北京科技大学考博英语真题常见分词及其解析
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：52
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Eyespots, the most rudimentary eyes, are found in protozoan flagellates, flatworms, and segmented worms.问题1选项A.principalB.perceptiveC.primitiveD.persistent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
rudimentary表示“基本的，退化的，未发展的”；A项principal“主要的，资本的”，B项perceptive“洞察力强的，思维敏捷的”，C项primitive“原始的，远古的”，D项persistent“执着的，坚持不懈的”。
句意：眼斑存在于原生动物鞭毛虫、扁虫和分节虫中，是未发展的眼睛。
根据句意可知，rudimentary在句子中表示“原始的，未进化的”意思，只有C项符合。
故该题选择C项正确。
2.单选题Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.问题1选项A.more wealthytB.less successfultC.dismissed earliertD.favorably positioned【答案】D【解析】考查词语辨析。
主语是students （学生），根据句子语境推测better off表示“表现好，排名靠前”；A项wealthy“富有的”，它的比较级形式是wealthier；B项less successful“不太成功”，C项dismissed earlier“更早淘汰”，D项favorably positioned“很好的排名，排名靠前”。
句意：那些为考试做了充分准备的学生排名靠前。
根据句意可知D项正确。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第20期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Diesel engines provide excellent mileage, but they are relatively noisy and their acceleration is sluggish.问题1选项A.unevenB.loudC.slowD.hard【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
sluggish表示“萧条的，迟钝的”；A项uneven“不均匀的，不平坦的”，B 项loud“大声的，喧闹的”，C项slow“慢的，减速的”，D项hard“努力的，硬的”。
句意：柴油发动机提供优良的里程，但它们相对嘈杂，加速缓慢。
根据句意可知，sluggish在句子中表示“缓慢的”，四个选项中只有slow符合。
故该题选择C项正确。
2.单选题Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community’s health.问题1选项A.destructionB.contributionC.chargeD.origin【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。
toll表示“代价”；A项destruction“损害，破坏”，B项contribution“贡献”，C项charge“费用”，D项origin“起源，出身”。
句意：贫穷和卫生保健不足损害了社区的健康质量。
根据句意可知A项正确。
3.单选题It was（）that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.问题1选项A.addictedB.allegedC.assaultedD.ascribed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项addict“使沉迷，使上瘾”，B项allege“宣称，断言”，C项assault“攻击，袭击”，D项ascribe“归因于，归咎于”。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：33
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The visiting professor was so（）in his field that many of our faculty members became nervous in his presence.问题1选项A.imminentB.eminentC.precedentD.prudent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项imminent“即将来临的，迫近的”，B项eminent“杰出的，有名的”，C项precedent“在前的，在先的”，D项prudent“谨慎的，精明的”。
根据关键词visiting professor （客座教授）可知，空格部分应该修饰人，A、C选项排除；根据后面的从句many of our faculty members became nervous in his presence（许多教员一见到他就紧张起来）可知，D项不太符合句意，故B项正确。
句意：这位客座教授在他的领域内是如此的杰出，以至于我们的许多教员一见到他就紧张起来。
故该题选择B 项正确。
2.单选题This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized（）.问题1选项A.presentationB.instructionC.convictionD.obligation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
A项presentation“展示，描述”，B项instruction“指令，命令，教导”，C项conviction“定罪，确信”，D项obligation“义务，职责”；根据句子语境“这所学校承诺缩小班级规模，提供更个性化的……”可知，只有B项符合。
句意：这所学校承诺要缩小班级规模，提供更加个性化的教学。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：13
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Global warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont, Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries. Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. “Wouldn’t it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn’t it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action,” Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley’s research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn’t predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider. “This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it’s part of that because we’re not going to get along with each other if we’re not getting along with the planet,” Alley said.1. According to Alley the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming（）.2. Alley’s research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by（）.3. The word “upbeat” (in Paragraph 3) probably means（）.4. What does Alley suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?5. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into（）.问题1选项A.can be easedtB.can be endedtC.will become worsetD.will last for decadest问题2选项A.abrupt changes in atmospheric patternstB.subtle changes in atmospheric patternstC.humans’ burning of fossil fueltD.increasing levels of carbon dioxidet问题3选项A.pessimistictB.optimistictC.worriedtD.insensiblet问题4选项A.To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.tB.To start a political, scientific and economic debate.tC.To take action to burn no fossil fuels.tD.To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.t问题5选项A.a region like SiberiatB.a warmer and warmer placetC.a tropical regiontD.a place like North Pole【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：37
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The detective and his assistant have begun to（）the mysterious murder.问题1选项e throughB.look intoC.make overD.see to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。
A项come through“经历，安然度过”，B项look into“调查，观察”，C项make over“转让，移交”，D项see to“注意，负责”。
根据前面的关键词detective and his assistant （侦探和他的助手），可猜测空格部分应该表示“调查”。
句意：侦探和他的助手已经开始调查那宗神秘的谋杀案。
故该题选择B项正确。
2.单选题There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.问题1选项A.on occasionB.at presentC.by nowD.for sure【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。
at times表示“有时，偶尔”；A项on occasion“有时，偶尔”，B项at present“目前，现在”，C项by now“到目前为止”，D项for sure“确实，毫无疑问”。
句意：关于谁将接管公司，不时有一些猜测。
