电子商务英文参考文献

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电子商务毕业外文文献(本科)

电子商务毕业外文文献(本科)

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:Distribution to users from alogistics base shipping method 文献、资料来源:网络文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2012.7院(部):商学院专业:电子商务班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:Distribution to users from a logistics base shipping methodAbstract: Logistics is the company's 'third profit source', while at the end of the logistics of distribution, logistics and economic efficiency has to improve, optimize, improve the logistics system, improve service, reduce costs and other functions in the logistics system to occupy an important position.Keywords: Efficient Logistics And Distribution Trends Of The Importance Of FeaturesDistribution of transport and other logistics activities, or constitute a combination of integrated logistics services activities. Distribution of the 'distribution' includes the requirements of the order by the user, sorting, picking, loading, storage, handling and other activities, one of the 'free' in the transport process is in the 'secondary transport', 'Feeder' or 'transport terminal', starting and ending point of the logistics base to the user. Therefore, the distribution process essentially covers from the front to the back-end logistics for all content, so the distribution of direct response to a supply chain can be good or bad. This paper analyzes the distribution of efficient distribution center.First, The Importance Of Efficient Distribution.On the one hand, according to the U.S.logistics expert Robert Tran, Ray <<2000 Annual American Logistics Status Report>> pointed out that logistics costs in 1999 U.S. $ 921 billion, accounting for GDP92600 billion U.S. dollars in 9.9%, while 1990 also accounted for 11.4%, 15.7% in 1980, while China's logistics costs to GDP ratio in accordance with the World Bank estimates of 16.7% in 2000, China's GDP was 8.9 trillion yuan, 15 per cent, the logistics cost of 1.335 trillion yuan, If the logistics according to the U.S. in 1999 accounted for GDP9.9% water products to be considered, the logistics cost of $ 89 billion can be seen, by increasing the level of logistics, which can reach between 445 billion yuan profit margins, and distribution and logistics The most important involves the most extensive side, therefore, improve the efficiency of logistics and distribution is very important and necessary. On the other hand, distribution is the most important aspects of logistics and final part, distribution is a direct contact with the user part of the level of distribution efficiency, service quality is good or bad, the user can be directly touched to, according tostatistics for the a business, and tap a new customer than to hold out an old customer to spend the cost is 5 to 10 times, so efficient, high quality distribution areas for distribution companies to retain more loyal old customers is essential.Second, The Characteristics Of Efficient Distribution.According to the development of domestic and international logistics industry, in the age of electronic commerce, information technology, modern, efficient distribution of social characteristics can be summarized as follows: ⑴fast response. Efficient logistics service provider for the upstream and downstream logistics and distribution needs of the reaction faster and faster, shorter lead time, delivery time is getting short, logistics and distribution faster and faster, increasingly commodity turnover more.⑵integrated distribution capabilities. Efficient logistics and distribution focus on the logistics and supply chain integration in other sectors, including logistics channels and the flow of commerce channel integration, channel integration between logistics, integrated logistics functions, logistics and manufacturing sectors of the links integration.⑶ service series. Efficient logistics and distribution logistics and distribution services in addition to emphasis on proper positioning and improved serialization addition to traditional storage, transportation, packaging, distribution and processing services, has also extended to the extension of the market research and forecasting, procurement and order processing, extending down to logistics and distribution consulting, logistics and distribution program selection and planning, inventory control strategy proposed, payment collection and settlement, education, training, value-added services, includes the above services to improve support for decision-making role .⑷ job standardization. Emphasis on functional and efficient logistics and distribution processes, operations, operational standardization and procedures, to make complex operations into simple easy-to-promotion and assessment of the operation.⑸ objective and systematic. Efficient logistics and distribution system from the perspective of the overall planning of a company's overall logistics activities, handle logistics and distribution activities and the flow of commerce between the activities and corporate objectives, logistics and distribution activities and the relationship between logistics and distribution activities, does not seek to optimize a single activity, but to optimize the overall activity.⑹ modern distribution methods. Efficient logistics and distribution using advanced technology, equipment and management services for the sales, production, distribution, sales larger, thebroader the scope, logistics and distribution technology, equipment and management of the more modern.⑺distribution network of the organization.In order to ensure the promotion of products to provide fast, comprehensive logistics support, efficient logistics and distribution have improved, sound logistics and distribution network system, the network between points on the logistics and distribution activities to maintain systematic, consistent sex, this ensures that the entire logistics and distribution network has the best overall inventory levels and inventory distribution, transportation and distribution fast and mobile, both to spread and can Shoulong. Only scattered single form of logistics and distribution network in order to meet modern production and distribution needs.⑻distribution business market. Efficient logistics and distribution of specific business use of market mechanisms, whether it is their own logistics and distribution organization, or entrust the social responsibility of enterprises of logistics and distribution logistics and distribution tasks, with 'service - the cost,' the best fit for the target. Links to free download ⑼distribution process automation. Logistics process automation is the delivery specifications, storage and cargo, containers arranged in handling, transportation, etc. in accordance with standard operating automation, distribution of goods in accordance with the best routes. ⑽ legal logistics and distribution management. Macro level, there must be sound and regulations, systems and rules, micro, efficient logistics and distribution companies to act according to law, to act according to Zhang.Third, The Efficient Distribution Trends.Efficient distribution of the whole process of modern technology and equipment needed as a guarantee. Distribution activities closely linked with the ordering system, which must rely on modern information technology. Distribution of the scale, the level of efficiency, speed and quality, far more than the traditional delivery goods form, requires the use of transmission equipment and know a lot of code, and other technical equipment selection, widely used as industrial production in the pipeline, so that part of the work flow of factory e-commerce under the logistics, the information technology, modernization and socialization logistics and distribution, it has efficient distribution should have conditions, is becoming a modern and efficient logistics and distribution trends.E-commerce is the Internet an open network environment, based on browser / serverapplications ways to achieve the consumer's online shopping, online transactions between businesses and online electronic payment transactions of a new type of e-commerce and traditional commerce essential difference is that it is a digital network as the basis for commodity, currency and service transactions, aimed at reducing the information society, the middle part of the business, reduce cycle time, reduce costs, improve operational efficiency, improve service quality, and enable enterprises to effectively compete.Positioned for e-commerce logistics and distribution services to customers, according to the characteristics of e-commerce, logistics and distribution system for the entire unified information management and scheduling orders in accordance with user requirements in the logistics base for handling work, and with a good cargo sent to the consignee of a logistics approach. the advanced way to optimize the flow distribution companies to improve service quality, reduce logistics costs, optimize social stock configuration, thereby enhancing the economic and social significance, distribution productions as the logistics of an effective organization, represents the main direction of modern marketing, which can develop rapidly.E-Commerce On The Traditional Logistics And The Impact Of The Following Points:(1)to bring the traditional concept of logistics can be a profound revolution in the traditional provision of logistics and distribution companies need a large area of ? the warehouse, and e-commerce systems will be networked virtual enterprises scattered around the warehouse belonging to different owners through the network system to link up to become a 'virtual warehouse' for unified management and allocation of use of services and goods distribution space moving radius enlarged, so that enterprises in the organizational resources of the speed, scale, efficiency and the rational allocation of resources are unmatched by traditional logistics and distribution, and the corresponding logistics concept must also be new.(2) logistics distribution network for the implementation of control instead of the traditional logistics management procedures. An advanced use of the system, will bring a new management company. The traditional logistics and distribution process is composed by a number of business processes, by human factors and time influence. network applications can realize the whole process of real-time monitoring and real-time decision making. The new logistics business processes by the network connection. When any one of the nerve terminal receives a demand forinformation time, the system can be in a very short period of time to react, and can draw up a detailed delivery plan to inform all aspects of work. All this work was done by people according to the pre-designed computer program automatically complete.(3) logistics and distribution of the duration of the network environment will be greatly reduced. delivery speed of logistics made a higher demand in the traditional logistics and distribution management, due to the limited exchange of information, to complete a distribution process a long time, but this time with the network's intervention may become more and more short, any one of the distribution of information and resources will be managed through the network withina few seconds passed in the link.(4) network intervention, simplifying the logistics process of the traditional aspects of logistics and distribution throughout the extremely cumbersome. a new network of logistics distribution centers can greatly shorten this process: Support the network of group technology in the network environment being used more vividly, logistics and distribution cycle will be shortened, the organization will change, computer systems management can manage the entire logistics process becomes simple and easy network on sales promotion allows users to shopping and trading process more efficient, lower cost, can improve the competitiveness of logistics and distribution companies, logistics and distribution industry with the popularity and development of competition in the industry greatly increased the scope and cruelty, mastery of information, effective dissemination of information and its easy to get, making use of traditional methods to obtain the time and amount of excess profits will be less and less involved in the network is that people are given full play the potential of self-realization become Most staff motivation. Links to free download In summary, the implementation of information distribution system, the development of information technology, automation and modernization of the modern and efficient logistics and distribution industry in China's development and improvement of an important part of e-commerce services, is imperative.中文译文:浅议高效物流配送摘要:物流是企业的“第三利润源泉”,而处于末端物流的配送,具有提高物流经济效益,优化、完善物流系统,改善服务,降低成本等功能,在物流系统中占据有重要的地位。

电子商务领域英文论文原文

电子商务领域英文论文原文

An Empirical Study On Consumer Trust inB2C ecommercein ChinaYujie Bao, Yan Li,﹡Xin Meng, Yuchang Liu, Weiming WangInternational College at BeijingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing, Chinaicbliyan@Abstract—Consumer trust has been more and more recognized as an important factor for a successful e-commerce vendor. Based on the previous research, this paper developed an extended model for analyzing the main attributes of trust of the users in China. A survey regarding the trust of e-commerce users is conducted to empirically test the model. The result shows the perceived reputation and size; the level of multi-channel integration, the system assurance, consumers’ propensity to trust and experienced-based familiarity are all positively related with consumers’ trust in the vendor. The findings may provide the suggestions for the vendors to consider the trustworthy by the consumers.Keywords: e-commerce; consumer trust; China摘要——对于一个成功的电子商务供应商,消费者信任度已经被越来越多的人认为是一个重要的因素。

