坡受到猛烈攻击 的创作原则，这两个方面使爱伦· 坡陷 入了一种虚无、毫无希望的生活状况， 从而把他推向了精神困境的深渊。
Байду номын сангаас
从心理角度分析：
根据心理分析理论，本文认为该故事可以被看作 是爱伦· 坡的噩梦。文中，叙述者即为爱伦· 坡的 化身，而厄舍兄妹是意识王国中的景象，罗德里 克是意识的化身，受到了潜意识的打扰；而妹妹 玛德琳则是潜意识，代表罗德里克被压抑的创作 冲动。 在“厄舍府的倒塌”中，爱伦· 坡展示了一个深入 人的意识领域并发现其中的独特王国的过程。在 那个王国中，意识让步于超现实的意象、潜在的 情感以及自我毁灭的冲动。这个过程，即是爱 伦· 坡意识分裂的过程，展示了爱伦· 坡的思想困 境。
女性主义
• 女性主义（女权运动、女权主义）是指 一个主要以女性经验为来源与动机的社 会理论与政治运动。在对社会关系进行 批判之外，许多女性主义的支持者也着 重于性别不平等的分析以及推动妇女的 权利、利益与议题 。
•女性主义理论的目的在于了解不平 等的本质以及着重在性别政治、权 力关系与性意识之上 。
因此，本文表达了厄舍对女性自我解放的 恐惧，同时也反映了19世纪弥漫了整个社 会的这种焦虑情绪，厄舍的这种恐惧不是 没有理由的，他们的妹妹最终被活埋后挣 脱出来。 19世纪家庭结构的基石就是家庭中的姐妹， 她们的各种欲望必须被深深埋葬在家庭这 个大厦的最底层。厄舍先生把妹妹活埋在 地窖就是对维多利亚时期活埋女性欲望一 个形象的比喻。
The Fall of the House of Usher
The Fall of the House of UsherWritten by Edgar Allen Poe It was a grey autumn day and the sky was full of large black clouds. All day I had ridden through flat and uninteresting countryside. but al last, as it began to grow dark, I saw the end of my journey.There, in front of me, stood the House of Usher. And at once--I do not know why--a strange feeling of deep gloom came down on me and covered me like a blanket. I looked up at the old house with its high stone walls and narrow windows. I looked around al the thin dry grass and the old dying trees, and an icy hand seemed to take hold of my heart. I felt cold and sick and could not think of one happy thought to chase away my gloom.Why, I wondered, did the House of Usher make me feel so sad? I could find no answer.There was a lake next to the house and I rode my horse up to the edge and stopped. Perhaps from here the house would not seem so sad, so full of gloom . I looked down into the mirror of dark. still water, and saw again the empty, eye-like windows of the house and the dying trees all around it. The feeling of gloom was stronger than ever.It was in this house that I was going to spend the next few weeks. Its owner, Roderick Usher, had been a good friend of mine when I was a boy. l had not seen him for many years, but recently he had sent me a letter--a sad, and terrible letter. He wrote that he was ill, ill in body and ill in mind; that, he wanted and needed to see me. I was his only friend, the only person who could help him in his illness.Although we had been good friends when we were young, I knew very little about him. He had never spoken much about himself, but I knew that he came from a very old family of which he was the last living man. I also knew that in the Usher family there had. never been many children and so for hundreds of years the family name, together with the family home, had passed straight from father to son.As I stood by the lake, my feeling of gloom grew and grew. I knew also that underneath my gloom lay fear, and feat does strange things to the mind. I began to imagine that the gloom was not in my mind, but was something real. It was like a mysterious cloud, which seemed to come straight from the dark lake and the dying trees and the old walls of the house. A heavy grey cloud, which carried with it disease and fear.This was a dream, I told myself, and I looked more carefully at the building in front of me. It was, indeed, very old 'and I noticed that every stone had cracks and holes in it. But there was nothing really wrong with the building. No stones were missing. The only thing that I noticed was a very small crack which started at the top of the building, and continued all the way down into the dark waters of the lake.I went up to the front of the house. A servant took my horse and I stepped into the large hall. Another servant led me silently upstairs. On the walls there were many strange, dark pictures which made me fed nervous. 1 remembered these pictures from my earlier visits to the house when I was a child. But the feelings that the pictures gave me on this visit were new to me.On the stairs we met the family doctor. He had a strange look on his face, a look that I did not like. I hurried on, and finally the servant opened a door and look me into the study.The room was large and long, with high narrow windows, which let in only a little light. Shadows lay in all the corners of the room and around the dark pieces of furniture. There Were many books and a few guitars, but there was no life, no happiness in the room. Deep gloom filledthe air.When Usher saw me, he got up and welcome me warmly. I thought he was just being polite, but as I looked into his face. I could see that he was pleased to see me. We sat down, but