根据句意可知，选择A项正确。
3.单选题Poverty and i nadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community’s health.问题1选项A.destructionB.contributionC.chargeD.origin【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。
toll表示“代价”；A项destruction“损害，破坏”，B项contribution“贡献”，C项charge“费用”，D项origin“起源，出身”。
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其精解
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其精解1.The studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit is likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.A.not soB.not muchC.no lessD.no more2.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery,and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine, that seems merciful criminal.A.neverthelessB.otherwiseC.or elseD.rather than3.When we arrived,he found the aged and the sick at home.A.none butB.none other thanC.nothing butD.no other than4.I hope all the precautions against air pollution,are suggested by the local government,will be seriously considered here.A.asB.whileC.afterD.since5.Most of is on American television are programs designed to appeal to people who go into the supermarkets and buy the products that are advertised on TV.A.whichB.thatC.whateverD.what6.To understand the situation completely requires more thought than thus far.A.has givenB.was givenC.being givenD.has been given7.Of great significance the nation-wide movement is the Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi Kampuchean people in their heroic struggle against the aggression of the Vietnamese.A.to supportB.for supportingC.supportingD.of supporting8.Many farmers came to the city,jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city.A.looking forB.to look forC.having looked forD.looked for9.It is requested that an applicant whose undergraduate work is done at another institution two copies of undergraduate transcripts and degrees directly to the dean of the graduate school.A.must sendB.sendC.are to sendD.need send10.You her in her office last Friday;she’s been out of town for two weeks.A.needn’t have seenB.might have seenC.must have seenD.can’t have seen答案解析：1.Dno more…than…“不比……更……”。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第63期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Scientists maintain that feathers initially developed from insect scales.问题1选项A.surprisinglyB.originallyC.self-evidentlyD.mostly【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。
initially表示“最初地”；A项surprisingly“惊人地，出人意料地”，B项originally“最初”，C项self-evidently“不言而喻地”，D项mostly“主要地，多半地”。
句意：科学家们认为，羽毛最初是由昆虫的鳞片进化而来的。
根据句意可知，该题选择B项正确。
2.单选题Ships passing on the high seas exchanged salutes by lowering and raising their flags once. 问题1选项rmation tB.ceremonies tC.greetings tD.privileges 【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。
salute表示“敬礼，致敬”；A项information“信息”，B项ceremony“仪式，典礼”，C项greeting“招呼，问候”，D项privilege“特权”。
句意：在公海上经过的船只通过降旗和升旗互致敬礼。
根据句意可知，该题选择C项正确。
3.单选题I will tell Tom he is an adopted child, but I will do it in due course.问题1选项A.at proper timeB.of courseC.in my own wayD.sooner or later【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。
in due course表示“在适当的时候，及时”；A项at proper time“在适当的时候”，B项of course“当然”，C项in my own way“以我自己的方式”，D项sooner or later“迟早，早晚”。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：50
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study. Whether such increases due to higher CO2 concentration would actually be realized is uncertain, because of problems in extrapolating from idealized laboratory and modeling results to field conditions.The clear message of this work is that greater efforts are needed to take account of the “noise” of natural climate variability when considering the “signal” of climate change. In particular, care must be taken in interpreting the results of impact assessments, especially those which use climate simulations over short periods only.Much more remains to be done. For example, the use of simulated monthly climate data by Hulme et al, even when interpolated to daily data by statistical methods, leaves open the possibility of systematic changes in day-to-day variability and extremes due to climate change. These could well dominate the effects of climate change on both river flow and wheat yield. Taking them into account will require the analysis of daily output from the climate models, especially at fine spatial resolution.More importantly, in understanding the message from Hulme et al, we need to distinguish between confidence levels used for the detectability of simulated or real impacts due to climate change, and those needed to decide if the information about possible future impacts is useful for decision-makers. Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level. On the other hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability, for example for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred. In cases such as estimation of flood frequency and of the occurrence of moisture stress in crops, what is needed to identify futur e “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.1. According to the study, high wheat yields in Europe most significantly need（）.2. A high level of confidence is needed when we（）.3. To identify the possible future impacts of climate change, scientists（）.4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?5. What can we learn from the last paragraph? 