电子商务参考文献

电子商务参考文献

电子商务参考文献电子商务是指通过互联网等电子手段进行商业活动的一种商业模式。

它已经成为了现代企业发展的重要方式,为企业带来了巨大的商机和发展空间。

在电子商务的发展过程中,有许多重要的文献被引用和参考,本文将介绍一些经典的电子商务参考文献。

1. Porter, M. E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review.迈克尔·波特是战略管理领域的著名学者,他在这篇经典的文章中强调,互联网并非一个威胁,而是一个改变商业规则的机会。

文章提出了互联网给各行业带来的竞争优势机会,并以5个力量模型来分析企业在互联网时代的竞争策略。

2. Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50-68.霍夫曼和诺瓦克是互联网营销领域的重要学者,他们的文章对电子商务中的市场营销进行了深入研究。

文章概括了电子商务环境中的市场特点,提出了网络媒体环境中的互动和个性化定制的特点,为企业在网络营销中提供了指导。

3. Rayport, J. F., & Sviokla, J. J. (1994). Managing in the Marketspace. Harvard Business Review.雷波特和斯维奥克拉是电子商务战略领域的重要学者,他们的文章讨论了电子商务对市场的影响和企业管理的变革。

文章强调企业需要从传统的市场到互联网时代的市场空间进行管理转变,并提出了一些实践指导和策略建议。

4. Li, T., & Li, X. (2011). Information technology and firm profitability: Mechanisms and empirical evidence. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 1167-1188.李彤和李旭是电子商务领域的重要学者,他们的文章通过实证研究揭示了信息技术对企业盈利能力的影响机制。

电子商务毕业论文参考文献

电子商务毕业论文参考文献

电子商务毕业论文参考文献电子商务毕业论文参考文献随着互联网的快速发展,电子商务成为了当今社会中不可或缺的一部分。

电子商务的兴起给传统商业模式带来了巨大的冲击,也为企业提供了更广阔的发展空间。

在撰写电子商务毕业论文时,参考文献的选择是非常重要的。

本文将从不同的角度介绍一些值得参考的文献,以帮助毕业生更好地进行研究。

一、电子商务的发展历程1. Rappa, M. (2000). Business models on the web: Managing the digital enterprise. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 1(1), 75-85.这篇文章详细介绍了电子商务的发展历程,从传统商业模式到互联网时代的商业模式转变。

作者通过分析不同的商业模式,探讨了电子商务对企业的影响和挑战。

2. Turban, E., King, D., & Lee, J. (2015). Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer.这本书是电子商务领域的经典教材,全面介绍了电子商务的概念、技术和管理。

作者通过实际案例和研究成果,解析了电子商务的发展趋势和未来挑战。

二、电子商务平台的建设与管理1. Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: A handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley & Sons.这本书提供了一个实用的框架,帮助企业构建和管理电子商务平台。

作者通过分析不同的商业模式,介绍了如何创新和优化电子商务平台,以实现企业的商业目标。

2. Chaffey, D., & Smith, P. R. (2017). Digital marketing excellence: Planning, optimizing and integrating online marketing. Taylor & Francis.这本书详细介绍了数字营销的策略和技术,帮助企业在电子商务平台上实现市场营销的最佳实践。

电子商务专业外文文献

电子商务专业外文文献

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT文献、资料来源:加勒斯特经济学院文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2000.3.25院(部):专业:班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT1. IntroductionIn the last decade, the majority of the companies were preoccupied with production, recession, mergers, new technologies and business regulation. Romania’s accession in the European Union will bring many advantages for further development, together with membership in a Common Market with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement for all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labor). This means that Romanian companies will compete with other companies from the EU directly in their home market. European companies are more flexible and mobile and will put a high pressure on the local companies in order to produce better products, launch better offers and services and orientate more towards their customers. High revenue equals important customer is a classic rule when the company organises its customer policy. “An important customer brings a gross amount of money for our enterprise” has become a reflex for many companies a broad and perhaps in Romania, too. But is this always true, or do we need more information than a simple figure reported at the end of the year?2. Marketing information systemA winning company is more productive in acquiring and retaining customers, to expand its clientele (Kotler, 2003). This company improves the value of the customers by reducing the rate of defection, increasing the longevity of customer Management & marketing relationship, making low-profit customers more profitable or terminating them etc. Gathering information on the actual or potential marketplace not only allows the organisation to monitor trends and issues concerning its current customers, but also helps it identify and profile potential customers and new markets, to keep track of its competition, their strategies, tactics and future plans (Brassington and Pettitt,2003). In order to collect and organize a high quantity of diverse information, the enterprises started to build marketing information systems. There are, mainly, a set of procedures and methods by which pertinent, timely and accurate information is continually gathered, sorted, analysed, evaluated, stored and distributed for the use of marketing decisionmakers (Zikmund and D´Amico,1993). The marketing information system includes data from external and internal sources (sales records, customer records, marketing communications, and sales force information). The focus on the customer and the integration of the marketing function helps the company to create customer databases with comprehensive information about individual customers or prospects.3. Customer relationship managementCustomer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very important when companies changed their attitude towards marketing function. Nowadays, the cross-functional approach to marketing requires an organizational culture and climate that encourages collaboration and cooperation between departments. People within the business must understand their role in serving customers, internal or external one. CRM builds on the principles of relationship marketing and recognizes that customers are a business asset and not simply a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and develops the ne-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006).When defining CRM, we must first explain the difference between customer acquisition and customer retention. The two concepts have different drivers. Attracting customers has become very difficult these days, when people are harder to please. They are smarter, price conscious and sensitive, more demanding, less forgiving, and they are approached by many more competitors with equally good or better offers (Kotler,2003). Companies focus more on sales analysis, customer segmentation, advertising, merchandising and campaign management. The more difficult part is keeping the customers. According to Bruhn, a customer is satisfied when the comparison between offer and consumption fulfils his/her expectations, after he/she accepts the company, trusts it and exhibits a positive attitude towards it, becomes loyal to that company. In this situation, the customer talks favourably about the company and about its products, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price, which turns transactions into routine (Bruhn, 1999). With customer retention, the company must pay attention to service satisfaction and trust in Customer relationship management the organization and its staff. Some companies believe that if a customer complaints the problem will be solved, but 96% ofunsatisfied customers don’t complain and go to another company. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management is the mechanism for retaining customers (Russell-Jones, 2003). Mainly CRM allows the company to understand who their customer is, isolate the best customer (those with whom you desire to have long-standing relationships), create relationships stretching over time and involving multi-interactions, manage the relationship to mutual advantage, seek to acquire more of those “best” customers. Inputs like marketing strategy, customer base, products, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programme which creates outputs as customer service, customer retention, higher share of wallet, customer referral, more predictable revenues streams, improved profitability, lower costs and better compliance (Russell-Jones, 2003).4. Developing a strategy in customer relationship managementBecause CRM is a cross-functional activity and large companies have thousands and millions of customers, the need for a strategic framework is very high. The dimensions of a CRM strategy are mainly focused on defining the following topics:- object of the customer relationship management – the company has three options: focusing on the company itself, on a brand or on the distributor;- target segment – the company usually sets priorities between different customer segments, it defines strategic customers based on the portfolio analyses, factors as revenue, length of the relationship, income, collaboration with the customer. These are its analysis criteria;- ways of retaining the customers –customers’ satisfaction is in the centre of all the decisions, but customers retention can also become a central issue through contractual clauses, such as service, leasing and warranty;- choosing the instruments of CRM – the company combines the instruments of the 4P´s with focus on the customer;- intensity and timing of the CRM decisions –show when and how should the company introduce different instruments; programmes can last from one day to one week, or from three month to two years;- cooperation within the CRM programme – sometimes the company must cooperate with other partners from the distribution channel, mainly between producer and wholesaler and retail.5. Instruments of customer relationship managementThe communication policy plays an important role in the instruments mix. It follows two objectives: first, to build a permanent dialogue with the customer in order to stabilize or change its expectations, and second, to counteract influences after consumption. The main CRM instruments within the communication policy are: Direct-Mail is material distributed through the postal service to the recipients’ home or business address to promote a product or service. In CRM the mailed issue can vary from a simple letter to a catalogue, and its sending will always occur at a particular moment in customer’s life (birthday, invitation for an event). It must incorporate sticky gadgets to increase their chances of being opened and read; Newsletters are distributed to customers for free and contain information about new products, offers for special events and others; Fidelity cards (store cards) are an important tool in gathering information about customer behaviour. By accumulating points of fidelity, the customer can benefit from different special offers; Clients club designates a concept which has grown in parallel with the fidelity cards. Its main forms are VIP-Club, Fan-Club, Product-Interest-Club, and Lifestyle-Club. The club represents an opportunity for the company to make offers in accordance with the social status, acceptance, prestige and expectations of its customers;Telemarketing allows companies to undertake marketing research and is highly measurable and accountable; the number of positive and negative responses are easily recorded and monitored. It provides for interaction, is flexible and permits immediate feed-back. Online-marketing includes many forms such as on-line advertising, on-line sales promotions, on-line direct marketing, on-line public relations, one-line personal selling. The medium used is the internet and the main instrument is the email. Virtual promotions are cheaper than hard copy versions, but the challenge is to drive traffic to your company’s Web site. Event-marketing takes place in three main areas: the product (here, it focuses on increasing sales), the corporation (for developing a corporate body) and the community (to make a difference in the life of the local community) (Bruhn, 1999& Fill, 2002).The price policy can be thought about in various ways when building a CRM programme: discounts for special customers, underselling or matching competitors, loyalty refunds, bundling items together and offering overall prices. Although price is not a measure of inherent value received, it is often used by customers as a benchmark, ignoring any other features or differences.Key factors in the product policy are the product itself, with quality, design, technical features, packaging and service management which includes lifelong warranty, price warranty or a customer telephone line. An active management in the distribution policy can focus on the customer or on the distribution channel. The producer evaluates the activity of the distribution partner and Customer relationship management intervenes when needed. The focus on the customers is realised through a Key Account Management which develops programmes for special customers.6. Customer relationship management in financial servicesFinancial services differ from many other industries. This can be seen particularly in Romania, where 40 commercial banks fight for a population of 21 million citizens. They cover the whole spectrum of customers from individuals to partnerships, institutions, corporations and governments. As a result, it can be very difficult to focus on single markets. Customers are often in two positions: they may have a deposit and savings accounts, but also loans and overdrafts. They are very service focused, they sell only intangibles. Financial services require processing billions of transactions worldwide and they are one of the heaviest regulated industries in the world (Rusell-Jones, 2003).The customers in the financial services are better informed, are switching channels, and seem to be more demanding of service, and used to change. The market is also highly competitive and new entrants are coming with diverse products and approaches.The industry of financial services in Romania has a very high potential and registers every year high growth rates. Till now, the location in a major city of the country with a population around 300.000 people was an advantage of the business and a success factor. Now the battlefield has moved in the small towns. The competition became tougher; banks began to develop and to introduce new products. Some experts say that a weakness of the banking sector is market segmentation. There is lots of information about customers, but it seems that banks prefer to focus on clients with large savings accounts. The main banks in Romania, as BRD, BCR, ING, and HVB-Tiriac announced for the year 2005 an increase in the number of the private banking clients. These are mainly customers with accounts between 50.000 and 100.000 Euros, they benefit of private consultancy, special interest rates, commissions, and special insurances. Customers have also a word to say about their bank. A market study made by DeadalusConsulting revealed that the customer profile for banking services is: person aged between 45-55 years, with higher or middle education. The most utilized service is the bank card for salaries payment (32,6%). Next, savings accounts (10,2%), credits for personal needs (11,1%), credits for buying electronics (9,2%) and auto leasing. The best grades were received by Raiffeisen Bank (8,83), BCR (8,58) and BRD Societe Generale (8,57). A customer’s criteria when choosing a bank are the trust in the bank, the environment in the branch, the quality of the staff, the advice they receive, the best interest rate they can receive, the information about the credit costs, and the conditions for obtaining a credit. A successful service provided by the majority of the banks is internet banking. It allows clients to save time and money, without going to the bank, 24 of 24 from inside or abroad. The access is free of charge or very cheap, and includes all kinds of activities from money transfer, payment orders, currency exchange, payment of current bills, external payments etc. The rate of penetration is still low, ranking between 10% and 30% of the customers in one middle bank.7. ConclusionsRomanian companies must focus in the future on the Customer Relationship Management and try to turn a “susceptible” client into a “partner”, to transform people who once needed their product/service, or occasional business partners into supporters and advocates and, eventually, into loyal partners that “sell” on the behalf of the company. Companies must create a permanent dialogue with their customers, and fight for them, because the clientele is not given for free. Customers that were price sensitive show now a higher interest in quality, service and behaviour of staff, and a company which concentrated on a price strategy should check how prepared its rivals are for a competition in the aforementioned fields. Customer Relationship Management increases its flexibility and adaptability to the market, in a world of capricious clients.中文译文:客户关系管理1.介绍在过去的十年中,大多数企业正在忙于生产,经济衰退,合并,新技术和商业管理。

