基因与基因突变-3 基因功能的解析

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effector nuclease) CRISPBaidu Nhomakorabea/Cas System
Forward genetics and Reverse genetics
Mutation first, molecular analysis second is called forward genetics.
Molecular analysis first, mutation second is called reverse genetics.
海胆 E. calamaris 利用突变的手段解析基因的功能
秀丽隐杆线虫C. el—egans—Forward genetics and 爪蟾Xenopus Reverse genetics
斑马鱼Danio. rerio 黑腹果蝇 Drosophila melanogaster
水稻 Oryza sativa L
农作物的抗逆育种
Forward Genetic Screen
Genetic screens can be A
E
used to dissect any
biological process. Their
effectiveness depends only
on the ingenuity of the
researcher in coming up with
本节第二部分涉及的重要概念
正向遗传学(Forward genetics)
选择与筛选(Selections and Screens)
ENU诱变 插入诱变 增强子诱捕(Enhancer Trap)
反向遗传学(Reverse genetics) 基因打靶(gene targeting)
Knock-out,knock-in 条件性基因敲除(conditional
基因的本质与基因功能的解析
The conception, anatomy and function of the gene
大肠杆菌E. coli
酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae 拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana
Dissection of Gene Function
小鼠Mus musculus
a protocol that reveals the B
F
desired class of mutations.
D
C
G
Mutations affecting the formation and function of the cardiovascular system in the zebrafish embryo. Didier Y. R. Stainier, et al, 1996
例: 化学诱变方法在模式生物中的应用
——ENU诱变
乙基亚硝脲(N-ethyl-Nnitrosourea,ENU)是目前 使用最广泛的化学诱变剂, 它的致突变频率相对较高, 且可在整个基因组中造成广 泛的替换突变。ENU引起一 个位点发生一次突变的频率 是1 :200~1000。
oxidative deamination
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine 2001
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse
gene knockout)
表型模拟(Phenocopy) RNA干涉(RNA interference RNAi)
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) Micro RNA(miRNA) 化学遗传学(Chemical Genetics)
Cre/ loxP系统
锌指核酸酶(zinc-finger nuclease) TALEN (transcription activator-like
Genetic screens are more laborious but far more adaptable to the detection of multiple classes of mutant phenotype.
Forward Genetic Selection
Genetic selections resolve the mutant and wild-type states by killing or inhibiting the wild-type, allowing the easy recovery of a large number of mutants.
ENU诱变的正向遗传学方法在斑马鱼中的应用
1992年,斑马鱼 中大规模ENU诱 变在德国图宾根 和美国波士顿开 始实施,1996年 一系列论文发表。
Positional cloning (Mapping)
ENU诱变的优点: ➢操作简单 ➢容易饱和诱变 ➢几乎不会回复突变 ➢对DNA序列无偏好性
To create a phenotype by environmental agents to mimic the effect of the mutation in a gene is called phenocopy.
Forward genetics
Starts with the wild-type genome, mutates it randomly with mutagen, and systematically surveys it for mutations that share some common phenotype.
————mutant hunt
诱变剂的选择: 1)作用于任何DNA 2)效率要足够高 3)剂量依赖性
诱变剂的种类: 物理因素
紫外线、射线
化学因素
烷化剂
生物因素
转座子、逆转录病毒
突变的检出
——Selections and Screens
Genetic selections are highly efficient but can not detect many kinds of mutant phenotypes.
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