he did not speak at first. and for a. few moments I watched him in surprise and fear. He had changed so much since our last meeting! He had the same pale thin face, the same eyes, large and clear and the same thin lips and soft hair. But now his skin was too white, his eyes too large and bright. and he seemed a different man. He frightened me. And his long wild hair looked like a ghostly cloud around his head.I noticed that my friend was very nervous and that his feelings changed very quickly. Sometimes he talked a lot, then he suddenly became silent and did not say a word for many hours. At other times he found it difficult to think, and his voice was heavy and slow, like the voice of a man who had drunk too much.He told me why he had wanted to see me, and how he hoped to feel better now that I was with him. He had, he explained, a strange illness which had been in his family for a long time. It was a nervous illness which made him feel everything much more strongly than other people. He could only eat food that was almost tasteless. He had to choose his clothes very carefully because most of them hurt his skin. He could not have flowers in his room because their smell was too strong for him. Light hurt his eyes, and most sounds hurt his ears--except the soft sound of guitars.Worst of all, he was a prisoner of his own fear, ‘I shall die,’ he used to say, ‘because of this fear, I’m not afraid of danger. What frightens me is fear itself. At the moment I am fighting against fear, but sooner or later I won’t be able to fight any more.’During long conversations with Usher I learnt more about his strange illness. He was sure that it came from the House of Usher itself. He had not left the house for many years and he had become, he thought, as sad as the house itself. The gloom of its grey walls and its dark silent lake had become his own.He also believed that much of his sadness was because his dear sister was seriously ill. He had one sister, Madeleine, the only other person in his family who was still living, but each day she seemed a little nearer to death.‘Her death,’ Usher said blackly, ‘'will leave me alone in the world, the last of all the Ushers.’While he was speaking, Madeleine passed slowly through the back of the long room and, without noticing me, disappeared. As I looked at her, my eyes felt heavy with sleep, and I had a strange feeling of fear. I looked across at Usher. He had covered his face with his hands, but I could see that he had become even paler, and that he was crying silently.Lady Madeleine’s illness was a mysterious one which no doctor could understand. Every day she became weaker and thinner, and sometimes went into a sleep which was more like death than sleep. For years she had fought bravely against her illness, but on the night of my arrival she went to bed and did not gel up from it again. ‘You will probably not see her again alive,’ Usher said to me. shaking his head sadly.During the next few days Usher and I never spoke about his sister. We spent a lot of time Painting and reading together, and sometimes he played on his guitar. I tried very hard to help my. friend, but I realized that his sadness was too deep. It was a black, gloom that covered everything that belonged to his world; sometimes, indeed, he seemed close to the edge of madness.He painted strange pictures and sang mysterious songs with wild words. His ideas, too, were strange, and he had one idea that seemed more important to him than all the others. He was quitesure that all things, plants, trees, even stones. were able to feel.‘The House of Usher itself,’ he told me, ‘is like a living thing. When the walls were first built, life went into the stones themselves and year after year it has grown stronger. Even the air around the walls and above the lake has its own .life, and belongs to the house. Don’t you see,’ he cried, ‘how the stones and the air have shaped t he lives of the Usher family?’These ideas were too fantastic for me, and I could not answer him.One evening I was reading quietly when my friend. told .me, in very few words, that the Lady Madeleine had died. He had decided, he said, to keep her body for a fortnight in one of the vaults under the house, before it went to its last resting-place. This was because his sister’s illness had been a mysterious one, and her doctors wanted to learn more about it. He asked me to help him and I agreed.Together we carried