英语专业词汇学课件Conversion
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Chapter-4-Conversion-(-转化)PPT优秀课件
4.1.1.1 N---V A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper. 本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。 A familiarity with such reduction techniques is desirable for digital designers. 数字电路设计人员最好熟悉这种简化技巧。 Basic to understanding the binary number system is a familiarity with the
to its volume. 温度不变，气体压力与其体积成反比。 This workpiece is not more elastic than that one. 这个工件比不上那个工件更有弹性。 In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive. 在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。 The steam turbine is less economical at cruising speed. 汽轮机巡航速度的经济性较差。 Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture. 电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接受的是图像。 These materials need not be water-tight. 这些材料无需有防水性。
电阻的作用。 Tests showed that the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17m/s. 试验表明，冷却空气的流速至少应为17m/s. We must understand what is meant by the slope of a function. 我们必须懂得函数斜率的含义（是什么）。
to its volume. 温度不变，气体压力与其体积成反比。 This workpiece is not more elastic than that one. 这个工件比不上那个工件更有弹性。 In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive. 在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。 The steam turbine is less economical at cruising speed. 汽轮机巡航速度的经济性较差。 Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture. 电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接受的是图像。 These materials need not be water-tight. 这些材料无需有防水性。
电阻的作用。 Tests showed that the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17m/s. 试验表明，冷却空气的流速至少应为17m/s. We must understand what is meant by the slope of a function. 我们必须懂得函数斜率的含义（是什么）。
词汇学中的转类法讲的ppt
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Conversion is the formation of new words
by converting words of one class to another class.
转类法，又称“零位派生”(zero
derivation)，是指通过词类转化构成新词 的方法。即一种词类加上零形式转化为另 一种词类，词的原形不变，但转类后的词 形体系和语法功能都改变了。 E.g. “doctor” “to doctor”
hate mail (攻击性信件）
trouble spot (可能发生麻烦的地点）
名词定语的特点：
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系
（2）名词定语的语法作用
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系：
a.名词定语表示逻辑上的主体，被修饰词表示客体或反之 行为的客体 A decision which the department makes a decision which is made by the department
名词不加任何形式变化转化为动词
转类法的几种突出表现：
1.名词定语（noun attribute） 2.名词和动词相互转类 3.形容词转化为名词
名词定语：
名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形 容词，也不需要任何格的变化。
如： danger zone (危险区）
depth charge（深水炸弹）
Accident victims 替代
?
Victims of the accident
d.替代分词短语或动词不定式 短语或定语从句
Knife boy(握刀的小孩） 替代 boy holding a knife
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Conversion is the formation of new words
by converting words of one class to another class.
转类法，又称“零位派生”(zero
derivation)，是指通过词类转化构成新词 的方法。即一种词类加上零形式转化为另 一种词类，词的原形不变，但转类后的词 形体系和语法功能都改变了。 E.g. “doctor” “to doctor”
hate mail (攻击性信件）
trouble spot (可能发生麻烦的地点）
名词定语的特点：
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系
（2）名词定语的语法作用
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系：
a.名词定语表示逻辑上的主体，被修饰词表示客体或反之 行为的客体 A decision which the department makes a decision which is made by the department
名词不加任何形式变化转化为动词
转类法的几种突出表现：
1.名词定语（noun attribute） 2.名词和动词相互转类 3.形容词转化为名词
名词定语：
名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形 容词，也不需要任何格的变化。
如： danger zone (危险区）
depth charge（深水炸弹）
Accident victims 替代
?
Victims of the accident
d.替代分词短语或动词不定式 短语或定语从句
Knife boy(握刀的小孩） 替代 boy holding a knife
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Although it is very difficult to tell which form arose first, these two types of conversion do exist.