问题1选项A.higher temperaturetB.heavy rainfalltC.higher CO2 concentrationstD.natural climate changet问题2选项A.take it as a given that climate change is occurringte “detectability” as an evidence of climate changetC.decide if the information is useful for decision-makerstD.estimate the scope of wheat yields increasest问题3选项A.only need an idealized laboratorytB.may spend years to obtain and analyze valid statistical evidencetC.plan adaptation measures after the change occurstD.set new climate modelst问题4选项A.Ways of improving Wheat Yields in EuropetB.Climate Change and Wheat YieldstC.Statistical Evidence of Climate ChangetD.Simulated Experiments on River Flowt问题5选项A.It is important to detect trends in total ozone or river flow.tB.It takes decades to detect climate change statistically.tC.What is more important is to plan adaptation measures against bad effects of climate change.tD.Wheat yield is closely related to climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。
北京科技大学考博英语词汇真题模拟练习解析
北京科技大学考博英语词汇真题模拟练习1. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend _______here so that she could learn more about the city.A.sometimesB.some timeC.sometimeD.some times参考答案：B解析：正确答案选B。
(A) sometimes："有时"。
(B)some time："一些时间"。
(C)sometime："以前的，一度的，前任的"。
(D)some times："在某些场合，不时"。
从句意上看，应填(B)。
全句的意思是：她不知道她是否有机会在此处花一些时间以便使她更多了解这个城市的情况。
2.Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be _______with everyone who comes to the store.A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。
四个备选答案中能和with相搭配的只有(D)acquainted，与with连在一起意为"熟悉"。
故应选(D)。
(A)accepted："接受"，(B)admitted："承认，接受"和(C)admired："羡慕"均不能与with相搭配，故均应排除3、He does not _______as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible .A.equalB.matchC.qualifyD.fit参考答案：C解析：正确答案选C。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：51
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The meeting was（）over by the mayor to discuss the tax raise in the city.问题1选项A.presumedB.propelledC.presidedD.pricked【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项presume“相信，擅自行为”，B项propel“推进，驱使”，C项preside“主持”，D项prick“戳，扎破”。
根据空格前后的关键词meeting（会议）和mayor（市长）可知，空格部分应该表示“主持会议”。
句意：会议由市长主持，讨论该市的增税问题。
故该题选择C项正确。
2.单选题It was（）that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.问题1选项A.addictedB.allegedC.assaultedD.ascribed 【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项addict“使沉迷，使上瘾”，B项allege“宣称，断言”，C项assault“攻击，袭击”，D项ascribe“归因于，归咎于”。
根据后面的句子the restaurant discriminated against black customers（这家餐馆歧视黑人顾客），结合前面的it be…that句型，空格部分应该表示“据说，据宣称”。
句意：据说那家餐馆歧视黑人顾客。
故该题选择B项正确。
3.单选题Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from（）as possible.问题1选项A.humidityB.humanityC.harmonyD.honesty【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第47期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Despite the suspect’s（）to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved. 问题1选项A.convictionB.assertionC.accusationD.speculation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
A项conviction“定罪，确信”，B项assertion“断言，声明”，C项accusation“控告，指责”，D项speculation表示“投机，推测”。
句意：尽管嫌疑犯声称自己是无辜的，但有令人信服的证据表明他参与了此事。
因此B项正确。
2.翻译题美国人崇尚公平，即平等待人，不偏不倚。
他们相信机会均等，法律面前人人平等，也就是说，不管社会地位和经济状况如何，人人都能得到公正。
然而，尽管多数美国人声称，他们信奉宽大为怀以及民主的理想，妇女和少数民族的维权行动仍然面临巨大的障碍，虽然在过去的五十年里取得了一些进步。
【答案】答：The Americans admire fair, that is, equality and impartiality. They believed in equal opportunity and equality before the law. That means, regardless of social status or economic conditions, everyone shall be fairly treated. Yet despite the ideals of leniency and democracy that most Americans profess to embrace, the women and minorities still face huge obstacles in their activities for protecting their rights. But some progress has been made in the past 50 years.3.单选题In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.问题1选项A.imposingB.demandingpulsoryD.temporary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。
北京科技大学考博英语真题常见的一些副词及其用法
北京科技大学考博英语真题常见的一些副词及其用法一、副词的特殊情况1.英语中有些副词有两种形式：一种与形容词形式相同，一种形式是以ly结尾，但其意义和用法有所不同，如：clean完全地cleanly干净地close接近地closely紧密地(表抽象概念)free免费地，随意地freely率直地hard努力hardly几乎不high高highly高度地，非常late迟，晚lately近来pretty相当，颇prettily漂亮地fair公平fairly公正地;相当most最，颇mostly主要地，多半地just刚才，正好justly公正地direct直接地directly直接地，坦率，马上需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
例句：Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring, burdensome,or just plain nasty.(选自2002年Text2)分析：该句是复合句，其中that is dangerous，boring，burdensome，or just plain nasty是定语从句，修饰work。
译文：自从人类具有了独创性以来，人们发明了越来越精巧的工具来应付那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者仅仅是令人讨厌的工作。
例句：The American dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.(1999年第25题)分析：该句是简单句，generated by American capitalism为过去分词作后置定语，修饰the periods。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：79
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Strangely enough, an old man（）me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.问题1选项A.stood up toB.walked up toC.lived up toD.added up to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。
A项stand up to“经得起，抵抗”，B项walk up to“走近，走向”，C项live up to“不辜负，做到”，D项add up to“合计达，总共达”；根据空格前后关键词an old man（老人）和introduce himself（介绍他自己）可推断，空格部分表示“向我走进”。
句意：奇怪的是，一个老人走到我面前并做了自我介绍，原来是我父亲的朋友。
因此，该题选择B项正确。
2.单选题The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.问题1选项A.subjectivelyB.imaginablyC.positivelyD.practically【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。