the body in its coffin down to the vaults under the house. The vault that he had chosen was a long way down, but was under the part of the .house where I slept. It had once been a prison, and was, small, dark, and airless, with a heavy metal door.We put the coffin down and then gently lifted up the cover to look at the dead woman for the last time. As I looked down at her face. I realized how much Usher’s sister looked like him. My friend then said a few quiet words and I learnt that he and his sister had been born on the same day. Each had known the other’s mind without the need for words.We could not look at her for long. Her strange illness had left her with a soft pink colour on her face, and that unchanging half-smile on her lips which is so terrible in death. We put back the cover of the coffin, fixed it down well, and after locking the heavy door of the vault, went back upstairs into the gloomy house.After some days of deep unhappiness, I saw that my friend’s illness of the mind was growing worse. He did not paint or read any more. He moved slowly from room to room, never knowing what to do. His face became paler, the light disappeared from his eyes, and his voice often shook with fear when he spoke. Sometimes I thought he was trying to tell me some terrible secret. At other times I thought he was going mad. He used to sit for hours, looking at nothing, listening to nothing--except the sounds in his own mind. I myself began to know real fear. I felt my friend’s terror, his deep gloom, slowly taking hold of my own mind.About seven or eight days after we had put Lady Madeleine’s coffin in the vault, I went to bed but could not sleep. Hour after hour I lay there, fighting the fear and gloom that filled my mind. Outside, there was a storm which was growing wilder, and my room was full of shadows and the dark shapes of the gloomy furniture. 1 tried to calm myself, but I only became more frightened.Suddenly, my body shook with a new terror. I sat up in bed and listened hard. Yes, I could hear some low sounds, coming not from the storm outside, but from somewhere inside the house. Quickly, I put on my clothes and started walking up and down the room, trying to shake off my terrible fear.Then I heard a knock on my door and Usher came in. His face was as white as it had always been, and there was a kind of madness in his eyes. The look on his face frightened me terribly, but at the same time I was pleased not to be alone any more.For some moments he looked around without saying a word. Then, suddenly, ‘Have you not seen it? No? Then wait. You must see it.’ He hurried to the window and opened it.The wind from the violent storm outside crashed into the room, nearly knocking us to thefloor. It was, indeed, a wild, but strangely beautiful night. The wind seemed to be going in circles around the house, and huge. heavy black clouds chased each other, first this way, then that way. We could see no moon and no stars, but a pale ghostly light lay around the house.‘You mustn’t, no, you must not watch this,’ I cried to Usher. I pushed him gently away from the window and to a seat.’ It’s only a storm , and the cold night air will be dangerous to your health. Let’s close the window and read together. Look, here’s one of your favourite books. I will read to you, and you can listen, and so we will pass this terrible night together.’The book which I had picked up was The Sad, Mad Life of Sir Lancelot Canning. It was not really one of Usher’s favourite books, but it was the only one that I had near me, so I started to read it. It was a wild, fantastic story. but I hoped that my reading would make Usher calmer and less afraid. He listened to me. indeed, but with the kind of mad seriousness that I found frightening.I read for a while and reached the place in the book where Ethelred broke down the door of the .old man’s house.Now Ethelred decided he could wait outside in the storm no longer. He lifted his heavy stick. and beat against the wooden door until he had made a hole. Then with his hands he pulled the door to pieces. The noise of the dry wood cracking and breaking could be heard all through the forest.As I finished reading this sentence, I jumped in my seat and then sat very still. I thought that I had heard, from somewhere far away in the house, the same noise of cracking and breaking wood. But I could not hear it clearly, and the noise of the storm was much louder. I continued