电子商务参考文献

电子商务参考文献

电子商务参考文献随着互联网的蓬勃发展和技术的迅速进步,电子商务在世界范围内正在成为一种日益重要的商业模式。

电子商务的兴起不仅深刻地改变了我们的生活方式,也对传统商业模式带来了革命性的冲击。

为了更好地理解和掌握电子商务的发展趋势、挑战和机遇,许多学者和专家们进行了大量的研究,并出版了一系列的参考文献。

本文将介绍一些有关电子商务的经典参考文献,以供学者和从业者参考。

1. Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation, and Practice(互联网营销:战略、实施与实践)作者:Dave Chaffey出版年份:2019年这本书是互联网营销领域的经典之作,全面介绍了互联网营销的策略、实施和实践。

书中涵盖了众多互联网营销的关键概念和技术,如搜索引擎优化(SEO)、社交媒体营销和内容营销等。

对于电子商务从业者来说,这本书是一本不可或缺的指南,可帮助他们构建有效的互联网营销策略。

2. E-commerce 2019: Business, Technology, and Society(2019年电子商务:商业、技术与社会)作者:Kenneth C. Laudon, Carol Traver出版年份:2019年这本书定位于大学本科和研究生的教材,全面介绍了电子商务的商业、技术和社会方面。

作者通过案例研究和实地调研,深入探讨了电子商务的发展趋势、商业模式、电子支付、安全性和隐私等重要话题。

对于对电子商务进行研究或者希望了解电子商务的学者和从业者来说,这本书是一本权威的参考资料。

3. Electronic Commerce: A Managerial and Social Networks Perspective (电子商务:管理和社交网络视角)作者:Efraim Turban, David King, Jae Kyu Lee, Ting-Peng Liang, Deborrah C. Turban出版年份:2015年这本书从管理和社交网络的视角,探讨了电子商务的关键问题和新兴趋势。

跨境电商外文翻译参考文献

跨境电商外文翻译参考文献

跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译 )译文:跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起,往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。

我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。

我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。

分析结果表明,相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。

然而,语言相关的交易成本的增加。

此外,网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。

在平衡,没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。

我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。

在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1 %可以增加多达7 %的跨境电子商务。

我们还表明,在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。

关键词电子商务 / 引力方程 /欧盟1. 介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。

互联网的兴起,更一般地,数字通信技术,具有 LED 许多观察家宣布,距离“死”(Cairncross,1997)。

在这方面,它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。

在传统的线下实物商品贸易,证据却指向距离成本增加(disdier和头,2008)。

贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。

问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。

Blum 和 Goldfarb(2006)表明,即使是纯粹的信息产品,距离仍然起着重要的作用。

他们认为这是文化上的差异,随着物理距离的增加。

除了信息成本的影响,可能会有副作用,对贸易模式的影响。

网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积,为供应商和消费者,在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。

这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。

然而,出现在网络上,可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。

电子商务英文参考文献

电子商务英文参考文献

附件1:外文原文(复印件)The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of tradewas done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gate way to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensurethat they appear high up in internet search results.For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a compan y, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demo nstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, / says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself.It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them. The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products,jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.附件2:外文资料翻译译文日趋完善的电子商务当2000年科技泡沫爆发时,备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了,众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。

电子商务参考文献

电子商务参考文献

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The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11, 3-4 (2002), 215-243.中小企业电子商务使用模式及影响因素分析: 中小企业电子商务使用模式及影响因素分析: 文献综述及未来研究展望徐赟丁婕曾红华陈冬宇经济信息工程学院, 西南财经大学【摘要】中小企业对电子商务的采纳与使用一直以来都吸引着众多研究者的兴趣, 但以往大量文献都仅仅局限于研究采纳或采纳的意图, 很少有文章具体分析了这些企业是如何使用电子商务的不同服务,以及什么因素造成了这样的不同.为了探索这方面潜在的研究前景,本论文通过对以往电子商务采纳与使用文献的分析,总结了以往研究的对象,背景,理论及相关发现.在上述分析基础上,我们提出了下一步研究的展望和建议.理论上,本文指明了中小企业电子商务使用模式研究的潜在方向, 从而为进一步的具体的使用模式及影响因素分析做好铺垫.实践上,本研究将有助于电子商务服务商针对不同行为的企业提供更为精准,有效, 便捷的服务,从而争取吸纳更多潜在中小企业客户,推动电子商务应用的广度和深度. 【关键词】中小企业,B2B 电子商务,组织行为1 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) Analysis of small and medium enterprises' e-commerce usage patterns and antecedents: Literature review and future research. Xu Yun, Ding Jie, Zheng Honghua, Cheng Dongyu Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Abstract E-commerce adoption and use of small and medium enterprises (SME) has been attracting the interest of many researchers, but previous studies are limited to the adoption or the intention to adopt. There is little research analyzes how theseenterprises use e-commerce services in different ways, and what factors contribute to the differences. In order to explore the potential research opportunity, the paper reviews related literature, summarizes the background, theory and related findings. Based on the results, we propose our future research. Theoretically, this paper indicates the potential direction of SME e-commerce use research. Practically, this study will help e-commerce service providers to provide more precise, effective and convenient services to different companies, and attract more SME to use e-commerce. Keywords: SME, B2B e-business, organization behavior 2 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 一) 引言近年来,伴随着国内互联网建设的迅速发展,电子商务政策法律环境的日益完善,中小企业及个人利用电子商务的意识逐步提升, 国内电子商务进入了一个高速发展的阶段. 根据艾瑞咨询报告显示,2010 第一季度中国电子商务市场整体交易额规模达到了10152.7 亿元, 单季交易额突破万亿规模.以投融资规模来看,第一季度互联网行业14.3 亿元的投融资额当中,电子商务的占比高达74.3%,电子商务成为网络经济各行业当中最受关注的行业.从电子商务市场结构来看,企业间电子商务仍然是电子商务市场的主体.其中,中小企业B2B 电子商务交易规模占比最高,达到了52.6%,成为电子商务市场发展最大的推动力.中小企业B2B 电子商务的发展对中国经济起到越来越重要的作用.例如,根据阿里巴巴提供的中国中小企业电子商务发展报告(2009)介绍:2009 年,中小企业通过电子商务创造的新增价值占我国GDP 的 1.5%,拉动我国GDP 增长0.13%.中小企业电子商务交易规模将达1.99 万亿,同比增速达到20.3%.其中内,外贸交易规模分别为1.13 万亿和0.86 万亿, 分别相当于2008 年全国国内商品销售总额和出口总值的6%和8.9%.中小企业通过开展电子商务直接创造的新增就业超过130 万,相当于我国2008 年全国城镇新增就业的11.7%.每增加1%的中小企业使用电子商务,将带来 4 万个新增就业机会.此外,电子商务还带动了大量创业机会和间接就业, 为缓解社会就业压力, 促进社会稳定发挥着重要的作用. 对于这么一个巨大,重要,而且发展迅速的市场,中小企业如何使用电子商务,以及什么因素影响了他们对电子商务的使用成为服务商和相关研究人员关注的焦点. 以往相关的大量文献都仅仅局限于研究中小企业对B2B 电子商务的采纳或采纳的意图[1-4],很少有文章探索了企业是如何使用电子商务的不同服务,以及什么因素造成了这样的不同. 有些研究已经指出企业对技术的使用或采纳不能仅仅停留在简单的"使用"vs."不使用" 或"采纳"vs."不采纳"的二元关系[5, p. 61],而是应该进一步分析企业对这些技术的使用行为模式.因为最终的收益,对企业的冲击等等都取决于企业如何使用这些技术,而不仅仅是采纳或使用的决定. 实践上, 各种企业在使用电子商务时, 很多不同的行为模式已经被识别. 例如,把电子商务作为一个简单的广告或信息收集渠道vs. 将电子商务作为线下业务的有益补充vs.做纯粹的网商而完全依赖于电子商务.当服务商提供更多的电子商务服务时,企业对电子商务的使用模式更加多样化.例如,通过阿里巴巴,买家可以找到卖家,可以使用相关的辅助服务(查看信用,比较报价等) ,可以使用在线交易,物流服务,和其他服务(金3 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 融,培训,外贸等) .那么众多电子商务的使用者在面对如此多的服务时,他们到底有没有使用这些服务;如果使用,是如何使用的?这是我们需要关注的第一个研究问题,这个问题在以往的文献中很少被回答. 上述的这些行为模式受到很多因素的影响,如企业战略(高附加值产品vs. 简单来料加工) ;产品特性(制造业vs.服务业) ;市场(农村vs. 城市,国内vs.国外) ;企业背景(中型vs.小型vs.微型)等等.例如一个服装行业的买家,可能利用阿里巴巴找到卖家,查看该卖家信用,比较价格后决定交易,然后直接利用阿里巴巴提供的在线交易平台完成交易;与之相反,一个重型机械的买家,可能仅仅利用阿里巴巴找到卖家,然后直接与该卖家线下联系交易.这种使用行为模式上的区别可能是因为重型机械产品需要大量定制,客户化服务, 而且交易金额巨大等原因,阿里巴巴因而无法满足其特定需求而造成了该用户使用上的差异.因此,第二个值得关注研究问题就是分析这些典型行为模式背后的核心影响因素;有哪些因素影响了用户(特别是买家)对电子商务网站所提供的服务的使用.为了更好的帮助我们回答上述两个问题, 本文将呈现一个全面的文献综述. 其主要目的将集中在: 1) 对以往研究做多维度的分析(研究对象,目标,理论等) ,从而指出将来的研究会有哪些理论上的贡献度. 2) 分析企业进行电子商务时所经历的主要阶段,对网站提供的服务做有效分类.从而为进一步的使用模式分类做好铺垫. 3) 全面整理出影响电子商务使用模式的因素,并对各种因素分类.为下一步结合实际找出针对特定群体的影响因素做好准备. 二) 文献搜索为了了解国内外研究现状,我们深入搜索了相关文献.尽管我们关注的研究重点是B2B 电子商务下的电子市场(E-marketplace)模式,我们也把文献搜索的范围扩大到B2C, C2C, 以及B2B 电子商务下的跨组织系统(Inter-organizational systems –IOS)模式(例如,供应链管理系统) .我们相信这些相关研究的发现和结论对本研究也大有裨益. 我们首先指定了一些关键词,如电子商务(E-commerce) ,电子业务(E-business) ,B2B, B2C,C2C,采纳(Adoption) ,采纳后(Post-adoption) ,使用(Use)等.然后利用这些关键词在英文电子期刊数据库(EBSCOhost, ABI 和ScienceDirect Online 等)搜索, 并专注于某4 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 些顶尖的信息系统,管理,及市场营销期刊(例如Information Systems Research,MIS Quarterly, Journal of Management Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, Information & Management,International Journal of Electronic Commerce,Academy of Management Journal,Academy of Management Review,Strategic Management Journal,Administrative Science Quarterly,Management Science,Organization Science,Journal of Marketing,Journal of Marketing Research,Journal of Consumer Research,Marketing Science 等).国内的文献搜索集中于核心期刊(例如管理世界,管理科学学报,中国管理科学,南开管理评论等) ,和博士,硕士学位论文.找到相当数量的文章后,我们利用这些文章中参考文献部分的列表进行反向搜索更多文章. 我们认真阅读了文章的摘要和主要理论章节以判断文章的相关性, 最后总共85 篇文章被确认和本研究相关. 三) 文献分析在开始文献分析之前,第一作者首先提出了一套分析的框架,在同其他作者讨论,修正后达成一致.利用这套框架分析相关文献后,我们有了如下发现: 1)研究背景) 以往中小企业电子商务使用的研究背景除了阿里巴巴和淘宝这种第三方电子市场平台, 另外非常多的研究集中在跨组织系统, 例如沃尔玛和它的供应商之间的供应链管理系统. 基于增值网(V AN)的传统电子数据交换(Electronic data interchange – EDI)技术被应用于最早的跨组织系统.早期的EDI 系统可以增加企业的业务处理速度和降低成本,因为交易(如订单)的数据可以自动转移到合作伙伴组织的内部系统中,而无需手动重新进入,因而减少了错误[6].随着互联网技术的发展,更多的跨组织系统开始基于XML (Extensible Markup Language)语言,这些系统可以针对某特定行业/领域的电子数据交换的需求,如产品/服务细节定义,数据定义,商业文件的格式,和企业间的业务流程;从而允许参与业务流程的不同贸易合作伙伴利用互联网自动化流程,因而提高速度,效率和可靠性,允许在贸易合作伙伴间进行更大规模的协作和交流[7, 8].这些跨组织系统相对于一般性的电子市场平台在某些方面具有一定优势, 如能提供更多的产品细节与针对性服务, 吸引相关产业的供应商和客户等.另外一个重要的优点在于这些跨组织系统可以提供与本企业内部系统(如ERP)的集成.这将大大减少企业的手工干预,从而提高企业的业务处理速度和降低成本. 5 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 2)研究的因变量(Dependent variable) ) 2.1 意图(Intention) vs. 真实行为(Behavior) 意图( 真实行为( ) ) 以往大量文献都集中研究了用户对电子商务采纳或使用的意图[例如,3, 4, 6, 9, 10]. 这些文章关注的目标是"用户是否打算或计划在未来使用电子商务". 尽管行为意图很大程度上决定行为的产生, 但很多学者也指出了真正的采纳或使用行为还受到更多因素的影响. 例如, 即便使用意图本身很强烈, 知识壁垒或资源的缺乏都会阻碍或影响着用户对技术的使用过程[8]. 也有少量论文研究了用户对电子商务真正的使用[例如, 11]. Zhu et al. [5] 强5, 如调了电子商务采纳后的企业真实使用行为,因此他们的研究度量了使用的电子商务服务种类,在线服务的比例等实际使用指标. 2.2 最初采纳(Initial Adoption)vs. 持续使用(Retention/Loyalty/Continuance)最初采纳( 持续使用( ) ) 对于电子市场的用户来说,电子商务的使用不是一次性的.因此,相关的研究不仅仅应该强调最初的采纳决定, 而且更应该关注这些用户是否持续地使用电子商务, 以及对相关网站的忠诚度如何.以往的大部分文献都只是研究了电子商务最初采纳的行为或决定[例如, 1, 2], 相对比较少的文章关注了后续的使用, 对网站的忠诚, 用户的留存度等[例如, 13]. 12, 如Chen et al. [12] 研究了一个房屋中介的电子服务网站,研究发现网站,用户,以及在线中介的特点都影响了用户是否继续使用该网站服务,或是否选择另外一个中介. 3)使用的理论) 以往文献使用了很多不同的理论支持相关研究,主要的一些理论如下: 3.1 经济学理论在经济学的视角中, 技术的采纳基于效率的考虑. 一些研究人员已经利用微观经济学和交易成本(Transaction cost)等理论建立电子商务技术采纳和扩散的模型[14-16].例如,基于交易成本理论,Malone et al. [17]指出,一个企业将依据经济效率选择合适的电子商务方式(第三方的电子市场vs. 直接联系的EDI 系统) . 3.2 技术接受模型(Technology acceptance model TAM) 技术接受模型( ) 根据技术接受模型[18],感知有用性(Perceived usefulness)和感知易用性(Perceived ease of use)是使用态度(Attitude toward Using)的决定因素,进而影响到使用者的行为意愿(Behavior intention)和使用行为(Behavior).这个理论大量地被用于B2C 和C2C 电子商务研 6 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 究领域, 相关研究分析了电子商务网站服务的有用性和易用性如何影响了用户的采纳和使用决定.后续的研究在该理论的基础上也做了很多补充和完善,例如,Moon et al. [19] 在该模型中添加了一个感知趣味性(Perceived playfulness)的新变量,建议网站不仅仅要有用,易用,还要有趣.Venkatesh 和Davis 等学者也将技术接受模型进行延伸扩展,修改并重复测试后重新提出了新的技术接受模型(TAM2)和整合技术接受模型(UTAUT) [20, 21].另外两个与技术接受模型相关的是理性行为理论TRA,和计划行为理论TPB.它们也被广泛应用于电子商务研究领域. 3.3 创新扩散理论(Innovation diffusion theory - IDT) 另外一个被广泛使用的是创新扩散理论, 该理论指出创新技术的采纳和扩散取决于该技术本身的特点[22],这些特点包括了技术的相对优势,兼容性,复杂性等.因此,电子商务的相对优势影响该技术的采纳和使用[23].另外,这些技术的使用关系到多个合作伙伴和多种交易类型,这涉及不同的硬件,软件,网络协议和业务过程.因此,电子商务系统的兼容性和复杂性也影响其采纳和使用[24]. 3.4 网络效应理论网络效应理论指出某技术使用者的收益与由所有该技术的使用者组成的网络的大小正相关[25].这些收益包括基于这个技术的更多应用,更广泛的服务,和更丰富的知识共享等.因此,当有很多企业开始使用某电子商务网站时,其他企业将有更强的动机使用同一个网站[26].为了创造正向的网络外部性,电子商务的发起者应该资助其他的使用者加入该用户网络,以形成更大的用户网络和更强的外部效应[14, 15]. 3.4 制度理论(Institutional theory) ) 制度理论的核心支柱是组织趋同现象(Isomorphism),即组织之间具有相似的行为. DiMaggio 和Powell [27]认为有三个机制会导致组织趋同:强制机制(Coercive),模仿机制(Mimetic)和规范机制(Normative).同时,组织趋同性是竞争性过程和制度化过程的共同结果.例如Teo et al. [10] 发现上述三种机制造成的强制压力,模仿压力和规范压力很显著地影响了企业对EDI 系统的采纳. 7 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 3.5 组织间关系理论组织间关系理论(Relational View) 企业存在于价值链或价值网络中的,很多时候影响技术采纳的因素不仅局限于企业内部,而是分布于价值网络中.Dyer and Singh [28] 提出一个组织间关系理论去分析企业如何利用在价值网络中的资源和形成的能力去创造竞争优势. 这个视角包括了四个要素: 关系专属性资产(Relation-specific asset),知识共享渠道(Knowledge-sharing routine),互补的资源和能力(Complementary resources and capabilities),和有效的管理(Effective governance).例如,有效的管理中一个经常被研究的因素就是信任(Trust) ,很多学者研究了信任如何影响用户开始使用电子商务,愿意购买,以及持续的使用.其他诸如组织间学习,社会网络等因素也广泛被研究. 3.6 综合框架上述介绍表明,许多因素可能影响电子商务的采纳.为了取得一个全面的视角,很多综合框架已经被构建出来.技术-组织-环境框架(Technology–Organization–Environment, TOE) 框架是其中最常见的一个,而且已经被许多研究人员所采用[例如5, 6, 29].TOE 的框架是由Tornatzky 和Fleischer [30] 所构建.这个框架确定了三方面影响技术采纳的因素:技术方面,组织方面和环境方面.重要的技术因素包括技术的感知收益,复杂性,兼容性等特点[6, 29].组织因素反映了一个组织本身促进或遏制技术采纳的某些特点,如企业规模和技术能力等[3]. 环境因素包括了各种来自业界, 竞争对手, 贸易伙伴, 和政府的外部影响等[10]. 4)电子市场服务阶段划分) 互联网技术可以极大地影响销售中的信息流,资金流,和物流的服务[31, 32],但是像阿里巴巴等电子市场还是主要提供针对信息流和资金流方面的服务. 因此, 很多相关研究就直接将电子市场提供的服务与用户行为划分成两个阶段:获取信息与产品购买[33, 34].当然也有更多的研究将相关服务和行为分为三个阶段:购买前(Pre-purchase),购买中(During purchase),和购买后(Post-purchase) [35-37].购买前阶段主要涉及到买家获取产品和卖家信息,明确自己需求,产品和卖家评估, 比较, 以及讨价还价等活动.购买中就主要是下订单, 在线支付,收货等活动.购买后就主要涉及一些售后活动,例如通过用户评价,论坛等形式提供客户对产品和反馈信息等. 8 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 5) 影响因素影响因素接下来, 本文将基于以往的文献综合整理出影响电子商务采纳和使用的关键因素, 并把它们区分为六个主要维度.一些主要的因素归纳于下表(并不代表全部因素) . 产品产品描述复杂度,产品的标准化程度, 产品的可编码程度产品价格与采购频率,数字化产品,产品差异化程度环境地方环境:政府的电子就绪度,法律,信用,安全等外部压力:强制压力,模仿压力,规范压力产业环境:需求不确定性,市场波动性,产业集中度,市场力量电子就绪度,支持性行业电子就绪度电子商务网站系统质量:可用性,可靠性,反应速度,易使用性信息质量:相关性,准确性,可靠性,充分性,易懂性服务质量: :可靠性,响应性,保证性,移情性交易伙伴组织本身组织本身(态度) 依赖程度,合作经历,诚信,地域,规模高层的支持,组织规模,IT能力,经营战略感知收益,感知可用性,感知易用性信任,感知风险,感知控制度表一:关键因素分类5.1 产品一个企业的产品特点对该企业接受电子商务技术有重要的影响. 以往文献中已经总结了不同的产品特点: 产品描述复杂度- 根据市场交易理论[17, 38], 影响企业利用电子市场机制交易的一个重要影响因素是产品描述复杂度[1].产品描述复杂性被定义为描述特定的产品所需一切细节信息的总和. 描述复杂性是电子商务的障碍, 这类产品很难通过网络为网上购物提供足够的产品描述信息.例如,比起书籍和CD,纺织品受颜色,印花图案,工艺和原材料质量诸多因素影响, 描述的复杂程度很高, 买卖双方交易这类产品时就需要详细的产品描述信息[17, 39].很多相关的研究也介绍了相近的概念:如1)产品的标准化程度,产品标准化对复杂产品的交易起着很大推动作用, 通过简洁明确的属性信息描述的标准化产品便于在网络交易中降低描述的复杂程度[7];2) 产品的可编码程度,这个概念度量产品信息是否能够被9 *本研究受阿里巴巴青年学者支持计划资助(Ali-2010-A-9) 很精确地转换为电子信息,从而有利于用户在进行电子商务时可以准确找到想要的产品[40]. 价格与采购频率- Peterson et al.[32] 提出一个会影响网上交易的产品特性是价格和采购频率,他们把产品区别为低价易耗品(例如牛奶)和高价耐用品(例如电脑) .很多研究都指出因为物流成本和相对的低价,低价易耗品可能不太适合电子商务. 其他特性还包括: 1)数字化产品(如各种充值卡) vs. 实物产品; 2)产品差异化程度(如是否品牌产品) .这些特性都会对买家是否希望进行网上购物产生影响. 5.2 环境企业所处的环境对于其采纳和具体使用电子商务也有重要影响.主要因素归纳如下: 地方环境- 国内江浙一带电子商务非常流行,这不能不说与当地软环境(法律,信用, 安全等因素)有着紧密关系.政府可以通过提供支持性的基础建设,法律规范和电子商务使用指导等来促进企业使用这种新的业务方式,很多文章总结这个因素为政府的电子就绪度[41].在发展中国家的研究背景中,这一因素甚至会影响到已经采用电子商务企业的后续使用行为[41, 42].规范的法律和商务环境,会大大的降低网络交易的违约率,从法律层面增强对于电子交易保障,从而影响用户对于电子商务的风险感知程度,提高使用率[43]. 外部压力- 很多研究已经基于制度理论指出强制压力(Coercive pressures),模仿压力(Mimetic pressures)和规范压力(Normative pressures)会影响电子商务的采纳和使用.在中小企业参与类似阿里巴巴的B2B 电子市场时,可能。

