传感器毕业设计外文翻译--传感器新技术的发展
外文翻译---传感器技术的新进展
附录A英文原文——From X IA W e-i q iang, FAN Shang-chun Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument Advances in Sensor Technology DevelopmentThe sensor technology is an important technical foundation of the new technological revolution and the information society, is a multidisciplinary science and technology, and is widely regarded as the source of the modern information technology [1].In recent years, sensor technology developmentFast, and made many new developments, in particular, has made a lot of progress in terms of gas sensors, biological sensors, vision sensors [2 - 3].Massachusetts Institute of Chinese scientist Zhang Shuguang research team led by means of a special solution to find the large-scale manufacture of the olfactory receptor [4]; same MIT researchers used gas chromatography - mass spectrometry feelidentify gas molecules, developed a trace toxic gases react strongly miniature sensors [5]; Russian scientists as raw material extracted from a common mushroom mixture, a resonant sensor with a piezoelectric quartz crystal canvery low levels of phenol in the detection of air ingredient Japanese scientists have developed quickly identify influenza virus nanosensors [7], nanotechnology is expected to quickly identify influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, mad cow disease pathogens and pesticide residues and other substances [6];the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, developed a new means;New microfilm DNA analysis sensors [8], this sensor is able to analyze the DNA chain time shortened to a few minutes or a few hours, intelligent instrument and sensor technology, space biology, intelligent sensing technology.Applications, a series of laboratory tests in a paternity test to detect genetically modified food also can determine the genetic toxicity of new drugs; National Institute of Standards and Technology Research Institute to develop an ultra-sensitive micro-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensor, the micro-sensor andparallel microfluidic channels in a silicon chip on top of this technology to enhance the detection sensitivity of NMR to a new level, with a wide range of application prospects [9] in the chemical analysis.Our sensor technology compared with foreign countries, there is a big gap, but the last two years has also made some progress and breakthroughs, the birth of some new products, some of the major national Model Engineering application.Such as resource ringReality technology in the field of environmental monitoring and environmental risk assessment technology, fast online monitoring technology of Air Pollution Complex key gaseous pollutants and airborne fine particles and ultrafine particles fast online monitoring technology, marine technology collarDomain of marine water pollution parameters online monitoring technology and marine metal contaminants on-site and on-line monitoring techniques.HgCdTeinfrared sensors have been used in China's Fengyun series satellites, oceanic satellites and Shenzhou series flyShip.Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics invented the small precision CMOS celestial sensor technology won the 2008 National Invention and Technology Prize [10].The development of these technologies highlights sensor technology showing toThe high-precision, miniaturization, micro-power consumption and passive, intelligent, high reliability direction of the trend, the following were discussed.The main direction of development of sensor technology to the development of high-precisionAutomated production technology continues to evolve, the requirements of the sensor is also continuously improve the requirements developed with high sensitivity, high accuracy, fast response speed, good interchangeability new sensor to ensure the reliability of production automation.In recent years, the world's major the sensor research institutions using new theories, new methods, new techniques to improve the sensor accuracy achieved outstanding results.American scholars have found a new method to improve the sensitivity of the sensor [11], to take a systematic approach to the various design rules together with a consistent framework to improve the design of the sensor.They compared the traditional planar sensor (p lanar sensor) components with cylindrical single nanotube sensor (cylindrica l sing le-nano tube sensor)Components, the results show the smaller cylindrical sensitivity of the sensor is at least 100 times higher, which is sufficient to prove that the smaller the better the theoretical.University of California at Berkeley and the Berkeley Lab researchers create the world's first fully functional nanotube device, the successful construction of a weighing gold atoms nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) [12].This device measured the gold atoms quality for 3125 @ 10 -22 g.The NEMS mass sensor consists of a single carbon nanotube, double wall, with all the electronic properties, and the increase in hardness.The one end of the carbon nanotubes can be freely, while the other end is connected to one electrode, and the distance relative to the electrode is very near.The DC power from the battery or solar cell on the pair of electrodes connected, cause it to some fluctuations in the resonance frequency of vibration.When an atom or molecule is stored above carbon nanotubes, the resonant frequency of this carbon nanotube will therefore the mass of the atoms or molecules to change, similar to the different weight diver would change the resonance frequency of the diving board.American Oak R idge National Laboratory using silicon micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor detected 515 fg (femtograms) of the substances, and to create a new world record [13].The use of only 2 Lm Length, 50 nm thick silicon cantilever, by an inexpensive diode laser vibration.The researchers believe that the use of MEMS sensors in theory be able to detect any substances.British the Transense company launched a precision level millionth non-contacttorque sensor Torqsense [14].This sensor is based on the principle of surface acoustic wave(SAW),thesizeofonly4mm@********************************* torque of the shaft, the two SAW sensor and the shaft was continuously into / half-bridge 0 structure; When the shaft is subject to torque, a pressure receiving a tensile the consolidated two sensors frequency generating / Difference 0 or /superposition 0 signal to derive the respective torque or temperature signal.Epson Toyocom Corporation developed a? 10 Pa (about one ten thousandth atmospheric pressure) of high accuracy and high resolution of 011 Pa and a volume of 1215 ml, weight is 15 g small crystal absolute pressure sensor [15].Tuning-fork type crystal unit is used in the pressure detecting unit, whereby the oscillation frequency of high stability can be obtained, thus achieving the pressure sensor with high precision and high resolution crystal; on top of this using QMEMS technology developed a new original.pressure sensing structure, to make it possible to have both small and high performance.Taiyo Yuden developed a detection sensitivity of 10 @ -9 (1ppb) gas sensor [16], because of its gas adsorption characteristics, Taiyo Yuden be called / of nanoscale gas sensor 0, and in October 2007show opening / CEATEC JAPAN 20070.The sensor 80Lm @ 500Lm dielectric film is formed on a silicon wafer, using a dielectric film after the adsorbed gas, the resistance value change of the dielectric film, in order to detect the gas.112 development to the miniaturization of various control equipment function more and more, the requirements of the various components of smaller is better, and thus the sensor itself, the volume is as small as possible, which requires a focus on the development of micro-sensors based on new materials and processing technology.French scientist, winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics Albert # Fil German scientist Peter # Green Berger found / giant magnetoresistance 0 effect [17 - 19], not only can produce more sensitive data read headThe increasingly weak magnetic signals and still be able to be clearly read out and converted into a clear current change.The breakthrough in the technology provides an extremely important technical support for the miniaturization of sensors.Hitachi Metals has developed the world's smallest 3-axis acceleration sensor, external dimensions of 215mm @ 215 mm _AT_ 1mm volume of 6125 mm3 to varistor resin package.The package size smaller than similar products by 30% the volume and weight of 14 mg, 46% lower than similar products, with more than 20,000 gravitational acceleration impact resistance.Japanese scientists have also successfully developed the world's smallest ultra-sensitive tactile sensor, the prospects for a wide range of applications in the field of medical devices.The sensor is embedded in the synthetic resin of approximately 011mm3 a diameter of 1 ~ 10 Lm, long of 300 ~~ 500 Lm, the helical spring-like fine carbon coil element, carbon coil after the contact with the object, will be minor changes in pressure and temperature conversioninto electrical signals.Furthermore, the sensor can also sense / screwed 0, / 0, etc. of friction signal.113 micro-power consumption and passive sensor can not work without power, in the field or in a place far from the grid, often with a battery or solar power, the development of micro-powersensor and passive sensor is an inevitable development direction,In this way, you can saveEnergy and can improve the life of the system.German scientists have developed a sensor, the energy of the fluid (liquid or gas) can have through their own conversion into electricity, which means that the sensor can own / power generation 0, which would greatly facilitate the design and maintenance of the system.The conversion process is carried out in a fixed cavity into electricity, the media fluid (liquid or gas) through the heart as blood flows through here like.Due to the Coanda effect, the flow of fluid is close to the conduit wall; continuous flow generated here periodic pressure fluctuations, to the piezoelectric ceramics, piezoelectric ceramic ultimately by the energy of the fluid is converted into electrical conduction by the feedback member.Generated electricity in the microwatt or milliwatt able to meet the energy demand of the loop running sensor to ensure the sensor reading and outgoing data.British Perpetuum and CAP-XX, Australia developed without battery driven wireless sensor terminal The terminal is equipped with a micro vibration can be converted to energy generators and double-layer capacitor.The vibration of the installation site can be used as energy, power generation, the surplus electric power can be stored in the electric double layer capacitor [23].114 to the intelligent development of increasingly complex with the development of science and technology, the function of the sensor.Its output is no longer a single analog signal, but after the microprocessor processing the digital signal, and some even with a control function.Technology development that the digital signal processor (DSP) will promote the development of many new next-generation products.The technology laboratory R & D of the San Jose Accen ture one is called / 0 of smart dust smart sensing system can automatically monitor and leaf-like objects combustion warning.Once the smart dust sensor point will be near each small dust sprayed into the trees, dust to locate and establish a wireless connection.When spotted possible anomalies detected, it will touch the the nearby dust size device to determine their access to information, and get multiple information from multiple sources, then the sensor will be able to judge a tree dangerous.Once the danger trigger sensor group through its wireless connection to send messages to woodland workers to monitor the sensor network.Ok i recently introduced ultra-small triaxial accelerometer module the ML8950, integrated sensor chip and control IC, the world's thinnest package.Has detected a triaxial accelerometer function can also detect tilt and impact shocks.The controlling IC chip is fitted in the signal amplifying circuit, a control circuit, analog-to-digital converter, and temperature compensation circuit.Furthermore, it is the first with a digital interface triaxial accelerometer module, because it can be directly connected to the CPU, so without the use of analog to digital signal converter device can be embedded in the digital device.115 directly affects the reliability of the sensor to the high reliability electronic device antijamming performance, the development of high reliability, the wide temperaturerange of the sensor will be permanent direction.Improve the temperature range has always been a major issue in the scope of its work, most sensors are - 20 ~ 70e, in the military system requirements Operating temperature -40 ~ 85e range, while cars boiler occasions require sensor temperature requirements are higher, so the development ofpromising emerging materials (such as ceramic) sensor.Honeyw e ll launch LG1237 absolute pressure sensor is an intelligent, accurate, stable measurement of the product within the pressure range of 015 to 1000 Pa, its service life of 25 years or 100, 000 hours.Product - 55e to 125e, the accuracy rate of over? 0103% F1S1, the device will be with a piezoresistive pressure sensor connected with the DSP of the microprocessor, and can withstand the live level acceleration and vibration.Institute of Precision Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University successfully developed an anti-shock 2000e instantaneous ultra high temperature silicon isolated high temperature pressure sensor.The sensors in the environment - 30 ~ 250e pressure measurement, pressure measurement to be completed by the of 1000MPa any of the following range, and can withstand the high temperature of 2000e instantaneous impact, to meet the high-temperature, high-pressure, high-frequency response and instantaneous temperature impact and other harsh environmentspressure measurement.The sensor is an effective solution to the technical problems of sensor failure pressure measurement and instantaneous temperature impact in the field of China's aerospace, petrochemical, automotive and other high-temperature environment.The development of biosensorsIn recent years, with the development of biotechnology, bio-sensor has also been a lot of development.And attaches great importance to the food industry, environmental monitoring, fermentation industry, medicine and a wide range of applications, such as for the detection of food ingredients, food additives, harmful toxins and food freshness [28 -31].Environmental pollutants, continuous, rapid, on-line monitoring of foreign subcellular lipids fixed made of cellulose acetate membrane and oxygen electrode amperometric biosensor detection of acid rain acid mist sample solution.Widely used microbial sensors take advantage of this electrochemical sensors can be of the number of microbial cells as an effective measurement tool, a continuous, on-line determination of the cell concentration in the fermentation industry.Microbial sensor is not only used in clinical medicine, and is also used in military medicine, through timely and rapid detection of bacteria, viruses, and biological weapons defense.The past two years, China has invested in biosensor research on a lot of manpower and resources, made some pretty good results.For example, successfully developed / protein chip biosensor system 0 and its practical prototype provides a novel label-free protein analysis technology.The water-soluble conjugated polymer is used as a new fluorescent probes, the design of a series of conjugated polymer-based biosensor system.The use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer principle, the development of novel high sensitivity based on the conjugated polymer spent hydrogen peroxide and glucose sensing system.Conjugated through the regulation ofthe electron transfer process of the polymeric system, to achieve a sensitive detection of the nitroxide free radicals and antioxidants.117 quantum mechanics and sensor technology, the development of quantum mechanics provides a theoretical basis for the development of modern science and technology.Development of quantum effects sensitive a measurement of the quantum-sensitive devices, such as resonant tunneling diodes, quantum well lasers and quantum interference components, with high-speed (increased 1,000-fold) than the sensitive electronic devices speed, low-power (more sensitive than electronicdevices reduce energy consumption by 1000 times), efficient, highly integrated, reliable and economic advantages.Therefore, the development of nanoelectronics, may lead to a new revolution in sensor technology and sensor technology to a new stage of development.2 domestic sensor gapIn recent years, China's sensor industry has made great strides, and has formed the basis of a certain industry, but there is still a wide gap compared with developed countries. Scientific research and development behind the international level from 5 to 10 years, 10 to 15 years behind the large-scale production technology. China's chemical industry, the security monitoring sensor market, almost all foreign enterprises occupied. Sensors for military, aerospace and other purposes, the foreign country is an embargo. The level of development of the sensor behind a serious impediment to the development of China's automobile, petrochemical, aerospace and other industries. At present, China has yielded few results of independent intellectual property rights of innovative research results to industrial conversion speed is slow, inefficient, and achieved significant social and economic benefits of the project less; able to represent the national level, but also to achieve large-scale production of small enterprises, high-grade fewer products, low market share; big gap between production technology and equipment from the international level; overall in the tracking state. Sensor devices and systems the comprehensive technical level of China's independent innovation capability is low, sensitive materials, integrated design and manufacturing, industrial design, testing and calibration than backward. Gap with foreign countries mainly in: Device varieties, mainly dependent on imports of high-end products; lower level of automation, intelligent; modular, standardized, low degree of integration; poor stability, reliability is low; Low cost the market less competitive.3 countermeasures and suggestionsAccording to the current situation of the development of sensor technology at home and abroad, our gaps, combined with the needs and priorities of China's science and technology, social and economic development strategy, to give overall consideration to the sensor technology, basic research, applied basic research and applied research. Basic research is mainly focused on sensor mechanism of, from a theoretical point of view to solve a number of key technologies of sensor development, provide important theoretical basis for the study of the sensor. Application of basic research on the basis of the basic research, focusing on key technologies provide important technical support for the sensor market process transformation to the theoretical and experimental prototype. In the sensor applied research, the mainexisting, after the application of the basic research stage proved to be more reliable and mature technology into the application stage of the market-oriented products.For our future sensor development countermeasures, including the following aspects:1) the planning of the national level from the level of national development, the future direction of development of the sensor planning, the plan should focus on the development of a new type of high-precision, low power consumption, miniaturization and miniaturized sensors. Note that the combination of production, learning and research.2) between different industries sensors complement each other and promote each sensor as an information access means in different industries have different characteristics and needs. Similar sensor technology for different industries. Should support complementary advantages between the various sectors, including joint research on common technology, craftsmanship help each other, to form a common development of various industries, thus contributing to the sensorVigorously develop technology.3) vigorously promote the construction and development of the sensor research base, to develop sensor senior professionals to encourage the sensor research leading to the national laboratory, the joint ministerial key laboratories, Key Laboratory of the industry and universities Key Laboratory, the formation of a system national the sensor research base group to provide technical support for the development of the sensor. Meanwhile, laboratory and trained expertise of a number of sensors, provide important protection of personnel for the development of sensor technology research areas.4) To change from passive to active, actively develop high-performance sensor in the the sensor research process to avoid simply copying foreign technology. Sensing technology trends, to carry out a prospective study to break through the bottleneck problem, a technology with independent intellectual property rights, to break down foreignTechnological monopoly, in a place on the international.Development of new sensor new sensor, generally should include: a new principle, fill sensor Blank, biomimetic sensors and other aspects. They are interrelated. The working mechanism of the sensor is based on a variety of effects, and the law of which inspire people to further explore the sensitive functional materials with new effects and novel physical properties sensor device developed new principle, which is the development of high-performance, multi-function, important way of low-cost, miniaturized sensors. Structured sensor developed earlier