Virtually表示“事实上，几乎”；A项subjectively“主观地，臆想地”，B 项imaginably“可想象地”，C项positively“积极地”，D项practically“实际上，几乎”。
句意：因为公交车司机要求涨薪的大罢工，这座城市陷入瘫痪。
根据句意可知D项正确。
3.单选题An allergy results when the body reacts adversely to certain substances introduced to it.问题1选项A.negatively tB.spontaneously tC.purposefully tD.immediately【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) As former colonists of Great Britain,the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”,or law made by courts1a monarch or other central governmental2like a legislature.The jury,a3of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case,is an4part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a5feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.6the centuries,many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result7would be obtained using a judge8,as many countries do.9a jury decides cases after “10”，or discussions among a group of people,the jury’s decision is likely to have the11from many different people from different backgrounds,who must as a group decide what is right.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Juries are used in both civil cases,which decide12among13 citizens,and criminal cases,which decide cases brought by the government14that individuals have committed crimes.Juries areselected from the U.S.citizens and15.Jurors,consisting of16 numbers,are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge17to the case18the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states,19jurors are questioned by the judge;in others,they are questioned by the lawyers representing the20under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In[B]By[C]After[D]Over7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as8.[A]alike[B]alone[C]altogether[D]apart9.[A]Although[B]Because[C]If[D]While10.[A]deliberations[B]meditations[C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline[B]outcome[C]input[D]intake12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow[B]individual[C]personal[D]private14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[C]maintaining[D]testifying15.[A]summoned[B]evoked[C]rallied[D]assembled16.[A]set[B]exact[C]given[D]placed17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[C]appointed[D]assigned18.[A]administers[B]manages[C]oversees[D]presides19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies[B]parties[C]sides[D]unitsSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel,the less unhappiness you experience.It’s plain common sense,but it’s not true.Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion.They are two distinct feelings that,coexisting,rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness,the lower their level of happiness and vice versa.But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness,they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life.It suggests,for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable,but probably won’t make you any happier.Thatadvice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families.On the other hand,researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage.The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being.They have also begun to find out who’s happy,who isn’t and why.To date,the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life,but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment?When we are happy,we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad.This doesn’t mean,however,that some people are born to be sad and that’s that.Genes may predispose one to unhappiness,but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21.According to the text,it is true that[A]unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B]happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C]unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D]happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22.The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A]maintaining it at an average level.[B]escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C]pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D]realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23.The phrase“To date”(Para.4)can be best replaced by[A]As a result.[B]In addition.[C]At present.[D]Until now.24.What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A]One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B]They are independent but existing concurrently[C]One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D]They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25.The sentence“That’s that”(Para.5)probably means:Some people are born to be sad[A]and the situation cannot be altered.[B]and happiness remains inaccessible.[C]but they don’t think much about it.[D]but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator?Foremost,the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral,objective thirdparty who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict.The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame.While the central issue is justice,the outcome needs to be win-win,no losers.The abilities to listen impartially,suspend judgment,and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally,to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial,status,position),so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment.If one party refused to cooperate,he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community.If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties,the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a ually this is a job for the parents,and they in turn employ the services of a mediator.Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance.Since these services sometimes require reward,money must be saved.Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents.The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame byturning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes.Of course,the higher-ranked the mediator,the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents,which will likely generate conflict between the families.If the parties are not careful,the entire community can take sides.One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect.They might say,“She is sickly.”or“She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true,and probably everyone knows they aren’t,they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason.Everyone saves face,at least at the surface,and peace is preserved.26.The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A]unbiased judgment of arguments.[B]hard prudence in decision-making.[C]impartial treatment to a conflict.[D]remarkable insight into controversies.27.The author deems it important for a mediator[A]to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B]to be powerful to shame either party.[C]to justify the solution of a conflict.[D]to have high status to fear arguers.28.In some courtiers,young people’s marriage[A]is independent of their parents’will.[B]needs careful valuation in advance.[C]costs a small fortune of their family.[D]is usually facilitated by a mediator.29.The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A]they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B]they make their best choice at all risks.[C]the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D]the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30.It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A]the entire community to offer support.[B]a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C]the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D]a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet,like its network predecessors,has turned out to be far more social than television,and in this respect,the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication,however,does not imply thattheir social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships,or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain.Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact,deep feelings of affection and obligation,whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds,infrequent contact,and narrow focus.Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties,are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest,local groups.Nonetheless,strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes.People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact,and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally,strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity.The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties.Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do notdepend on the distance between parties.People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line.Most of these new relationships are weak.MUDs,newsgroups,and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups,but these on-line“mixers”are typically organized around specific topics,or activities,and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse.Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it.Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal,or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31.The text is mainly about[A]the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B]strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C]the difference between old and modern relationships.[D]an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32.It is implied in the text that[A]the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B]television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C]strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D]the Internet features every home and community.33.The word“buffer”(Para.2)can probably be replaced by[A]deviate.[B]alleviate.[C]shield.[D]distract.34.According to the author,the Internet can[A]eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B]weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C]provide people with close physical contacts.