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
语言学Unit 3 Conversion
to nouns
It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union. 官方宣布，他们就给苏联的复信一事取得 了一致的意见。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他虽然身体虚弱，但是心智健全。
Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success. 勤奋和才智对你获得成功是颇为重要的。
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He knows Mary very well by sight and had long felt an interest in her because of her beauty. 他认得玛丽。因为玛丽长得很漂亮，他 早就对她一见钟情了。
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1.1 Nouns into verbs
①. Nouns derived from a verb – application; solution; establishment ②. Nouns implying an action – sight; thought; glance ③. Nouns with a suffix -er (-or) – swimmer; chain-smoker
The security and warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的医务室安全而温暖，好极了。
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3.2 Adverbs into adjectives
The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and quick computations. 计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速。 I think differently. 我的想法和你的不一样。
It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union. 官方宣布，他们就给苏联的复信一事取得 了一致的意见。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他虽然身体虚弱，但是心智健全。
Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success. 勤奋和才智对你获得成功是颇为重要的。
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He knows Mary very well by sight and had long felt an interest in her because of her beauty. 他认得玛丽。因为玛丽长得很漂亮，他 早就对她一见钟情了。
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1.1 Nouns into verbs
①. Nouns derived from a verb – application; solution; establishment ②. Nouns implying an action – sight; thought; glance ③. Nouns with a suffix -er (-or) – swimmer; chain-smoker
The security and warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的医务室安全而温暖，好极了。
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3.2 Adverbs into adjectives
The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and quick computations. 计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速。 I think differently. 我的想法和你的不一样。
翻译技巧之转化法 PPT课件
• 英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理 状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用 时，往往可以转译成动词。如， confident, certain, careful, cautions, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
3. Even today the American dollar is technically “backed” by the store of gold which the US government maintains.
2.形容词变名词
• You are skillful in all such matters.
• I did not notice the approach of
a policeman when talking with my old classmate in the street.
• 当我在街道上和一个老同学谈话时， 没有注意到一名警察正在走近。
• The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
world, they think they can speak to you as they like.
• 他们一看见你穷困潦倒，就认为他们可 以想怎么跟你说话就怎么跟你说话。
• That dictionary will be out pretty
3. Even today the American dollar is technically “backed” by the store of gold which the US government maintains.
2.形容词变名词
• You are skillful in all such matters.
• I did not notice the approach of
a policeman when talking with my old classmate in the street.
• 当我在街道上和一个老同学谈话时， 没有注意到一名警察正在走近。
• The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
world, they think they can speak to you as they like.
• 他们一看见你穷困潦倒，就认为他们可 以想怎么跟你说话就怎么跟你说话。
• That dictionary will be out pretty
Conversion转译法学习课件
Usage
Different expression in English and Chinese For example: verbs He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
examples
Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。
Converted into nouns
Verbs derived from nouns Verb in the sentence of passive voice: can be translated into the structure such as “受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词” examples
Nouns---verbs
Nouns with –er: teacher, thinker Not refer to their professions or careers but have the meaning of action. examples
examples
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I . 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。 Although he was always the “background” briefer on foreign policy issues, he could never be identified as anything other than “a White House official” or “a high Administration source.” 虽然外交问题的“背景情况”总是由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士”。
Different expression in English and Chinese For example: verbs He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
examples
Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。
Converted into nouns
Verbs derived from nouns Verb in the sentence of passive voice: can be translated into the structure such as “受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词” examples
Nouns---verbs
Nouns with –er: teacher, thinker Not refer to their professions or careers but have the meaning of action. examples
examples
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I . 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。 Although he was always the “background” briefer on foreign policy issues, he could never be identified as anything other than “a White House official” or “a high Administration source.” 虽然外交问题的“背景情况”总是由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士”。