reading: Ethelred entered the house but could not see the old man. Then the house disappeared and he saw a dragon, with fire coming out of his mouth. Ethelred lifted his heavy stick and brought it crashing dawn on the dragon’s head. As the dragon fell dying to the ground, it gave a terrible cry--a long, hard, unnatural scream.Here again I stopped suddenly. I was sure that I could hear a cry. It was low and far away, but it was a long screaming sound--just like the one described in the book.Although I was feeling so nervous, I tried hard to hide my terror. I was not sure if Usher had heard the sounds that I had heard. In the last few minutes he had moved and was now sitting with his face towards the door. But I could see that his lips were shaking and his body was moving gently from side to side. I continued reading the story:And now Ethelred, after he had killed the dragon, turned and saw in front of him a palace of gold with tall gates of shining silver in the walls. Bravely, Ethelred run towards the palace, but the shining silver gates did not wait for his coming and fell to the ground at his feet with a great and terrible ringing sound.As I read these words, I heard clearly the loud, heavy sound of. metal _falling. l jumped to my feet, but Usher sat in his seat and did not move. I ran towards him. He was looking straight in. front of him and his face was like stone. As I placed my hand on his arm, his body began to shake. A sickly smile came over his lips, and he spoke in a low hurried voice. He did not seem to realize that I was there. I put my head close to his to catch his words.‘Don’t I heat it?--yes, I hear it, and I have heard it. For many minutes, many hours, many days I have heard it--but I was too frightened, too frightened to speak. We have put her alive into her coffin! Did I not tell you that I could hear even the softest sound? I tell you now that I heard her move in the coffin. I heard the sounds many days ago, but my terror was too great--I could not speak! And now tonight--when you read about Ethelred breaking the old man’s door, about the cryof the dragon, and the falling of the gates--it was, in fact, the breaking of her coffin, the scream of metal as she broke open the vault, and the ringing crash as the metal door fell to the floor! Oh, where can I escape to? Is she hurrying towards me at this very minute? Is that her angry footstep that I can hear on the stairs? Can I hear the heavy and terrible beating of her heart? MADMAN!’ He jumped up and shouted, screaming out his words like a man dying in terror. ‘MADMAN! I TELL YOU THAT AT THIS MINUTE SHE IS STANDING OUTSIDE THIS DOOR!’As he screamed these words, the heavy door was thrown open by the strong wind. There, outside the door. dressed in the white clothes of the dead, stood the tall figure of the Lady Madeleine of Usher. There was blood on her hands, her arms, her tom white clothes. Every part of her body showed the marks of her long fight to escape from the coffin. For a moment she stood there shaking, moving slowly from side to side. Then with a low cry she fell heavily onto her brother. And in the moment of her now final death, he fell with her to the floor--a dead man, killed by his own terror.From that room, and from that house, I ran in horror. Outside, the storm was still violent and as I ran past the lake, a sudden wild light shone around me. I turned to see where this strange light was coming from. It was the moon, a lull, blood-red moon, shining through a narrow crack in the walls of the house. It was the crack which started at the roof of the building and went right down to the ground. As I watched, the crack grew larger, the wind grew wilder--now I could see the full circle of the blood-red moon, and the great walls of the house breaking and falling. There was a long shouting sound, like the voice of a thousand waters, and the deep dark lake closed over the broken pieces of the House of Usher.。
The Fall of the House of Usher(中文译文)
The Fall of The House of Usher(中文译文)厄榭府的崩塌他的心儿是把悬挂的琴；轻轻一拨就铮铮有声。
——贝朗瑞那年秋天，一个阴沉、昏暗、岑寂的日子，乌云低垂，厚重地笼罩着大地。
整整一天，我孤零零地骑着马，驰过乡间一片无比萧索的旷野。
暮色四合之际，令人忧伤的厄榭府终于遥遥在望。
我也说不清是怎么回事，一瞥见那座建筑，心灵就充满难以忍受的忧伤。
说难以忍受，是因为往常即便到了荒蛮之所或可怕的惨境，遇到那种无比严苛的自然景象，也难免有几分诗意，甚而生出几分喜悦；如今，这股忧伤的感觉却总是挥之不去。
我愁肠百结地望着眼前的景物。
我望着孤单的府邸和庄园里单一的山水风貌，望着荒凉的垣墙、空洞的眼睛一样的窗子、三五枝气味难闻的芦苇、几株枯木白花花的树干——心里真是愁苦至极，愁苦得俗世的情感已无法比拟，只有与染阿芙蓉癖者梦回以后的感觉作比，才足够贴切——苦痛流为日常，丑恶的面纱也摘除而去。
我的心直翻腾，还冷冰冰地往下沉，凄凉得无可救赎，任是再有刺激人的想像力，也难说这是心灵的升华。
究竟的怎么了？我思忖起来。
到底是什么原因，使得我在注目厄谢府时如此不能自控？这是个破解不了的谜。
沉思间，模糊的幻想涌满心头，却又无从捉摸。
我只得退而求其次，自圆其说罢了——简单的自然景物凑在一起，确实有左右人情绪的力量，但要剖析这种感染力，即便费尽心机，也是无迹可寻。
我思量道，这片景物中的一草一木，一山一水只消在细微处布置得稍有不同，带给人的那种悲伤的感觉，可能就会减轻，或许会归于消泯。
这种念头一起，我策马奔至山中小湖的险岸边。
小湖就傍着宅第，湖面泛着光泽，却一丝涟漪都没有，黑黢黢，阴森森，倒映出变形的灰色芦苇、惨白树干、空洞眼睛一样的窗子。
我俯视着湖面，浑身颤抖，比刚才的感觉还要奇怪。
然而，目前我还是打算在这阴沉的府邸作几个星期的逗留。
这座府邸的主人罗德里克•厄谢是我儿时的好朋友。
我们有好多年没见过面了。
可最近，我收到了一封从本国一个遥远的地方发来的信——是他写来的，信写得很急切，还非要我亲自去一趟。
爱伦坡。《厄舍府的没落》(The Fall of the House of Usher
During the whole of a dull,dark soundless day在那年秋季枯燥，灰暗而瞑寂的某个长日里In the autumn of that year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in heaven沉重的云层低悬于天穹之上I had been passing alone on the horse's back我独自一人策马前行Through the Singularly,dreary tract in the country穿过这片阴沉的，异域般的乡间土地and at length found myself, as the shades of the evening drew on最终，当夜幕缓缓降临的时候Within the view of melancholy House of Usher厄舍府清冷的景色展现在我眼前I know not how it was我未曾目睹它过往的模样But with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit 但仅凭方才的一瞥，某种难以忍受的阴郁便浸透了我的内心I looked upon the scene before me the simple landscape features of the domain我望着宅邸周围稀疏的景物Upon the bleak walls,upon the white trunks of decayed trees围墙荒芜，衰败的树遍体透着白色With the utter depression souls我的灵魂失语了There was an iciness我的心在冷却A sinking.下沉A sickening of the heart显出疲软的病态。
The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》《厄舍古屋的倒塌》_中文译版
The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》/《厄舍古屋的倒塌》【中文译版】[爱伦·坡著]他的心脏像是一个悬挂着的琴箱，稍一碰触便发出音乐的鸣响。
——贝朗瑞在这年秋天的一个沉淡、阴暗、寂静的白日，天上的云彩低垂。
整整一天我独自一人骑着马走过乡下一大片极为凄凉的土地，暮色降临时，我终于看见了那阴沉的厄舍古厦。
不知怎么搞的，我一看到这幢房子，就不由产生出一种难以忍受的忧郁感。
我说难以忍受，是由于这种感情中没有半点美的味道，要知道，即使是最荒凉、最可怕的自然景象，在人们心中也往往会引起一种近乎诗意的感伤，而我现在的忧郁感中却毫无诗意可言。
我望着前面的景象——望着这幢房子和它周围的地貌，望着光秃秃的墙壁，望着眼睛般的窗户，望着那一排排蓑草，望着那几株死树的白树干，心中极感压抑。
这感觉就如同吸足鸦片的人从美梦中醒来，重新回到冰冷的现实中一样。
我心里冰凉冰凉的，心猛地往下一沉，感到一阵恶心——不论运用何种崇高的想象力，这种忧郁感都是无法驱散的。
我不由想到：这是怎么了为什么我一看到厄舍古厦心里便极为别扭这是一个难解之谜，我无法解释为什么我一想到它便心中充满种种阴沉的想象。
我只好得出一个十分牵强的结论：一方面，毫无疑问，自然景物这种组合，确实产生了一种力量，可以影响人的情绪，而另一方面，对于这种组合的感受和分析，却应该是因人而异，寓于人本身的思考当中的。
我想到，假如把眼前的这些景物重新安排一下，它们的压抑性很可能就会大大减弱，甚至完全消除。
这样一想，我便策马来到池塘陡峭的边缘，观看灰色的蓑草、丑陋的枯树干，和那眼睛般空洞洞的窗口，我心中忽然打一个冷战，情绪变得比刚才更为压抑。
然而，我却将在这幢阴沉的古厦中住上几个星期。
它的主人罗德里克·厄舍从小就是我的好朋友，但是现在我俩已经许多年未曾谋面了。
最近我收到了一封来自远方乡下的信——一封来自他的信，一封纠缠着我、必须我亲自答复的信。
the fall of the house of usher
Roderick Usher, the
master of the house. He suffers from a depressing malaise characterized by strange behavior.
What is Gothic literary?
Began in 19th century in England Popular form in British literary journals Imported into American short story in 19th century Key ingredient is sensation Usher
Week 9
Edgar Allan Poe (1809~1849)
• Famous American poet, short坡以神秘故事和恐怖小说闻 story writer and critic 名于世，他是美国短篇故事 • Controversial and 的最早先驱者之一，又被尊 misunderstood in America, 为推理小说的开山鼻祖，进 but well received in Europe, 而也被誉为后世科幻小说的 esp. in France 始祖。 • Father of
哥特式小说
哥特式小说的结构模式表现为故事场景、人物范式、 主题意识等方面的一系列创新。其中最大亮点，除了“哥 特式古堡”外，还有“超现实恐怖”。所谓“超现实恐 怖”，乃是指作品中的人物受到某种形式的鬼魂、幽灵、 怪兽或“不可知物”的侵扰而表现出来的害怕死亡或疯狂 的高度焦虑状况。由于作品的极度夸张和渲染，读者对作 品人物的这种“恐惧”感受既是“迫在眉睫”，又是“身 置其中”。然而实际上，这种“恐惧”是由虚拟的“非常 世界”带来的，不但不会有实际危害，反倒能让读者产生 若即若离的特殊快感。“一个恐怖的场景，描写得越是荒 唐、离奇、不可思议，我们就越能获得乐趣；而描写过于 接近普通生活，哪怕是带有很多鲜为人知的冒险经历，我 们也由于缺乏出格的痛楚而不能留下记忆或思考”
The Fall of the House of Usher概括
Introduction about the authorAllan Poe is an exceptional nineteenth century American poet, novelist and literature critic.Poe was born on Boston, Massachusetts on 1809, one of three children born to a couple who toured the East as actorsBefore he was three years old, his father had abandoned the family, and his mother had died of tuberculosis.He was orphaned at an early age and was sent to live with a foster family (the Allan) in Richmond. And was eventually disowned by the family.With the Allan’s he briefly lived in England , and continued his education in the United States The period in Poe’s life was full of high’s and lows.In 1826, he started at the University of Virginia, where his reckless habits led to heavy debt, focing him to leave school.In 1827, He moved to Boston, where he published his first book, Tamerlane and other Poems.In 1828, He was flat broke and enlisted into the army. John Allan got him an appointment at West Point, but he found the school confining and made sure he was expelled.Poem the Raven (1845) Annabel Lee To HelenHis worksShort stories Murder in the Rue Morgue, the Gold Bug, The Masque of the Red Death,The Man of the CrowdBerenice, Ligeia, The Fall of the UsherThe Black cat, the Tell-Tale HeartHe is regarded as the founder of psychology