[D]enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35.From the text we can infer that[A]the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B]the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C]some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D]random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research,of course.For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made,whether a person who lacks charisma(capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm)can become a leader,and what makes leaders fail.Warren G.Bennis,possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading,has,together with his co-author,written two best-sellerson the topic.Generally,researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence,birth order,family wealth or stability,level of education,race,or sex.From one leader to the next,there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery:that every leader,regardless of age,had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a“crucible”(severe test).These events can either make you or break you.For emerging leaders,they do more making than breaking,providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader,there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one,according to the authors.They are:an“adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks,heartbreaks,and difficulties but also learn from them;an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision;a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing;and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace,until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums(formal statements of opinion)are.The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co.Chairman M.Douglas Ivester lasted just28months because“his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things,Ivesterdegraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a$200million class action brought by black employees.Procter&Gamble Co.ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking,too,that the authors found their geezers(whose formative period,as the authors define them,was1945to1954,and who were shaped by World War II)sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood.“Unlike those defeated by time and age,our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between1991and2000,and grew up“virtual,visual, and digital”)—open,willing to take risks,hungry for knowledge and experience,courageous,and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36.The text indicates that leadership research[A]has been a controversial study for years.[B]predicts how a leader comes to be.[C]defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D]probes the mysteries of leadership.37.According to Bennis,the trait shared by leaders consists of[A]top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B]remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C]striking qualities of going through serious trials andsufferings.[D]strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38.The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A]proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B]accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C]shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D]draws important lessons for his/her followers.39.A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A]fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B]helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C]fails to attract people with common concerns.[D]lacks appealing and strength of character.40.The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A]Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B]Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C]Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D]Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]Physical Changes[B]Low Self-Esteem[C]Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D]Emotional Turbulence[E]Interest in the Opposite Sex[F]Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult.Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of9and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them.Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs.The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41)__________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them,that they’re not as good as other people,that they are failures, losers,ugly or unintelligent.(42)__________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great,it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed.In other cases,teens may act the opposite—loudand angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings ofself-consciousness and inferiority.As alarming as these bodily changes can be,adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their te maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43)__________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence.Fears become more frightening,pleasures become more exciting,irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable.Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence.Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often,the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior.Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help.They include repeated school absences,slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances,hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44)__________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers.This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles;it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45)__________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents.This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents,a normal part of the letting-go process.Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs.This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs.Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents,discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents,awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people,when and how to give tips,how to makepurchases,when to accept and when to refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.46)These cues,which may be words, gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.47)All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.48)No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props(支柱)have been knocked from under you,followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49)When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people,you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.Although not common,there are individuals who cannotlive in foreign countries.Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new.They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners.This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances.50)If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places,will be pampered and petted,and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress,goodwill,and international friendship.If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1)describe the drawing,2)deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing,and3)suggest counter-measures.You should write about160—200words neatly ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：87
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Without clear guidelines（）, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.问题1选项A.in orderB.in placeC.in needD.in trouble【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。
A项in order“整齐，秩序井然”，B项in place“适当，在恰当的位置”，C 项in need“在危难中，在穷困中”，D项in trouble表示“处于不幸中”。
句意：在没有明确的指导方针的情况下，医院的管理人员有时会不知所措。
因此B项正确。
2.单选题An allergy results when the body reacts adversely to certain substances introduced to it.问题1选项A.negatively tB.spontaneously tC.purposefully tD.immediately【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。
adversely表示“不利地，反对地”；A项negatively“消极地，否定地”，B 项spontaneously“自发地，自然地”，C项purposefully“有目的地，自觉地”，D项immediately“立即，立刻”。
句意：当身体对某些物质产生不良反应时，过敏就会产生。
根据句意可知，只有A选项能够表达“不好，不良”的意思，该题选择A项正确。
3.单选题Patients are expected to comply with doctors’ instructions for quick recovery.问题1选项A.improve onB.abide byC.draw uponD.reflect on【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：7
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Many children often（）why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.问题1选项A.assumeB.anticipateC.assureD.wonder【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项assume“假定，认为”，B项anticipate“预料，期盼”，C项assure“保证，担保”，D项wonder“想知道，感到疑惑”；根据空格后面的疑问副词why可推断，句子部分表示“想知道”。
句意：许多孩子常常想知道为什么飞机能像鸟一样飞，而我们人类却不能。
因此，该题选择D项正确。
2.单选题The prospect of increased prices has already（）worries.问题1选项A.provokedB.irritatedC.inspiredD.hoisted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项provoke“引起，挑起，煽动”，B项irritate“使兴奋，激怒”，C项inspire“激发，鼓舞”，D项hoist“升起，举起”。
根据空格前后关键词prospect of increased prices （价格上升的前景）和worries（担忧）可知，空格部分表示“引起”。
句意：价格上涨的前景已经引发了担忧。
故该题选择A项正确。
3.单选题Changing the computer system would entail substantial periods of retraining.问题1选项A.withholdB.extendC.overtakeD.impose【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。
entail表示“使需要，承担，引起”；A项withhold“保留，隐瞒”，B项extend“延伸，扩大”，C项overtake“改善，压倒”，D项impose“利用，强加”。
北科大考博英语试卷
Ph. D Entrance Examination in English(注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，写在试题上一律无效！！) 2008 年 4 月15 日Part I Vocabulary (0.5 point each) Section A （7.5 points, 0.5point each） Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined, below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Last night we had a dinner in Nanjing restaurant and the food was superb A、exotic B、wonderful C、superstitious D、enormous2. His picture had been incorporated without his permission into an advertisement for a new brand of soap. A、introduced B、included C、jumped D、merged3. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue a slave. A、intervene B、convince C、prevent D、exchange4. Training colleges for men and women respectively are to be built at Leeds and Hull. A、respectfully B、respectably C、separately D、jointly5. Supported by mordent evidence, his argument seems to have agreat deal of validity. A、vividness B、truth C、value D、opinion6. He was a man of great strength who faced many great problems with courage, The threat of war and the intolerable heat in Africa couldn’t prevent him. A、extreme B、burning C、unbearable D、humble7. Joseph is black but his color isn’t relevant to whether ho is a good lawyer. A、suitable B、appropriate C、per tined D、associated8. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue aslave. A、intervene B、convince C、prevent D、exchange9. The mouse is barely big enough for his family, and furthermore, it is very far from the city. A、in addition B、however C、beside D、much further10. In calculating the daily time of leaping for an marital, variation in age, occupation and health condition should be taken into consideration A、controlled B、numbered C、considered D、stabilized11. In his cheerful and easy-going nature, Jim takes after his father rather than his mother. A、reserves B、retains C、resembles D、resume12. It’s contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election. A、contraction B、convention C、paradox D、parody13. The blow knocked him unconscious and it was several minutes before be regained consciousness. A、come on B、came down C、came to D、came with14. The American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing to be banned A、forbidden B、regulated C、studied D、reorganized15. He had only the vaguest notion of what it was all about. A、assumption B、concept C、expectation D、proposalSection B (7.5 points, 0.5 point each) Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section, there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D under each of thefollowing sentences, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Read eachpassage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 16. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increasedtax__________. A、efficiency B、revenues C、privileges D、validity17. There is no doubt that the _________ of these good to the others is easy to see. A、prestige B、superiority C、priority D、publicity18. It look us only a few hours to ___________ the paper off all four walls. A、shear B、serape C、stroke D、chip19. The magician made us think he out the girl into pieces but it was merely an________ A、illusion B、impression C、image D、illumination20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people__________ and ask them questions. A、at length B、at random C、in essence D、in bulk21. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house__________ the terms of the contract. A、in the vicinity of B、in quest of C、in accordance with D、in collaboration with22. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olyrnpic Games had a unique Australian flavor. ______ of them multicultural communities. A、noticeable B、indicative C、conspicuous D、implicit23. The sign set up by the road ________ drivers to a sharp turn.A、alertsB、refreshesC、pleadsD、diverts24. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should _______ new operating procedures.A、result inB、match withC、subject toD、proceed with25. The girl was a shop assistant; she is now a manager in a large department store. A、preliminarily B、presumably C、formally D、formerly26. You should ________ to one or more weekiy magazines such Time, or Newsweek. A、ascribe B、order C、reclaim D、subscribe27. No one imagined that the apparently __________ businessman was really a criminal.A、respectiveB、respectableC、respectfulD、realistic28. when they can finessed swaying they chairmen were made to_______ all the coys they had A、put off B、our C、pat up D、pat away29. The changing image of the family on television provides _____ into changing altitudes toward the family in society. A、insights B、presentations C、revelations D、specifications30. The autocratic doors in supermarkets _______ the entry and exit of custom with shopping carts. A、furnish B、induce C、facilitate D、allocatePart II. Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each) Directions: For each numbered bland in the following passage there are four choices marked A、B、C and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet. Education for development is education that is suited to a society that wants to develop. It is education that carefullyy 31 the materials used to teach the new skills it helps each student to learn. In a developing society, education should be 33 people of all ages. 34 of teaching 32 . Abilities andstudents what 35 people already know and accept, it teaches new knowledge, new skills and new ways 36 doing things. If only young people 37 this kind of education, a stroggle will develop 38 them and the older members of the society, The new ways being learned by the 39 will opposethe accepted and 40 ways of older people. There is another reason 41 education for development must be for people 42 . In a rapidly developing society, the 43 knowledge needed by a man who is 30 or 40 years old 44 very different from the knowledge be received 45 he was young. It is often said that progress 46 agricultural development is 47 by technicians and other workers who are 35 to 60 years old. It is not their fault that their 48 did not prepare them sufficiently for third future responsibilities. 49 of accelerating agricultural development is to 50 such people with proper modem education during the period that they remain in active service. 1. A、takes B、draws C、makes D、selects D、phase2. A、knowledge3. A、on B、byB、generationC、forC、developmentD、at D、Bacons D、any4. A、Instead B、`Inspire C、In case5. A、other6. A、toward7.A、givesB、younger B、ofC、older C、inD、for D、have givenB、are givenC、are giving8. A、upon B、towards C、between 9. A、old B、young C、knowledgeD、among D、society10. A、respected 11. A、howB、interestedC、holyD、contemporaryB、whatC、whichD、why C、in some cases D、to a great extent D、personal12. A、by all means 13. A、old 14. A、seem 15. A、but 16. A、inB、of all agesC、poorB、technical B、are B、even B、ofC、isD、appear D、when D、with C、prevented D、precededC、although C、towards17. A、promised 18. A、ageB、promotedB、growth partC、presenceD、education19. A、An importantB、A b titer result D、A delightful agentiveC、radishD、rewindC、A promising future 20. A、give B、preparePart III Reading Comprehension (30 points) Section A (20 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A、B、 C or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage One About the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular. