中科院遥地所定量遥感_第三讲_光学定量遥感Chapter2_Part2

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空间成像
多光谱 Multispectral
光谱分光
彩色color photography
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16 each for a band
4 for the thermal band
Bands 1 through 4 are sensed by silicon detectors located in one focal plane. Bands 5 and 7, in the SWIR use InSb detectors and Band 6 used a HgCdTe detector; 12
• Data volume • Signal to Noise Ratio
– Dwell Time
• “Salt and Pepper” • Money
Swath Width
Swath Width
遥感器视场角(Angular Field of View,FOV): FOV+H >>> 地面扫描幅宽(Ground Swath,GS)。
针对特定地物的。
• BRDF effects from wide FOV sensors
– MODIS, AVHRR, VEGETATION, MERIS
• Empirical models
– – – – E.g. polynomials E.g. describe BRDF by polynomial Need to „guess‟ functional form OK for interpolation
M3 Optical Configuration
25 degree FOV unobscured F/3.5 TMA Telescope
Single spherical mirror
JPL e-beam curved grating
Slit
OS Filter 640 cross-track MCT Detector 400 to 3000 nm
(2)空间
Pixels
• Each pixel is characterized for a brief time by some single value of radiation (e.g., reflectance) converted by the photoelectric effect into electrons and then to a number (see illustration at right) • The areal coverage of the pixel (that is, the ground cell area it corresponds to) is determined by instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of the sensor system.
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Spatial Resolution
• The dimension of a single pixel • The extent of the smallest object on the ground that can be distinguished in the imagery • Determined by the Instantaneous Field of View of satellite instruments (IFOV) • Determined by altitude and film characteristics for air photos.
Spectral Resolution 空间: Spatial Resolution or Instantaneous FOV or Ground Sample Distance (GSD) Field-of-View (FOV) or Swath Width on the Ground 辐射: Dynamic Range or Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Spatial Resolution
• High spatial resolution: 0.6 - 4 m
– – – – – – – – – » GeoEye-1 » WorldView-2 » WorldView-1 » QuickBird » IKONOS » FORMOSAT-2 » ALOS » CARTOSAT-1 » SPOT-6、GF-1、2 0.41m 0.5m
GS=tan(FOV/2) altitude 2
FOV
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(3)调制传递函数 (MTF)
调制传递函数反映遥感相机对景物(或图像)的光学对比度与空间频率的关系
系统的MTF总: MTF总=MTF1·MTF2……MTFn
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(3)调制传递函数 (MTF):
NEXT
调制传递函数和空间分辨率的关系:设调制传递函数值等于0.5时对应的空间频 率为VN ,则相机的有效瞬时视场(EIFOV)等于:
MODIS,CBERS,TM前4个波段光谱响应函数比较 1 0.8
光谱响应
MODIS1 MODIS2 MODIS3 MODIS4 CBERS2 CCD1 CBERS2 CCD2 CBERS2 CCD3 CBERS2 CCD4 Landsat5 TM1 Landsat5 TM2 Landsat5 TM3
IFOV
IFOV以毫弧度
(mrad)为计
量单位。IFOV 所对应的地面 大小被称为地 面分辨单元 (Ground Resolution Cell)。
α
L
L rad r
1 pixel
FOV
空间分辨率(Spatial Resolution): 图像空间分辨率:原始图像的单个像元对应的地面大小。由于遥感器观测角度的 不同,同一个扫描行的图像空间分辨率发生变化,通常用星下点图像空间分辨 率来标示图像空间分辨率的高低。
图像地面采样间隔(ground spatial distance,GSD):标准图像产品的每个
像元对应的地面大小,同景图像(或同级别图像)的每个像元的GSD大小一致。
根据瞬时视场角和遥感器距地面高度计算图像空间分辨率:
GR=2tg(IFOV/2) altitude
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Spatial Resolution
四、遥感器成像系统
4.1 指标
4.2 空间成像
4.3 分光器件
4.4 探测器件
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入瞳辐亮 度数据
? 遥感器
图像
图像采集和处理的过程,最基本的是要把信号尽 量真实地反映到虚拟的图像上
入瞳辐亮度:at-sensor radiance.
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全色 Panchromatic
高光谱 Hyperspectral
EIFOV
图像的空间分辨率也可以根据图像的清晰度来计算。图像视觉清晰度可以用 MTF平方的频率积分来描述,即:
1 2VN
Ne [MTF ( f )]2 df
0

基于MTF的图像补偿(MTFC):
1 MTF (u, v) 2 p(u, v) [ ] 2 MTF (u, v) MTF (u, v) K w
(1)光谱响应函数(Spectral Response):
L接收
max
min
L入射( ) f ( )d
f ( ) :光谱响应函数
光谱范围 光谱分辨率 中心波长 光谱间隔
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(1)光谱响应函数(Spectral Response):
(1)光谱响应函数(Spectral Response): 归一化光谱响应函数:降低光谱响应函数不同的影响 波段等效的计算
• The fineness of detail visible in an image.
– (course) Low resolution – smallest features not discernable – (fine) High resolution – small objects are discernable
• Semi-empirical models
– Based on physical principles, with empirical linkages – „Right sort of‟ functional form – Better behaviour in integration/extrapolation (?)
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• Semi-empirical models to deal with BRDF effects – Originally due to Roujean et al (1992) – Also Wanner et al (1995) – Practical use in MODIS products
• Factors affecting spatial resolution 图像
– Atmosphere, haze, smoke, low light, particles or blurred sensor systems
Available Resolution
• Satellites: ~ .41 m to > 1 km • Air photos ~ <0.6 m to large.
光学定量遥感理论与应用
———遥感器成像过程
张文娟 2014年1wk.baidu.com月23日
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一、辐射传输过程 二、大气传输 三、地表特性 四、遥感器 五、图像模拟
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三、地表特性
3.1 典型地物光谱特性:植被、水体、土壤等
3.2 典型BRDF模型
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3.2 典型BRDF模型
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基于地物光学模型的:辐射传输、几何光学等。
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1) Telescope mirrors aligned to machine tolerance w/ shims 2) Spectrometer components held to machine tolerance w/ shims plus fine rotation only on grating and detector.
• Medium spatial resolution: 4 - 30 m
– » ASTER – » LANDSAT 8 – » CBERS-2、HJ-1
• Low spatial resolution: 30 - > 1000 m
– SeaWiFS – GOES
Spatial Resolution Trade-offs
4.1 遥感器系统指标
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典型遥感器载荷参数
T is the maximum integration time and frame rate is decided by 1/T
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Basic System Capabilities
光谱:
Spectral Range
Spectral Sampling Interval
(Dickinson1983,1990)
• Correction of view and illumination angle effects
(Roy et al., 2002, Schaaf et al., 2002)
• Land cover classification (Friedl et al.,2002) • Vegetation Phenology (Zhang 2003,2006…) • Cloud detection (Roy et al.,2006) • Atmospheric correction (Hu et al.,1999)
0.6 0.4 0.2
在不同波长位置上的加权均值:
0 350 450 550 650 波长(nm) 750 850 950
Landsat5 TM4
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Spectral Resolution Trade-Offs
• • • • Data Volume! Signal to Noise Ratio Processing complexity (time) Money
Ross Thick-Li Sparse R核算法
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其他请参考梁顺林:定量遥感
BRDF Applications
• Deriving various reflectance quantities, such as albedo (Lucht et al.,2000; Strahler et al.,1995) • Characterize the surface energy budget
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