南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译reading4
研究生英语阅读教程中高级本 unit4 翻译
Is One Successful by Chance or by Fate?一个人的成功靠机遇还是命运？In the scientific world of controlled experiment, chance is seldom acknowledged as a contributing factor in important discoveries. There are, however, rare exceptions. In 1945 three men shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery and isolation of penicillin. How rare was this serendipitous event and was the discovery of penicillin really the result of an unexpected chance observation by a single researcher?在控制试验的领域，机遇很少时候会被认为是重大发现的主要原因。
但是，却也有例外。
1945年，三名科学家由于发现并提取青霉素而获得诺贝尔生理学或医学家奖。
这个偶然发现的事件是多么难得，青霉素的发现真是由一个研究者在不可预料的情形下偶然发现的观察结果吗？The scientific method is typically noted for its orderliness and control; In fact, we are taught that without these characteristics, experimental research may yield invalid results. Therefore, chance should play little or no role in the process of the scientific method. But what is chance? When is chance truly an accident and when is it foreseeable? Historically, some chance discoveries have led to startling new ideas that eventually directed important further scientific investigation of natural phenomena.科学方法通常以规律性与可操作性而著称；事实上，如果我们没有这些要素的引导，试验性研究就可能得到无效的结果。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础版第三版)4课后答案
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研究生英语教材阅读课文翻译
第一单元：Vocabulary Study：1.permanent2.had assembled3.discharging4.meekly5.apprentice6.partiality7.obscure8.exalted9.intruding 10cordially 11ambition 12.gallantlyCLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、Translation:1.His dream of becoming a footble star faded out as timewent by .2.A Boeiay/Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to climb the mountain.In a twinking ,it crash into the mountain and blew up .No one survied in the accident.3. Student have easy access to the resource in the libracy. so they are supposed to make the best of it .4.Titanic,the most luxurious ship in the world at the time .hit an icebery when she was under the way to the USA.Consequently, the ship sank into Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach ,they packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunshine.6.They have been to ST louis once and have a vague konwledge of its wonderful food ,but the day of their glory is over now ,they laspse into a humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless lindneer approches.第二单元：Vocabulary Study1.advocated2.extravagant3.vulnerable4.guru5.potential6.dispel7.shunned8.acclaimed9.enthusiasts10.stave off11.attendant 12.eventured CLOZE: CBDAD CDBAC BBCCD ABCAC.Translation:1.Some cyber gurus claim that internet will precent wars reduce pollution and combat various of inquality.2.Although,internet can undernible fosters communication, It will not put an end to wars . since wars are by no means cause by the failure of different people to understand each other equlty.3.The internet can help reduce energy comsumption and pollution ,only if doing things online replace realworld activies.4.The poor are not shunning the internet because they cannot affort it the problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it efficiently, therefore, it make more sense to improve universal literacy than universal.5.Thanks to internet ,income inequality between people doing similar jods in different countries has been reduced. however, the inequality between information works in poor countries and their porrest compatroits has been increased.6.If human nature remains stablely changed ,desipte the claim of technologist predict ,humanity cannot simply incent away its failing.第三单元：Vocabulary Study1.sank2.clear3.rainfall4.drought5.Flowering6.loose7.pores8.graze9.spine 10.trapped 11.venture 12.fertileCLOSE: CBDAB DBCCA ACDAC CADABTranslation:1.Many stuies indicate that thedesert air is so dry that it contains any moisture.2.Although the children form age 5 to 16 must go to school in Britain according to the laws ,about 1%of the children still can not read when they have primary school.3.After heared the news ,I knew i fell vestless again within a fornight .4.We think unanimouly to answer the question ,we must look more closely at the faces.5.Though out the world, goverment at all levels are taking effectively measures to prevent environment pollution.6.Some people think that the objective items ,such as multiple choices, should be used for an examation, others donot agree, because they believe that this kind test has some bad effect on students leaning.第四单元Vocabulary Study1.Physical2.accumulation3.diversity4.precipitated5.muscular6.pathological7.symptomatic8.vigorous9.psychologically 10.Anxiety 11.restored 12.refreshedCLOSE: ACDCB BCCBD CDCBA ADCDBTranslation:1.I find that walking along the quiet lake can provide refreshment form a day is sedentary jod.2.Exercising and relexing youself is often prescribed as an effective cure for fatigue.3.The less active you are ,the faster aging process accelerates and the more vulnerable you became to physical and psychological problems.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the chur .if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful.5.The scientist are currently focus on making experiment,in hope of finding effective methods to cure cancers.5.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.第五单元Vocabulary Study1.uniform2.distinguish/recognize3.ascertained4.recognized5.unique6.outlet7.tactile8.rigid9.secure 10.acquisition 11.fruitful 12.foundationCLOSE :ADBBA DDCBA CCADB DCABATranslation:1.Tt is generally accepted that the upbring of the childild with the home is closely related to the education of the child in school.2.Jennifer is the chief of personal for the NewYork Heracal Tribune ,where she is also responsible editcrical work in the fied of public relations .3. It was two years ago that Jeff met Rose at his sister"s birthaday party ,they had been communited with each other by email since then the more Jeff know Rose ,the more he like her.4. The measure is effective not only in providing job opportunity for the laid-off works ,but also in limiting price increases.5Similarly , they inefficiency treated the political and economical back ground of the cinspiracy.6Tremendacs capital has met the needs of rapid economic growth on one hand and has caused the in flation on the other hand.第六单元Vocabulary Study1.As a matter of fact2.are plagued3.versus4.have ben reflecting on5.positive 6is implementing 7.will enroll 8.has been enriched 9.aspiration 10.academic 11.well-informed mitment toCLOSE:: BBACB BCAAD CBABD BBCCBTranslation:1.Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post.2.The discovery of god in the valley will enrish the mountain area.3. Only when police confronted her with evidence ,did she admited that she had stolen the money.4. The meting will afford you an opportunity of hearing good public speakers.5. An offical statement laid to rest the remain fears aout possible redundancies in the industry.6.MARY IS pretty bright ,ASa matter of ,her teacher told me that she is certain to get a university place this year.第七单元：Vocabulary Study1.downsized2.dynamic3.yield4.had guaranteed5.inflict6.budget7.priority8.accelerating9.shirk 10.vitally 11.jiopardize 12.criteria CLOSE：CDBCA BCBBA DDABA BCCDCTranslation:1.Black people in this area complained to the goverment that they had been subjected to repeated racial attacks from the local police officers.2.The goverment officers are inclined to apply the science and technology to short -term projects ,which is benifical to scientific development.3.The precious manager did not want to invest time and money in training the employees who could leave the company any times,an a result of which ,there was a scrious talent drain.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the church ,if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful .5.The scientist are currently focus on making expeiments,in hope of finding efctive methods to cure cancers.6.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.第八单元Vocabulary Study1.acid2.shaded3.knock-on4.Drain5.banks6.spacing7.band8.needles9.filter 10.altitudes 11.variables anismCLOSE: CACDA BAACD DBDCB ACDABTranslation:1.Mexico city is one of the most popucated cities in the world.2.The finding shows that a substantial difference between the opinions of men and woman.3. I can’t r emember whether i left my credit card home or in the car .4.We cannot assume the suspects to be gulity simly because they are deliveed to remain silent.5.The main question that faces Chinese economists at present is how to use the price levers and the competition system to direct resources into areas which yield better returns.6.It is assumed in the next 20 years the most surprisiing development will take pace in the space flight ,but now space craft a being developed and they can be used many times instand of only one.