情态动词+have_done_结构

情态动词+have+done

一、“must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句。

1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.

昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。

2. You must have been mad to speak to the servant.

你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。

二、“can't+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。

1. Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.

史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。

2. Mary can't have stolen your money. She has gone home.

玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。

三、“can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”。

1. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out?

屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？

2. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone?

到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？

四、“could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。

He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。

五、“may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句中。

—What has happened to George?

—I don't know. He may have got lost.

—乔治发生了什么事？

—我不知道，他可能迷路了。

六、“might+have+done”表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。

1. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. (MET90)

他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。

2. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances.

如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。

七、“would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。

1. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me.

我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。

2. Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.

没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。

八、“should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。”

“shouldn't+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。

1. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.

汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。

2. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn't have been so harsh on him.

看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。

九、“ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与“should+have+done”用法基本一样。

I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。

You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。

十、“need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“needn't+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。

1.I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.

我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。

2.He need have hurried to the station. In that case, be wouldn't have missed the train.

他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。

“情态动词＋have done”表示对过去情况的推测或估计，是历年高考的热点。现就这一语言现象作如下归纳：

1． should (ought to) have＋过去分词

表示过去应该做而（实际）没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”；其否定形式为“s hould not／ought not to have ＋过去分词”，表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。

Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting , but he didn’t’ show up. （04’广西卷）

A. should have arrived

B. should arrive

C. should have had arrived

D. should be arriving

[解析]本题中的一个关键词but暗示了“Mr. White按道理理应到了，而他没有到”。故答案选[A]。

2．needn’t have＋过去分词

表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。

As you worked late yesterday, you_________ have come this

morning. (06’陕西卷)

A. mayn’t

B. can’t

C.

mustn’t D. needn’t

[解析] He needn't have come，表示“他本没有必要来（实际却来了）”，根据句意，答案应选[D]。

[注意] He didn't need to come yesterday，意为“他昨天没有必要来（实际也没来）”。

3．must have＋过去分词

用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。

[注意] 对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t／couldn’t have ＋过去分词。

I have lost one of my gloves. I ________ it somewhere . （05’北京春季）

A. must drop

B. must have dropped

C. must be dropping

D. must have been dropped

[解析]本题应选B。本题的前一句说明一个结果，后一句则表示一个原因。

I _______have been more than six years old when the accident happened. （05’天津卷）

A. shouldn't

B. couldn't

C.

mustn't D. needn't

[解析]从题意上分析，本题的前一句陈述一个理由，后一句则是由前一句得出的结论。故本题选[B] 。

4．may／might have＋过去分词

表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“过去可能／大概已做了某事”；否定句表示“过去可能还没有做某事”。

We have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten

years.

(06’天津卷)

A. needn’t

B. may not

C.

shouldn’t D. mustn’t Key:[B]

5．can／could have＋过去分词

表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”；疑问句表示“可能／也许已做了某事吗？”。

--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York .

--- Oh, did you? You ＿＿＿＿ with

Barbara．(NMET’98)

A. could have stayed

B. could stay

C. would stay

D. must have

stayed Key: [A]

巩固性练习：从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。

1．---You didn’t wait for Mr. Smith last night, did yo u?

---No, but we ______. He didn’t return home at all.

A. couldn’t have waited

B. needn’t have

C. didn’t need to

D. should wait