novels, detective novels and science fiction, the pioneer of aestheticism and one of the initiators of literature critics. So he has become an immotal figure in the history if literature. and he earns his status as the “Father of American Gothic”. He create a variety of forms of symbolist terror with new structure and new forms of narrative tone. So the dark and mysterious style of writing and fancination for blood and death were clearly exhibited in his gothic novels. He is good at depicting people’s inner thoughts, and highlights the theme of moral exploration and humanity controversy. He describes the struggle of good and evil in everybody’ s soul and fear of punishment and death..Although Poe’s the first-person point of view is not completely equal to the subjectivity of the narrative on British gothic novels, he used the first-person narrative view to give the reader a true feelings and guide readers through the text of the "I" with extremely subjective language, which belong to a kind of subjective strong narrative method. Poe uses this technique in his novels to show his Gothic writing incisively and vividly, and also show evil incarnate and dark gothic style. Narrator, a friend of the maste of the House of the UsherRoderick Ushere, the master of the house. He suffers from a depressing malaise characterized by strange brhaviorMadeline Usher, twin sister of Roderick. She also suffers from a strange illness. After apparently dying, she rises from her coffin.Servant, domestic in the Usher householdValet, domestic in the Usher householdPhysician, one of several doctor who treat Madeline Usher.Plot summaryNarrator arrives at the House of Usher. He entered the mansion and talk with Usher. Over the next few days, he does his best to cheer up Usher. They paint and read books. One evening, Usher told him Madeline has died. They put the corpse into the coffin, which was placed in vault.. In the following days, Usher took on an even paler hue. Narrator is unable to sleep because of nervousness. One night, Madeline rises from her coffin, Usher was scared to death. The narrator flees the falling mansion.SymbolismThe Fungus-Ridden Mansion: Decline of the Usher familyThe Collapsing Mansion: Fall of the Usher familyThe Tarn, a small lake encircling the mansion and Reflecting its image,(1)Madeline as the twin of Roderick, reflecting his image and personality.(2)the image of reality which Roderick and the narrator perceive; they both see a false reality.(3)the desire of the Usher to isolate themselves from the outside world.The “Vacant eye-like” Windows of the Mansion:(1) Hollow, cadaverous eyes of Roderick Usher;(2)Madeline Usher’s cataleptic gaze;(3)the vacuity of life in the Usher mansion The bridge over the Tarn：The narrator as Roderick Usher’s only link to the outside world.The name Usher: An usher is a doorkeeper. In this sense, Roderick Usher opens the door to a frightening world for the narrator.The storm: The turbulent emotions experienced by the characters.。
爱伦·坡哥特小说中灵魂的崩溃
爱伦·坡哥特小说中灵魂的崩溃爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）是美国文学史上著名的哥特小说和诗歌作家，他的作品以描写恐怖、死亡和荒诞为主题，深受读者的喜爱。
《灵魂的崩溃》（The Fall of the House of Usher）是坡的代表作之一，通过讲述家族的衰落和诡异的事件，展现了人类灵魂的崩溃和恐惧。
小说以名为Usher的家族为背景，讲述了主人公与他的朋友Roderick Usher在一次惊人的灾难中的遭遇。
Roderick是家族中最后的一位成员，他的妹妹Madeline突然死去，Roderick对此感到极度恐惧，担心自己也会遭到相同的命运。
他请求朋友来帮助他，但最终，一切都走向了不可避免的灾难。
小说中，Roderick Usher的心灵和精神状态被描绘得非常深刻，他的恐惧和痛苦几乎是身临其境的。
在坡的笔下，他成为了一个连自己的灵魂都难以控制的人，最终导致了家族的崩溃。
这种灵魂的崩溃是小说的核心，也是坡作品的典型特征之一。
在小说中，Roderick Usher的心灵崩溃主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 对死亡的恐惧：Roderick对死亡的恐惧是他心灵崩溃的主要原因。
他害怕自己会遭受与妹妹相同的命运，这种恐惧逐渐侵蚀了他的心灵，使他变得孤僻和疑神疑鬼。
在小说中，Roderick时常表现出一种对死亡的病态恐惧，这种恐惧最终导致了他的精神崩溃。
2. 内心的孤独和绝望：Roderick Usher是一个内向、孤独的人，他的内心充满了绝望和悲伤。
他感到自己无法摆脱家族的阴影和命运的束缚，这种绝望使他的灵魂逐渐崩溃。
在小说中，Roderick的内心世界被描绘得非常深刻，读者能够感受到他内心的孤独和绝望。
3. 对现实的逃避：面对家族的衰落和自己的命运，Roderick选择了逃避现实。
他沉迷于自己的幻想和恐惧之中，逐渐失去了对现实世界的认知和控制。
这种对现实的逃避最终导致了他的灵魂的崩溃，使他无法自拔地陷入了自己制造的幻想世界之中。
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher鄂榭府崩溃记原文以及译文
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher鄂榭府崩溃记原文以及译文鄂榭府崩溃记这是秋日里灰蒙蒙的一天，空中积满了大团大团的乌云。
整整一天，我骑着马从平淡、乏味的乡野间驰过；不过，到天色开始变得昏暝的时候，我终于望见了此行的目的地。
在我眼前，兀然立着鄂榭府。
一看见它——不知何故——一种阴悒至极的怪异感觉便降临在我身上，像一张毯子一样罩住了我。
我抬头仰望这座有着高大的石墙和狭小的窗户的古旧府第，又环顾四周稀疏的枯草和垂死的老树，这时，仿佛有一只冰冷的手抓住了我的心。
我觉得奇寒彻骨，浑身乏力，怎么也想不起一件乐事来驱散心头的阴悒。
我真奇怪，为什么鄂榭府会令我感觉如此之差？我百思不得其解。
紧挨着宅子有一个湖，我骑马来到湖边停住。
也许从这个角度看上去，宅子就不显得那样黯淡、那样阴悒了。
我低头朝幽暗、凝止的湖水望去，在倒影中再一次看见了房子上面空荡的、眼睛似的窗户，以及四周那些垂死的树。
阴悒的感觉愈发强烈起来。
我将在这座府邸里盘桓几个星期。
府邸的主人罗德里克·鄂榭，是我孩提时代的一个好友，我已有好多年没有见到他了；可是最近他给我来了一封信——一封透着悲哀与恐怖的信。
他在信中说他患了病，身体和精神都不正常，还说他急切地要见我。
我是他惟一的朋友，只有我能够帮助他摆脱疾病的折磨。
虽说我们年少的时候是挚友，但我对他了解得非常少。
他极少谈及他自己，不过我知道他来自一个历史特别悠久的世家，而他是这个世家最后一位活在人间的男性。
我还知道，在鄂榭家族史上还从未有过子息繁盛的时候，于是，数百年来，家族的姓氏连同家族的宅第均是由父及于由子及孙一脉单传。
我站在湖边，心头阴悒的感觉一刻强似一刻。
我同样清楚，这阴悒之情的下面暗伏着恐惧，而恐惧又以古怪的方式作用于我的头脑。
我开始猜测这阴悒并不在我头脑中，而是某种真实的东西。
它宛如一团神秘的云气，似乎是从幽暗的湖水、垂死的树和宅子破旧的墙垣中间径直升腾而起的。
那是团沉重的铅云，饱含着疾病与恐怖。
美国文学史爱伦坡thefallofthehouseofUsher总结
美国文学史爱伦坡thefallofthehouseofUsher总结Summary of The Fall of the House of Usher1. Time: in the autumn of the year2. Place: the House of the Usher3. Person: Roderick Usher;Mr. Usher’s Sister, Madeline;Mr. Usher’s Friend, I.4. Background: A dull, dark, and soundless day;Scene: upon the mere house, the simple landscape features of the domain, upon the bleak wells, upon the vacant eye-like windows, upon a few rank sedges and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees. That is really horrible.5. The cause of the story: In a dull, dark, and soundless autumn, the author had received a letter from his friend, Roderick Usher, who wanted to invite him to the house of Usher. Mr. Usher hope the c heerfulness of his friend’s society can give alleviation to his malady. But the House of Usher gave an uncomfortable feel to his friend. When I met Mr. Usher, I found his countenance worn a mingled expression of low cunning and perplexity, his action was a lternately vivacious and sullen. Mr. Usher’s malady was really serious.6. The development of the story: Usher’s sister, the lady Madeline, has suffered from the catalepsy, which made Usher very sad. Then I spend several days with Usher, the lady Madeline’s name was never mentioned between Usher and me. During these days, Usher sang, painted and wrote poems. One evening Usher informed me that the lady Madeline passed away, Usher stated his attention of preserving her corpse for a fortnight, previously to its final interment, in one of the numerous vaultswithin the main walls of the building. At the request of Usher, I aided him in the arrangements for the temporary entombment. We deposited their mournful burden upon trestles within this region of horror, replaced and screwed down the lid, and secured the door of iron, made their way, with toil, into the scarcely less gloomy apartment of the upper portion of the house.7. The climax of the story: A few days after the funeral, Usher’s ordinary mannerhad vanished. His ordinary occupations were neglected or forgotten. He roamed from chamber to chamber with hurried, unequal, and objectless step. His countenance had assumed a more ghastly hue. And his condition terrified infected me. Especially, upon retiring to bed late in the night of the seventh or eighth day after the entombment of the lady Madeline, I experienced the full power of fantastic feeling. I heard some sounds, but I did not know where the sound came and I found it was horrible. I cannot sleep any more that night. I had taken few turns in this manner, Usher stepped on with a light. Usher became madder; Usher asked me if I had seen it. I was scared, so I took the Mad Trist of Sir Launcelot Canning, and read it to Usher. Then the sounds came, I stared convulsively to my feet. Usher told me that the lady Madeline did die, we put her into the coffin when she still alive. Then the lady Madeline stood without the door. There was blood upon her white robes, and the evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame. She remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold, then with a low moaning cry, her brother fell and in her horrible and finally her brother died. I run out of the House of Usher.8. The end of the story: I run out the house of Usher, and house had been ruined. Everything became silent.。
The Fall of the House of Usher解读
Plot summary
•In the house, it is revealed that Roderick’s sister, Madeline, is also seriously ill.
•Roderick later informs the narrator that his sister has died and insists that she be entombed（埋葬） for two weeks in a vault（地下拱顶室） in the house before being permanently buried. The narrator helps Roderick put the body in the tomb.
★The sense of horror and mystery Gothic novel elements Symbols Characters
Characters Doppelganger motif
•What is doppelganger? - “Doppelganger”（面貌相似的人，二 重身） is from the German for “doublegoer”. - Defined as “a second self or alternate identity, sometimes, but not always, a physical twin.”