Lecture 5 Conversion 汉英翻译 教学课件
5. My younger brother is a better teacher than I if you want to learn swimming. 如果你想学游泳的话，我弟弟要比我教得好。
6. The government called for the establishment of more vocational schools. 政府号召建立更多的职业学校。
3. The program was not popular with all the researchers. 并不是所有的研究人员都喜欢这个计划。
4. It was a very informative meeting. 会议上透露了很多信息。
iii. Adverbs converted into verbs 英语中作表语或宾语补足语的副词往往可以译
1. Doctors are not sure they can save his life. 医生们不敢肯定/确定能否救得了他的命。
2. Scientists are very confident that all matter is indestructible. 科学家们深信，所有物质都是不灭的。
3. There is always the sense and sound of traffic outside. 经常会感到和听到外面车辆的往来。
4. The 10-year-old is a good writer/reader/singer/dancer. 这个10岁的孩子很会写作文/文章。
３. His poor health forced him away from England. 健康不佳迫使他离开英国。
4. As he ran out, he forgot to put his shoes on.
英汉翻译之三Conversion-PPT文档资料
e should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.
12.
The virtue of a man ought to be measured not by his extraordinary exertions, but by his everyday conduct.
1.
The The The The
problem has been solved. meeting was postponed. difficulties can be overcome. questions should be discussed.
Pattern 1
O 问题 会议 困难 问题 （被） （S） M V 解决了。 延期了。 可以 克服。 应该 讨论。
必须 加以 将在以后 予以 必须马上 予以
The temperature should be raised quickly from room temperature to 125°C. These questions should not be deliberately mixed up. Oil can be separated from water by this method.
A map was hung on the wall. Sofas were placed in the sitting-room. Trees were planted along both sides of the street. A paper butterfly was pasted on the windowpane. Pattern 2 O 地图 沙发 树 纸蝴蝶 （被） （S） V 挂 摆 栽 贴 M 在墙上。 在客厅里。 在街道两旁。 在窗户上。
12.
The virtue of a man ought to be measured not by his extraordinary exertions, but by his everyday conduct.
1.
The The The The
problem has been solved. meeting was postponed. difficulties can be overcome. questions should be discussed.
Pattern 1
O 问题 会议 困难 问题 （被） （S） M V 解决了。 延期了。 可以 克服。 应该 讨论。
必须 加以 将在以后 予以 必须马上 予以
The temperature should be raised quickly from room temperature to 125°C. These questions should not be deliberately mixed up. Oil can be separated from water by this method.
A map was hung on the wall. Sofas were placed in the sitting-room. Trees were planted along both sides of the street. A paper butterfly was pasted on the windowpane. Pattern 2 O 地图 沙发 树 纸蝴蝶 （被） （S） V 挂 摆 栽 贴 M 在墙上。 在客厅里。 在街道两旁。 在窗户上。
Conversion 词类转译ppt课件
词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
一、英译汉的词类转换
1. 名词转译为动词
A. 由动词派生的名词
词
1） We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
类
我们已经把使用和发明工具，从区分动物和人类行为的方法
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
4. 介词与动词的互相转译
英语中的一些介词和介词短语具有动作意义，在翻译中可以转换成 汉语动词，例如：
1) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注，是她所有著作的特征。
2) She personifies beauty and grace. 她是美丽与优雅的化身。
转
中排除出去了。
译
2）Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape
quickly.
还有一种对付敌人的方式是，要么防卫可靠，要么能够迅速
逃逸。
ppt课件完整
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
3. 形容词与副词的转译
一、英译汉的词类转换
1. 名词转译为动词
A. 由动词派生的名词
词
1） We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
类
我们已经把使用和发明工具，从区分动物和人类行为的方法
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
4. 介词与动词的互相转译
英语中的一些介词和介词短语具有动作意义，在翻译中可以转换成 汉语动词，例如：
1) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注，是她所有著作的特征。
2) She personifies beauty and grace. 她是美丽与优雅的化身。
转
中排除出去了。
译
2）Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape
quickly.
还有一种对付敌人的方式是，要么防卫可靠，要么能够迅速
逃逸。
ppt课件完整
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
3. 形容词与副词的转译
conversion的翻译技巧PPT课件
• 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
• Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
• 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。
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Prep. ---verbs
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examples
• The Wilde family were religious. • 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
• They are considered insincere. • 他们被认为是伪君子。
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Converted into adj.
• Nouns derived from adj. • Nouns + a(n) used as predicatives • adverbs
• 由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，卫星活 动必须加以密切的观察。
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Adj. ---nouns
• The + adj.: the sick病号, the poor穷人 the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young老、 弱、病、幼者。
• Others • examples
• 我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人 而专攻音乐。
• Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
• 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
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Nouns ---verbs
• Nouns with the meaning of action
• Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
• 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。
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Prep. ---verbs
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examples
• The Wilde family were religious. • 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
• They are considered insincere. • 他们被认为是伪君子。
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Converted into adj.
• Nouns derived from adj. • Nouns + a(n) used as predicatives • adverbs
• 由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，卫星活 动必须加以密切的观察。
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Adj. ---nouns
• The + adj.: the sick病号, the poor穷人 the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young老、 弱、病、幼者。
• Others • examples
• 我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人 而专攻音乐。
• Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
• 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
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Nouns ---verbs
• Nouns with the meaning of action
词汇学Conversion
(c)
(e) (d)
Skin, To skin the lamb
Nurse, To nurse the baby Pump, To pump water
De-adjectival
Most of this group can be used as either transitively to mean ”to make sth … ” or intransitively “to become”
Mass And Material Nouns
a silver coin (a coin made of silver) an iron lady
Nouns of Other Kinds
a department decision (a decision made by the department) job opportunity (the opportunity to get a job)
Noun
house /-s/
advice /-s/ mouth /-ө/
Verb
house /-z/
advise /-z/ mouth /-ð/
shelf /-f/
breath /-ө/
shelveห้องสมุดไป่ตู้/-v/
breathe /-ð/
1) Voiceless to Voiced Consonant
清辅音转化成浊辅音
Vivid Economical
Conversion to Verbs
I.Denominal（名词转化成动词） II.De-adjectival（形容词转化成动词） III.Miscellaneous Conversion
（其他词类转化成动词）
Conversion(转换法)PPT课件
4. a big eater 饭量大的人
5. a great believer in 一个深信……的人
6. an early riser 早起的人
7. a duelist
决斗一方
8. the best hater 积怨很深的人
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Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs
• Examples: • Sugar and salt and both soluble in water.
糖和盐二者都溶于水。
The whole village was astir with the news. 消息传来，全村轰动。
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Drills 4
1. She is familiar with English. 她精通英文。
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Conversion from English Adverbs into Chinese Nouns
Drills 8:
1. Sodium is very active chemically. 钠的化学性质十分活泼。
2. It is officially announced that the president would visit China in May. 官方称总统会在五月访华。
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(5) Subjects converted into Objects The poor were burdened with heavy taxes. 沉重的赋税压在贫苦人民的头上。 (6) Adverbials converted into Complements • Nylon is far stronger than rayon. • 尼龙比人造纤维结实得多。 (7) Objects converted into Predicative • The following provides a brief account of how
英语词汇学4-3conversion
d. To ...with N:
e.g. John braked the car.
cf. John stopped the car with a brake. She fingered the soft silk. cf. She felt the soft silk with her fingers. screw, glue, nail, elbow, knife x-ray, head.
send g. To go by N:
e.g. Will you please mail the parcel? cf. Will you please send the parcel by mail. We bicycled to the Summer Palace. cf. we went to the Summer palace by bicycle. motor, boat, ski.
2) verbs from animal nouns:
e.g. Tom parroted what the boss had said. cf. Tom repeated what the boss had said by rote like a parrot. Ape, monkey, dog, wolf e.g. The police shadowed the suspected spy. cf. The police followed the suspected spy closely like a shadow.
Abuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouth
It is obvious from these examples that the relationship between a base of one word-class and a corresponding derived word of another by suffixation is parallel to a shift of the same base from one word-class to another without suffixation.