电子商务专业大学外文文献(本科)

电子商务专业大学外文文献(本科)

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:On The E—Commerce BusinessDevelopment Is Inevitable文献、资料来源:网络文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2015。

3。

3院(部):专业:班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E—commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan,On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable。

Keywords: E—Commerce, E—Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE—commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency。

E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable,as has its unique advantages。

Today,enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce,one might get the winning edge。

电子商务毕业论文英文版《电子商务对我国国际贸易的影响及对策》

电子商务毕业论文英文版《电子商务对我国国际贸易的影响及对策》

The Influence of Electronic Commerce on China International Trade and Its Countermeasures 电子商务对我国国际贸易的影响及对策AbstractModern society means information society,and also means the age of computer technology. As the core of information, the development of e-commerce prospects is unpredictable. E-commerce plays a good role in promoting unified international market, trade efficiency and trade measures, and others. For our country, the development of e-commerce trade is essential to enhance the international competitiveness. In order to participate in international competition in the market better, to maintain the maximum benefits in the process of economic globalization and trade, people must pay attention to electronic business development and trends carefully. E-commerce is extremely important for the development of China's international trade. This paper will mainly discuss the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and in this environment, how China should develop e-commerce. This paper will discuss them in way of examples and analysis on the data. Many papers have discussed e-commerce in different ways. The focus of each paper is different. But since the era is developing, e-commerce issues are changing. There will be some new problems that never emerged, for example the current knowledge system of workers becomes increasingly important. In addition to the necessary foreign languages, business practices, financial management, traditional trading methods, these personals have been required having the necessary IT knowledge, knowledge of network technology and network practical skills, and have to constantly update. Otherwise, it is difficult to adapt to e-commerce age in carrying out international trade. Therefore, the study only in the current context is most valuable.Key words:electronic commerce; International trade; competitiveness; the development of economyContentI. Introduction (1)Ⅱ.Theoretical overview of e-commerce (3)2.1 Definition and characteristics of e-commerce (3)2.2 The development and types of the electronic commerce (4)III.The Function of Electronic Commerce in International trade (5)3.1 The unique advertising (5)3.2 Timely and efficient consultation discussion (6)3.3 Electronic accounts (6)IV. E-commerce impact on China's international trade (6)4.1 The positive impact (7)4.2 The negative impact (8)V.The status and the problemsof China's e-commerce in international trade (9)5.1 A strong momentum and great potential of electronic commerce (10)5.2 Imbalance between regions (11)5.3 Insecurity (11)5.4 Imperfections of e-commerce hardware (11)5.5 Harmonization issues (12)VI. The e-commerce development measures in international trade (12)6.1 Strengthening the guide of e-commerce development (12)6.2 Strengthening the studies of the technical safety (12)6.3 Strengthening the environment for the development ofe-commerce in legal system (13)6.4 Speeding up the construction of network infrastructure. (14)6.5 Promoting enterprises to participate in e-commerce. (14)6.6 Training the electrical businessmen in China (14)VII. Conclusion (16)ReferencesAcknowledgementsI. IntroductionModern society means information society, and also the age of widely used in computer technology. As the core of information, the development of e-commerce prospects are unpredictable, e-commerce plays a good role in promoting unified international market, trade efficiency and trade measures, and others. For our country, the development of e-commerce trade is essential to enhance the international competitiveness. In order to participate in international competition in the market better, to maintain the maximum benefits in the process of economic globalization and trade, we must pay attention to electronic business development and trends carefully. So that we can explore e-commerce development in the law, and find out how these laws impact on international trade. Discerning the negative impact and the positive impact of the law is the key. (Elahi, Alireza Hassanzadeh,2009,(29): 27-36.)Then depending on the conditions and forms of these laws to take measures actively to enhance the international competitiveness of enterprises so that enterprises can gain advantage in the fierce international competition, maintain business development fast, active, and healthy. With the rapid development of Internet, e-commerce has penetrated in the process in a variety of business dealings. It has been a trade way in businesses enterprises, and individuals, as well as a transaction between the individual and the individual .The world's richest man Bill Gates said: "The 21st century is either e-commerce, or no business can be." Alibaba founder Jack Ma also said:" Now you do not do e-commerce, after five years, you will definitely regret it." or e-commerce, or no business can be, this is the inevitable result of technological development. In the rapid development of society, people are gradually enjoying quick and easy way of life. So in this context, in order to meet the people's growing demand, companies have to pay attention to the development of the line. People cannot say all sectors in the future will choose to shop online, but now various areas of online shopping trends are becoming evident. The importance of e-commerce will become increasingly large, at leastcompared to the sales way down, the line wide. In recent years, many believe that people can feel the strong development of Jing dong, Ali Baba and other giants. Now, if companies do not realize the increasing sense of crisis, it must be extremely dangerous. In this case, the development of e-commerce is an inevitable trend. Today's society is the information society, is the fast to swallow the slow. This is the result of competition in all areas of society as a whole. It does not allow you to choose, but also have no choice. The only choice is to quickly understand the information, take the initiative fast, so that you can quickly grab opportunity. Such a move would be the first step of the companies to be strong.The impact that electronic commerce on social development, particularly in the economic aspect, this kind study of the problem is increasing. In the domestic, on the topic of e-commerce for international trade and its countermeasures, many seniors have done the research. For example, electricity in the "Economic Research Guide", (2012,29 period; 171-172) Liu Dianwei has analyzed and researched on the development of international e-commerce for international trade and Chinese coping strategies, and proposed strategies from government, business .Furthermore, Yang Yanchun , in the "Jilin Institute of Education", (2011,04 period: 109-111) from the basic functions of e-commerce, has do some superficial analysis on the impact of electronic commerce on international trade , and also says some advises about the development of international trade from information infrastructure construction, foreign trade rights of enterprises, technology research, relevant laws and regulations and international cooperation, and countermeasures development of international trade. Ma Xiaowei has described exhaustively in his analysis of China's electricity problems, clearly stated the advantages of full use of the electricity supplier (low cost, high efficiency, information flow benefits). In abroad, C. Freund and D. Weinhold have analyzed 60 countries in e-commerce applications, summed up the impact of the e-comers on trade increasingly significant, especially in reducing risk and lowering costs. I through some data has analyzed the impacton exports from e-commerce electricity supplier for some companies, drawn that using e-commerce supplier companies had been much better over unused companies in benefit. In these studies, the application of e-comers in international trade can increase their competitive advantage.E-commerce is extremely important for the development of China's international trade. This paper will mainly discuss the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and in this environment, how China should develop e-commerce. It will discuss them in way of examples and analysis on the data. Emerged research perspectives are similar, and discuss from the emergence of e-commerce, international trade, business impact .The focus of each paper is similar. But since the era is developing, e-commerce issues are changing. There will be some new problems that never emerged, such as the current knowledge system of workers becomes increasingly important. In addition to the necessary foreign languages, business practices, financial management, traditional trading methods, these personals have been required having the necessary IT knowledge, knowledge of network technology and network practical skills, and have to constantly update. Otherwise, it is difficult to adapt to e-commerce times in carrying out international trade. Therefore, the study only in the current context is most valuable.Ⅱ. Theoretical overview of e-commerce2.1 Definition and characteristics of e-commerceE-commerce is divided into the broad e-commerce and the narrowed-commerce. The broad means that the application of information technology to carry out all business activities; in a narrow sense, it means to conduct e-commerce with the application of network E-commerce transactions have many characters like virtualization, coordination, the reasonable allocation of social resources, high transaction efficiency, lower transaction costs, and integration. Virtualization means in the trade both sides, without face to face. People carry business dealings through the network, including thecirculation of the entire transaction process. Coordination refers to transactions to coordinate their producers and suppliers and between. It also includes e-mail exchanges, management system operation and so on. According to the process, computers automatically deal the raw material procurement, distribution, production, etc. (Fang Meiqi,2002:158-200).This efficiency is out of reach compared with the traditional efficiency. To optimize the allocation of resources refers to that the convenience of e-commerce makes those enterprises who take the lead in using e-comers obtain all aspects advantages, making social capital, raw materials, high utilization rate of material and manpower turn to the efficiency enterprise. Low transaction cost refers to that the communication cost is reduced, including online advertising, lower manpower cost, and no paper trade. Integration refers to that in order to complete the task efficiently, the electricity business coordinate the old and new technology, standardize work process, make both parties more effective in using of existing technology.2.2 The development and types of the electronic commerceE-commerce is a kind of new things; its development is the unity of twists and forward. The prototype of the electronic commerce is cables in the early 1960s, later fax machines, electronic data interchange (edit) have been applied in our trade practice. At the end of 1995, along with the computer, network is a novel phenomenon in our daily life, attracting web site development. Some companies in this time do not fear to develop electronic commerce. Soon after, electronic commerce develops rapidly in China. Some nouns about electronic commerce appeared in the life. Goods ordering system in China, the Guangzhou trade fair, e-commerce bidding activities, online mall develop rapidly in the second half of 1999.1997-1999 is the bud period of e-comers, some behalf of the event like : in 1997 the first industry in China portal, China chemical information network is funding. In 1999, the first C2C electronic business platform of embay established in our country, China merchants’bank started full implementation of online banking services.2000-2002 is the continuing adjustment. Slow development in 2003-2005: established by Alibaba,taobao owned investment of 100 million Yuan, in the same year, pay treasure application launch in October. Hc-Web in 2003 became the first listed company in B2B e-commerce, first network business is held in 2004. 2006-2007 is in a rapid development state. These two years, the traditional industry and e-commerce make a further integration .In 2007, Alababa is listed in Hong Kong, a total financing of 1.69 billion, a move that has created the world's second largest Internet company financing.2008-2010 are developing years.In 2008, in order to actively cope with the financial crisis, rapid growth appears in e-commerce. Vancl raises $40 million, represented by Li Ning, clothing online shopping has changed the traditional sales channels; B2B turnover reached 3 trillion, C2C, the B2C online shopping reached 150 billion. In 2009, it became 250 billion. By 2010, more than 60% of the domestic brand enterprises join in the new mall, setting up the enterprise in name of their own independent online store.There are five basic classifications of e-comers: between enterprise and the consumer (B2C), such as jingdong; E-commerce (B2B) between enterprises such as Alababa, hc-net; between consumers (C2C) e-commerce such as taobao; electronic commerce between enterprise and the government (B2G).The most common of them are B2B and B2C. (Pather, S, Remenyi, Dan. 2006, 9(1):15-26).III. The Function of Electronic Commerce in China International tradeE-commerce can provide online transactions and management for all size enterprises; it has the following distinctive features: unique advertising, timely and efficient consulting, online ordering and payment, electronic account and other functions. These functions ensure the advantages of efficient and convenient in operation of the e-commerce in trade, reducing costs and others cost.3.1 The unique advertisingCustomers can browse online publishing about all kinds of business information, commodity information. Using retrieval tools to find thetarget and its related category of goods, the enterprises can make full use of the web pages and email in the network so that can reach the scope to advertise themselves, always keeping the propaganda in the line of sight of people.3.2 Timely and efficient consultation discussionPictures show physical commodities and specifications information by mail (E-mail) and other media to the customer. Enterprises through online discussion group (chat) to understand the target product information and discuss the process of transactions.( Elizabeth E. Grandona, J.Michael Pearson. 2004, 42(1):97-216.)Board meeting is also available online (Whiteboard Conference) to discuss. Network gives electricity the chances to break the limit of time and space to negotiate.3.3 Ordering and payment onlineWhen customers glance over the goods then negotiate and determinate the purchase of goods. The customers make order through Internet, and electronic payment on the internet. Finally the transaction is completed. Through the application system, e-comers make the identification and ensure to complete customer orders information in a state of preservation and confidentiality.3.4 Electronic accountsBoth of the seller and the buyer must have their own electronic account as well as electronic funds, generally with bank cards, credit cards for online operation. The electronic payment has already been convoyed by electronic banking operation.IV. E-commerce impact on China's international tradeEspecially when China has joined the WTO, the domestic international trade is under the impetus of the e-commerce facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. So in February 1996, ministry of foreign trade in our country established the international trade EDI service center - China international electronic commerce center. It is dedicated to research, construction and operation in Chinainternational electronic commerce engineering.On the basis of the Internet, with both parties as the main body, the means of electronic payment of the electronic commerce is growing worldwide, and has become a strong momentum of world economic development in the new century. The development of electronic commerce continues to have significant influence on international trade in our country, mainly reflected in the following aspects:4.1 The positive impact4.1.1 Promoting the division of labors in international, increase the turnover of multinational companies year by year.Under the information society, the international division of labor gradually deepens, promoting the optimization of resources in the international flowing. Raw materials and technology elements achieve the sharing. The emergence of the multinational company and its subsidiaries make a huge expansion within the global. This action fully promotes the play of the resource advantage, coordinating the international productivity. (Ying Xiaofan, 2011, (11): 53-54) The global supply and demand information become more accurate and stable to make the multinational trade grow fast.4.1.2 Promoting the growth of services in international tradeThe whole industry chain becomes electric, internationalized, and makes the company trade reach any place. Time and location limitations cannot be limiting conditions, which save costs in international communication in a large part. International talent training, medical treatment, and product development realize the international trade in services. (Han Chunyan《Monthly Magazine》2008,01期:71-73)Housebound trade, at the same time, also contributes to the product structure of the company in a more great state under the global resources.4.1.3 The positive effect to the foreign trade company and to all kinds of enterprisesFirst is the function of ad. The Internet has web pages to introduce products, manufacturers, companies and national trade database and so on. Through these information, it comprehensively shows company'sstrength which can attract the best international partners. It can also make enterprises produce an international and famous brand effect. (Yang Chunyan,2011,04,109-111) In this way, they will achieve a big market which can expand market in overseas to improve international competitiveness. Followed by is the intelligence function on the Internet, there is tracking service, which is used to know the information of the clients, and competition status of the company. Through the network, people can monitor the changes of international market policies, grasp the latest market dynamics; Finally the business functions, such as China commodity trading center of CCEC information network, show that the emerging e-commerce system towards to the high quality service and provides business, information and others of multi-function integrated organization.4.1.4 Promoting the international technology trade in vigorous developmentTechnology products and each tech product upgrade cycles are getting shorter, facing increasingly fierce competition at the same time. Spreading within the global, information technology and the increasing popularity of technology appear in a variety of products. Productivity is rising, presenting a tendency of increasing international technology trade in service.4.2 The negative impactDo not underestimate the negative impact of electronic commerce. The negative influence becomes big, the big of resistance. Its negative impact is mainly manifested in the following respects:4.2.1 Web search functionMore than one seller sells the same products, how to find the need of consumers? After inputting the key words in the search engine, database will help to screen, but the network selection function will be partial by business monopoly, setting up by men. And according to the NEC research, when customers are screening, half of the pages will be ignored because of the limited scope of the search engine's index.4.2.2 The worry of the security in transitionThere is more convenient, there is more dangerous. Electronicpayment bring convenience, at the same time ,also come some electronic hackers, stealing credit card information, stealing data transmission process, resulting in money loss of both parties and important information being stolen. These events have been affecting the development of electronic commerce.4.2.3 The lack of standardization of the operating systemEach country is different; the electricity business activity way is different too. In the global business activities, e-commerce is lack of international standard operating procedures, and different from each other. (Zhang Cheng,KuangYaJie.2011,(5): 109-110) So we should establish a global standard of operation, making the business and better electrical connected well.4.2.4 The lack of a systematic logistics distributionTrade both sides blame each other and these events are mainly concerned in time because of losing the right time. Some seasonal, short-term commodity can’t get the goods on time, producing many logistics cases in international litigation .Therefore, establishing specialized systematic logistics is an important factor to promote the development of electricity.4.2.5 The legal problems of electricity contractThe paper contract is not suitable for electronic trading and the emergence of new electronic contract is difficult to distinguish .Now, the law has no regulations about electronic contract, electronic contract disputes are more and more difficult.Besides, the negative impact of the electricity business is also reflected in the spread of information, false advertising, the sale of customer information, information pollution, and information on crime. It can bring serious impact on health of enterprises and consumers.V. The status and the problems of China's e-commercein internationaltrade developmentThe emergence of e-commerce is a manifestation of economicdevelopment, the status quo of China's economy determines the status of e-commerce-commerce but also promotes the economic development. China's economy is in the golden period of development. There are many problems of rapid development of economy, the same to the e-comers in this environment. The emergence of a new thing has to meet various challenges. Compared with some developed countries, it started late but the momentum is strong, for various electricity comers sites appear one after another in all areas of the electricity comers, such as education, games, travel and so on. The areas were covered from inland to the coastal.5.1 A strong momentum and great potential of electronic commerceIt requires a process to accept new things; a correct understanding of the electricity comers is to follow an important step in the information society. (Robert Thames. Pursue E-business or Die.Strategic.Finance, Vo1.8 1No.9 2000)Lynx international data made us see the huge potential of China's retail market.Current Situation of e-commerce as follows:5.2 Imbalance between regionsImbalances between regions are in the various development problems. The huge difference in the southeast coast and the Midwest always comes first. The development of e-commerce is gathered in most coastal cities. Northwest regional development of e-comers faces the biggest problems. In order to promote the balanced development of e-commerce, the need for regional support must be carried. Strengthening human cultivation and distribution can realize the sharing of resources in e-comers.5.3 InsecuritySecurity is the key to e-commerce operation, because many large and small sellers and buyers are concerned about security, commodity authenticity and security issues, transaction security issues, trade secrets and so on. On the one hand, the contract is the most important insurance so that large enterprises have to put attention. But the relevant legal documents electronic contracts are not in place, many traders are still blocked. Cross-border e-commerce disputes make it easier for business losses. There are many differences between countries in e-commerce legislation. How to ensure the best interests of the enterprise? If these cannot be guaranteed, the full realization of e-commerce is just on paper.5.4 Imperfections of e-commerce hardwareHardware facilities mainly include electronic configuration, network speed, and information security. As China's economic strength is less powerful than developed countries, information technology is far behind and electronic core technology still needs assistance of developed countries. Many software developers have to buy the right of developed countries to use in our own. There are so many to do to improve low speeds, slow, poor operating environment and the high operating costs of electronic , logistics and distribution needs in e-commerce ,but as well as the faith of consumers.5.5 Harmonization issuesE-comers require running all aspects cooperated, including banking, insurance, logistics, and tax, legal and so on. In order to make efficient operation of the electricity comers, these sectors should cooperate well together .If not, it will cause a series of problems.VI. The e-commerce development measures in international tradeProblems that existing in the development of e-business in China, people should take countermeasures, which mainly should be focused on the following five aspects6.1 Strengthening the guide of e-commerce developmentOur country's information technology is working badly, because there is a big problem in keeping talents and the shortage of capital, government monopoly on the management of information technology, as well as high strength control of information technology. The electricity enterprises in our country cannot get government support, losing market dynamics. So some small businesses even face insolvency, which will destroy them in a short time .If the government doesn't actively help electricity business enterprise to develop, our country's electricity will be very difficult to step forward, even rejected by the public, which can cause trauma to our country's economy. If government units other departments, attaches great importance to the electricity of our country in the future prospects and does some practical planning, then, e-commerce will ushers in an unprecedented prosperity.6.2 Strengthening the studies of the technical safetyIn the operation of the electronic commerce, it is the safety, which is the most critical problem. In the process of electronic account dealings, security is the most concern to the both parties. When electronic commerce capital circulation links in the network can't get the protest of password techniques and firewall technology and so on, then thetraditional trading and paper-based transaction would be more trusted in the modern society. In the process of the development of the electronic computers, there are so many security problems, such as backward technology, virus infection, and hacker level become more and more strong. These problems are always there and the electronic commerce based on the run, so it really puts us in worrying. In order to guarantee line trading to be successful, ensure all online electronic exchanges to be more safe and reliable than paper, these technical problems of the computer itself must be solved. The commerce involves the electronic contract, electronic signature technology such as identification method, password protection, firewall technology, which must be able to get a concentrated solution. If a problem comes, it will be completely annihilated. It is very urgent to set up technology elite team, improve the network environment, and ensure the safety of electronic trading.6.3 Strengthening the environment for the development of e-commerce in legal systemWith the globalization of all kind of economy, trade has become increasingly blurred, which promotes the electronic commerce reaching all around the world in the progress of sourcing, producing, and sailing. How to protect the legitimate rights and interests of both parties in the globalization? It needs the joint efforts of all countries. The differences between terms should be agreed after a discussion. At the moment, the international cooperation is particularly important. To formulate a set of generally applicable national laws and regulations of electricity is very important, which will involve the reform laws in the electronic commerce and signature authentication. National laws and regulations must be clear in the responsibility between the national networks. The problem of privacy must be guaranteed. Trademark, domain name system of technology property right transaction identity discrimination, electronic documents and other issues must be addressed and specified as soon as possible.。

电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文
献综述
本文综述了电子商务发展的相关中英文资料对照的外文翻译文献。

以下是对资料的简要介绍:
1. 文献一:《电子商务的定义和发展趋势》
这篇文献探讨了电子商务的定义,以及电子商务在不同行业中的发展趋势。

它提供了对电子商务未来发展的洞察和预测。

2. 文献二:《电子商务平台的优势与特点》
这篇文献分析了电子商务平台的优势和特点,包括方便的购物体验、快速的交易过程和全球化的市场覆盖等,以及对传统商业模式的影响。

3. 文献三:《电子商务对传统零售业的影响》
这篇文献研究了电子商务对传统零售业的影响,包括购物方式的变化、消费者行为的改变和市场竞争的加剧等方面。

4. 文献四:《电子商务的安全性和隐私问题》
这篇文献讨论了电子商务所面临的安全性和隐私问题,包括网
络支付的安全性、个人信息保护和网络欺诈等方面的挑战。

5. 文献五:《电子商务的法律和政策环境》
这篇文献研究了电子商务的法律和政策环境,包括电子合同的
法律效力、网络交易纠纷解决机制和网络经济发展政策等方面的内容。

综上所述,这些文献对于理解电子商务的发展趋势、优势特点、对传统零售业的影响以及面临的安全性和法律问题等具有重要意义。

电子商务外文文献

电子商务外文文献

电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。

在这个日益数字化的时代,电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。

本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状,探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。

The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响:外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及,电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务,或者电子贸易,或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式,将对社会经济产生深远的影响,并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。