matures. Complex structure type sensor, the general structure it, the volume is too large, the prices are high. Type sensors of the physical properties of roughly contrast, has many attractive advantages, coupled with past development is not enough. Countries in the world in terms of physical properties sensor invest a lot of manpower and material resources to strengthen research, thus making it a noteworthy developments. The various effects of quantum mechanics developed low sensitivity threshold sensor usedto detect weak signals, the development of one of the new trends. Integrated, multifunctional, integrated intelligent sensor includes two definitions, and one multi-element of the same functions in parallel, about a single sensing element of the same type with integrated technology are arranged on the same plane, aligned in one dimension This is the case for a linear sensor, a CCD image sensor. Another definition of integrated multi-functional integration, upcoming sensor zoom, computing, and temperature compensation, link integration, assembled into a single device. With the development of integrated technologies, various types of hybrid and monolithic integrated pressure sensors have appeared, some of them have become a commodity. Integrated piezoresistive, capacitive pressure sensor, and other types of integrated piezoresistive sensors rapid development and wide application. Sensor multifunction is one of the development. The typical example of the so-called multi-functional monolithic silicon, an American University Sensor Research and Development Center developed a multi-axis force sensor can measure three line speed, of three centrifugal acceleration (angular velocity) and three angular acceleration. The main element is mounted on one substrate by four properly designed cantilever consisting of monolithic silicon structures, 9 are correctly arranged in the respective cantilever piezoresistive sensitive components. Multifunctional not only can reduce production costs, reduce the volume, and can effectively improve the stability of the sensor, reliability and other performance indicators. Integrate a plurality of different functions of the sensing element and integrated processing and evaluation of the results of measurement of these parameters, in addition to measurement of a variety of parameters can be performed simultaneously, but also reflects the overall status of the system under test.From the above it can be seen, integrated solid-state sensor brings many new opportunities, it is also the basis of multi-functional. Combination of sensor and microprocessor, the detection function also has information processing, logical judgment, self-diagnostics, and artificial intelligence of "thinking" it is called intelligent sensors. By means of a semiconductor integrated sensor portion signal pre-processing circuit, the input and output interfaces, microprocessor production on the same chip, large-scale integrated intelligent sensor. Smart sensor is the product of the combination of sensor technology and LSI technology, its implementation will depend on the improvement and development of the sensing technology and semiconductor integrated process level. Such sensors have multi-energy, high-performance, small size, suitable for mass production and ease of use, and can say with certainty, is one of the most important direction sensor.The development of new materials, sensor materials is an important foundation of the sensor technology, sensor technology upgrades support. With the advances in materials science, sensor technology has matured, more and more of its kind, In addition to early use of semiconductor materials, ceramic materials, optical fiber, as well as the development of superconducting materials, the development of the sensor provides a material basis. For example, according to many semiconductor materials silicon substrate easy miniaturization, integration, multi-functional, intelligent, and semiconductor optical heat detectors with high sensitivity, high accuracy, non-contactsexual characteristics, the development of infrared sensors, laser sensors modern sensors, fiber optic sensors, etc.; in the sensitive material, a ceramic material, organic material quickly, different formulations can be used mixed raw material and precision deployment of chemical constituents based on, after the precision molding sintering, to obtain one or a certain types of gas-sensitive material having an identification function, is used to produce a new gas sensor. In addition, the organic polymer sensitive materials is of great concern in recent years new sensitive materials with potential applications, the sensor can be made of the thermistor, photosensitive, gas sensing, humidity, force-sensitive ion-sensitive biological Min et al. Sensor technology continues to evolve, but also to promote the development of newer materials, such as nano materials.U.S. NRC has developed a nano ZrO2 gas sensor, and control of motor vehicle exhaust emissions, cleaning up the environment effect good, relatively broad application prospects. As a result of the production of nanomaterials sensor, has a huge interface can provide a lot of gas channel, and the on-resistance is small, is conducive to the development of miniaturized sensor to the birth of more new material With the continuous advancement of science and technology . Adoption of new technology in the development of new sensors, is inseparable from the adoption of new technology. Within the meaning of the new technology is very broad, and here mainly refers to the development of emerging sensor contact a particularly close microfabrication technology. This technique, also known as micro-machining technology, With the IC process development, it is the ion beam, electron beam, molecular beam, a laser beam, and chemical etching for microelectronics processing techniques in recent years, has been the more more used in the sensor field, such as sputtering, vapor deposition, plasma etching, chemical gas deposition (CVD), epitaxy, diffusion, etching, lithography, etc., so far, a large number of sensors made by the process described above reported at home and abroad. Smart materials smart materials refers to the physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and other parameters of the design and control of materials, develop biological material characteristics or superior to biological material properties of artificial materials. Some people think that the material has the following functions can be called smart materials: a judgment on the environment can be adaptive function; possess self-diagnostic function; possess self-healing capabilities; function with self-reinforced (or time base). The most prominent feature of the biological material with time base function, this differential sensor characteristics and its variational sensitive.Conversely, the long-term in a particular environment and get used to this environment, the sensitivity decreased. In general, it can adjust its sensitivity to adapt to the environment. In addition to the biological material, most notably smart material is a shape memory alloy, shape memory ceramics and shape memory polymer. The smart material exploration work has just begun, I believe the near future there will be a lot of development.。
传感器——通信电子工程类中英文翻译、外文翻译
What is a smart sensorOne of the biggest advances in automation has been the development and spread of smart sensors. But what exactly is a "smart" sensor? Experts from six sensor manufacturers define this term.A good working "smart sensor" definition comes from Tom Griffiths, product manager, Honeywell Industrial Measurement and Control. Smart sensors, he says, are "sensors and instrument packages that are microprocessor driven and include features such as communication capability and on-board diagnostics that provide information to a monitoring system and/or operator to increase operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs."No failure to communicate"The benefit of the smart sensor," says Bill Black, controllers product manager at GE Fanuc Automation, "is the wealth of information that can be gathered from the process to reduce downtime and improve quality." David Edeal, Temposonics product manager, MTS Sensors, expands on that: "The basic premise of distributed intelligence," he says, is that "complete knowledge of a system, subsystem, or component's state at the right place and time enables the ability to make 'optimal' process control decisions."Adds John Keating, product marketing manager for the Checker machine vision unit at Cognex, "For a (machine vision) sensor to really be 'smart,' it should not require the user to understand machine vision."A smart sensor must communicate. "At the most basic level, an 'intelligent' sensor has the ability to communicate information beyond the basic feedback signals that are derived from its application." saysEdeal. This can be a HART signal superimposed on a standard 4-20 mA process output, a bus system, or wireless arrangement. A growing factor in this area is IEEE 1451, a family of smart transducer interface standards intended to give plug-and-play functionality to sensors from different makers.Diagnose, programSmart sensors can self-monitor for any aspect of their operation, including "photo eye dirty, out of tolerance, or failed switch," says GE Fanuc's Black. Add to this, says Helge Hornis, intelligent systems manager, Pepperl+Fuchs, "coil monitoring functions, target out of range, or target too close." It may also compensate for changes in operating conditions. "A 'smart' sensor," says Dan Armentrout, strategic creative director, Omron Electronics LLC, "must monitor itself and its surroundings and then make a decision to compensate for the changes automatically or alert someone for needed attention."Many smart sensors can be re-ranged in the field, offering "settable parameters that allow users to substitute several 'standard' sensors," says Hornis. "For example, typically sensors are ordered to be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). An intelligent sensor can be configured to be either one of these kinds."Intelligent sensors have numerous advantages. As the cost of embedded computing power continues to decrease, "smart" devices will be used in more applications. Internal diagnostics alone can recover the investment quickly by helping avoid costly downtime.Sensors: Getting into PositionAs the saying goes, 'No matter where you go, there you are.' Still, most applications require a bit more precision and repeatability than that, so here's advice on how to select and locate position sensors.The article contains online extra material.What's the right position sensor for a particular application? It depends on required precision, repeatability, speed, budget, connectivity, conditions, and location, among other factors. You can bet that taking the right measurement is the first step to closing the loop on any successful application.Sensor technologies that can detect position are nearly as diverse as applications in providing feedback for machine control and other uses. Spatial possibilities are linear, area, rotational, andthree-dimensional. In some applications, they're used in combination. Sensing elements are equally diverse.Ken Brey, technical director, DMC Inc., a Chicago-based system integrator, outlined some the following position-sensing options.Think digitallyFor digital position feedback:∙Incremental encoders are supported by all motion controllers; come in rotary and linear varieties and in many resolutions; are simulated by many other devices; and require a homing process to reference the machine to a physical marker, and when power is turned off.∙Absolute encoders are natively supported by fewer motion controllers; can be used by all controllers that have sufficient available digital inputs; report a complete position within theirrange (typically one revolution); and do not require homing.∙Resolvers are more immune to high-level noise in welding applications; come standard on some larger motors; simulate incremental encoders when used with appropriate servo amps; and can simulate absolute encoders with some servo amps.∙Dual-encoder feedback, generally under-used, is natively supported by most motion controllers; uses one encoder attached to the motor and another attached directly to the load; and is beneficial when the mechanical connection between motor and load is flexible or can slip.∙Vision systems , used widely for inspection, can also be used for position feedback. Such systems locate objects in multiple dimensions, typically X, Y, and rotation; frequently find parts ona conveyor; and are increasing in speed and simplicity.A metal rolling, stamping, and cut-off application provides an example of dual-encoder feedback use, Brey says. 'It required rapid and accurate indexing of material through a roll mill for a stamping process. The roll mill creates an inconsistent amount of material stretch and roller slip,' Brey explains.'By using the encoder on the outgoing material as position feedback and the motor resolver as velocity feedback in a dual-loop configuration, the system was tuned stable and a single index move provided an accurate index length. It was much faster and more accurate than making a primary move, measuring the error, then having to make a second correction move,' he says.Creative, economicalSam Hammond, chief engineer, Innoventor, a St. Louis, MO-area system integrator, suggests that the application's purpose should guide selection of position sensors; measurements and feedback don't have to be complex. 'Creative implementations can provide simple, economical solutions,' he says. For instance, for sequencing, proximity sensors serve well in many instances.Recent sensor applications include the AGV mentioned in lead image and the following.∙In a machine to apply the top seals to tea containers, proximity and through-beam sensors locate incoming packages. National Instruments vision system images are processed to find location ofa bar code on a pre-applied label, and then give appropriate motorcommands to achieve the desired position (rotation) setting to apply one of 125 label types. Two types of position sensors were used. One was a simple inductive proximity sensor, used to monitor machine status to ensure various motion components were in the right position for motion to occur. The camera also served as a position sensor, chosen because of its multi purpose use, feature location, and ability to read bar codes.∙ A progressive-die stamping machine operates in closed loop. A linear output proximity sensor provides control feedback for optimizing die operation; a servo motor adjusts die position in the bend stage. A linear proximity sensor was selected to give a dimensional readout from the metal stamping operation; data are used in a closed-loop control system.∙Part inspection uses a laser distance measurement device to determine surface flatness. Sensor measures deviation in return beams, indicating different surface attributes to 10 microns insize. An encoder wouldn't have worked because distance was more thana meter. Laser measurement was the technology chosen because it hadvery high spatial resolution, did not require surface contact, and had a very high distance resolution.An automotive key and lock assembly system uses a proximity sensor for detecting a cap in the ready position. A laser profile sensor applied with a robot measures the key profile.What to use, where?Sensor manufacturers agree that matching advantages inherent to certain position sensing technologies can help various applications.David Edeal, product marketing manager, MTS Sensors Div., says, for harsh factory automation environments, 'the most significant factors even above speed and accuracy in customer's minds are product durability and reliability. Therefore, products with inherently non-contact sensing technologies (inductive, magnetostrictive, laser, etc.) have a significant advantage over those that rely on physical contact (resistive, cable extension, etc.)'Other important factors, Edeal says, are product range of use and application flexibility. 'In other words, technologies that can accommodate significant variations in stroke range, environmental conditions, and can provide a wide range of interface options are of great value to customers who would prefer to avoid sourcing a large variety of sensor types. All technologies are inherently limited with respect to these requirements, which is why there are so many options.'Edeal suggest that higher cost of fitting some technologies to a certain application creates a limitation, such as with linear variabledifferential transformers. 'For example, LVDTs with stroke lengths longer than 12 inches are rare because of the larger product envelope (about twice the stroke length) and higher material and manufacturing costs. On the other hand, magnetostrictive sensing technology has always required conditioning electronics. With the advent of microelectronics and the use of ASICs, we have progressed to a point where, today, a wide range of programmable output types (such as analog, encoder, and fieldbus) are available in the same compact package. Key for sensor manufacturers is to push the envelope to extend the range of use (advantages) while minimizing the limitations (disadvantages) of their technologies.'Listen to your appDifferent sensor types offer distinct advantages for various uses, agrees Tom Corbett, product manager, Pepperl+Fuchs. 'Sometimes the application itself is the deciding factor on which mode of sensing is required. For example, a machine surface or conveyor belt within the sensing area could mean the difference between using a standard diffused mode sensor, and using a diffused mode sensor with background suppression. While standard diffused mode models are not able to ignore such background objects, background suppression models evaluate light differently to differentiate between the target surface and background surfaces.'Similarly, Corbett continues, 'a shiny target in a retro-reflective application may require use of a polarized retro-reflective model sensor. Whereas a standard retro-reflective sensor could falsely trigger when presented with a shiny target, a polarized retro-reflective model uses a polarizing filter to distinguish the shiny target from the reflector.'MTS' Edeal says, 'Each technology has ideal applications, which tend to magnify its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. For example, inthe wood products industry, where high precision; varied stroke ranges; and immunity to high shock and vibration, electromagnetic interference, and temperature fluxuations are critical, magnetostrictive position sensors are the primary linear feedback option. Likewise, rotary optical encoders are an ideal fit for motor feedback because of their packaging, response speed, accuracy, durability, and noise immunity. When applied correctly, linear position sensors can help designers to ensure optimum machine productivity over the long haul.'Thinking broadly first, then more narrowly, is often the best way to design sensors into a system. Edeal says, 'Sensor specifications should be developed by starting from the machine/system-level requirements and working back toward the subsystem, and finally component level. This is typically done, but what often happens is that some system-level specifications are not properly or completely translated back to component requirements (not that this is a trivial undertaking). For example, how machine operation might create unique or additional environmental challenges (temperature, vibration, etc.) may not be clear without in-depth analysis or past experience. This can result in an under-specified sensor in the worst situation or alternatively an over-specified product where conservative estimates are applied.'Open or closedEarly in design, those involved need to decide if the architecture will be open-loop or closed-loop. Paul Ruland, product manager, AutomationDirect, says, 'Cost and performance are generally the two main criteria used to decide between open-loop or closed-loop control in electromechanical positioning systems. Open-loop controls, such as stepping systems, can often be extremely reliable and accurate when properly sized for the system. The burden of tuning a closed-loop systemprior to operation is not required here, which inherently makes it easy to apply. Both types can usually be controlled by the same motion controller. A NEMA 23 stepping motor with micro-stepping drive is now available for as little as $188, compared to an equivalent servo system at about $700.'Edeal suggests, 'Control systems are created to automate processes and there are many good examples of high-performance control systems that require little if any feedback. However, where structural system (plant) or input (demand or disturbance) changes occur, feedback is necessary to manage unanticipated changes. On the process side, accuracy—both static and dynamic—is important for end product quality, and system stability and repeatability (robustness) are important for machine productivity.'For example,' Edeal says, 'in a machining or injection molding application, the tool, mold or ram position feedback is critical to the final dimension of the fabricated part. With rare exceptions, dimensional accuracy of the part will never surpass that of the position sensor. Similarly, bandwidth (response speed) of the sensor may, along with response limitations of the actuators, limit production rates.'Finally, a sensor that is only accurate over a narrow range of operating conditions will not be sufficient in these types of environments where high shock and vibration and dramatic temperature variations are common.'The latestWhat are the latest position sensing technologies to apply to manufacturing and machining processes and why?Ruland says, 'Some of the latest developments in positioning technologies for manufacturing applications can be found in even the simplest ofdevices, such as new lower-cost proximity switches. Many of these prox devices are now available for as little as $20 and in much smaller form factors, down to 3 mm diameter. Some specialty models are also available with increased response frequencies up to 20 kHz. Where mounting difficulties and cost of an encoder are sometimes impractical, proximity switches provide an attractive alternative; many position control applications can benefit from increased performance, smaller package size, and lower purchase price and installation cost.'Corbett concurs. 'Photoelectric sensors are getting smaller, more durable, and flexible, and are packed with more standard features than ever before. Some new photoelectrics are about half the size of conventional cylindrical housings and feature welded housings compared with standard glued housings. Such features are very desirable in manufacturing and machining applications where space is critical and durability is a must. And more flexible connectivity and mounting options—side mount or snout mount are available from the same product—allow users to adapt a standard sensor to their machine, rather than vice versa.'Another simple innovation, Corbett says, is use of highly visible,360-degree LED that clearly display status information from any point of view. 'Such enhanced LED indicates overload and marginal excess gain, in addition to power and output. Such sensors offer adjustable sensitivity as standard, but are available with optional tamperproof housings to prevent unauthorized adjustments.'Photoelectric SensorsPhotoelectric sensors are typically available in at least nine or more sensing modes, use two light sources, are encapsulated in three categories of package sizes, offer five or more sensing ranges, and can be purchasedin various combinations of mounting styles, outputs, and operating voltages. It creates a bewildering array of sensor possibilities and a catalog full of options.This plethora of choices can be narrowed in two ways: The first has to do with the object being sensed. Second involves the sensor's environment.Boxed inThe first question to ask is: What is the sensor supposed to detect? "Are we doing bottles? Or are we detecting cardboard boxes?" says Greg Knutson, a senior applications engineer with sensor manufacturer Banner Engineering.Optical properties and physical distances will determine which sensing mode and what light source work best. In the case of uniformly colored boxes, for example, it might be possible to use an inexpensive diffuse sensor, which reflects light from the box.The same solution, however, can't be used when the boxes are multicolored and thus differ in reflectivity. In that case, the best solution might be an opposed or retroreflective mode sensor. Here, the system works by blocking a beam. When a box is in position, the beam is interrupted and the box detected. Without transparent boxes, the technique should yield reliable results. Several sensors could gauge boxes of different heights.Distance plays a role in selecting the light source, which can either be an LED or a laser. LED is less expensive. However, because LED are a more diffuse light source, they are better suited for shorter distances. A laser can be focused on a spot, yielding a beam that can reach long distances. Tight focus can also be important when small features have tobe sensed. If a small feature has to be spotted from several feet, it may be necessary to use a laser.Laser sensors used to cost many times more than LED. That differential has dropped with the plummeting price of laser diodes. There's still a premium for using a laser, but it's not as large as in the past.Environmental challengesOperating environment is the other primary determining factor in choosing a sensor. Some industries, such food and automotive, tend to be messy, dangerous, or both. In the case of food processing, humidity can be high and a lot of fluids can be present. Automotive manufacturing sites that process engines and other components may include grit, lubricants, and coolants. In such situations, the sensor's environmental rating is of concern. If the sensor can't handle dirt, then it can't be used. Such considerations also impact the sensing range needed because it may be necessary to station the sensor out of harm's way and at a greater distance than would otherwise be desirable. Active alarming and notification may be useful if lens gets dirty and signal degrades.Similar environmental issues apply to the sensor's size, which can range from smaller than a finger to something larger than an open hand. A smaller sensor can be more expensive than a larger one because it costs more to pack everything into a small space. Smaller sensors also have a smaller area to collect light and therefore tend to have less range and reduced optical performance. Those drawbacks have to be balanced against a smaller size being a better fit for the amount of physical space available.Sensors used in semiconductor clean room equipment, for example, don't face harsh environmental conditions, but do have to operate in tight spaces. Sensing distances typically run a few inches, thus the sensorstend to be small. They also often make use of fiber optics to bring light into and out of the area where changes are being detected.Mounting, pricingAnother factor to consider is the mounting system. Frequently, sensors must be mechanically protected with shrouds and other means. Such mechanical and optical protection can cost more than the sensor itself—a consideration for the buying process. If vendors have flexible mounting systems and a protective mounting arrangement for sensors, the products could be easier to implement and last longer.List prices for standard photoelectric sensors range from $50 or so to about $100.Laser and specialty photoelectric sensors cost between $150 and $500. Features such as a low-grade housing, standard optical performance, and limited or no external adjustments characterize the lower ends of each category. The higher end will have a high-grade housing, such as stainless steel or aluminum, high optical performance, and be adjustable in terms of gain or allow timing and other options. Low-end products are suitable for general applications, while those at the higher end may offer application-specific operation at high speed, high temperature, or in explosive environments.Finally, keep in mind that one sensing technology may not meet all of the needs of an application. And if needs change, a completely different sensor technology may be required. Having to switch to a new approach can be made simpler if a vendor offers multiple technologies in the same housing and mounting footprint, notes Ed Myers, product manager at sensor manufacturer Pepperl+Fuchs. If that's the case, then one technology can be more easily swapped out for another as needs change.译文什么是智能传感器自动化领域所取得的一项最大进展就是智能传感器的发展与广泛使用。
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of New Sensor TechnologiesSensors are devices that can convert physical。
chemical。
logical quantities。
etc。
into electrical signals。
The output signals can take different forms。
such as voltage。
current。
frequency。
pulse。
etc。
and can meet the requirements of n n。
processing。
recording。
display。
and control。
They are indispensable components in automatic n systems and automatic control systems。
If computers are compared to brains。
then sensors are like the five senses。
Sensors can correctly sense the measured quantity and convert it into a corresponding output。
playing a decisive role in the quality of the system。
The higher the degree of n。
the higher the requirements for sensors。
In today's n age。
the n industry includes three parts: sensing technology。
n technology。
and computer technology。
传感器外文文献
Photoelectric sensorKey word:photoeletric effect photoelectric element photoeletric sensor classification sensor application characteristics. Abstract:in the development of science and technology in the modern society,mankind has into rapidly changing information era,people in daily life,the production process,rely mainly on the detection of information technology by acquiring,screening and transmission,to achieve the brake control,automation adjustment,at present our country has put detection techniques listed in one of the priority to the development of science and technology.Because ofmicroelectronics technology,photoelectric semiconductor technology,optical fiber technology and grating technical development makes the application of the photoelectric sensor is growing .The sensor has simple structure, non-contact,high reliability,high precision,measurable parameters and quick response and more simple structure,form etc,and flexible in automatic detection technology,it has been widely applied in photoelectric effect as the theoretical basis,the device by photoelectric material composition.Text:First,theoretical foundation-photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect generally have the photoelectric effect ,optical effect,light born volts effect.The light shines in photoelectric material,according to the electronic absorption material surface energy,if absorbed energy large enough electronic will overcome bound from material and enter the outside space,which changes photoelectron materials ,this king of phenomenon become the conductivity of the photoelectric effect.According to Einstein’s photoelectron effect,photon is moving particles,each photon energy for hv(v for light frequency,h for Planck’s constant,h=6.63*10-34J/HZ),thus different frequency of photons have different energy,light,the higher the frequency,the photon energy is bigger.Assuming all the energy photons to photons,electronic energy will increase,increased energy part of the fetter,positive ions used to overcome another part of converted into electronic energy.According to the law of conservation of energy:1／2mv =hv-A2Type,m for electronic quality,v for electronic escaping the velocity,A microelectronics the work done.From the type that will make the optoelectronic cathode surface escape the necessary conditions are h>A.Due to the different materials have different escaping,so reactive to each kind ofcathode material,incident light has a certain frequency is restricted,when the frequency of incident light under this frequency limit,no matter how the light intensity,won’t produce photoelectron lauch,this frequency limit called“red limit”.The corresponding wavelength for type,c for the speed of light,A reactive for escaping.When is the sun,its electronic energy,absorb the resistivity reduce conductive phenomenon called optical effects.It belongs to the photoelectric effect within.When light is,if in semiconducter electronic energy big with semiconductor of forbidden band width,the electronic energy from the valence band jump into the conduction band,form,and at the same time,the valence band electronic left the corresponding cavities. Electronics,cavitation remained in semiconducter,and participate in electric conductive outside formed under the current role.In addition to metal outer,most insulators and semiconducter have photoelectric effect,particularly remarkable,semiconductor optical effect according to the optoelectronics manufacturing incident light inherent frequency,when light resistance in light,its conductivity increases,resistance drops.The light intensity is strong,its value,if the smaller,its resistance to stop light back to the original value.Semiconductor producted by light illuminate the phenomenon is called light emf,born volts effect on the effect of photoelectric devices have made si-based ones,photoelectric diode,control thyristor and optical couplers,etc.Second,optoelectronic components and characteristics According to the outside optoelectronics manufacturing optoelectronic devices have photoelectron,inflatable phototubes and photoelectric times once tube.1.Phototubes phototubes are various and typical products arevacuum phototubes and inflatable phototubes,light its appearance and structure as shown in figure 1 shows,made of cylindrical metal half cathodic K and is located in the wires cathodic axis of anode in A package of smoke into the vacuum,when incident light within glass shell in the cathode,illuminate A single photon took all of its energy transfer to the cathode materials A free electrons,so as to make the freedom electronic energy increase h.When electrons gain energy more than escape of cathode materials,it reactive A metal surface constraints can overcome escape,form electron emission.This kind of electronic called optoelectronics,optoelectronic escaping the metal surface for after initial kinetic energyPhototubes normal work,anode potential than the cathode, show in figure 2.In one shot more than “red light frequency is premise,escape from the optoelectronic cathode surface by positive potential attracted the anode in photoelectric tube forming space,called the current stream.Then if light intensity increases,the number of photons bombarded the cathode multiplied,unit of time to launch photoelectron number are also increasing,photo-current greatens.In figure 2 shows circuit,current so as to achieve a photoelectric conversion.When the LTT optoelectronic cathode K, electronic escape from the cathode surface,and was the photoelectric anode is an electric current,power plants absorb deoxidization device in the load resistance-I,the voltage. Phototubes photoelectric characteristics fig.03 shows,from the graph in flux knowable,not too big,photoelectric basis characteristics is a straight line.2.Photoelectric times had the sensitivity of vacuum tube duo tolow,so with people developed has magnified the photomultiplier tubes photo-current ability.Figure 4 isphotomultiplier tube structure schematic drawing.From the graph can see photomultiplier tubes also have A cathode K and an anode A,and phototubes different is in its between anode and cathode set up several secondary emission electrodes,D1,D2 and D3…Usually,double electrode for 10~15 levels.Photomultiplier tubes work between adjacent electrode,keeping a certain minimum,including the cathode potential potentials,each multiply electrode potential filtering increases, the anode potential supreme.When the incident light irradiation, cathodic K escape from the optoelectronic cathode multiplied by first accelerated,by high speed electrode D1 bombarded caused secondary electron emission,D1,an incident can generate multiple secondary electron photonics,D1 emit of secondary electron was D1,D2 asked electric field acceleration,converged on D2 and again produce secondary electron emission…So gradually produce secondary electron emission,make electronic increased rapidly,these electronic finally arrived at the anode, form a large anode current.If an level,multiply electrodes at alllevels for sigma,the multiplication of rate is the multiplication of photomultiplier tubes can be considered sigma n rate,therefore,photomultiplier tube has high sensitivity.In the output current is less than 1mA circumstances,it in a very wide photoelectric properties within the scope of the linear relationship with good.Photomultiplier tubes this characteristic, Make it more for light measurement.3.and photoconductive resistance photoconductive resistance within the working principle is based on the photoelectric effect. In semiconducter photosensitive material ends of mount electrode lead,it contains transparent window sealed in the tube and shell element photoconductive resistance.Photoconductive resistance properties and parameters are:1)dark resistance photoconductive resistance at roomtemperature,total dark conditions stable resistance called dark resistance,at the current flow resistance is called dark current.2)Light resistance photoconductive resistance at roomtemperature and certain lighting conditions stable resistance measured,right now is called light resistance of current flow resistance is called light current.4.V olt-ampere characteristics of both ends photoconductive resistance added voltage and current flows throughphotoconductive resistance of the relationship between called volt-ampere characteristics shown,as shown in figure 5.From the graph,the approximate linear volt-ampere characteristics that use should be limited,but when the voltage ends photoconductive resistance,lest than shown dotted lines of power consumption area.光敏电阻的伏安特性5.photoelectric characteristics photoconductive resistance between the poles,light when voltage fixed the relationship between with bright current photoelectric characteristics.Called photoconductive resistance photoelectric characteristics is nonlinear,this is one of the major drawback of photoconductive resistance.6.Spectral characteristics is not the same incident wavelength the sensitivity of photoconductive resistance is different also.Incidence wavelength and photodetector the relationship between relative sensitivity called spectral characteristics.When used according to the wavlength range by metering,choosedifferent material photoconductive resistance.7.Response time by photoconductive resistance after photo-current need light,over a period of time (time) rise to reach its steady value.Similarly,in stop light photo-current also need,over a period of time (down time) to restore the its dark current,this is photoconductive resistance delay characteristic . Photoconductive resistance rise response time and falling response time about 10-1~10-3s,namely the frequency response is 10Hz~1000Hz,visible photoconductive resistance cannot be used in demand quick response occasion,this is one of the main photoconductive resistance shortcoming.8、and temperature characteristic photoconductive resistance by temperature affects greatly,temperature rise,dark current increase,reduced sensitivity,which is another photoconductive resistance shortcoming.9、frequency characteristic frequency characteristics refers to an external voltage and incident light,strong must be photo-current I and incident light,modulation frequency,the relationship between the f,photoelectric diode is the freqency characteristic of the ptotoelectric triode frequency characteristics,this is because of the photoelectric triode shot “yankees there capacitance and carrier base-combed need time’s sake.By usingthe principle of the photoelectric effciency of optoelectronics manufacturing frequency characteristic of the worst,this is due to capture charge carriers and release charge need a certain time’s sake.Three,photoelectric sensorsPhotoelectric sensor is through the light intensity changes into electrical signal changes to achieve control,its basic structure,it first figure 6 by measuring the change of converting the light signal,and then using photoelectric element further will light signals into electrical signal by photoelectric sensor general. Illuminant,optical path and optoelectronics.Three components of photoelectric detection method has high precision,fast response,non-contact wait for an advantage,but measurable parameters of simple structure,sensors,form flexible,threefore, photoelectric sensor in the test and control is widely used.By photoelectric sensor generally is composed of three parts, they are divided into:transmitter and receiver and detection circuit shown,as shown in figure 7,transmitter aimed at the target launch beam,the launch of the beam from semiconductor illuminant,general light emitting diode(LED),laser diode and infrared emission diode.Beam uninterrupted lauch,or change the pulse width. Receivers have photoelectric diode,photoelectrictriode,composed si-based ones.In front of the receiver, equipped with optical components such as lens and aperture,etc.In its back is detection circuit,it can filter out effective signal and the application of the signal.In addition,the structural components in photoelectric switch and launch plate and optical fiber,triangle reflex plate is solid structure launch device.It consists of small triangle cone of reflective materials,can make a beam accurately reflected back from plate,with practical significance.It can be in with the scope of optical axis 0 to 25,make beams change launch Angle from a root almost after launch line,passes reflection or from the rotating polygon.some basic returns.Photoelectric sensor is a kind of depend on is analyte andoptoelectronics and light source,to achieve the relationship between the measured purpose,so the light source photoelectric sensor plays a very important role,photoelectric sensor power if a constant source,power is very important for design,the stability of power directly affect the accuracy of measurement,comonly used illuminant have the following kinds:1,leds is a change electric energy into light energy semiconductor devices.It has small volume,low power consumption,long life,fast response,the advantages of high mechanical strength,and can match and integrated circuits. Therefore,widely used in computer,instruments and automatic control equipment.2,Silk light bulb that is one of the most commomly used illuminant,it has rich infrare light.If chosen optoelectronics, constitutes of infrared sensor sensitive colour filter can be added to the visible tungsten lamps,but only filter with its infrared does illuminant,such,which can effectively prevent other light interference.3,compared with ordinary light laser with energy concentration, directional good,frequency pure,coherence as well as good,is very ideal light sources.The light source,optical path and photoelectric device composition photoelectric sensor used inphotoelectric detection,still must be equipped with appropriate measurement circuit.The photoelectric effect to the measurement circuit of photoelectric element of widerange caused changes needed to convert the voltage or current. Different photoelectric element,the measurement circuit required is not identical also.Several semiconductor introduces below optoelectronic devices commonly used measurement circuit.Figure 9(a)with temperature compensation given the photosensitive diode bridge type measuring circuit.When the incident light intensity slow change,the reverse resistance photosensitive diode is the slow change,the change of the temperature will cause the bridge output voltage,must compensate.Drift picture a photosensitive diode as the test components,another into windows,in neighboring bridge,the change of the temperature in the arms of the influence of two photosensitive diode,therefore,can eliminate the same output with tempereture bridge road drift.Light activated triode incident light in work under low illumination,or hope to get bigger output power,also can match with amplifying circuit,as shown in figure 9 shows.Because even in the glare photosensitive batteries,maximum output voltage also only 0.6V,still cannot make the next level 1 transistor have larger current output,so must add positive bias,as shown in figure 9(a)below.In order to reduce the transistor circuit impedance variations,base si-based ones to reduce as much as possible without light,when the reverse bias inherit in parallel a resistor si-based ones at both ends.Or like figure 9(b)as shown by the positive ge diode produces pressure drop and test the voltage produced when exposed to light,make silicon tube e stack,b the voltage between actuators than 0.7V,and conduction work.This kind of circumstance also can use silicon light batteries,as shown in figure 10(c)below.Semiconductor photoelectric element of photoelectric circuit can also use integrated operational amplifier.Silicon photosensitive diode can be obtained by integrating op-amp large output amplitude,as shown in figure 11(a)below.When light is produced,the optical output voltage in order to guarantee photosensitive diode is reverse biased,in its positive to add a load voltage.Figure 11.