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English Lexicology(II)
2
I.The definition of conversion
Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生 零位派生). 零位派生
Word-formation III
Conversion
Important Points
I. The Definition of Conversion II. Types of Conversion Verb-Noun Noun-Verb Adjective-Noun Adjective-Verb Noun-Adjective
English Lexicology(II)
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a) to denote state of mind or state of sensation: desire, dismay, doubt, love, smell, taste; b) to denote an event or activity: attempt, fall, hit, laugh, release, search, shut-down, swim; to give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh to have a look, swim, ride, try, drink to make a dash, dive, guess to take a peep, turn
English Lexicology(II) 11
h) “ To spend the period of time denoted by N”: summer, holiday, winter, weekend, honeymoon, and vacation. eg. We summered in Qingdao. Note: Most of the verbs in this category are transitive, with the exception of type (g) (ii), and type (h).
English Lexicology(II)
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3. Verb-noun conversion
He was admitted to the university after a threeyear wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine. doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide
English Lexicology(II)
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Phrasal verb-noun conversion
Right branching Break down Pick up Take over Get together Breakdown Pick-up Take-over Get-together Left branching Break out Spill over Start up Put in Keep up Outbreak Overspill Upstart Input upkeep
English Lexicology(II)
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II. Major types of conversion
1. Noun-verb conversion 2. Adjective-verb conversion 3. Verb-noun conversion 4. Adjective-noun conversion 5. Noun-adjective conversion 6. Minor category of conversion 7. Change of secondary word-class: noun, verb, adjective
English Lexicology(II)
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f) ‘To make/change...into N’ cash (‘to change into cash’), cripple, group eg. Please cash this cheque for me.( Please change the cheque into cash. g) ‘To (a) send/(b) go by N’ (a) mail (‘to send by mail’), ship, telegraph eg. Will you please mail the parcel? (b) bicycle (‘to go by bicycle’), boat, canoe, motor eg. We bicycled to the Summer PalII) 8
d) ‘To... with N”: the meaning of the verb is “to use the referent of the noun as an instrument for whatever activity particularly associated with it” brake (‘to stop by means of a brake’), elbows, fiddle, finger, glue, knife e) ‘To be/act as N with respect to...’ i.Verbs from human nouns: mother, nurse, boss, chaperon, pilot, referee, usher eg. She mothered the orphan.
English Lexicology(II)
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c)‘ Agent /Subject of V”: bore, cheat, spy, coach, help, rebel, show-off, stand-in eg. He is a great bore.=He is a person bores everyone. d) as object of the verb: answer, bet, catch, find, handout, reject, import eg. This little restaurant is a quite find.= We found a nice little restaurant.
English Lexicology(II)
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2. Adjective - verb conversion
a. (transitive verb) to make adjective or to make more adjective: to cause someone or something to be, become, the quality denoted by the adjective Such as: calm (‘to make calm’), dirty, humble, lower, soundproof b. (intransitive verbs) ‘to become adjective’: to be, become the quality denoted by the adjective Such as: pale, slim, sour, mellow, dim, and idle
English Lexicology(II)
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Changes of pronunciation and spelling
Abuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouth Abuse Advise House Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth
English Lexicology(II)
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e) as instrument of the verb: cover, wrap. wrench; eg. The cloth is a good cover for the table. g) place of the verb: divide, retreat, rise, turn. eg. This is the divide between the two rivers. =This is the place where the two rivers divide. f) as manner of the verb (+ing): walk, throw, lie;
English Lexicology(II) 9
ii.Verbs from animal nous: parrot, ape, monkey, dog, wolf eg. Tom parroted what the boss had said. Our cat has kittened. iii.Verbs from inanimate nous: shadow, balloon, flood, ghost, mushroom, snowball eg. The police shadowed the suspect.
Break through Breakthrough
English Lexicology(II)
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The following sub-division of verb to noun conversion is also based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R.Qirk et al.