仔细观察也许会发现一道难以辨识的裂缝从房子正面的屋顶开始呈锯齿形沿墙而下一直通入池塘的死水之中
Conan Doyle 柯南· 道尔
Jules Verne 儒勒· 凡尔纳
Edogawa Ranpo Hitchcock 江户川乱步 希区柯克
Edgar Allan Poe
the fall of the house of usher简介
the fall of the house of usher简介章节一：引言"The Fall of the House of Usher"是美国作家爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）创作的一篇短篇小说，发表于1839年。
这篇小说被认为是坡作品中最具代表性的作品之一，也是美国恐怖小说的经典之作。
章节二：情节概述故事讲述主人公到访了他的朋友罗德里克·亚瑟的家，这个家族的命运似乎与他的住所紧密相连。
罗德里克和他的孪生姐姐玛德琳都患有一种奇怪的疾病，导致他们的身体和精神都处于极度衰弱的状态。
当玛德琳死后，罗德里克也离奇地死去。
最终，主人公亲眼目睹了这个家族的崩溃，听到了他们的家的崩塌声。
章节三：主题分析"The Fall of the House of Usher"虽然是一篇短篇小说，但它探讨了文学、心理和哲学等多个领域的主题。
它强调了家族的衰败、遗传病、死亡和孤独等主题。
另外，小说也涉及了艺术和文化的主题，特别是对传统风格和先锋风格之间关系的思考。
章节四：文学分析"The Fall of the House of Usher"是一篇充满象征主义和心理学研究的小说。
坡运用了各种象征手法，如色彩、音乐、石化等，来表达主题和情感。
小说中的语言精细、华丽，情节紧凑、有节奏感，人物形象鲜明、深刻，充满了悬疑和惊悚的气氛。
章节五：影响与意义"The Fall of the House of Usher"被认为是美国哥特小说和恐怖小说的代表作之一。
它的影响和意义远远超越了小说本身。
以坡的文学作品为代表的美国哥特小说、恐怖小说和科幻小说，为后来的文学作品提供了灵感和创作基础。
这篇小说也成为了美国文学史上经典的文本之一，被广泛地引用和改编。
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Summary of The Fall of the House of Usher
1. Time: in the autumn of the year
2. Place: the House of the Usher
3. Person: Roderick Usher;
Mr. Usher’s Sister, Madeline;
Mr. Usher’s Friend, I.
4. Background: A dull, dark, and soundless day;
Scene: upon the mere house, the simple landscape features of the domain, upon the bleak wells, upon the vacant eye-like windows, upon a few rank sedges and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees. That is really horrible.
5. The cause of the story: In a dull, dark, and soundless autumn, the author had received a letter from his friend, Roderick Usher, who wanted to invite him to the house of Usher. Mr. Usher hope the cheerfulness of his friend’s society can give alleviation to his malady. But the House of Usher gave an uncomfortable feel to his friend. When I met Mr. Usher, I found his countenance worn a mingled expression of low cunning and perplexity, his action was alternately vivacious and sullen. Mr. Usher’s malady was really serious.
6. The development of the story: Usher’s sister, the lady Madeline, has suffered from the catalepsy, which made Usher very sad. Then I spend several days with Usher, the lady Madeline’s name was never mentioned between Usher and me. During these days, Usher sang, painted and wrote poems. One evening Usher informed me that the lady Madeline passed away, Usher stated his attention of preserving her corpse for a fortnight, previously to its final interment, in one of the numerous vaults within the main walls of the building. At the request of Usher, I aided him in the arrangements for the temporary entombment. We deposited their mournful burden upon trestles within this region of horror, replaced and screwed down the lid, and secured the door of iron, made their way, with toil, into the scarcely less gloomy apartment of the upper portion of the house.
7. The climax of the story: A few days after the funeral, Usher’s ordinary manner
had vanished. His ordinary occupations were neglected or forgotten. He roamed from chamber to chamber with hurried, unequal, and objectless step. His countenance had assumed a more ghastly hue. And his condition terrified infected me. Especially, upon retiring to bed late in the night of the seventh or eighth day after the entombment of the lady Madeline, I experienced the full power of fantastic feeling. I heard some sounds, but I did not know where the sound came and I found it was horrible. I cannot sleep any more that night. I had taken few turns in this manner, Usher stepped on with a light. Usher became madder; Usher asked me if I had seen it. I was scared, so I took the Mad Trist of Sir Launcelot Canning, and read it to Usher. Then the sounds came, I stared convulsively to my feet. Usher told me that the lady Madeline did die, we put her into the coffin when she still alive. Then the lady Madeline stood without the door. There was blood upon her white robes, and the evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame. She remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold, then with a low moaning cry, her brother fell and in her horrible and finally her brother died. I run out of the House of Usher.
8. The end of the story: I run out the house of Usher, and house had been ruined. Everything became silent.。