(b) give the photocell transform circuit,because the photoelectric si-based ones short-circuit current and illumination of a linear relationship between,so will it up in the op-amp is,inverse-phase input,using these two potential difference between the characteristics of close to zero,can get better effect.In the picture shows conditions,the output voltage U0=2IφR FThe photoelectric element by flux the role of different made from the principle of optical measurement and control system is varied,press the photoelectric element (optical measurement andcontrol system)output nature,namely,can be divided into second analog photoelectric sensor and pulse (switch)photoelectric sensor.Analog photoelectric sensors will be converted into continuous variation of the measure,it is measuered optical with a single value relations between analog photoelectric sensor. According to be measured (objects)method detection of target can be divided into transmission (absorption)type,diffuse type, shading type(beam resistance gears)three categories.So-called transmission style means the object to be tested in optical path in constant light source,the light energy through things,part of being measured by absorption,transmitted light onto photoelectric element,such as measured liquid,gas transparency and photoelectric BiSeJi etc;speed.gratifying the so-called diffuse style means the constant light by the light onto the analyte from the object to be tested,and projected onto surfaces reflect on after optoelectronic devices,such as photoelectric colorrimetric thermometer and light gauge etc;The so-called shading style means the when illuminant issued by the flux of light analyte covered by a part Jing optoelectronics,make projection on the flux change,change the object to be tested and extent of the position with the light path,such as vibration measurement,the size measurement;And in pulse photoelectricsensor in the sensors,photoelectric element in switch work of the state,the current output it is usually only two steady state of the signal,the pulse form used for photoelectric counting and photoelectric speed measurement and so on.And infrared photoelectric sensor classification and working way generally have the following kinds:1,groove photoelectric sensor put a light emitter and a receiver in a slot face-to-face outfit are on opposite sides of the photoelectric groove.Lighter emits infrared light or visible light, and in unimpeded cases light receptors can receive light.But when tested objects from slot zhongtong obsolete , light occluded ,photoelectric switches and action.Output a switch control signal,cut off or connect load current,thus completing a control movement.Groove switch is the overall of detection distance because general structure limits only a few centimeters. 2,DuiShe type optoelectronic sensor if you put lighter and receive light is separated,can make the detection distance increase.By a lighter and an inbox light sensor into a photoelectric switch is called DuiShe separate photoelectric switches,referred to DuiShe photoelectric switch.Its detection distance can reach a few meters and even a dozen meters.When using light-emitting device and recive light device are installedin test object through the path of the sides,test object by blocking light path,accept light implement action output a switch control signals.3,Reflex plate.it photoelectric switch light-emitting device type and receive light device into the same device inside,in its front pack a reflex plate.the using the reflection principle of complete photoelectric control function is called reflex plate.it reflex (or reflector reflx)photoelectric switch.Under normal circumstances, lighter the light reflected by reflex plate.it is received by accept light;Once the light path be test object to block,accept light,the light is not received photoelectric switch is action,output a switch control signals.4,Diffusion reflective photoelectric switches its detection head with a lighter and also an inbox light ware,but no reflex plate.it ahead.Normally lighter for the light collect light is not found. When test object by blocking the light,and the light reflected light,receive part implement received light signals,output a switch signals.Four,I’m the idea of photoelectric sensorWith the development of science and technology people on measuring accuracy had the higher request,this has prompted the pace with the times photoelectric sensor have updated,improvethe main means photoelectric sensor performance is the application of new materials,new technology manufacturing performance is more superior photoelectric element.For example,today the prototype of the photoelectric sensor is a small metal cylindrical equipment,with a calibration lens,transmitter into receiver focused light,the receiver out of cable to the device got to a vacuum tube amplifiers in metal cylinder on the incandescent light bulb inside a small as the light source a strong incandescent lamp sensor.Due to the sensor various defects existing in the fields,gradually faded.To appear, because of it of fiber of excellent performance,then appeared with sensors supporting the use of optical passive components, another fiber without any interference of electromagnetic signal, and can make the sensor of the electronic components and other electrical disturbance in isolation.Have a piece of plastic optical fiber core or plass light core,light outside a metallic core skins and bread this layer metal cortical density lower than light core, so low,the beam refraction in the two materials according to the border(incident Angle within a certain range,reflected),is all. Based on optical principle,all beams can be made by optical fiber to transmission.Two incident beam Angle in an Angle (along the fiber length direction within)by multiple reflectionsfrom the other end after injection,another incident angles than accept the incident light in metal skin,loss.This accept Angle within the biggest incident Angle than two times,this is because fiber slightly larger from air into density larger fiber materials hitting may have a slight refraction.In light of the optical fiber transmission from inside the influence of fiber bending(whether more than bending radius minimal bending radius).Most optical fiber is flexible,easy to install in the narrow space. Photoelectric sensor is a kind of non-contact measurement small electronic measurement equipment,rely on detect its receives the light intensity change,to achieve measurement purposes,and it’s also a vulnerable to external disturbance and lose the measurement accuracy of the device.When be being designed so besides the choice optoelectronic components,still must set GSCC signal and temperature compensating measures used to weaken or eliminate the impact of these factors.。
智能红外传感器外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文）文献出处：M G B r a y.Smart Infrared Sensors[J] International Journal of Computational Science & Engineering, 2015, 3(1 ):21-31 •英文原文Smart Infrared SensorsMG BrayKeeping up with continuously evolving process technologies is a major challenge for process engineers. Add to that the demands of staying current with rapidly evolving methods of monitoring and controlling those processes, and the assignment can become quite intimidating. However，infrared (IR) temperature sensor manufacturers are giving users the tools they need to meet these challenges: the latest computer-related hardware, software, and communications equipment, as well as leading-edge digital circuitry. Chief among these tools, though, is the next generation of IR thermometers —the smart sensor. Today^s new smart IR sensors represent a union of two rapidly evolving sciences that combine IR temperature measurement with high-speed digital technologies usually associated with the computer These instruments are called smart sensors because they incorporate microprocessors programmed to act as transceivers for bidirectional, serial communications between sensors onthe manufacturing floor and computers in the control room (see Photo 1).And because the circuitry is smaller，the sensors are smaller，simplifying installation in tight or awkward areas. Integrating smart sensors into new or existing process control systems offers an immediate advantage to process control engineers in terms of providing a new level of sophistication in temperature monitoring and controLIntegrating Smart Sensors into Process LinesWhile the widespread implementation of smart IR sensors is new, IR temperature measurement has been successful 1 y used in process monitoring and control for decades (see the sidebar，“How Infrared Temperature Sensors W o r k，‟‟below). In the past, if process engineers needed to change a sensor‟s settings，they would have to either shut down the line to remove the sensor or try to manually reset it in place. Either course could cause delays in the line，and，in some cases, be very dangerous. Upgrading a sensor usually required buying a new unit，calibrating it to the process, and installing it while the process line lay inactive. For example, some of the sensors in a wire galvanizing plant used to be mounted over vats of molten lead，zinc，and/or muriatic acid and accessible only by reaching out over the vats from a catwalk. In the interests of safety, the process line would have to be shut down for at least24 hours to cool before changing and upgrading a sensor.Today, process engineers can remotely configure, monitor，address，upgrade, and maintain their IR temperature sensors. Smart models with bidirectional RS-485 or RS-232 communications capabilities simplify integration into process control systems. Once a sensor is installed on a process line，engineers can tailor all its parameters to fit changing conditions—all from a PC in the control room. If, for example, the ambient temperature fluctuates, or the process itself undergoes changes in type, thickness, or temperature, all a process engineer needs to do is customize or restore saved settings at a computer terminal. If a smart sensor fails due to high ambient temperature conditions， a cut cable，or failed components, its fail-safe conditions engage automatically. The sensor activates an alarm to trigger a shutdown, preventing damage to product and machinery. If ovens or coolers fail, HI and LO alarms can also signal that there is a problem and/or shut down the line.Extending a Sensor‟s Useful LifeFor smart sensors to be compatible with thousands of different types of processes, they must be fully customizable. Because smart sensors contain EPROMs (erasable programmable read only memory), users can reprogram them to meet their specific process requirements using field calibration, diagnostics，and/or utility software from the sensor manufacturer.Another benefit of owning a smart sensor is that its firmware, the software embedded in its chips, can be upgraded via the communications link to revisions as they become available —without removing the sensor from the process line. Firmware upgrades extend the working life of a sensor and can actually make a smart sensor smarter.The Raytek Marathon Series is a full line of 1- and 2-color ratio IR thermometers that can be networked with up to 32 smart sensors. Available models include both integrated units and fiber-optic sensors with electronic enclosures that can be mounted away from high ambienttemperatures.Clicking on a sensor window displays the configuration settings for that particular sensor. The Windows graphical interface is intuitive and easy to use. In the configuration screen, process engineers can monitor current sensor settings, adjust them to meet their needs, or reset the sensor back to the factory defaults. All the displayed information comes from the sensor by way of the RS-485 or RS-232 serial connection.The first two columns are for user input. The third monitors the sensor‟s parameters in real time. Some parameters can be changed through other screens, custom programming, and direct PC-to-sensor commands. Parameters that can be changed by user input include the following:•Relay contact can be set to NO (normally open) or NC (normallyclosed).•Relay function can be set to alarm or setpoint.•Temperature units can be changed from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit，or vice versa. -Display and analog output mode can be changed for smart sensors that have combined one- and two-color capabilities-•Laser (if the sensor is equipped with laser aiming) can be turned on or off.•Milliamp output settings and range can be used as automaticprocess triggers or alarms.•Emissivity (for one-color) or slope (for two-color) ratio thermometers values can be set. Emissivity and slope values for common metal and nonmetal materials, and instructions on how to determine emissivity and slope, are usually included with sensors.•Signal processing defines the temperature parameters returned. Average returns an object‟s average temperature over a period of time; peak-hold returns an object‟s peak temperature either over a period of time or by an external trigger.•HI alarm/LO alarm can be set to warn of improper changes in temperature. On some process lines, this could be triggered by a break in a product or by malfunctioning heater or cooler elements-•Attenuation indicates alarm and shut down settings for two-color ratio smart sensors. In this example, if the lens is 95% obscured, an alarm warns that the temperature results might be losing accuracy (known as a “dirty window”alarm). More than 95% obscurity can trigger an automatic shutdown of the process-Using Smart SensorsSmart IR sensors can be used in any manufacturing process in which temperatures are crucial to high-quality product.Six IR temperature sensors can be seen monitoring producttemperatures before and after the various thermal processes and before and after drying. The smart sensors are configured on a high-speed multidrop network (defined below) and are individually addressable from the remote supervisory computer. Measured temperatures at all sensor locations can be polled individually or sequentially; the data can be graphed for easy monitoring or archived to document process temperature data. Using remote addressing features，set points, alarms, emissivity，and signal processing，information can be downloaded to each sensor. The result is tighter process control.Remote Online Addressability,smart sensors can In a continuous process similar to that in Figure 2be connected to one another or to other displays，chart recorders, and controllers on a single network. The sensors may be arranged in multidrop or point-to-point configurations, or simply stand alone.In a multidrop configuration, multiple sensors (up to 32 in some cases) can be combined on a network-type cable. Each can have its own ……address，”allowing it to be configured separately with different operating parameters- Because smart sensors use RS-485 or FSK (frequency shift keyed) communications, they can be located at considerable distances from the control room computer —up to 1200 m (4000 ft.) for RS-485, or 3000 m (10,000 ft.) for FSK. Some processes use RS-232communications, but cable length is limited to <100 ftIn a point-to-point installation, smart sensors can be connected to chart recorders，process controllers, and displays, as well as to the controlling computer In this type of installation, digital communications can be combined with milliamp current loops for a complete all-around process communications package. Sometimes，however，specialized processes require specialized software. A wallpaper manufacturer might need a series of sensors programmed to check for breaks and tears along the entire press and coating run，but each area has different ambient and surface temperatures, and each sensor must trigger an alarm if it notices irregularities in the surface. For customized processes such as this，engineers can write their own programs using published protocol data. These custom programs can remotely reconfigure sensors on the fly —without shutting down the process line.Field Calibration and Sensor UpgradesWhether using multidrop，point-to-point, or single sensor networks，process engineers need the proper software tools on their personal computers to calibrate, configure, monitor, and upgrade those sensors. Simple，easy-to-use data acquisition，configuration，and utility programs are usually part of the smart sensor package when purchased, or custom software can be usedWith field calibration software, smart sensors can be calibrated, new parameters downloaded directly to the sensor‟s circuitry，and the sensor‟s current parameters saved and stored as computer data files to ensure that a complete record of calibration and/or parameter changes is kept. One set of calibration techniques can include one-point offset and two- and three-point with variable temperatures:•One-point offset. If a single temperature is used in a particular process, and the sensor reading needs to be offset to make it match a known temperature, one-point offset calibration should be used. This offset will be applied to all temperatures throughout the entire temperature range. For example, if the known temperature along a float glass line is exactly 1800°F, the smart sensor, or series of sensors, can be calibrated to that temperature.•Two-point. If sensor readings must match at two specific temperatures, the two-point calibration shown in Figure 3 should be selected. This technique uses the calibration temperatures to calculate a gain and an offset that are applied to all temperatures throughout the entire range.•Three-point with variable temperature. If the process has a wide range of temperatures，and sensor readings need to match at three specific temperatures, the best choice is three-point variable temperaturecalibration (see Figure 4). This technique uses the calibration temperatures to calculate two gains and two offsets. The first gain and offset are applied to all temperatures below a midpoint temperature, and the second set to all temperatures above the midpoint. Three-point calibration is less common than one- and two-point, but occasionally manufacturers need to perform this technique to meet specific standards- Field calibration software also allows routine diagnostics, including power supply voltage and relay tests, to be run on smart sensors. The results let process engineers know if the sensors are performing at their optimum and make any necessary troubleshooting easier.ConclusionThe new generation of smart IR temperature sensors allows process engineers to keep up with changes brought on by newer manufacturing techniques and increases in production. They now can configure as many sensors as necessary for their specific process control needs and extend the life of those sensors far beyond that of earlier，“non -smart”designs. As production rates increase, equipment downtime must decrease. By being able to monitor equipment and fine-tune temperature variables without shutting down a process, engineers can keep the process efficientand the product quality high. A smart IR sensor\s digital processing components and communications capabilities provide a level of flexibility,safety, and ease of use not achieved until now.How Infrared Temperature Sensors WorkInfrared (IR) radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum，which includes radio waves，microwaves，visible light, and ultraviolet light, as well as gamma rays and X-rays. The IRrange falls between the visible portion of the spectrum and radio waves. IR wavelengths are usually expressed in microns，with the IR spectrum extending from 0.7 to 1000 microns. Only the 0.7-14 micron band is used for IR temperature measurement.Using advanced optic systems and detectors, noncontact IR thermometers can focus on nearly any portion or portions of the 0.7-14 micron band. Because every object (with the exception of a blackbody) emits an optimum amount of IR energy at a specific point along the IR band, each process may require unique sensor models with specific optics and detector types. For example, a sensor with a narrow spectral range centered at 3.43 microns is optimized for measuring the surface temperature of polyethylene and related materials- A sensor set up for 5 microns is used to measure glass surfaces. A 1 micron sensor is used for metals and foils. The broader spectral ranges are used to measure lower temperature surfaces, such as paper, board, poly, and foil composites.The intensity of an object's emitted IR energy increases or decreasesin proportion to its temperature. It is the emitted energy, measured as the t a rg e t‟s emissive，that indicates an object丨s temperature.Emissive is a term used to quantify the energy-emitting characteristics of different materials and surfaces. IR sensors have adjustable emissive settings, usually from 0.1 to 1.0, which allow accurate temperature measurements of several surface types.The emitted energy comes from an object and reaches the IR sensor through its optical system, which focuses the energy onto one or more photosensitive detectors. The detector then converts the IR energy into an electrical signal, which is in turn converted into a temperature value based on the sensor's calibration equation and the target's emissive. This temperature value can be displayed on the sensor, or, in the case of the smart sensor, converted to a digital output and displayed on a computer terminal。