电子商务论文中英文文献电子商务论文参考文献

电子商务论文中英文文献电子商务论文参考文献

电子商务论文中英文文献电子商务论文参考文献电子商务论文参考文献:一、中文文献:[1] 朱鹏飞. 电子商务中供应链管理的问题与对策[J]. 经济经纬,2015(4): 34-38.[2] 李晓荣, 李明. 电子商务在我国经济发展中的作用研究[J]. 科技导报, 2017, 35(6): 98-102.[3] 王志强, 高敬德, 田丰. 电子商务发展对物流业的影响及对策[J].物流技术, 2019, 38(2): 45-50.[4] 张红, 刘晓刚. 电子商务对传统商业模式的影响分析[J]. 经济改革与发展, 2016(5): 56-61.[5] 刘洪理. 移动互联网环境下的电子商务创新模式探讨[D]. 中国人民大学硕士学位论文, 2020.[6] 马云. 电子商务的发展趋势与趋势分析[J]. 中国电子商务, 2018(8): 16-20.二、英文文献:[7] Turban E, Lee J K, King D, et al. Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective[M]. Springer, 2015.[8] Song J, Duan Y. Social commerce research: An integrated view[J]. Information & Management, 2019, 56(3): 1-14.[9] Yang Z, Cai S, Zhou Z. Development and validation of an instrument to measure user perceived service quality of information presenting web portals[J]. Information & Management, 2005, 42(4): 575-589.[10] Cho Y, Lee H. The impact of post-purchase regrets on online impulse buying[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2018, 82: 127-136.[11] Chen Y H, Barnes S, Scornavacca E. The role of e-commerce in higher education: Case study of online resource sharing and learning[J]. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 2013, 23(1-2): 64-87.[12] Lee S M, Lee D H. The effect of product involvement, knowledge, and satisfaction on purchase-decision involvement toward electronic word-of-mouth on social networking service[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2019, 98: 54-64.以上是关于电子商务论文参考文献的示例。

最新电子商务英文参考文献

最新电子商务英文参考文献

最新电子商务英文参考文献引言电子商务是指通过电子手段进行的商业活动,包括线上购物、在线支付、电子营销等。

随着信息技术的快速发展,电子商务已成为了当前经济发展的重要组成部分。

为了更好地了解和研究电子商务领域的最新发展动态,本文将介绍一些最近的英文参考文献,以供读者参考和学习。

文献一:E-commerce: Pricing Models and Its Challenges该文献由Li et al.(2021)[1]所撰写,主要介绍了电子商务中的定价模型及其面临的挑战。

研究人员通过对电子商务领域大量的数据进行分析和研究,提出了几种常见的电子商务定价模型,如固定定价、动态定价和拍卖定价等。

同时,文献也阐述了电子商务定价模型所面临的挑战,如市场不确定性、价格敏感性等。

该文献对于电子商务定价模型的选择和应用具有重要的参考价值。

文献二:Customer Trust in E-commerce: A Survey该文献由Wang et al.(2020)[2]所撰写,通过对电子商务领域的消费者进行调查和分析,研究了消费者对电子商务平台的信任问题。

研究人员发现,消费者对电子商务平台的信任是影响其购买意愿的关键因素。

该文献详细介绍了消费者对电子商务平台信任的构成要素,如平台可靠性、信息安全性等,并提出了提高消费者信任的策略和建议。

这对于电子商务平台提升用户体验和促进交易完成具有重要的指导意义。

文献三:The Impact of Social Media on E-commerce该文献由Lee et al.(2019)[3]所撰写,研究了社交媒体对电子商务的影响。

研究人员通过对社交媒体和电子商务平台进行大量的数据分析,发现社交媒体在推动电子商务发展方面起到了积极的作用。

文献中详细介绍了社交媒体对电子商务的影响机制,如社交媒体营销、社交媒体口碑等,并提出了利用社交媒体推动电子商务发展的策略和方法。

该文献对于了解社交媒体在电子商务领域的作用具有重要的参考价值。

电子商务论文中英文文献_电子商务论文参考文献

电子商务论文中英文文献_电子商务论文参考文献

电子商务论文中英文文献_电子商务论文参考文献电子商务论文中英文文献(一)[1]梁静着.销售互动中的说服效果:给予消费者说服应对的视角[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2022:37-38.[2]银成钺,杨雪,王影.基于关键事件技术的服务业顾客问互动行为研究[J].预测:2022:15-20.[3]蒋婷,胡正明.服务接触中游客间互动行为研究--基于关键事件技术的方法[J].旅游学刊.[37]张岳.信任与感知风险对客户网络购物意愿的影响研究[J].商业经济,2022(392),2:150-86-91.[4]黄莹,朱建荣.网络口碑质量对服装消费者购买意愿影响的实证研究[J].现代商业,2022:22-24.[5]綦晓燕.网络购物感知风险的研究综述[J].科技创业月刊,2022(11),144-146.[6]冯建英,穆维松,傅泽田.消费者的购买意愿研究综述[J].现代管理科学,2006(11):7-9.[7]李宛颖.在线销售考虑因素之研究[D].高雄:中山大学,1999:37-38.[8]井森,周颖,王方华.网上购物感知风险的实证研究[J].系统管理学报,2006,2(16):164-169.[9]孙瑾着.消费者服务购买决策过程的影响机制研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2022:47-50.[10]吴佩勋.感知质量和感知风险对自有品牌购买意愿的影响[J].中国流通经济,2022(2):83-89.[11]TanS.J.Strategieforreducingconumer'rikaverioninInternetS hopping[J].JournalofConumerMarketing,1999(16):163-180.[12]李小梅,李定家.网络购物之降低风险策略研究[J].第一届网站经营学术暨实务研讨会论文集,2000:132-136.[13]LibaiB.,BoltonR.,BügelM.S.,etal.Cutomer-to-cutomerinteraction:Broadeningthecopeofwordofmouthreearch[J].Jour nalofServiceReearch.2022(13):267-282.[14]LangeardE,BateonJEG,LovelockCH,etal.Servicemarketing:New inightfromconumerandmanager.Cambridgema[R].MarketingScienceIntit ute.1981:467-487.电子商务论文中英文文献(二)[1]郑怀望.陕西装备制造产业集群发展中的政府治理分析[D].西北大学2022[2]陈加新.辽宁装备制造产业升级研究[D].沈阳师范大学2022[3]王缉慈.创新的空间--企业集群与区域发展[M].北京大学出版社.2002[4]杨瑾,尤建新.基于快速响应的产业集群与供应链系统集成效应研究[J].华东经济管理.2006,(2):58-62[5]黎继子,刘春玲.集群式供应链的界定和表征研究[J].软科学,2006(5):5-8.[6]黎继子,刘春玲.集群式供应链:产业集群和供应链的耦合[J].现代经济探讨.2006,(5):5-9[7]李延朋.河南省装备制造企业价值链升级的机理与路径研究[D].郑州大学2022[8]徐伟.区域性装备制造企业集群战略、整合机制及其实施[D].沈阳工业大学2004[9]郑业卿.郑州市物流产业集群竞争力的实证研究[D].陕西师范大学2022[10]黄永春,郑江淮,杨以文,谭洪波.全球价值链视角下长三角出口导向型产业集群的升级路径研究[J].科技进步与对策.2022(17)[11]程永军,丁薇,刘昌卫,孙长宜.辽宁产业集群发展研究[J].中国工程咨询.2007(05)[12]王叶峰.产业集群供应链风险管理透析--以浙江服装产业为例[J].中国国情国力.2022(12)[13]王国跃,李海海.我国装备制造业产业集群发展模式及对策[J].经济纵横.2022(12)[14]李柏勋,黎继子.集群式供应链多周期随机库存系统模型与仿真[J].统计与决策,2007(2):134-136.[15]吕晓东.集群式供应链协同模式分析[J].现代商贸工业,2022(23):21-22.电子商务论文中英文文献(三)[1]罗正齐.港口经济学[M].上海:学院出版社,1991[2]汪旭东,杜麒栋.关于集装箱港口群发展的思考[J].水运管理,1999,(4):2~4[3]陈航,栾维新.港口和城市互动的理论与实证研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2022:2[4]丁永健.港口治理机制研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2022:142[5]丁永健.港口治理机制研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2022:14一146[6]杜麒栋.中国港口年鉴(2022)[M],北京:中国港口杂志社,2022:461M65.[7]黄大明,陈福星.港口经济学[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1990[8]陈淼,邵俊岗.国外港口群竞争合作对我国的启示[J].中国港口,2007,(4):4749[9]侯玉梅,刘净利.我国煤炭港口运输状况分析[J].企业导报,2022,(15):106.[10]陈宁,胡良德.我国沿海港口城市临港工业发展的分析[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(4):546^549[13]HoareAG,Britihportandtheire某porthinterland:Arapidlychanginggeography[J].GeografikaAnnaler,19 78,68(B):29-40。

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%,and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce".In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe".On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work".In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation &Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal".In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated,for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try,National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why?That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover(1,300 billion US dollars), and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network).Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文:电子商务电子商务或电子贸易,电子商业,或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响,经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

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The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded、The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users、Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential、The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true、The raw numbers tell only part of the story、According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion、That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1、6% of total retail sales、The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world、But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry、For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce、InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia、com and hotels、com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online、Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide)、They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada、And there is more、The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internetauction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer、Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet、Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion、So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger、But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world、That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce、To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour、One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay、More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers、The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals、Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy、Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1)、Different countries have different habits、In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet、But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split、Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items、Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America、People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide、Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a muc h bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future、This has enormous implications for business、 A company that neglects its website may becommitting commercial suicide、A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online、A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away、But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results、For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet、The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber、The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet、And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television、All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft、The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic、Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies、But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition、People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying、Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige、What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago、For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration、“I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant、Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online、In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney、They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself、It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle、If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on、“The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operatingofficer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want、”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them、The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices、“We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive、Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food、Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things、And so do the millions of people who use eBay、And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets、Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets、But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time、Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half、Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade、That would represent a massive shift in spending、How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms、There are already signs of change on the high street、The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online、To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge、Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website、But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders、One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer、So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade、But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and productinformation quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow、Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy、This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets、。

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