大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案

12maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. . The correct syllabification of the word country should be第一章，填空1. The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is called semantics.2. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6. Chomsky defines“competence” as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.7. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.8. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of9. Language is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.10. In linguistics research, both quantity and quality approaches are preferred.判断：11. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech, thus there are still many languages in today's have no .... √12. According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize.×13. Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of humanlanguage.×14. Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to S aussure’s langue and parole.√15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the“best authors”for language usage √16. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons.√17. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.×chochronic共时的18. Langue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory ofdistinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language. √20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √选择:1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be descriptive2. I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows thatlanguage has the design feature of displacement.3.“Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” this is an example of prescriptive rules.4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of t he study of meaning in5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called pragmatics.7. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A没照下图片arbitrary8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.9.题目没照下来。

答案为：principles-and-parameters theory10. Chomsky uses the terms competence to refer to actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic...11.T ransformationl Generative Grammar was introduced by in 1957.12.题目没拍下来，答案morphology.13. According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.14. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juilet”. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrate conventional nature15.没拍到over various periods of time 历时diachronic16. Linguistic is the scientific study of human language in genenral17. Pragmatics is a study of _____ (D)A: Language learningB: Language acquisitionC: Language planningD: Language in use18. A linguist is interested in ____ (B)A: What is saidB: What is right both in syntax and in semanticsC: What is grammaticalD: What ought to be said19. _____ has been widely accepted as th e forefather of modern linguistics (B)A: ChomskyB: Saussure20. The fact that the well-known Liu San Jie features a scence of “dui ge ” (songdueling ) mostly for the sheer joy of playing on ____ function of language. (B) A: phatic communionB. recreationalC: emotiveD: informative21. The function of th e sentence “A nice day, isn’t it” is ____. (B)A: informativeB: phatic交流感情的C: directiveD: performative24. “Tree” in English, “arbre” in French and “木” in Japanese all refer to the same thing,which indicates that language is _arbitrary____(任意)25. The ____ function of language is primarily to use language to talk about language itself. (D)A: performativeB: interpersonalC: informativeD: meta-language26. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle ___(B)A: arbitrariness and creativityB: generalizations and …..名词解释nguage2.design featurespetence & performancenguage & parole5.Metalanguagecertain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.简答题2. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial language. Do body language and facial language expression share or lack the distinctive features of human language3. Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics Give your reasons.第二章单词填空1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced----- or voiceless清音-----, while all vowel sounds are voiced-----. Voicing浊音2.phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called 有序规则Sequential rules(1) and dark (1) are allophones of the same one phoneme, they never take the same position in sound combinations. Thus they are said to be in complementary----distribution.transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while broad---- transcription does not.essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any obstruction----- when a sound is produced.four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, . they are all bilabial 双唇音-----1.in such sound combinations as /bi;p/, /geip/ and /su;p/, the voiceless stop /p/,occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, . pronounce withheld to some extent.T2.‘Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. F3.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese andEnglish. T4.the assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of asequential phoneme, thus marking the two phones similar. T5.A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more conscience with how speech so…T6.when a plural form –s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronouncedas {z}, due to assimilation. F1.of the following sound combinations, only ----is permissible according to thesequential rules in English. （A）A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk2.in terms of the place of articulation. The following sounds {t} {d}{z}{s}{n} share thefeature of --- (B)A.palatalB.Alveolar齿槽C.bilabialD.dental3.whose cardinal vowel system is still in use (C)A.A. J. EllisB.A. M. BellC.Daniel JonesD.A. C. Gimson4.which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial 双唇stop (A)A[p]B[m]C[b]D[t]5.According to ridicule of English orthography the non-existent word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as ____. (C)A.GoatB.HotC.FishD.Foot6.Which of the following is the correct description of [v] (B)A.Voiceless labiodental fricativeB.Voiced labiodental fricative浊音唇齿摩擦C.Voiceless labiodental stopD.Voiced labiodental stop7.____is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with theupper teeth to create the obstruction. (A)A.An alveolar 齿槽音B.A bilabialC.A palatalD.A dental8.________is not an English consonant. (A)bio-dental plosiveB.Alveolar nasalC.Velar stopD.Dental fricative9.English consonants can be classified into stops,fricatives,nasals, terms of _____.(A)A.manner of articulationB.Openness of mouthC.Place of articulationD.Voicing10.______is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. (D)A.NasalityB.VoicingC.AspirationD.Rounding11.The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is _____A.RandomB.PredictableC.VariableD.Independent12.The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features:13._______is not a suprasegmental feature. (A)A.AspirationB.IntonationC.StressD.Tone名词解释InternationalAssociationPhonologyVoicingVowel &consonantPhoneticPhoneme&allophoneMaximal onset principle分析3.Analyze the data below, and then answer some questions.A.five past [faivpa;st]----[faifpa;st]B.Love to [l^vtC.Has toD.As can be shownE.Lose five-nilF.Edge to edge(1)What rules of phonological processes do you find(2)By comparison with Nasalization rule:[-nasal] [+nasal]/____[+nasal]. Dentalization rule: [-dental] [dental]/____[dental], and Velarization rule: [-velar] [+velar]/____[+velar], can you give a more general term that covers all the rules mentioned above2. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental feature. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning第三章21. Free morpheme2. A root is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear., definite meaning,3. Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English aksian, with the k preceding the s. Sound change as a result of sound movement is know as metathesis (换位)4. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called bound morphemes.5. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.6. Morphology is a branch of grammar with studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.7. Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word coinage. Kleenex (soft cleansing tissue) kodak 、xerox(photo copier) 8. According to its position the new word, affix is divided into two kinds’ prefixes and suffixes.判断：1.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without2.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. T3.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of4.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form5.The same semantic feature occurs on one part of speech only. For example, female occurs only in nouns such as mother ,woman, girl. F6.New words may be formed form existing words by suntracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus peddle was derived from peddler on the mistaken assumption that the er was the agentive7.A compound is the combination of only two8.All words may be said to contain a root9.The word photographically is made up of 4 510.Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system. But not in11.Radar is an example of首字母缩略词选择：1.Modern English words administration, parliament, public, court, ect, originate from___C___A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Latin2. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speaker of the language. This means that phonemes, __C___words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances3. The words make and bus are called ___D____because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. bound morphemesD. free morphemes4.Nouns. Verbs. and Adjectives can be classified as___.A.lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words5.The word “lase” is an example of ___ in word formation.A. acronymB. blendingC. function shiftD. back formation6.Site and sight are_C___.A.orthographyB. homographyC. homophony同音异义D. hyponymy7.Kodark is a(n)_A__A.coinage新造词B. blendingC. acronymD. clipping8.There are different types of affixes词缀or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) _C__.A.derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. Free form9. The word “lab” is formed through_C__.A back formation B. blending C. clipping略写词 D. Derivation10. What the element “--es” indicates is third person singular. Present tense. The element “--ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful. They are also_B__.A.phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones11.When different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order of pre-determiners central determiners. Thus we do NOT find expressions like_C__.A.all their troubleB. all the live boysC. their both sonsD. another three weeks第四章填空1. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number words_ to form a complete statement, question or command.2. A compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and ””but ””or”.3 A subordinate sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.4 XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP” the boy who likes his puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier_,N the head and S the complement.判断1 the relationship between the embebbed clause嵌入句and its matrix clause主要句子is one of a part to the whole.(√)2 IC analysis immediate constituents shows linear relationship. So it help to account for the ambiguity of certain construction s.(×)3 an important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form og language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors”.( √)4 phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to the recursive properties.( √)5 sentences are not pormed by randomly combining lexical item, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrang e linguistic elements in particular order. (√)6”the student ” in the sentence “the studeng likes the linguistic lecture.” and “ the linguistic lecture ” in the sentence “the linguistic lecture liked the student” belongs to the syntactic category.( T)7 in the sentence “the father beat the child” , “ the child” is both a structural and logical object.( √)8 syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of . (√)9 chomsky has suggested two criteria for judging grammars, . Observational adequacy and descriptive adequacy.( √)选择题1 traditional grammar sees a sentence as (C)A a sequence of morphemesB....................of clausesC convention of wordsD........ Of phrases2 in today’s grammar we normally say that english dose not have a “future te n se” this is because in english__ (C)A the future is not expressed by morphological changeB the future can be expressed in many ways.C the future belong s to the category of “aspect”体！D the future is expressed by modal ....3 what is the construction of the sentence “the boy smiled” (A)A exocentric离心B endocentricC coordinateD subordinate4 a major difference of the various models of generative grammar lies in where the __ conmponent. (C)A baseB transformationalC semanticD phonological5 in English elements in constructions are generallyA linearB continuousC discontinuousD endocentric向心6 in the phrase struc ture rule “S-----NP VP”, the arrow means __(D_)__A being equal toB being consisting ofC havingD being rewritten as semantics9 natural language are viewed to vary according to _(B) set on UG principles to particular values.A adjacent conditionB parameters 因素，特性，界限；参数C case conditionD case requirement1 paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguitive of sentences”4.The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.2 for the following sentence please draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange3 why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and imformative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support statement with examples.4 for each of the underlined constructions or word groups. Do the following:A state whether it is headed or non-headed. 向心离心B if non- headed state its headwordC name the type of construction1 ducks quack2 i saw a bridge damaged beyone repair3 he enjoys climbing high mountains4 his handsome face appeared in the magazine.5 how do modern linguists differe form traditioanl scholars in defining “sentence”第五章填空1 the study of the linguistics meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called semantic.2 that the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of complementary antonyms.3 hoponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called superordinate.4 Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.5 Polysym_____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.判断1 we can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because themeaning of the compound is always the sum of the its parts. ( ×)2 the conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, between language and thought. (×)3 linguistic forms having the same sense, may have different references in different situation while linguistic forms with the same reference always heve the same sense. (√)4 an imporant difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition. Unlike entailment is not vulnerable to negation. That id to say, if a sentnce is negated, the original presupposition is still (√)5 sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. (√)选择1 —is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.(B)A connotativeB denotative指示C affectiveD reflected2 which of the following are gradable antonyms (A)A good badB male femaleC boy girlD buy sell3 one way to analyze lexical meaning isA predication analysisB stylistic analysisC componential analysisD proposition analysis4 the pair of words “lend ”and “borrow” are _(B_)__A gradable antonymyB converse antonymyC synonymsD co-hyponyms5 the semantic components of the word “man ” can be expressed as __(C_)_-A+animate+human+male--adult B+animate+human-male-adultC +animate+human+male+adultD -animate+human-male-adult6 a word with several meaning is called _(A_)_ word.A a polysemous意义的分歧B a synonymousC an abnormalD a multial7 in the senmantic triangle advanced by ogden and Richards. “thought or refreence” is _(D_)___A word sentenceB the objectC conceptD symbol8 candy and sweets are the same thing, the words are __(B)___ synonyms.同义A collocational词的搭配B dialectalC completeD stylistic9 different meaning can be assicated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among then. This is known as _____A .... B..... C polysemy D antonymy10 when a child uses mummy to refers to any woman, most probably his mummy means__(C)___Two examples for illustration1 conceptual meaning2 hyponymyion3compositionlity问答1 what is the distinction between sense and reference2 comment on the statement “the total synonymy is rare; the so -called synonyms are all context dependent.”3 what is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of meaning of the words which compose it第六章填空1. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the cooperative principle proposed by J grice.(177)2. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized that of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent.3. Utterance is based on context;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a context.4. in Austin’s early speech act theory, constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. 要么错要么对可证实5. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttere........判断1. Speech act theory was proposed b y Austin (T)2. The violation of one or more of the conversational maxims(of the CP principle)can. when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature .(T)选择1. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the (B ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the spe aker’s intention.A locutionary actB illocutionary actC perlocutionaryD constative act utterance “we’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week. ” obviously violates the maxim of (A ) .A qualityB quantityC relation D.....3. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates the maxim of C . X: who was that you were with last nightY: Did you known that you were wearing odd socksA quality B....... C relation D mannerto Austin, a speaker, while making an utterance, is inmost cases performing （B）_acts simultaneously.A twoB threeC fourD fiveis a study of （D ）.A language learningB language acquisitionC language planningD language in use Theory was introduced by B in 1986.A B & C D 名词解释Performative& constativeBoth of them are two types of sentence. Performative which do not describe things can not be said to be true or false and the uttering of it is, or is part of, the doing of an action. Constative is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.Without the actual pouring one can accuse him of making a false statement. Division of pragmatic laborPerformatives and constatives1. Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= awarning).2. Constative: An utterance which asserts something that is either true or force. . Chicago is in theUnited States.3. Felicity conditions of performatives:(1) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant participants andcircumstances must be appropriate.(2) The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.(3) Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions,and must follow it up with actions as specified.不知道什么意思简答ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle: A: where you beenB: out.What is the relevance theory advanced by Sperber & Wilson Please give examples for illustration. Relevance theoryThis theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book Relevance: Communication and Cognition in 1986. They argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.F.第七章填空1. Interlanguage is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and target language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes creole .basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the critical period for first language acquisition.a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, interlanguage is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference .....overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.7. interlanguage is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language.8.Foreground is originally descended from visual arts and in contrast with background. Now a popular ........判断child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue. Regardless of their .......(√)in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speaker.(× )is unlikely that there is a pre-linguistic stage when babies just babble.( √ )and correction are key factors in child language development.( ×)reflect sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitude as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. (√ )a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. (√ )to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf’s hypothesis, speakers’ perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. (√)is the only source of error in the second language acquisition. (×)order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. (√)foot consists of three syllables: two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one. withoyt cause be he pleased, without.......( √)选择1.Which of the following best states the behaviour view of child language acquisition(A )A language acquisition is a process of habit formationB language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use2.In first language acquisition children usually D grammatical rules from the linguistical rules from the linguistic information they hear.A useB acceptC generalizeD reconstruct3.Basically all the following categories except D are always missing in the children’s telegraphic speech stage.A the copula verb “he ”B inflectional morphemesC function wordsD content words4.In general, the C stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A habblingB one-wordC two-wordD multi word5. The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by(A) .A BloomfieldB SaussureC ChomskyD J. Searle6.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar(D ) .A Jacob GrimmB Rasmus RaskC Franz BoppD Sir William Jones7. The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold (C ) .A language acquisition is a process of “stimulus- r esponse”B humans are predisposed to acquire a languageC human’s linguistic potentiality must be combined with the environment.D human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have language。