红外传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译外文资料Moving Object Counting with an Infrared Sensor NetworkAbstractWireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range ofapplications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.Keywords:Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node1.1 Introduction to InfraredInfrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadaysincluding data communications, night vision, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV remote control as an example, which can be found in everyone's home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of multiple appliances such as a TV, VCR, and cable box, without interference, systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal. To encode the data, systems generally vary the width of the pulses (pulse-width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation). Another popular system, bi-phase encoding, uses signal transitions to convey information. Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency.A 'high' means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low' represents an absence of IR energy. There is no encoding standard.However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, some quasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80. In addition, many manufacturers, such as NEC, have also established their own standards.Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range ofapplications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.1.2 Wireless sensor networkWireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature,acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust, depending on different applications. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes. The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes, therefore, have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Due to the advancement in micro-electronic mechanical system technology (MEMS), embedded microprocessors, and wireless networking, the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas, including habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, and home automation.1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applications and the resource constraintsin sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS [TinyOS] is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. Unlike most other operating systems, TinyOS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event. The TinyOS system and programs are both written in a special programming language called nesC [nesC] which is an extension to the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki [Contiki], and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and supports run-time loading of standard ELF files. The Contiki kernel is event-driven, like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-application basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel, the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptive multithreading. With preemptive multithreading, applications do not needto explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor NodeA sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be in small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source. The main components of a sensor node include sensors, microcontroller, transceiver, and power source. Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density. The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter. The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for further processing. Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional sensors. Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environment with active probing, while no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements. Commonly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magnetic sensor). In practice, a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor.Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node. The sensor node is responsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand. It handles the interruption from the transceiver. In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation.The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd(nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zinc), Nimh(nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renew their energy from solar to vibration energy. Two major power saving policies used areDynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic V oltage Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levelsdepending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.1.5 ChallengesThe major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration. The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives, current sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently, the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed. In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication with low power consumption is preferred. Furthermore, to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.1.6 Research IssuesResearchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensornetwork, which include the design, implementation, and operation. These include hardware, software and middleware, which means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data security, sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors. In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN. They focused in various areas, including physical property, sensor training, security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access, sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination, addressing, energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling, energy conserved routing, connectivity, data dissemination and gathering, sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.中文译文移动目标点数与红外传感器网络摘要无线传感器网络(WSN)已成为最近的一个研究热点。
传感器外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院系：光电与通信工程年级专业：12电子信息工程姓名：刘燊学号：1106012133附件：Advances in Sensor Technology Development指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日——摘自夏伟强，樊尚春传感器技术的的新发展仪器仪表学报传感器技术的新进展传感器技术是新技术革命和信息社会的重要技术基础，是一门多学科交叉的科学技术，被公认为现代信息技术的源头。
近些年，传感器技术发展很快，取得了许多新进展，尤其在气体传感器、生物传感器、视觉传感器等方面取得了很多进展。
美国麻省理工学院华人科学家张曙光领导的研究小组借助一种特殊溶液，成功地找到了大规模制造嗅觉感受器的办法；同样是麻省理工学院的研究人员利用气相色谱-质谱技术感受识别气体分子，研制出一种能对微量有毒气体做出强烈反应的微型传感器；俄罗斯科学家以从一种普通蘑菇中提取的混合物为原料，与压电石英晶振构成谐振式传感器，能够探测空气中含量极低的酚成分；日本科学家研制出能快速识别流感病毒纳米传感器，有望以纳米技术为快速识别流感病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、疯牛病病原体和残留农药等物质提供新手段；西班牙巴塞罗那自治大学研制出新型缩微DNA分析传感器，这种传感器能将分析 DNA链的时间缩短到几分钟或几小时，智能仪器与传感器技术、空间生物智能传感技术。
可以在亲子鉴定到检测遗传修饰食物的一系列化验中应用，此外还能确定新药的遗传毒性；美国国家标准与技术研究院研发出一种超灵敏微型核磁共振（NMR)传感器，该微型传感器与微流体通道并列置于一个硅芯片之上，这项技术将核磁共振的探测灵敏度提升到一个新的台阶，将在化学分析中具有广泛的应用前景。
我国传感器技术虽然与国外相比还有很大差距，但近两年也取得了一些进展和突破，诞生了一些新产品，有些在国家重大型号工程中获得应用。
如资源环境技术领域中的环境监测及环境风险评价技术、大气复合污染关键气态污染物的快速在线监测技术和大气细粒子和超细粒子的快速在线监测技术，海洋技术领域中的海洋水质污染综合参数在线监测技术和海洋金属污染物现场和在线监测技术等。
智能红外传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
外文翻译中英文对照翻译智能红外传感器跟上不断发展的工艺技术对工艺工程师来说是一向重大挑战。
再加上为了保持目前迅速变化的监测和控制方法的过程的要求，所以这项任务已变得相当迫切。
然而，红外温度传感器制造商正在为用户提供所需的工具来应付这些挑战：最新的计算机相关的硬件、软件和通信设备，以及最先进的数字电路。
其中最主要的工具，不过是新一代的红外温度计---智能传感器。
今天新的智能红外传感器代表了两个迅速发展的结合了红外测温和通常与计算机联系在一起的高速数字技术的科学联盟。
这些文书被称为智能传感器，因为他们把微处理器作为编程的双向收发器。
传感器之间的串行通信的生产车间和计算机控制室。
而且因为电路体积小，传感器因此更小，简化了在紧张或尴尬地区的安装。
智能传感器集成到新的或现有的过程控制系统，从一个新的先进水平，在温度监测和控制方面为过程控制方面的工程师提供了一个直接的好处。
1 集成智能传感器到过程线同时广泛推行的智能红外传感器是新的，红外测温已成功地应用于过程监测和控制几十年了。
在过去，如果工艺工程师需要改变传感器的设置，它们将不得不关闭或者删除线传感器或尝试手动重置到位。
当然也可能导致路线的延误，在某些情况下，是十分危险的。
升级传感器通常需要购买一个新单位，校准它的进程，并且在生产线停滞的时候安装它。
例如，某些传感器的镀锌铁丝厂用了安装了大桶的熔融铅、锌、和/或盐酸并且可以毫不费力的从狭窄小道流出来。
从安全利益考虑，生产线将不得不关闭，并且至少在降温24小时之前改变和升级传感器。
今天，工艺工程师可以远程配置、监测、处理、升级和维护其红外温度传感器。
带有双向RS - 485接口或RS - 232通信功能的智能模型简化了融入过程控制系统的过程。
一旦传感器被安装在生产线，工程师就可以根据其所有参数来适应不断变化的条件，一切都只是从控制室中的个人电脑。
举例来说，如果环境温度的波动，或程序本身经历类型、厚度、或温度的改变，所有过程工程师需要做的是定制或恢复保存在计算机终端的设置。
电子信息工程专业一种新型的集成电路片上CMOS温度传感器毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：一种新型的集成电路片上CMOS 温度传感器文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：电子信息工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14普通本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译文献题目一种新型的集成电路片上CMOS 温度传感器A Novel Built- in CMOS Temperature Sen sor for VLSICircuitsWang Nailong, Zhang Sheng and Zhou Runde( Institu te of M icroelectronics, T sing hua U niversity , B eij ing 100084, Ch ina)Abstract: A novel temperature sensor is developed and presented especially for the purpose of online the rmalmoni to ring of VLSI chips. This sensor requires very small silicon area and low power consumption, and the simulation results show that its accuracy is in the o rder of 018℃. The proposed sensor can be easily implemented using regular CMOS process techno logies, and can be easily integrated to any VLS I circuits to increase their reliability.Key words: temperature sensor; thermal testability; frequency output. EEACC: 1265A; 2560; 2570DCLC number: TN 47Document code: A Article ID: 025324177 (2004) 03202522051IntroductionDue to the advances in the fabricaion process field of in tegrated circu its, the component den sityand the overall power dissipat ion of the high per fo rmance VLSI chips increase cont inuously. At the beginning of this century, the power dissipated in asingle ch ip has exceeded 100W , and tightly packed chip assemblies as themultichip modules can even dissipate thou sandswatts. Therefore, the thermalstate of integrated circu its has been always a great prob lem concerned and is considered as a bottle neck in increasing the in tegrat ion of elect ron ic system s.To overcome this problem , many researchers developed low 2power design techn iques for VLS Isystems. In order to avoid thermal damages,continuous thermal monitoring should be appliedduring both the production reliability testing and the field operation. An eff icient way is to buildtemperatu resensors in to all VLSI chips, with theapp ropriate circuitry p roviding easy readout. Insome earlier works , the researchers used theparasitic, lateral or sub strate bipolartran sistors,which can be realized in mo st of the CMOS processes, as thermal sen so rs. These are u sually PTAT sensors. The weakness of these senors is that the bipolar structu resare not well characterized in a MOS process. Thus, although they canp rovide a sat isf iect solution for a given process, thecircu its can not be regarded as a general CMOS approach and can not be widely used.2Problem formulationThere are various temperature sensors suitable for the rmalstate verification of in tegrated circuit microstructures such as the rmoresistors, pnjunctions, and the exploitation of the weakinversion of MOS transistors. Our objective is to convert the temperature to an oscillat ing signal to make it compat ib le to digital circu it design method and facilitate the evaluat ion of the temperature sensed. A temperatu re sen so r based on a ringo scillator is introduced in Ref., this cell guarantees a accuracy of 3℃that is marginally accep table as a chiptem perature sensor but the silicon area required is rather big. AMOS temperature controlled oscilla to risused as asensor to monitor the thermal state of microelectronic structu res in Ref. How ever, this sensor requires about 10 to 15mW power to drive the thermal delay line and the dissipatertran sistor.To overcome these inconven iences, w e th inkthat the temperature sensors to be used as builtinun its for VLSI circuits online the rmalmoni to ring should meet some special requirements as follows:( 1 ) Nearly linearity in a temperatu rerange(usually 0~ 100℃) ;( 2 ) Low power consumption (no more than 1 mW ) ;( 3 ) Simple structure and small silicon area(usually no more than 40 transistors) ; ( 4 ) Easy read out results with favorably digital output signal (e. g. , the frequency of asquare wave which carries the temperature information) ;( 5 ) Easy (one point) calib rat ion;( 6 ) High accu racy ( in the order of 2℃ or less) ;( 7 ) Compat ib ility w ith the p resen t CMO Sp rocess;Con sidering the given requ irements, we present a new builtin temperatu resensor meeting all the above requirements3 Built- in thermal mon itor ing sensorOur new temperature sensoris a voltage controlled relaxation o scillato rbasedtemperature sensor shown in Fig. 1. The circuit consists of two parts, a voltageout put sensor and a relaxation oscillator.F ig. 1 Temperature sensor designed based on avoltage2cont ro lled relaxation oscillator3.1Voltage-output sen sorOur voltage output sensor circuit exploits the temperature dependence of the mosimportant parameter of the MOS transistor, namely, the thresh old voltage (V T ). The thresh old voltage has a negative temperature coeff icient as:V T (T ) = V T (T 0) + a (T - T 0) (1)where a is the temperature coeff icient with atypical value of - 118mVöK in CMOS 0135Lm 5V technology; V T (T 0 ) is the value of the th reshold voltage attemperatu re T0.As shown in Fig. 1, the voltage output sensor is a th reshold voltage reference cell. The pchannelt ransistors P1, P2 constitu teacurrent mirror. The current of transist or N1 is mirrored to tansistors N 2,N 3, and N 4. The vo ltage drop on these t ran sistors isfed back to the gate of N 1. Fo r easy calculat ing,we choose asame size of the transistors N 2,N 3, and N 4 (BN 2= BN 3= BN 4) , and we choose approp riatesize of the other transistors to ensure that the transisto rs P1, P2, N 1, N 2, N 3, and N4 are all in the state of saturation. Then the out put voltages of th is sen so r are in direct proportion to the thresh old voltage and linear with temperature and their values are:V H = V T (1 +2K P12K P12 - 3K N 12) = k1V T (2)V L = V T (1 +2K N 12K P12 - 3K N 12) = k2V T (3)where is determined by the ratio between the gatesizes of the nchannel t ransistor N 1 and N 2, and is the ratio of the gate sizes of the pchannel transistor P1 and P2.By adju st ing the sizes of the t ran sisto rs, w efound shou ld be b igger than threetimes of,when the transistors P1, P2, N 1, N 2, N 3, and N 4 are all in the state of saturat ion.The advantages of th is circuit arrangeme t arethe simplicity and the stable outpu t. A n important feature is that the output voltages of V H and V L arepractically independen t of the supply voltage (V DD ).3. 2Voltage-con trolled relaxa t ion osc illa torThe quick in terfacing of the analogue, current output sensor with the digital environmen t is not asimple task. To overcome this problem we usea voltage controlled relaxat ion oscillato r as the voltage frequency converter. The output signal of th isconverter is asquare w ave, the frequency of which carries the temperatu re info rmation. This frequency can be easily turned in to adigital number bycoun tingthe square wave pulses in a prescribedt ime window.As shown in F ig. 1, the curren t of the resisto rism irro red using thet ran sisto rs P3, P4, P5,N5,N6 to provide the same sou rce and sink current s to charge and discharge thecapacitor C. Assum ing thein it ial value of the f o sc is logic 0, then the t ran sistor P6 is on and the t ran sisto rN 7 is off cau sing the capacitor C to be charged using the source curren t I un t il V cexceeds the upper th resho ld V H. W hen th isoccu rs, the output latchtoggles and the logic valueof f o sc becomes logic 1, w hich in turn makes thet ran sistor P6 off and the tran sistor N 7 on. Th ismakes the capacitor C to be discharged by the sinkcu rren t until the capacit r voltage falls below alowerthreshold V L at w h ich t ime the en t ire cyclerepeats. N eglecting the delay of the comparators,latch and transistors P6 and N 7, the oscillation cycle time should be:As the current is small and the W öL rat io of the transistor P3 is chosen to be big in this design,the V gsp can be appro ximated to the th reshold voltage of the transistor P1 and therefo e the currentcan be approximated byAnd the temperature dependence of the resistor R s iswhere k is the temperatu re coeficien t of the resistor,with typical value k= 255×10- 6ö℃fo r polysilicon sheet resistor in the CMOS 0135Lm 5V technology.Therefore, the oscillation cycle time is foundto beThis equation implies that the cycle t ime ofthe relaxation oscillator is nearly linear with temperature, and then the f requency of the o scillator is4Simulation results and discuss ionThe simulation result of the voltage output the rmalsen sorisillustrated in F ig. 2, and the varia ion of the relaxat ion oscillator based sensor oscillation cycle t ime and f requency versus the ch iptemperatu re is shown in Fig. 3.To evaluate a buildin thermal sensor, thereare three important characterist ics: accu racy, sili2con area ( transistor number ) , and powerdissipation. The characterist ics of our voltage cont rolled relaxation oscillator based sensor is shown in Table 1:5ConclusionIn this paper, apractical and efficient built intemperatu resensor for thermalmonito ring of the integrated circuits is in troduced. The main advantages of the presented chip temperature sensors are low silicon area, low power dissipation, digital output inform of oscillation frequency, high accuracy,and easily implemented using regular CMOS process techno logies. Therefore, this sensor can beeasily in tegrated to any VLS I circu it s to increasecircu it sreliab ility.References[ 1 ]Chandrakasan A , ShengS, Broderson R. Low 2power CMOS digital design. IEEE J So lid2State Circuits, 1992, 27 (4) : 473[ 2 ]NebelW , Mermet J. Low power design in deep subm icronelectronics. Boston: Kluwer A cadem ic Publishers, 1997,Chap ter 4. 1[ 3 ]Montane E,Bo ta S A , Sam itier J. A compact temperature sen2so r of a 110Lm CMOStechno logy using lateral PN P transis to rs. In: P roc THERM IN IC’96Wo rk shop, 1996: 45[ 4 ]Bianch i R A , Karam J M , Courto is B. CMOS compatible tem2perature senso r based on the lateral bipo lar transisto r fo rvery w ide temperature range app lications. Senso rs andA ctua2to rs A: Physical, 1998, 71 (1ö2) : 3[ 5 ] Quenot G M , Paris N. A temperature and voltage measurement cell for VLSI circuits. In: Euro2A sic’91, 1991: 334[ 6 ]SzekelyV , RenczM. Thermal test andmonito ring. Proceeding of the European Design and Test Conference, 1995: 601[ 7 ] A rabi K, Kam inska B. Built2in temperature senso rs fo r online thermal monito ringof m icroelectronic structures. IEEEInternational Conference on Computer Design, 1997:[ 8 ]BoschB. A thermal o scillato rusing the thermoelectronic ( seeback) effect in silicon. Solid2State Electron, 1976, 12: 372[ 9 ]Szekely V ,M arta C, Kohari Z, etal. CMOS sensors for online thermal monito ring of VL S I circuits. IEEE T rans VLSISyst, 1997, 5 (3) : 270[ 10 ]Huang Yip ing, Zhu Shiyang, LiAizhen, et al. High temperature pressuresensor fabricated with smartcut SO Imaterials.Chinese Journal of Sem iconductors, 2001, 22 (7) : 924 ( in Chinese)一种新型的集成电路片上CMOS 温度传感器摘要: 介绍了一种可以用于片上温度监控的CMO S 温度传感器, 该传感器具有面积小、功耗低、精度高、易于实现等优点, 可以比较容易地集成到芯片上实现温度监测功能.关键词: 温度传感器; 热可测性; 频率输出EEACC: 1265A; 2560; 2570D中图分类号: TN 47文献标识码: A文章编号: 025324177 (2004) 03202522051引言由于集成电路制造工艺领域的先进性，该组件密度和高表现所整体功耗超大规模集成电路芯片不断增加。
外文资料翻译---传感器新技术的发展
Development of Sensor New Technology Sensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important. In information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapi d development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymerdielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, acce lerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’corrosion technology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency differencecorrespondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so o n industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOV ASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey datamay deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
传感器中英文介绍
. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ (e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especiallywhen using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器（英文名称：transducer/sensor）是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems .Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers .Classifications of SensorsSensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows:Machanical sensors measure such as quantities aspositions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , andmass .Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation ,laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ).This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example,through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrary three-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing tonon-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the object . A microprocessor then processes the image ( usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large number of small features , and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conduct two-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be built into a smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by using quantities such as distance , heat , and noise .Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force , vibration , temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher level of information and reliability . A common application ofsensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the person's eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through our basic senses of sight , hearing , smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements , positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .The earliest applications of sensor fusion were in robot movement control , missile flight tracking , and similar military applications . Primarily because these activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . Another example of sensor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors monitors (a) the dimensions and surface finish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrations ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spindle power .An important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one particular sensor is detected so that the control system maintains high reliability . For this application ,the receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential . It can be seen that the receiving , integrating of all data from various sensors can be a complex problem .With advances in sensor size , quality , and technology and continued developments in computer-control systems , artificial neural networks , sensor fusion has become practical and available at low cost .Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom Fiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbine engines . These sensors will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas . Continuous monitoring of the signals from thes sensors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the necessary data for improving the efficiency of the engines .传感器技术传感器一种通过检测某一参数而产生信号的装置。
传感器 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 分布是温度传感器
Distributed Temperature SensorIn the human living environment, temperature playing an extremely important role。
No matter where you live, engaged in any work, ever-present dealt with temperature under. Since the 18th century, industry since the industrial revolution to whether can master send exhibition has the absolute temperature touch. In metallurgy, steel, petrochemical, cement, glass, medicine industry and so on, can say almost eighty percent of industrial departments have to consider the factors with temperature. Temperature for industrial so important, thus promoting the development of the temperature sensor.Major general through three sensor development phase: analog integrated temperature sensor. The sensor is taken with silicon semiconductor integrated workmanship, therefore also called silicon sensor or monolithic integrated temperature sensor. Such sensing instruments have single function (only measuring temperature), temperature measurement error is smaller, price low, fast response, the transmission distance, small volume, micro-consumption electronic etc, suitable for long distance measurement temperature, temperature control, do not need to undertake nonlinear calibration, peripheral circuit is simple. It is currently the most common application at home and abroad, an integrated sensor。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译87传感器与现代汽车电子
附录附录1Sensor and the modern automobile electron modern automobile electron from the electronic primary device which applies to the vehicle in the electronic system construction entered one the new stage which has essential to enhance.One of in which most representative core components is the sensor.First, the automobile electron holds controls mentions with the safety systemFirst, the automobile electron holds controls mentions our country automobile industry growth with the safety system to be in the last few years rapid, the development tendency is very fierce.Therefore commented appeared some expert's forecast: The automobile industry has the possibility to surpass the IT industry, becomes one of Chinese national economymost important pillar industries.Actually, the automobile industry growth will certainly to contain with the automobile industry correlation IT industry growth.For example, although at present only occupies about 10%-15% in our country steam product neutron productand the technical price value content, but the overseas automobile neutron product and the technical value content approximately is equally 22%, in the upscale passenger vehicle the automobile electron has accounted for above 30%, moreover this proportion in, unceasingly the fast growth, anticipated very quick will also achieve 50%.The electronic information technology already became the new generation of automobile development direction the leading factor, the automobile (vehicle) the power performance, manoeuvring could, the safety performance and the comfortable performance and so on each aspect improvement and raisehigh, all will rely on the mechanical system and the structure and the electronic products, the information technology perfect union.The automobile engineering expert pointed out that,The electronic technology development has caused the automobile product the concept to have the deep transformation.This also is the recent electronic information industrial field to one of automobile electron unprecedented attentionreasons.But, must point out, except some vehicles in the sound, the video frequency equipment, Che Yong corresponds, the guidance system, as well as the vehicle carries vehicles and so on in work system, network system the electronic installation essence changes few outside .The modern automobile electron from the electronic primary device which applies (including sensor, actuator, micro electric circuit and so on) to the vehicle in the electronic system construction entered one the new stage which has essential to enhance.One of in which most representative core components is the intelligent sensor (intelligent actuator, intelligence changes delivers).In fact, the automobile electron has already experienced several development phases: Electric circuit monitor control builds which from the separation electron primary device, passed through the electronic primary device or the module adds the microprocessor to construct respectively independent, special-purpose, semiautomatic and automatic holds controls the system, now already enters has used the high speed main line (at present to have 5 kind of above main lines to develop use at least)In unification exchange automobile movement each kind of electronic equipment and system data, realization synthesis, intelligent regulation new stage.The new automobile electron system is composed by each electronic control unit (ECU), may hold independently controls, simultaneously can coordinate to the whole movement optimum condition.For example for causes the engine to be at the best active status, needs from the inspiration cylinder air flow, the manifold pressure determination start, Again according to work link boundary parameters and so on the water temperature, air temperature calculates the basic distributive value, meanwhile must through the damper position transducer examination damper opening, the definite engine operating mode, then the control, the adjustment best distributive value, finally also need through the crank angular speed sensor monitor crank corner and the engine speed, finally calculates and sends out the best ignition opportunity the instruction.This engine fuel injection system and the ignition integrated control systemalso may with combinations and so on exhaust gas discharge supervisory system and starting system, constructs Cheng Keshi the motor car engine power and the torque maximization, but simultaneously fuel oil consumption and exhaust gas discharge minimizing intelligent system.Also may lift a safe driving aspect the example, stemming from steady, safe driving need, only aims at four wheels to hold controls, and installed the braking besides the application massive pressure transmitter to guard against generally hugs installs (ABS) deadly, many passenger vehicles, including the domestically produced vehicle, additionally built electronic power distribution system (EBD), ABS+EBD to be possible time the maximum limit safeguard sleet weather driving stability.Presently in, the domestic and foreign some automobiles further has installed emergency brake servosystem (EBA), this system when has the emergency case, the automatic detection driver steps on when the brake pedal the speed and dynamics, and sentence break the emergency brake dynamics is whether enough, if the need, can increase the braking force automatically.The EBA automatic control movement must (e.g. 1/1000000 seconds levels) in complete in the extremely short time.This system can cause the 200km/h high speed travel vehicles the brake skidding distance to reduce the extremely precious more than 20 rice.Also has in view of the wheel monitors each wheel to be opposite separately in the vehicle speed rotational speed, then matches the power for each wheel balance minute, guaranteed each turn has good under the bad road surface condition stresses ability balanced “the electronic force of traction control” the (ETC) system and so on.Two examples enumerates which from above may see clearly, automobile development to automobile electron some basic requests:1. electrons hold control the system the movement to have fast, to be correct, to be reliable.The sensor (+ recuperates electric circuit) + the microprocessor, then (+ power enlargement electric circuit) + the actuator technical way already no longer could satisfy the modern automobile again through the microprocessor the request, needed through the hardware integration, the direct exchange data and the simplification electric circuit, and enhances the intellectualized degree to guarantee the control unit movement the accuracy, the reliability and the timeliness.2. present nearly all automobile mechanism part all already electronic installation control, but in the automobile chassis space is limited, the component system space is extremely limited.The ideal situation is certainly, the electronic control unit should and the control portion close union, is formed a whole.Therefore the component and the electric circuit microminiaturization, the integration may not avoid path.3. electronic control unit must have the enough intellectualized degree.Take the security aerocyst as the example, it in the critical moment must have to be able prompt, the instant to open correctly, but in the extremely majority time the aerocyst is place in the standby condition, therefore security aerocyst ECU must have self-checking, from the maintenance ability, confirmed unceasingly the aerocyst system may operate normally the reliability, guarantees the movement “surefire”.4. automobile each kind of function parts all have respective movement, hold control the characteristic, and, speaking of the electronic products, mostly is in the very severe movement environment, moreover various.Such as time active status high temperature, time static standby low temperature,highly concentrated oil steam and activeness (toxicity) gas, as well as high speed movement and high strength impact and vibration and so on.Therefore, the electronic primary device and the electric circuit musthave to have high stable, the anti-environment and auto-adapted, from compensation adjustment ability.5. is similarly important with the above request, even sometimes is the crucial condition is, the automobile electronic control unit uses the electronic primary device, the module must have to be able the large-scale industry production, and can cost reduction to the degree which may accept.A slightly sensor and the intelligent sensor is this aspect model.Not only for example the intelligence acceleration instrument, it can satisfy the modern automobile well each need, moreover because may in the integrated circuit standard silicon craft on-line volume production, the production cost be low (several US dollars to several or several dozens US dollars), therefore had found own biggest application market in the automobile industry, counter- has come also powerfully to promote the automobile industry electronic informationization.Two sensors: The micro sensor and the integrated circuit fuse new generation of electronic deviceThe micro sensor, the intelligent sensor is the emerging technology which only then starts to develop rapidly in recent years.The technical name at present uses which in our country's publication magazine quite is also ambiguous, still generally called it the sensor, or induces ambiguously into the automobile semiconductor device, also has the intelligent sensor (or intelligent actuator, intelligent transmitting instrument) and the micro systemMEMS and so on has all belonged to MEMS (microcomputer electrical system series) under the name.Here introduces in the current some European and American monograph the commonly used technical noun definition and the technical connotation.Intelligent sensor and modern automobile electronFirst must explain, in the overwhelming majority situation, the sensor which in this article size title and the full text said has made a general reference actually three big kind of components: Transforms the electromagnetics signal output the non-electricity input parameter the sensor; Transforms the non-electricity parameter output the electricity signal the actuator; As well as both can serve as the sensor and to be able to serve as the actuator many,in which is transforms one kind of electromagnetics parameter form Cheng Ling one kind of electromagnetics parameter shape output the transmitting instrumentMeant that, about the micro sensor, the intelligent sensor technical characteristic may expand analogizes the micro actuator, the micro transmitting instrument - sensor (or execution, either transmitting instrument) in the physical criterion to have a physical size to be equal to or to be smaller than at least an Asian millimeter magnitude.The micro sensor is not a product which traditional sensor simple physics reduces, but is based on partly leads the body processing technology the new generation of component:Sometimes therefore also is called the silicon to pass on the feeling.May use the similar definition and the technical characteristic analogy describes the micro actuator and the micro transmitting instrument.It is composed by two chips, one has from the examination ability accelerometer unit (micro acceleration instrument), together is in addition the micro sensor and the microprocessor (MCU) connection electric circuit and MCU.This is one kind compared the early time (around 1996), but already quite practical component, available in automobile self-braking and suspension system, because and the micro accelerometer had the self-checking ability Also available in security aerocyst.From this time on in the example may see clearly, not only the micro sensor superiority is the volume reduction, lies in can conveniently and the integrated circuit combination and the scale production.Should refer, uses this kind oftwo piece of solution to be possible to reduce the design cycle, reduces the development preliminary small batch trial production the cost.But to the practical application and the market, the single chip solution may take obviously, the production cost is lower, the application value is higher.The sensor (Smart Sensor), the intelligent actuator and the intelligent transmitting instrument - micro sensor (or micro actuator, either micro transmitting instrument) and its part or processes the component, the processing electric circuit integration completely on a chip component (e.g. the above micro accelerometer single chip solution).Therefore the intelligent sensor has certain biological modelling ability, like fuzzy logic operation, initiative distinction environment, automatic accent entire and compensation adaptation environment abilityFrom diagnosis, from maintenance and so on.Obviously, produces andreduces the production cost stemming from the scale the request, the intelligent sensor design concept, the choice of material and the production craft musthave to have as far as po ssible and the integrated circuit standard silicon plane craft is consistent.May throw in front of the piece in the normal technical process, either in flow, after either the craft completes increases some special need the working procedure, but should not too be many.In a seal, a micro mechanical pressure transmitter and simulation user connection, 8 mold - number switch (SAR), microprocessor (Motorola 69HC08), memory and serial interface (SPI) and so on integrations on a chip.Its front end silicon pressure transmitter uses the body silicon tiny processing technology manufacture.The preparation silicon pressure transmitter working procedure already may arrange in to integrate the CMOS electric circuit craft flows in front of the regulation, also may in afterThis kind of intelligence pressure transmitter technology and market all already mature, has widely used in all kinds of pressure survey and the control unit which the automobile (vehicle) needs, such as in front of each kind of air gage, spray nozzle collection class cavity pressure, waste gas exhaust pipe, fuel oil, tire, hydraulic gear and so on.The intelligence pressure transmitter application is very broad, does not limit to the automobile industry.At present, the production intelligence pressure transmitter manufacturer many, the market commodity variety also very have been many, already appeared the keen competition.The result is the intelligence pressure transmitter volume getting smaller, needs outside along with it control unit to encircle the connector and the discrete component are more and more few, but the function and the performance more and more are actually strong, moreover the production cost reduces very quickly (the present is approximately several US dollars).While convenient needs said, in some Chinese material, in particular in some product tendentious material, generally (either device) and Intelligent sensor (or device) all callsSmart Sensor it the intelligent sensor,But these only can respond the environmental variation simply, makes some corresponding compensations, the adjustment active status, specially does not need to integrate placethe principle component, its knowledge rank too is low, should not belong to the intelligent component category generally.Believed the majority readers can contact frequently, most drew close to the life the intelligent sensor possibly to have to be uses in the camera, the digital camera, the camera, in the handset photograph CCD image sensor. This is a situation which one kind of non-intelligence sensor not is, because in the CCD array each silicon unit transforms by the light the electrical signalis extremely weak, must direct and prompt shifting checks, and processes transforms the standard the imageform signal.Also has complex someThe electron and optics which in, on the upscale long focus (IOX) optics enlargement numerical code camera and the camera equips guard against shake the system, specially in high end product trueoptics guard against shake the system.Its core is the two axle to either 3 axial micro accelerometers or the micro gyroscope, monitors the fuselage through it the vibration, and converts the lens each axial displacement quantity, then actuates in the lensthe invariable angle lens migration, makes the optical system the refraction path of rays to maintain stably.Micro system (Microsystem) and MEMS (microcomputer electrical system series) - by the micro sensor, microelectronics electric circuit (signal processing, control circuit, correspondence meets and so on) and the micro actuator constitutes a three level of levelassociation system, the integration calls it on a chip component the micro system.If has the mechanical linkage or the machinery implementing agency and so on the micro mechanical part instrument calls it MEMS.MEMS chip left side gives prepares the basic processing technology which the MEMS chip needs.Its right flank enumerates for the main application domain.Very obvious, the MEMS best solution also is selects with the silicon laborskill compatible material and the physical effect, the design idea and the technical process, also namely uses the method which the conventional standard the CMOS craft and two-dimensional, the three dimensional tiny processing technology unifies, in which also includes the micro mechanicalstructural element the manufacture.The micro sensor logical development extends is the intelligent sensor, the intelligent sensor extends is naturally the micro system and the MEMS, MEMS further development is can receive, the resolution outside signal and the instructionindependently, then can independent Now, develops successful, and had the commercial product MEMS variety already many, covering shown in Figure 4 each big domain.In which of one of including entire smooth correspondence and entire light computer key components two-dimensional, three dimensional MEMS light switch.Through control chip on micro reflector array, realization light input/output overlapping interconnection.This is the present entire light exchange technology mature preferred plan.In the market may buy the MEMS light switch has amounted to1296 groups, the switch switching time is approximately 20ms.The micro machinery (also is called a nanometer machinery) then still was at the development experimental stage, but had many very important laboratory product emergence, like famous nanometer electrical machinery, micro insect, micro helicopter and submarine and so on.The technical industrial field believed generally that, they will develop successful and the investment practical application have the profound influence to the industrial technology and the quality of life.附录2传感器与现代汽车电子现代汽车电子从所应用的电子元器件到车内电子系统的架构均已进入了一个有本质性提高的新阶段。
毕业设计（论文）开题报告--基于...
毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目基于GAINS433MAC库的无线传感器星型网络通信设计姓名学号专业班级05自动化2班指导教师分院信息科学与工程分院开题日期2009年03月6日文献综述内容基于GAINS433MAC库的无线传感器星型网络通信设计近年来，随着传感器、计算机、无线通信、微机等技术的发展和相互融合，人们终于可以实时监测外部环境，实现大范围、自动化的信息采集，这就是无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network）。
无线传感器网络是是一种特殊的Ad-hoc网络[1]，它是由大量低成本且具有传感、数据处理和无线通信能力的传感器节点通过自动组织方式形成的网络。
他独立于基站或移动路由等基础通信设施，通过分布式协议自组成网络。
传感器网络中的传感器节点主要有两类：普通传感器节点和汇聚节点。
汇聚节点（Sink）为一个特殊节点，他是中心处理节点，也称网关节点。
该节点可向区域内的普通传感器节点发送数据采集命令，并接受和处理普通传感器节点传来的数据。
1 国内外情况分析1.1国内外研究背景传感器网络的研究起步于20世纪90年代末期，最早用于战场信息的收集。
从21 世纪开始，传感器网络引起了学术界、军界和工业界的极大关注，美国和欧洲相继启动了许多关于无线传感器网络的研究计划，特别是美国通过国家自然基金委、国防部等多种渠道投入巨资支持传感器网络的研究。
在军事领域，美国国防部和各军事部门较早开始启动传感器网络的研究，强调战场情报的获取能力、信息的综合能力和信息的利用能力，把传感器网络作为一个重要研究领域，设立了一系列军事传感器网络研究项目。
在民用领域，美国交通部1995年提出了“国家智能交通系统项目计划”，预计到2025年全面投入使用，该计划试图有效集先进的信息技术、数据通信技术、传感器技术、控制技术及计算机处理技术并运用于整个地面交通管理。
在学术界，由于传感器网络涉及传感器技术、网络通信技术、无线传输技术、嵌入式计算机技术、分布式信息处理技术、微电子制造技术、软件编程技术等多学科交叉的研究领域，美国所有著名院校都有研究小组在从事传感器网络相关技术的研究，加拿大、德国、芬兰、日本和意大利等国家的研究机构也加入了传感器网络的研究。
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译
Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque ，pressure , temperature ，humidity , speed ，acceleration ，or vibration 。
Traditionally ，sensors （such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a）stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features ，and （c）governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems 。
It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring ，communication ，and computer control of machines and systems 。
Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly 。
温度传感器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文翻译英文文献原文Temperature Sensor ICs Simplify DesignsWhen you set out to select a temperature sensor, you are no longer limited to either an analog output or a digital output device. There is now a broad selection of sensor types, one of which should match your system's needs.Until recently, all the temperature sensors on the market provided analog outputs. Thermistors, RTDs, and thermocouples were followed by another analog-output device, the silicon temperature sensor. In most applications, unfortunately, these analog-output devices require a comparator, an ADC, or an amplifier at their output to make them useful.Thus, when higher levels of integration became feasible, temperature sensors with digital interfaces became available. These ICs are sold in a variety of forms, from simple devices that signal when a specific temperature has been exceeded to those that report both remote and local temperatures while providing warnings at programmed temperature settings. The choice now isn't simply between analog-output and digital-output sensors; there is a broad range of sensor types from which to choose.Classes of Temperature SensorsFour temperature-sensor types are illustrated in Figure 1. An ideal analog sensor provides an output voltage that is a perfectly linear function of temperature (A). In the digital I/O class of sensor (B), temperature data in the form of multiple 1s and 0s are passed to the microcontroller, often via a serial bus. Along the same bus, data are sent to the temperature sensor from the microcontroller, usually to set the temperature limit at which the alert pin's digital output will trip. Alert interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature limit has been exceeded. This type of device can also provide fan control.Figure 1. Sensor and IC manufacturers currently offer four classes of temperature sensors."Analog-plus" sensors (C) are available with various types of digital outputs. The V OUT versus temperature curve is for an IC whose digital output switches when a specific temperaturehas been exceeded. In this case, the "plus" added to the analog temperature sensor is nothing more than a comparator and a voltage reference. Other types of "plus" parts ship temperature data in the form of the delay time after the part has been strobed, or in the form of the frequency or the period of a square wave, which will be discussed later.The system monitor (D) is the most complex IC of the four. In addition to the functions provided by the digital I/O type, this type of device commonly monitors the system supply voltages, providing an alarm when voltages rise above or sink below limits set via the I/O bus. Fan monitoring and/or control is sometimes included in this type of IC. In some cases, this class of device is used to determine whether or not a fan is working. More complex versions control the fan as a function of one or more measured temperatures. The system monitor sensor is not discussed here but is briefly mentioned to give a complete picture of the types of temperature sensors available.Analog-Output Temperature SensorsThermistors and silicon temperature sensors are widely used forms of analog-output temperature sensors. Figure 2 clearly shows that when a linear relationship between voltage and temperature is needed, a silicon temperature sensor is a far better choice than a thermistor. Over a narrow temperature range, however, thermistors can provide reasonable linearity and good sensitivity. Many circuits originally constructed with thermistors have over time been updated using silicon temperature sensors.Figure 2. The linearity of thermistors and silicon temperature sensors, two popular analog-output temperature detectors, is contrasted sharply.Silicon temperature sensors come with different output scales and offsets. Some, for example, are available with output transfer functions that are proportional to K, others to °C or °F. Some of the °C parts provide an offset so that negative temperatures can be monitored using a single-ended supply.In most applications, the output of these devices is fed into a comparator or a n A/D converter to convert the temperature data into a digital format. Despite the need for these additional devices,thermistors and silicon temperature sensors continue to enjoy popularity due to low cost and convenience of use in many situations.Digital I/O Temperature SensorsAbout five years ago, a new type of temperature sensor was introduced. These devices include a digital interface that permits communication with a microcontroller. The interface is usually an I²C or SMBus serial bus, but other serial interfaces such as SPI are common. In addition to reporting temperature readings to the microcontroller, the interface also receives instructions from the microcontroller. Those instructions are often temperature limits, which, if exceeded, activate a digital signal on the temperature sensor IC that interrupts the microcontroller. The microcontroller is then able to adjust fan speed or back off the speed of a microprocessor, for example, to keep temperature under control.This type of device is available with a wide variety of features, among them, remote temperature sensing. To enable remote sensing, most high-performance CPUs include an on-chip transistor that provides a voltage analog of the temperature. (Only one of the transistor's two p-n junctions is used.) Figure 3 shows a remote CPU being monitored using this technique. Other applications utilize a discrete transistor to perform the same function.Figure 3. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors the temperature of a remote CPU's on-chip p-n junction.Another important feature found on some of these types of sensors (including the sensor shown in Figure 3) is the ability to interrupt a microcontroller when the measured temperature falls outside a range bounded by high and low limits. On other sensors, an interrupt is generated when the measured temperature exceeds either a high or a low temperature threshold (i.e., not both). For the sensor in Figure 3, those limits are transmitted to the temperature sensor via the SMBus interface. If the temperature moves above or below the circumscribed range, the alert signal interrupts the processor.Pictured in Figure 4 is a similar device. Instead of monitoring one p-n junction, however, it monitors four junctions and its own internal temperature. Because Maxim's MAX1668 consumes a small amount of power, its internal temperature is close to the ambient temperature. Measuring the ambient temperature gives an indication as to whether or not the system fan is operating properly.Figure 4. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors its own local temperature and the temperatures of four remote p-n junctions.Controlling a fan while monitoring remote temperature is the chief function of the IC shown in Figure 5. Users of this part can choose between two different modes of fan control. In the PWM mode, the microcontroller controls the fan speed as a function of the measured temperature by changing the duty cycle of the signal sent to the fan. This permits the power consumption to be far less than that of the linear mode of control that this part also provides. Because some fans emit an audible sound at the frequency of the PWM signal controlling it, the linear mode can be advantageous, but at the price of higher power consumption and additional circuitry. The added power consumption is a small fraction of the power consumed by the entire system, though.Figure 5. A fan controller/temperature sensor IC uses either a PWM- or linear-mode control scheme.This IC provides the alert signal that interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature violates specified limits. A safety feature in the form of the signal called "overt" (an abbreviated version of "over temperature") is also provided. If the microcontroller or the software were to lock up while temperature is rising to a dangerous level, the alert signal would no longer be useful. However, overt, which goes active once the temperature rises above a level set via the SMBus, is typically used to control circuitry without the aid of the microcontroller. Thus, in thishigh-temperature scenario with the microcontroller not functioning, overt could be used to shutdown the system power supplies directly, without the microcontroller, and prevent a potentially catastrophic failure.This digital I/O class of devices finds widespread use in servers, battery packs, and hard-disk drives. Temperature is monitored in numerous locations to increase a server's reliability: at the motherboard (which is essentially the ambient temperature inside the chassis), inside the CPU die, and at other heat-generating components such as graphics accelerators and hard-disk drives. Battery packs incorporate temperature sensors for safety reasons and to optimize charging profiles, which maximizes battery life.There are two good reasons for monitoring the temperature of a hard-disk drive, which depends primarily on the speed of the spindle motor and the ambient temperature: The read errors in a drive increase at temperature extremes, and a hard disk's MTBF is improved significantly through temperature control. By measuring the temperature within the system, you can control motor speed to optimize reliability and performance. The drive can also be shut down. In high-end systems, alerts can be generated for the system administrator to indicate temperature extremes or situations where data loss is possible.Analog-Plus Temperature Sensors"Analog-plus" sensors are generally suited to simpler measurement applications. These ICs generate a logic output derived from the measured temperature and are distinguished from digital I/O sensors primarily because they output data on a single line, as opposed to a serial bus.In the simplest instance of an analog-plus sensor, the logic output trips when a specific temperature is exceeded. Some of these devices are tripped when temperature rises above a preset threshold, others, when temperature drops below a threshold. Some of these sensors allow the temperature threshold to be adjusted with a resistor, whereas others have fixed thresholds.The devices shown in Figure 6 are purchased with a specific internal temperature threshold. The three circuits illustrate common uses for this type of device: providing a warning, shutting down a piece of equipment, or turning on a fan.Figure 6. ICs that signal when a temperature has been exceeded are well suited forover/undertemperature alarms and simple on/off fan control.When an actual temperature reading is needed, and a microcontroller is available, sensors that transmit the reading on a single line can be useful. With the microcontroller's internal counter measuring time, the signals from this type of temperature sensor are readily transformed to a measure of temperature. The sensor in Figure 7 outputs a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the ambient temperature in Kelvin. The device in Figure 8 is similar, but the period of the square wave is proportional to the ambient temperature in kelvins.Figure 7. A temperature sensor that transmits a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin forms part of a heater controller circuit.Figure 8. This temperature sensor transmits a square wave whose period is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin. Because only a single line is needed to send temperature information, just a single optoisolator is required to isolate the signal path.Figure 9, a truly novel approach, allows up to eight temperature sensors to be connected on this common line. The process of extracting temperature data from these sensors begins when the microcontroller's I/O port strobes all the sensors on the line simultaneously. The microcontroller is then quickly reconfigured as an input in order to receive data from each of the sensors. The data are encoded as the amount of time that transpires after the sensors are strobed. Each of the sensors encodes this time after the strobe pulse within a specific range of time. Collisions are avoided by assigning each sensor its own permissible time range.Figure 9. A microcontroller strobes up to eight temperature sensors connected on a common line and receives the temperature data transmitted from each sensor on the same line.The accuracy achieved by this method is surprisingly high: 0.8°C is typical at room temperature, precisely matching that of the IC that encodes temperature data in the form of the frequency of the transmitted square wave. The same is true of the device that uses the period of the square wave.These devices are outstanding in wire-limited applications. For example, when a temperature sensor must be isolated from the microcontroller, costs are kept to a minimum because only one optoisolator is needed. These sensors are also of great utility in automotive and HVAC applications, because they reduce the amount of copper running over distances.Anticipated Temperature Sensor DevelopmentsIC temperature sensors provide a varied array of functions and interfaces. As these devicescontinue to evolve, system designers will see more application-specific features as well as new ways of interfacing the sensors to the system. Finally, the ability of chip designers to integrate more electronics in the same die area ensures that temperature sensors will soon include new functions and special interfaces.中文翻译温度传感器芯片简化设计当选择一个温度传感器时，将不再局限于模拟输出或数字输出设备。
08湿度传感器系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 (1)
湿度传感器系统中英文资料外文翻译文献英文:The right design for a relative humidity sensor systemOptimizing the response characteristics and accuracy of a humidity sensor system1 OverviewTo make the right choice when selecting a relative humidity sensor for an application, it is important to know and to be able to judge the deciding factors. In addition to long-term stability, which is a measure on how much a sensor changes its properties over time, these factors also include the measurement accuracy and the response characteristics of the sensor. Capacitive humidity sensors are based on the principle that a humidity-sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture as a function of the relative ambient humidity. Because this method is only a spot measurement at the sensor location, and usually the humidity of the surroundings is the desired quantity, the sensor must be brought into moisture equilibrium with the surroundings to obtain a precise measurement value. This process is realized by various transport phenomena (cf. the section titled "The housing effect on the response time"), which exhibit a time constant. Accuracy and response time are thus closely dependent on each other, and the design of a humidity measurement system becomes a challenge.2Measurement accuracyThe term measurement accuracy of a humidity sensor is understood primarily to refer to the deviation of the value measured by the sensor from the actual humidity. To determine the measurement accuracy, references, such as chilled mirror hygrometers, whose own tolerance must be taken into account, are used. In addition to this trivial component, humidity sensors require a given time for reaching stable humidity and temperature equilibrium (the humidity is a function of temperature and decreases with increasing temperature; a difference betweensensor and ambient temperature leads to measurement errors). This response time thus has a significant effect on the value measured by the sensor and thus on the determined accuracy.This time-dependent characteristic is explained in more detail in the following.3Response characteristics and response timeThe response characteristics are defined by various parameters. These are:●The actual response characteristics of the humidity sensor at constant temperature.(1) How quickly the sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture until equilibrium is reached (intrinsic response time)(2) How fast the entire system reaches humidity equilibrium (housing effect)●The thermal response characteristics of the humidity sensor at a non-constant temperature●(3) The thermal mass of the sensor(4) The system's thermal mass, which is thermally coupled to the sensor (e.g. printed circuit board)(5) Heat sources in the direct surroundings of the sensor (electronic components)(1) and (3) are determined entirely by the sensor itself, (1) primarily by the characteristics of the sensitive polymer.(2) and (4) are primarily determined by the construction of the entire system (shape and size of housing andreadout circuitry).(5) is determined by heat-emitting electronic components.These points will be discussed in more detail in the following.The intrinsic response time (1)Qualitatively, the response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors look like the following (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: Typical and idealized response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors (schematic)Because these response characteristics are especially pronounced at high humidity values, an isothermal humidity jump from 40% to 100% was selected here for illustration. The desired ideal behavior of the sensor is indicated in blue. In practice, however, the sensor behaves according to the red line, approximately according to:RH-t=(E-S)*(1-e)+S（t）Here, the time span 1 is usually very short (typ. 1 – 30 min.), in contrast, the time span 2 is very long (typ. Many hours to days). Here the connection of measurement accuracy and response characteristics becomes clear (t until RH=100% is reached). The value at t4 (Fig. 1) is considered to be an exact measured value. However, this assumes that both the humidity and also the temperature remain stable during this entire time, and that the testing waits until this very long measurement time is completed. These conditions are both very hard to achieve and unusual in practice. For the calibration, there are the following two approaches, which both find use in practice (cf. Fig. 2):1.The measured value at t2 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:The required measurement time for reaching the end value (in the example 100%) is clearly shortened,corresponds to practice, and achieves an apparent short responsetime of the sensor (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●If the conditions are similar for a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),the sensors exceed the correct end value (in the example 100%) undesirably by upto 10% (cf. Fig. 2).2. The measured value at t4 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●Even for similar conditions over a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),an exact measurement result is obtained (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●For a humidity jump like in Fig. 1, the sensors very quickly deliver the measuredvalue at t2, but reaching a stable end value (about 3-6% higher) takes a long time(apparent longer response time)(cf. Fig. 2).In order to take into account both approaches optimally, the measured values at t3 (cf. Fig. 1) are used as the calibration reference by Sensirion AG.Fig. 2: Response characteristics of different humidity measurement systemsThe housing effect on the response time (2)Here, two types of transport phenomena play a deciding role:●Convection: For this very fast process, the air, whose humidity is to be determined,is transported to the sensor by means of ventilation.●Diffusion: This very slow process is determined by the thermal, molecularself-motion of the water molecules. It occurs even in "stationary" air (e.g., within ahousing), but leads to a long response time.In order to achieve favorable response characteristics in the humidity measurement system, the very fast convection process must be supported by large housing openings and the slow diffusion process must be supported by a small housing around the sensor (small "dead volume") with "stationary" air reduced to a minimum. The following applies:Thermal effects (3), (4), and (5)Because the total thermal mass of the humidity measurement system (sensor + housing) has a significant effect on its response time, the total thermal mass must be kept as low as possible. The greater the total thermal mass, the more inert the measurement system becomes thermally and its response time, which is temperature-dependent, increases. In order to prevent measurement errors, the sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heatgenerating components.4Summary –what should be taken into account when designing a humidity measurement systemIn order to achieve error-free operation of a humidity-measurement system with response times as short as possible, the following points should be taken into account especially for the selection of the sensor and for the design of the system.●The selection of the humidity sensor element. It should●be as small as possible,●have a thermal mass that is as low as possible,●work with a polymer, which exhibits minimal fluctuations in measured values duringthe time span 2(cf. Fig. 1); testing gives simple information on this condition,●provide calibration, which corresponds to the requirements (see above), e. g.,SHT11/SHT15 from Sensirion.●The housing design (cf. Formula 1). It should●have air openings that are as large as possible in the vicinity of the sensor or thesensor should be operated outside of the housing à good convection!●enclose a "dead volume" that is as small as possible around the sensor àlittlediffusion!●The sensor should be decoupled thermally as much as possible from other components,so that the response characteristics of the sensor are not negatively affected by the thermal inertia of the entire system.(e.g., its own printed circuit board for the humidity sensor, structurally partitioning the housing to create a small volume for the humidity sensor, see Fig. 3)Fig. 3: Mounting example for Sensirion sensors SHT11 and SHT15 with slits for thermal decoupling●The sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heat sources. If it was, measuredtemperature would increase and measured humidity decrease.5Design proposalThe challenge is to realize a system that operates cleanly by optimally taking into account all of the points in section 4. The already calibrated SMD humidity sensors SHT11 and SHT15 from Sensirion are the ideal solution. For optimum integration of the sensors in a measurement system, Sensirion AG has also developed a filter cap as an adapter aid, which takes into account as much as possible the points in section 4 and also protects the sensor against contaminants with a filter membrane. Fig. 4 shows schematically how the sensors can be ideally integrated into a housing wall by means of the filter cap SF1.Fig. 4: Filter cap for SHT11 and SHT15In addition to the advantages mentioned above, there is also the option of building an IP67-compatible humidity measurement device (with O-ring, cf. Fig. 4) with optimalperformance. Detailed information is available on the Sensirion Web site.译文：相对湿度传感器系统的正确设计湿度传感器系统精度及响应特性的优化1.综述为了在相对湿度的应用方面对传感器做出正确的选择，了解和评估那些起决定作用的因素是非常重要的。
电气专业毕业设计--外文翻译--电容式传感器操作第一部分：基础
Capacitive Sensor Operation Part 1: The BasicsPart 1 of this two-part article reviews the concepts and theory of capacitive sensing to help to optimize capacitive sensor performance. Part 2 of this article will discuss how to put these concepts to work.Noncontact capacitive sensors measure the changes in an electrical property called capacitance. Capacitance describes how two conductive objects with a space between them respond to a voltage difference applied to them. A voltage applied to the conductors creates an electric field between them, causing positive and negative charges to collect on each objectCapacitive sensors use an alternating voltage that causes the charges to continually reverse their positions. The movement of the charges creates an alternating electric current that is detected by the sensor. The amount of current flow is determined by the capacitance, and the capacitance is determined by the surface area and proximity of the conductive objects. Larger and closer objects cause greater current than smaller and more distant objects. Capacitance is also affected by the type of nonconductive material in the gap between the objects. Technically speaking, the capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the objects and the dielectric constant of the material between them, and inversely proportional to the distance between them as shown.:In typical capacitive sensing applications, the probe or sensor is one of the conductive objects and the target object is the other. (Using capacitive sensors to sense plastics and other insulators will be discussed in the second part of this article.) The sizes of the sensor and the target are assumed to be constant, as is the material between them. Therefore, any change in capacitance is a result of a change in the distance between the probe and the target. The electronics are calibrated to generate specific voltage changes for corresponding changes in capacitance. These voltages are scaled to represent specific changes in distance. The amount of voltage change for a given amount of distance change is called the sensitivity. A common sensitivity setting is 1.0 V/100 µm. That means that for every 100 µm change in distance, the output voltage changes exactly 1.0 V. With this calibration, a 2 V change in the output means that the target has moved 200 µm relative to the probe.Focusing the Electric FieldWhen a voltage is applied to a conductor, the electric field emanates from every surface. In a capacitive sensor, the sensing voltage is applied to the sensing area of the probe. For accuratemeasurements, the electric field from the sensing area needs to be contained within the space between the probe and the target. If the electric field is allowed to spread to other items—or other areas on the target—then a change in the position of the other item will be measured as a change in the position of the target. A technique called "guarding" is used to prevent this from happening. To create a guard, the back and sides of the sensing area are surrounded by another conductor that is kept at the same voltage as the sensing area itself. When the voltage is applied to the sensing area, a separate circuit applies the exact same voltage to the guard. Because there is no difference in voltage between the sensing area and the guard, there is no electric field between them. Any other conductors beside or behind the probe form an electric field with the guard instead of with the sensing area. Only the unguarded front of the sensing area is allowed to form an electric field with the target.DefinitionsSensitivity indicates how much the output voltage changes as a result of a change in the gap between the target and the probe. A common sensitivity is 1 V/0.1 mm. This means that for every 0.1 mm of change in the gap, the output voltage will change 1 V. When the output voltage is plotted against the gap size, the slope of the line is the sensitivity.A system's sensitivity is set during calibration. When sensitivity deviates from the ideal value this is called sensitivity error, gain error, or scaling error. Since sensitivity is the slope of a line, sensitivity error is usually presented as a percentage of slope, a comparison of the ideal slope with the actual slope.Offset error occurs when a constant value is added to the output voltage of the system. Capacitive gauging systems are usually "zeroed" during setup, eliminating any offset deviations from the original calibration. However, should the offset error change after the system is zeroed, error will be introduced into the measurement. Temperature change is the primary factor in offset error.Sensitivity can vary slightly between any two points of data. The accumulated effect of this variation is called linearity erro. The linearity specification is the measurement of how far the output varies from a straight line.To calculate the linearity error, calibration data are compared to the straight line that would best fit the points. This straight reference line is calculated from the calibration data using least squares fitting. The amount of error at the point on the calibration line furthest away from this ideal line is the linearity error. Linearity error is usually expressed in terms of percent of full scale (%/F.S.). If the error at the worst point is 0.001 mm and the full scale range of the calibration is 1 mm, the linearity error will be 0.1%.Note that linearity error does not account for errors in sensitivity. It is only a measure of the straightness of the line rather than the slope of the line. A system with gross sensitivity errors can still be very linear.Error band accounts for the combination of linearity and sensitivity errors. It is the measurement of the worst-case absolute error in the calibrated range. The error band is calculated by comparing the output voltages at specific gaps to their expected value. The worst-case error from this comparison is listed as the system's error band. In Figure 7, the worst-case error occurs for a 0.50 mm gap and the error band (in bold) is –0.010.Gap (mm)Expected Value (VDC)Actual Value VDC)Error (mm) 0.50 –10.000 –9.800 –0.0100.75 –5.000 –4.900 –0.0051.00 0.000 0.000 0.0001.25 5.000 5.000 0.0001.50 10.000 10.100 0.005Figure 7. Error valuesBandwidth is defined as the frequency at which the output falls to –3 dB, a frequency that is also called the cutoff frequency. A –3 dB drop in the signal level is an approximately 30% decrease. With a 15 kHz bandwidth, a change of ±1 V at low frequency will only produce a ±0.7 V change at 15 kHz. Wide-bandwidth sensors can sense high-frequency motion and provide fast-responding outputs to maximize the phase margin when used in servo-control feedback systems; however, lower-bandwidth sensors will have reduced output noise which means higher resolution. Some sensors provide selectable bandwidth to maximize either resolution or response time.Resolution is defined as the smallest reliable measurement that a system can make. The resolution of a measurement system must be better than the final accuracy the measurement requires. If you need to know a measurement within 0.02 µm, then the resolution of the measurement system must be better than 0.02 µm.The primary determining factor of resolution is electrical noise. Electrical noise appears in the output voltage causing small instantaneous errors in the output. Even when theprobe/target gap is perfectly constant, the output voltage of the driver has some small but measurable amount of noise that would seem to indicate that the gap is changing. This noise is inherent in electronic components and can be minimized, but never eliminated.If a driver has an output noise of 0.002 V with a sensitivity of 10 V/1 mm, then it has an output noise of 0.000,2 mm (0.2 µm). This means that at any instant in time, the output could have an error of 0.2 µm.The amount of noise in the output is directly related to bandwidth. Generally speaking, noise is distributed over a wide range of frequencies. If the higher frequencies are filtered before the output, the result is less noise and better resolution (Figures 8, 9). When examining resolution specifications, it is critical to know at what bandwidth the specifications apply.Capacitive Sensor Operation Part 2: System OptimizationPart 2 of this two-part article focuses on how to optimize the performance of your capacitive sensor, and to understand how target material, shape, and size will affect the sensor's response.Effects of Target SizeThe target size is a primary consideration when selecting a probe for a specific application. When the sensing electric field is focused by guarding, it creates a slightly conical field that is a projection of the sensing area. The minimum target diameter is usually 130% of the diameter of the sensing area. The further the probe is from the target, the larger the minimum target size.Range of MeasurementThe range in which a probe is useful is a function of the size of the sensing area. The greater the area, the larger the range. Because the driver electronics are designed for a certain amount of capacitance at the probe, a smaller probe must be considerably closer to the target to achieve the desired amount of capacitance. In general, the maximum gap at which a probe is useful is approximately 40% of the sensing area diameter. Typical calibrations usually keep the gap to a value considerably less than this. Although the electronics are adjustable during calibration, there is a limit to the range of adjustment.Multiple Channel SensingFrequently, a target is measured simultaneously by multiple probes. Because the system measures a changing electric field, the excitation voltagefor each probe must be synchronized or the probes will interfere with each other. If they were not synchronized, one probe would be trying to increase the electric field while another was trying to decrease it; the result would be a false reading. Driver electronics can be configured as masters or slaves; the master sets the synchronization for the slaves in multichannel systems.Effects of Target MaterialThe sensing electric field is seeking a conductive surface. Provided that the target is a conductor, capacitive sensors are not affected by the specific target material; they will measure all conductors—brass, steel, aluminum, or salt water—as the same. Because the sensing electric field stops at the surface of the conductor, target thickness does not affect the measurement中文翻译电容式传感器操作第一部分：基础 这篇文章的第一部分回顾了电容式传感器的概念和理论来帮助我们优化电容式传感器的性能。
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译引言传感器是现代检测技术的重要组成部分，它能将物理量、化学量等非电信号转换为电信号，从而实现检测和控制。
传感器广泛应用于工业、医疗、军事等领域中，如温度、湿度、气压、光强度等参数检测。
随着科技的发展，传感器不断新型化、微型化和智能化，已经涵盖了人体所有的感官，开启了大规模的物联网与智能化时代。
本文将介绍几篇与传感器技术相关的外文文献，并对其中较为重要的内容进行中文翻译。
外文文献1标题“Flexible Sensors for Wearable Health: Why Materials Matter”作者Sarah O’Brien, Michal P. Mielczarek, and Fergal J. O’Brien文献概述本文主要介绍了柔性传感器在可穿戴健康监测中的应用，以及传感材料的选择对柔性传感器性能的影响。
文章先介绍了柔性传感器的基本工作原理和常见的柔性传感材料，然后重点探讨了传感材料对柔性传感器灵敏度、稳定性、响应速度等性能的影响。
最后，文章提出未来柔性传感器材料需满足的性能要求，并对可能的研究方向和应用进行了展望。
翻译摘要柔性传感器是可穿戴健康监测中重要的成分，通过将身体状态转化为电信号进行检测。
选择合适的传感材料对柔性传感器产品的成本、性能及标准化有着面向未来的影响。
本文对柔性材料的常见种类 (如: 聚合物、金属、碳复合材料等) 进行了介绍，并重点探讨了传感材料选择的影响因素，如对柔性传感器的灵敏度、特异性和响应时间等。
此外，文章还探讨了柔性传感器的性能要求和建议未来的技术方向。
外文文献2标题“Smart sensing system for precision agriculture”作者Olivier Strauss, Lucas van der Meer, and Benoit Figliuzzi文献概述本文主要介绍智能传感系统在精准农业中的应用。
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
输出信号有不同形式，如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等，能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求，是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。
如果把计算机比作大脑，那么传感器则相当于五官，传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量，对系统的质量起决定性作用。
自动化程度越高，系统对传感器要求越高。
在今天的信息时代里，信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分，即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。
现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展，而已经充分发达后，不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高，还要求其成本低廉且使用方便。
显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰。
世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发，并且都已取得极大的突破。
如今传感器新技术的发展，主要有以下几个方面：利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理，所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作，是研究开发新型传感器的基础。
日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器，是传感器技术的重大突破，其灵敏度高，仅次于超导量子干涉器件。
它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单。
可用于磁成像技术，有广泛推广价值。
利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时，会引起电极电位的变化，利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器。
用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查。
如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎，起到快速、准确作用。
美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器。
传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础，由于材料科学进步，人们可制造出各种新型传感器。
例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器；光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器；用陶瓷制成压力传感器。
高分子聚合物能随周围环境的相对湿度大小成比例地吸附和释放水分子。
高分子电介常数小，水分子能提高聚合物的介电常数。
将高分子电介质做成电容器，测定电容容量的变化，即可得出相对湿度。
利用这个原理制成等离子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜温度传感器，其有以下特点：测湿范围宽；温度范围宽，可达-400℃～+1500℃；响应速度快，小于1S；尺寸小，可用于小空间测湿；温度系数小。
陶瓷电容式压力传感器是一种无中介液的干式压力传感器。
采用先进的陶瓷技术和厚膜电子技术，其技术性能稳定，年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,温漂小于±0.15%/10K,抗过载强,可达量程的数百倍。
测量范围可从0到60mpa。
德国E+H公司和美国Kahlo公司产品处于领先地位。
光导纤维的应用是传感材料的重大突破，其最早用于光通信技术。
在光通信利用中发现当温度、压力、电场、磁场等环境条件变化时，引起光纤传输的光波强度、相位、频率、偏振态等变化，测量光波量的变化，就可知道导致这些光波量变化的温度、压力、电场、磁场等物理量的大小，利用这些原理可研制出光导纤维传感器。
光纤传感器与传统传感器相比有许多特点：灵敏度高，结构简单、体积小、耐腐蚀、电绝缘性好、光路可弯曲、便于实现遥测等。
光纤传感器日本处于先进水平。
如Idec Izumi公司和Suns公司。
光纤传感受器与集成光路技术相结合，加速光纤传感器技术的发展。
将集成光路器件代替原有光学元件和无源光器件，使光纤传感器有高的带宽、低的信号处理电压，可靠性高，成本低。
半导体技术中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、扩散、沉积、平面电子工艺，各向导性腐蚀及蒸镀，溅射薄膜等，这些都已引进到传感器制造。
因而产生了各种新型传感器，如利用半导体技术制造出硅微传感器，利用薄膜工艺制造出快速响应的气敏、湿敏传感器，利用溅射薄膜工艺制压力传感器等。
日本横河公司利用各向导性腐蚀技术进行高精度三维加工，制成全硅谐振式压力传感器。
核心部分由感压硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的两个谐振梁结成，两个谐振梁的频差对应不同的压力，用频率差的方法测压力，可消除环境温度等因素带来的误差。
当环境温度变化时，两个谐振梁频率和幅度变化相同，将两个频率差后，其相同变化量就能够相互抵消。
其测量最高精度可达0.01%FS。
美国Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI)公司开发一系列低价位,线性度在0.1%到0.65%范围内的硅微压力传感器,最低满量程为0.15psi(1KPa),其以硅为材料制成,具有独特的三维结构,轻细微机械加工,和多次蚀刻制成惠斯登电桥于硅膜片上,当硅片上方受力时,其产生变形,电阻产生压阻效应而失去电桥平衡,输出与压力成比例的电信号.象这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一。
在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用，如飞机上利用可减轻飞机重量，减少能源。
另一特点是能敏感微小被测量，可制成血压压力传感器。
中国航空总公司北京测控技术研究所，研制的CYJ系列溅谢膜压力传感器是采用离子溅射工艺加工成金属应变计，它克服了非金属式应变计易受温度影响的不足，具有高稳定性，适用于各种场合，被测介质范围宽，还克服了传统粘贴式带来的精度低、迟滞大、蠕变等缺点，具有精度高、可靠性高、体积小的特点，广泛用于航空、石油、化工、医疗等领域。
集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法达到的，它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器，其将辅助电路中的元件与传感元件同时集成在一块芯片上，使之具有校准、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能，它可降低成本、增加产量，美国LUCAS、NOVASENSOR公司开发的这种血压传感器，每星期能生产1万只。
智能化传感器是一种带微处理器的传感器，是微型计算机和传感器相结合的成果，它兼有检测、判断和信息处理功能，与传统传感器相比有很多特点：具有判断和信息处理功能，能对测量值进行修正、误差补偿，因而提高测量精度；可实现多传感器多参数测量；有自诊断和自校准功能，提高可靠性；测量数据可存取，使用方便；有数据通信接口，能与微型计算机直接通信。
把传感器、信号调节电路、单片机集成在一芯片上形成超大规模集成化的高级智能传感器。
美国HONY WELL公司ST-3000型智能传感器，芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3，采用半导体工艺，在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、静压、压差、温度等三种敏感元件。
智能化传感器的研究与开发，美国处于领先地位。
美国宇航局在开发宇宙飞船时称这种传感器为灵巧传感器（Smart Sensor），在宇宙飞船上这种传感器是非常重要的。
我国在这方面的研究与开发还很落后，主要是因为我国半导体集成电路工艺水平有限。
传感器的发展日新月异，特别是80年代人类由高度工业化进入信息时代以来，传感器技术向更新、更高的技术发展。
美国、日本等发达国家的传感器技术发展最快，我国由于基础薄弱，传感器技术与这些发达国家相比有较大的差距。
因此，我们应该加大对传感器技术研究、开发的投入，使我国传感器技术与外国差距缩短，促进我国仪器仪表工业和自化化技术的发展。
附件2：外文原文Development of Sensor New Technology Sensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important. In information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology.Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S;The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factorand so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will c ause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics: Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey;Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.。