第九单元：Vocabulary Study1applied 2repentance 3penetrated 4monkey-like 5contrast 6impressed 7passionate 8awakened 9succeeded 10blossoms 11expectant 12opportunityCLOSE: CDBAA DABCC DBCBC DABBATranslation:1.On those days and nights when I was waiting for the results of the Entrance Examination,my heart was filled with wonder(or uncertainty).Iwondered what the fouture held for me,of surprise and excitement or disappointment and sorrow.2.The little girl ran swiftly to catch up with her mother and stretched out her hand to her mother,crying for more candies and drinks.But the mother persisted that they had bought encough.3.His wife was sent into the operation room.He walked to and fro outside,smoking one cigarette after another.When he saw the door opened,he felt a thrill of tenseness.4.Under the gaze of his colleagues,he flushed with embarrassment and bowwed hi head.He casually took up a newspaper and hid hi face behind it,petending to be reading it.5.They fixed all their attention on the research project on hand.They believed that as long as they didn’t lose heart,they woule succeed in thesse experiments in time.6.She had just given birth to an infant when her husband left/deserted her.In despair,she shut herself and the infant in aroom,claiming that they would perish together.Thanks to the policemen who came in time,the mother and the daughter escaped death by a hair’s breath(or had a narrow escape).第十单元：Vocabulary Study：1.in his own right2.make good use of3.ready for4.went forth5.are looking forward to6.figure out7.assembled8.were dissolving9.withstand 10.controversy 11.an obstacle 12.resembleCLOSE：CABBD ADADA DDCCC BCADATranslation:1.we must figure out how to solve the tissue-rejecuion problem.2.his behavior under fire approved him a man of courage.3.In addition to the impressiveness of the settings,there is aue of the camera that at times seems magical.4.At first,no ready technical data were available,but we managed to go without.5.She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas.But she resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.6.The most part of their designs corresponds to actual needs and regulations on environmental demand,the other part needs reconsidering.一个小男孩的梦想马克吐温1我小的时候，我们那密西西比河西岸的村镇上，玩伴们都只有一个水恒的志愿。
南京邮电大学研究生英语口语复试题
南京邮电大学研究生英语口语复试题南京邮电大学学院：现代邮政学院专业：计算机技术英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（2min）→抽题目英译汉（5min）→对话（5min）英语口语题目：1、为什么报考南京邮电大学？2、你的家乡是哪里，你喜欢你家乡的什么3、读过的书；是否做过研究4、Where will you get your bachelor's degree；please introduce your university5、最敬佩的人是谁6、去过什么有趣地方7、介绍本科专业8、为这次复试做了哪些准备9、喜欢什么天气、什么季节10、喜欢什么歌手11、你来过南京吗，你喜欢去哪里旅游学院：电光学院专业：光学工程英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（5min）→抽一小段话阅读（1min）→翻译（1min）学院：电子与光学工程、微电子学院专业：电路与系统学硕英语口语考试过程：抽题，观看一段英文视频（类似新闻的形式，大约3分钟），然后用中英双语总结。
→老师根据视频内容提问（大约2-3个）英语口语题目：1、关于狂犬病病毒话题（病因，后果，全球对该病毒的研究）2、关于整容话题（行业情况，人对整容的态度）学院：通信与信息工程学院专业：电子与通信工程英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（2min）→老师随机问问题（4min）英语口语题目：1、你的家乡是哪里？介绍你们家乡的美景或美食2、读过的书，并且介绍这本书的内容3、（南京考生）高中选择的学习模式是什么？高考考了多少分……4、为什么会考研？有没有什么契机5、为什么会选择考南京邮电大学？6、你觉得南京是一个什么样的城市7、本科的专业是什么？8、大学是哪里的？大学的环境怎么样？学院：电光学院专业：电通学硕英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（3min）→读故事回答故事相关问题（3min）英语口语问题：具体口语问题根据故事决定学院：通信与信息工程学院专业：信号与信息处理学硕英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（5min）→抽题目回答问题（5min）→翻译词汇（3min）英语口语题目：1、你的家乡是哪里2、读过的书3、你去过哪些著名的地方4、介绍一些5G的概念翻译：deep learning学院：自动化学院、人工智能学院专业：控制工程英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（3min）→抽题目回答问题（3min）→翻译英文文献（4min）英语口语题目：01、你对南京的印象如何02、你对南京邮电大学的印象如何03、你为什么选择南邮04、你之前本科读什么专业，是否跨考05、简单介绍一下你本科学校06、说说你本科四年的生活07、有什么兴趣爱好与优劣势08、研究生期间的规划是什么09、你参加过什么比赛获得过哪些奖项10、为什么选择读研究生翻译：Machine Learning；deep learning；convolutional neural network；data mining；Networked control。
研究生英语教程unit 4 reading practice全文翻译
Unit4当经济变化抢占头条时，亚洲人口结构的变化至少同样深刻。
近期一篇由哈佛大学经济学家杰弗里·威廉姆森与联邦储备银行的马修·希金斯合著的文章中指出，这种人口奇迹基本上可能完全解释经济奇迹。
一篇由夏威夷大学的安德鲁·曼森与伯克利加利福尼亚大学的罗纳德·李、蒂莫西·米勒合著的文章支持这一观点。
各方经济学家都在争论，在正确的控制下，人口改变的间接结果能否刺激亚洲经济增长直至下个世纪。
当国家变得富强时，它们都将经历一个“人口过渡”时期，在此期间，发展迅速的医疗条件和高生育率将造成人口迅速的增长。
30年前亚洲大部分国家都是这种情况。
然而最终，生育率迅速下降，人口增速放缓。
这导致了人口结构概况由金字塔形（婴幼儿很多而老人很少）转变为中式灯笼形（最年轻的和最老的人很少而居中的人很多）。
对于经济而言，中年人多是好事。
它意味着大多数人口都处于适合工作的年龄段，并且“抚养比例”很低。
在西方，人口过渡期持续了一个多世纪。
但在东南亚，它只持续了短短一代人。
例如1965年，泰国女性平均拥有6个孩子，而现在只有不到三个。
非常类似的事情也发生在日本，然后是新加坡、中国台湾省、南韩和印尼。
同时，这些国家有着最强劲的经济发展速度。
而这不是巧合。
在威廉姆森早期的著作中，他估计每人每年仅靠人口年龄结构调整这一点，就能提供1.5%的GDP增长。
但并不能仅仅因为高增长率就把这一部分作为区域典型。
经济增长同样受到了高涨的存款和投资的刺激。
而这部分增长是否令人惊喜的受到人口的影响，也是各方经济学家争论的话题。
上世纪70年代早期以前，东南亚的少儿抚养负担处于高峰，那里的存款率很低。
只有等抚养负担率降低时，存款率才升高。
马萨·威廉姆森和希金斯认为，人口同样可以说明那里的本土和外来资本投资模式。
他们认为少儿抚养负担降低后，处于工作年龄段的人能存储收入中更多的部分。
结果是，他们希望亚洲国家能像日本那样，可以由资本进口国转变为资本出口国。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
大学专业英语—英语泛读教程2译文unit4
Unit4潘伯敦街上的女士艾伯特▪迪巴特罗门作者与妻子搬到一条叫作潘伯顿的小街上居住后不久,就结识了一位特殊的邻居 -- 梅布尔▪霍华德。
为了使社区的生活变得更美好，她一生都在与乱扔垃圾、腐朽、混乱的现象作斗争。
下面是梅布尔▪霍华德,这位广受爱戴的街区监督员的动人故事。
多年来,我和妻子苏一直想住到费城的中心城区附近。
按收入状况，我们只能住在一条叫做潘伯顿的小街上的联体房屋。
房子需要修理，但我手工活做得不赖，所以不担心修缮的事。
让我们担心的是这个街区。
一些房屋已经失修。
这儿的犯罪比我们过去见过的要多得多。
但我们的街区似乎还可以，所以我们决定把房子买下来。
一切收拾停当后，我们搬到新家。
街上空无一人，但我感到有人在注视我们。
苏在楼上测量尺寸，好装窗帘，我听到叩门声。
“您好？”一个又高又尖的声音喊道。
我打开门，看到一位妇人，明亮的双眼既犀利又透着愉快。
她至少65岁，清瘦，但一点也不虚弱。
恰恰相反。
她肌肉强健，看上去像只老鹰盯着它的猎物。
“对不起，打扰您了,亲爱的”，她说，“我是梅布尔▪霍华德，这个街区的监督员。
”我对街区监督员的含义所知甚少。
但我很快意识到街区监督员的作用就是提出城市的公益服务要求，向警方汇报纠纷以及组织力量保持街区的清洁与安全。
我把梅布尔介绍给下楼来的苏。
“我是街区的监督员，”见我忘了提及她的头衔，梅布尔对苏说。
“星期二倒垃圾，”梅布尔继续说道，“星期一晚上七点以前不准把垃圾放到外面。
动物有时会钻进垃圾堆，弄得一团糟，实在有碍观瞻。
我得设法保持街区清洁。
”“我们注意到了，” 我说。
“你们从事什么职业？”我们告诉了她，我还顺便提到，我兼职做些手工活。
“喔，很好。
”她拉长了声音说出最后一个词，语气就象是看到了美味的蛋糕似的。
我们继续客套着，直到我和苏不得不继续工作。
我把梅布尔送到门口。
“看到那个牌子了吗？”梅布尔指着一根告示杆问道。
只见在一张停车标牌下面刻着“梅布尔▪霍华德 - 街区监督员”几个字。
研究生英语教材课文翻译1-6单元
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.' 十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老 的灯塔和 1935 年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnifi要ce十nt.便 士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海 湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a
多么严重。” 'Fi y years ago to-night, no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam
suddenly start to flash out its warning again. 'The next morning the light was s ll visible. The storm had almost bl own itself out, so a relief boat set out to inves gate. A grim discovery awaited the crew . The men's living-room w as in a horrifying state. The table was over-turned: a pack of playing cards was sca ered everywhere: bloodstains splashed the floor. The relief men climbed the winding stair to the lantern room and there discovered Mar n's bo dy, crouched beside the burning lamp. He had been stabbed and was dead. Two days later, Blake's body was wash ed up. scratched, bruised, and terribly injured.
南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译reading2
南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译刘旭老师2017年第一学期注：译文仅供参考Reading 2(1)Wireless communication, despite the hype of the popular press, is a field that has been around for over a hundred years, starting around 1897 with Marconi’s successful demonstrations of wireless telegraphy. By 1901, radio reception across the Atlantic Ocean had been established; thus rapid progress in technology has also been around for quite a while.尽管受到大众媒体的炒作，从大约1897年马可尼无线电报成功示范开始，无线通信是一个已经存在一百多年的领域。
到1901年，横跨大西洋的无线电接收已经被建立；因此，技术的快速发展也已经有一段时间了。
(2)In the intervening hundred years, many types of wireless systems have flourished, and often later disappeared. For example, television transmission, in its early days, was broadcast by wireless radio transmitters, which is increasingly being replaced by cable transmission. Similarly, the point to point microwave circuits that formed the backbone of the telephone network are being replaced by optical fiber.在这一百年的时间里，许多类型的无线系统已经蓬勃发展，并且后来又消失了。
04南京邮电大学《专业英语》作业翻译
专业英语作业
第一部分 :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Electrooptic amplitude modulation 电光幅度调制 Optoelectronics 光电子学 Transmission factor 传输因子 Phase modulation 相位调制 Resonant circuit 谐振电路 Transit-Time 迁移时间 Polarizer 起偏器 retardation bias 延迟偏移 Transverse electrooptic modulators 横向电光调制器 Traveling-wave modulators 行波调制器 Optical polarization 光偏振 Optical phase velocity 光学相速度 Crystal axis 晶轴 Modulated optical carrier 调制光载波 Frequency spectrum 频谱 Dielectric constant 介电常数 Threshold value 阈值 Index of refraction 折射率 Quantum-Well Laser 量子阱激光器 DC current-voltage characteristics 直流电流电压特性 Gain coefficient 增益系数 Optical data storage 光学数据存储 Propagation vector 传播矢量 Volume holograms 体积全息照相 Electrooptic crystal 电光晶体 Data-Bearing hologram 数据方位全息图 Object beam 物光 Reference beam 参考光 Incident beam 入射光 Diffracted beam 衍射光 Bragg diffraction 布拉格衍射 diffraction grating 衍射光栅 rate equations 速率方程 Coherence length 相干长度 Multi-hologram recording 多全息记录 Crosstalk 串扰 K space K 空间 Reconstruction 重构 Wavelength multiplexing 波长复用
南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译reading4
南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译刘旭老师2017年第一学期注：译文仅供参考(1) Analog cellular systems are commonly referred to as first-generation systems. The digital systems, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), PDC, cdmaOne (IS-95) and US-TDMA (IS-136), are second-generation systems.模拟蜂窝系统通常被称为第一代系统。
数字系统，如全球移动通信系统（GSM），PDC，cdmaOne（IS-95）和US-TDMA（IS-136）的是第二代系统。
These systems have enabled voice communications to go wireless in many of the leading markets, and customers are also increasingly finding value in other servi ces, such as text messaging and internet access, which are starting to grow rapidly.使用这些系统，（客户）可以通过无线的方式进行语音通信，在市场中占据了主导地位。
客户在使用的过程中还不断地挖掘出一些其他的有价值的服务，如文本信息传送，因特网接入，这些服务开始迅速发展起来。
(2) Third-generation systems are designed for multimedia communication: with these, person-to-person communication can be enhanced with high-quality images and video, and access to information and services on public and private networks will be enhanced by the higher data rates and new flexible communication capabilities of third-generation systems.第三代移动通信是为多媒体通信所设计的。
南邮专业英语翻译(自学)
2014 / 2015学年第一学期课程名称：专业英语（自学）中文书名：《信号处理导论》姓名：学号：学院：专业：翻译内容:S .J. Orfanidis,Introduction to Signal Processing, Prentice Hall International, Inc.,1996第六章6.1, 6.2节译文部分+英文原文+专业名词译文部分第六章传递函数6.1 数字滤波器的等效描述本章中，借助于z变换我们将讨论几种描述FIR和IIR滤波器的等效数学方法，它们是:◆传递函数H(z)◆频率响应H(co)◆框图实现和抽样处理算法◆I/O差分方程◆零点/极点图◆冲激响应h(n)◆I/O卷积方程其中最重要的一种是传递函数H(z)。
由传递函数我们可以很容易得出其它的描述方法。
图6.1.1表明了几种等效描述之间的关系。
之所以需要这样多种描述方法是因为它们提供了滤波器内在的含义，并且适用于不同的目的。
图6.1.1数字滤波器等效描述实际上，我们是从给定的频率响应H(w)(在图6.1.1的左下角)开始的。
然后通过滤波器设计方法，我们可以得到满足规定条件的传递函数H(z)。
由H(z)我们可以推演出框图实现和相应的样值处理算法(在图6.1.1的右下角)。
样值处理算法让我们清楚了解滤波器是怎样实时处理的。
对于FIR 滤波器，我们也可以先求冲激响应，然后可以采用基于卷积的块处理算法来实现滤波器的运行(在图6.1.1的右上角)。
6.2 传输函数下面用一个具体的例子来解释传递函数所起的中心作用以及它与其它几种表述方法的关联。
给定传递函数H(z)，我们可以很快得到:(a)冲激响应h(n); (b)满足冲激响应的差分方程;（c ）把输入和输出联系起来的I/O 方程;(d)滤波器的框图实现;(e)样值处理算法;(约零点/极点图;(g)频率响应H(w)。
反过来，(a)一(g)任意给定一种，也可以很快得到传递函数H(z)和其余的表达方式。
05南京邮电大学《专业英语》作业翻译
基于全息光栅叠加光敏复用器摘要——一个光敏基于两个重叠全息光栅解复用器的结构，提出并首次展示。
分路器由两相干光束集得一个全息记录来构造。
在拟议的计划，两个不同的渠道，光学信号的耦合通过衍射方法两光栅叠加成一个共同的单模光纤（SMF）。
耦合光谱通道通过调整单模光纤的空间位置进行选择。
两个连接到相同光纤上的光谱通道之间的波长分离可以通过改变全息光栅形成的角度来控制。
关键词汇——解复用器，光敏，叠加全息光栅。
一．引言在光通信领域，密集波分复用多路复用（DWDM）系统中已经提出，试图以增加数据容量光波通信，由于多渠道同时维持在现有的通信网络，因此无需额外的光纤。
许多技术可用于多路解复用器。
自由空间（散装）光栅最近引起广泛注意。
这种设备与其他设备如光纤光栅相比，优点是它们不需要任何环形，并增加通道数以及非常低的串扰。
值得注意的是，在以波分复用叠加为目的的红外光聚合物全息光栅已经成功报道。
高性能多路器和复用器使用这种全息设备将被网络变得更加复杂的DWDM系统所需要。
在这段文字中，一个DWDM系统的双波段信号分离器的新方案被提出并实验证实。
为解复用的全息光栅已被几个研究小组，包括我们组建议使用。
在全息分路器的基础上，感光树脂具有制作简便，高信道容量，低串扰的各种优势。
我们的全息光栅，通过两个信号干扰一个参考光束光束在一个光敏进行记录。
在弱调制制度下，由于单次散射现象使每个光栅折射波独立。
对于单波长，衍射光栅有两个不同方向的入射光。
由于入射波波长多渠道，叠加两个全息光栅，然后分成两个组，其中有两个不同波长的传播渠道，可以在同一个方向。
因此，该设备可以作为一个双频段分路器并且连接两种波长组成部分纳入相同的输出光纤。
建议的结构可能会发现DWDM系统的各种应用。
图1。
配置的叠加全息光栅。
（a）叠加记录方法。
（b）布拉格双频衍射条件。
对于单波长光波，衍射光栅使其衍射至在两个不同方向.对于入射波的多波长的情况，两个全息光栅叠加，然后分成两个组，其中有两个不同波长的传播渠道，可以在同一方向。
研究生专业英语 第一到第六单元 句子翻译 修改版
Unit 11.他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。
His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by.2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。
机上无人生还。
A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident.3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。
Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it.4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。
Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。
来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。
Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing.6.他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。
研究生科技英语阅读课文及译文第四章
In Namibia, about one-quarter of children have stunted growth related to poor nutrition; about 120,000 children have lost one or both parents, predominantly to HIV/AIDS, and 26% of all women aged 15 to 49 have had at least one child die."Living more sanitarily may have increased asthma, but in terms of scale and impact, that's tiny compared with the benefit of not dying from disease for lack of hygiene," says Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Some scientists are searching for ways to harness the immune-priming effects of microorganisms without the fatal diseases. Parasitic worms known as helminthes are leading the way.Clinical trials are under way in the U.S. and Europe testing Trichuris Suis Ova (TSO)—-a species of pig whipworm—as a treatment for peanut allergies, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and MS. A study is being designed to test it with asthma. It's also being tested with adults who have autism, which some researchers believe could be related to immunological function.Enlarge ImageCloseChina Photos/Getty ImagesA vendor's baby sits amid the chickens at a market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.Preliminary studies seem promising: In one, when 29 patients with Crohn's disease, a disorder of the digestive tract, were given TSO every three weeks for six months, symptoms improved in 21 of them with no adverse side effects.The ova are suspended in a liquid, invisible to the naked eye. "There's no taste, nothing to feel," says Dr. Weinstock, one of the early developers who could share in the proceeds if TSO proves successful. The microscopic eggs hatch into microscopic whipworms in the gastrointestinal tract, which interact with the host's immune system and can dampen an overactive immune response, he explains. To date, there have been few side effects, he says. "As far as we know, this agent doesn't cause diarrhea," he adds. "Nothing crawls out of you."For those who fear the "ick" factor, Dr. Weinstock notes that even under normal conditions, people are teeming with microorganisms, which outnumber human cells by about 10 to 1, many of which are necessary for human health. Many foods—from yogurt to cheese to bread—also contain live bacteria and fungi.Some daily products now widely advertise that they contain probiotics, or good bacteria. But most immunologists say that those in food products have not been sufficiently studied or standardized to draw scientific conclusions about what health benefits they provide.Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.The CDC's Dr. Bell says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if it gets into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says. But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands iscritical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can,' " says Dr. Weinstock. "But we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."All you need is a wormhole, the Large Hadron Collider or a rocket that goes really, really fast1 Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time travel possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ultimately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?1' Time travel was once considered scientific heresy. I used to avoid talking about it for fear of being labelled a crank. But these days I'm not so cautious. In fact, I'm more like the people who built Stonehenge. I'm obsessed by time. If I had a time machine I'd visit Marilyn Monroe in her prime or drop in on Galileo as he turned his telescope to the heavens. Perhaps I'd even travel to the end of the universe to find out how our whole cosmic story ends.2 To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.3 But there is another kind of length, a length in time. While a human may survive for 80 years, the stones at Stonehenge, for instance, have stood around for thousands of years. And the solar system will last for billions of years. Everything has a length in time as well as space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension.4 To see what that means, let's imagine we're doing a bit of normal, everyday car travel. Drive in a straight line and you're travelling in one dimension. Turn right or left and you add the second dimension. Drive up or down a twisty mountain road and that adds height, so that's travelling in all three dimensions. But how on Earth do we travel in time? How do we find a path through the fourth dimension?5 Let's indulge in a little science fiction for a moment. Time travel movies often feature a vast, energy-hungry machine. The machine creates a path through the fourth dimension, a tunnel through time. A time traveller, a brave, perhaps foolhardy individual, prepared for who knows what, steps into the time tunnel and emerges who knows when. The concept may be far-fetched, and the reality may be very different from this, but the idea itself is not so crazy.6 Physicists have been thinking about tunnels in time too, but we come at it from a different angle. We wonder if portals to the past or the future could ever be possible within the laws of nature. As it turns out, we think they are. What's more, we've even given them a name: wormholes. The truth is that wormholes are all around us, only they're too small to see. Wormholes are very tiny. They occur in nooks and crannies in space and time. You might find it a tough concept, but stay with me.6' A wormhole is a theoretical 'tunnel' or shortcut, predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity, that links two places in space-time - visualised above as the contours of a 3-D map, where negative energy pulls space and time into the mouth of a tunnel, emerging in another universe. They remain only hypothetical, as obviously nobody has ever seen one, but have been used infilms as conduits for time travel - in Stargate (1994), for example, involving gated tunnels between universes, and in Time Bandits (1981), where their locations are shown on a celestial map7 Nothing is flat or solid. If you look closely enough at anything you'll find holes and wrinkles in it. It's a basic physical principle, and it even applies to time. Even something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids. Now it's easy to show that this is true in the first three dimensions. But trust me, it's also true of the fourth dimension. There are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules, smaller than atoms, we get to a place called the quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels or shortcuts through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. And they actually link two separate places and two different times.8 Unfortunately, these real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimetre across. Way too small for a human to pass through - but here's where the notion of wormhole time machines is leading. Some scientists think it may be possible to capture a wormhole and enlarge it many trillions of times to make it big enough for a human or even a spaceship to enter.9 Given enough power and advanced technology, perhaps a giant wormhole could even be constructed in space. I'm not saying it can be done, but if it could be, it would be a truly remarkable device. One end could be here near Earth, and the other far, far away, near some distant planet.10 Theoretically, a time tunnel or wormhole could do even more than take us to other planets. If both ends were in the same place, and separated by time instead of distance, a ship could fly in and come out still near Earth, but in the distant past. Maybe dinosaurs would witness the ship coming in for a landing.11 The fastest manned vehicle in history was Apollo 10. It reached 25,000mph. But to travel in time we'll have to go more than 2,000 times faster12 Now, I realise that thinking in four dimensions is not easy, and that wormholes are a tricky concept to wrap your head around, but hang in there. I've thought up a simple experiment that could reveal if human time travel through a wormhole is possible now, or even in the future. I like simple experiments, and champagne.12' So I've combined two of my favourite things to see if time travel from the future to the past is possible.Let's imagine I'm throwing a party, a welcome reception for future time travellers. But there's a twist. I'm not letting anyone know about it until after the party has happened. I've drawn up an invitation giving the exact coordinates in time and space. I am hoping copies of it, in one form or another, will be around for many thousands of years. Maybe one day someone living in the future will find the information on the invitation and use a wormhole time machine to come back to my party, proving that time travel will, one day, be possible.In the meantime, my time traveller guests should be arriving any moment now. Five, four, three, two, one. But as I say this, no one has arrived. What a shame. I was hoping at least a future Miss Universe was going to step through the door. So why didn't the experiment work? One of the reasons might be because of a well-known problem with time travel to the past, the problem of what we call paradoxes.Paradoxes are fun to think about. The most famous one is usually called the Grandfather paradox. I have a new, simpler version I call the Mad Scientist paradox.13 I don't like the way scientists in movies are often described as mad, but in this case, it's true. This chap is determined to create a paradox, even if it costs him his life. Imagine, somehow, he's built a wormhole, a time tunnel that stretches just one minute into the past. Hawking in a scene from Star Trek with dinner guests from the past, and future: (from left) Albert Einstein, Data and Isaac Newton14 Through the wormhole, the scientist can see himself as he was one minute ago. But what if our scientist uses the wormhole to shoot his earlier self? He's now dead. So who fired the shot? It's a paradox. It just doesn't make sense. It's the sort of situation that gives cosmologists nightmares.15 This kind of time machine would violate a fundamental rule that governs the entire universe - that causes happen before effects, and never the other way around. I believe things can't make themselves impossible. If they could then there'd be nothing to stop the whole universe from descending into chaos. So I think something will always happen that prevents the paradox. Somehow there must be a reason why our scientist will never find himself in a situation where he could shoot himself. And in this case, I'm sorry to say, the wormhole itself is the problem.16 In the end, I think a wormhole like this one can't exist. And the reason for that is feedback. If you've ever been to a rock gig, you'll probably recognise this screeching noise. It's feedback. What causes it is simple. Sound enters the microphone. It's transmitted along the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers. But if too much of the sound from the speakers goes back into the mic it goes around and around in a loop getting louder each time. If no one stops it, feedback can destroy the sound system.17 The same thing will happen with a wormhole, only with radiation instead of sound. As soon as the wormhole expands, natural radiation will enter it, and end up in a loop. The feedback will become so strong it destroys the wormhole. So although tiny wormholes do exist, and it may be possible to inflate one some day, it won't last long enough to be of use asa time machine. That's the real reason no one could come back in time to my party.18 Any kind of time travel to the past through wormholes or any other method is probably impossible, otherwise paradoxes would occur. So sadly, it looks like time travel to the past is never going to happen. A disappointment for dinosaur hunters and a relief for historians.虫洞是根据爱因斯坦相对论预测的连接时空中两个不同地点的假想“隧道”或捷径，上面的三维图轮廓集中呈现了这一点：负能量将时间和空间拖入一条隧道入口，并在另一个宇宙出现。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT4课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
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南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译刘旭老师2017年第一学期注：译文仅供参考(1)Analog cellular systems are commonly referred to asfirst-generation systems.The digital systems,such as Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM),PDC,cdmaOne(IS-95) and US-TDMA(IS-136),are second-generation systems.模拟蜂窝系统通常被称为第一代系统。
数字系统，如全球移动通信系统（GSM），PDC，cdmaOne（IS-95）和US-TDMA（IS-136）的是第二代系统。
These systems have enabled voice communications to go wireless in many of the leading markets,and customers are also increasinglyfinding value in other services,such as text messaging and internet access,which are starting to grow rapidly.使用这些系统，（客户）可以通过无线的方式进行语音通信，在市场中占据了主导地位。
客户在使用的过程中还不断地挖掘出一些其他的有价值的服务，如文本信息传送，因特网接入，这些服务开始迅速发展起来。
(2)Third-generation systems are designed for multimedia communication:with these, person-to-person communication can be enhanced with high-quality images and video,and access to information and services on public and private networks will be enhanced by the higher data rates and newflexible communication capabilities of third-generation systems.第三代移动通信是为多媒体通信所设计的。
使用这样一个系统，人与人之间的通信可以增强为高质量的图像和视频传送。
第三代移动通信的高速数据传输能力和灵活的通信能力可以有效地增强公共网络和私有（专用）网络的信息和服务。
This,together with the continuing evolution of the second-generation systems,will create new business opportunities not only for manufacturers and operators,but also for the providers of content and applications using these networks.与不断演进的第二代移动通信一起，这些发展不仅为制造商和运营商，同时也为使用这些网络提供内容和应用的商家提供了新的商机。
(3)In the standardization forums,Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA) technology has emerged as the most widely adopted third-generation air interface.在标准化论坛中，宽带码分多址（WCDMA）技术成为最广泛的第三代移动通信空中接口。
Its specification has been created in the3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP),which is the joint standardization project of the standardization bodies from Europe,Japan,Korea, the USA and China.其规范由第三代（移动通信）合作组织（3GPP）制定。
3GPP是由欧洲、日本、韩国、美国和中国的标准化组织构成的联合标准化项目。
Within3GPP,WCDMA is called Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(UTRA)Frequency Division Duplex(FDD)and Time Division Duplex(TDD),the term WCDMA being used to cover both FDD and TDD operations.在3GPP中，WCDMA被称为全球陆地无线接入频分双工（FDD）和时分双工（TDD）。
术语WCDMA在使用中是指同时包括频分双工（FDD）和时分双工（TDD）的运行方式。
(4)Work to develop third-generation mobile systems started when the World Administrative Radio Conference(WARC)of the International Telecommunications Union(ITU),at its1992 meeting,identified the frequencies around2GHz that were available for use by future International Mobile Telephony2000(IMT-2000)mobile systems,both terrestrial and satellite.国际电信联盟在1992年的世界无线电管理大会上确定，在陆地上和卫星上，未来的国际移动电话2000系统（IMT-2000）均可以使用2GHz频段。
自此，第三代移动通信系统的开发工作正式启动。
Within the IMT-2000framework,five air interfaces are defined for third-generation systems, based on either CDMA or TDMA technology.基于码分多址和时分多址技术，IMT-2000框架体系为第三代系统定义了五种空中接口。
(5)The original target of the third-generation process was a single global IMT-2000air interface.In practice,the third-generation systems are closer to this target than were second-generation systems,since WCDMA has clearly turned out to be the most dominant IMT-2000standard in commercial deployments.第三代系统最初的目标是建立一个统一的全球IMT-2000空中接口。
实际上，由于WCDMA 在IMT-2000标准的商用部署中已占据了主导地位，第三代系统比第二代系统更接近于这个目标。
The same WCDMA air interface is deployed in Europe,Asia,Australia,in North and South America and in Africa.在欧洲，亚洲，澳大利亚，北美和南美以及非洲部署了相同的WCDMA空中接口。
(6)Most of the WCDMA deployments use the identified IMT-2000spectrum around2 GHz;1920-1980MHz for uplink and2110-2170MHz for downlink.This spectrum is in IMT-2000use in Europe,Asia(including Japan and Korea)and in Brazil.大部分的WCDMA部署在IMT-2000的2GHz的频谱附近，即1920-1980MHz上行链路和2110-2170MHz下行链路。
这部分的频谱是欧洲、亚洲（包括日本和韩国）和巴西的IMT-2000中使用。
The first licenses for that spectrum were granted in Finland in March1999,followed by Spain in March2000.No auction was conducted in Finland or in Spain.Also,Sweden granted the licenses without auction in December2000.1999年3月，芬兰率先派发了第一张该段频谱的牌照。
2000年西班牙颁布了该牌照。
当时，无论是芬兰还是西班牙都没有对牌照进行拍卖。
同样，瑞典在2000年12月颁发牌照时也没有进行拍卖。
However,in other countries,such as the UK,Germany and Italy,an auction similar to the US personal Communication System(PCS)spectrum auctions was conducted.但是，其他一些国家，比如英国、德国和意大利对频谱进行了拍卖，这月当年美国的个人通信系统（PCS）频谱拍卖过程很类似。
(7)WCDMA will also be deployed in the existing second-generation frequency bands that were also identified for IMT-2000in WRC-2000and are currently used by GSM or CDMA. That approach is called refarming.WCDMA同样可以在第二代通信系统现有的频段中部署运行。
这些频带是WRC-2000会议上为IMT-2000确定，目前用于GSM和CDMA，这种演进方式叫做“重整”。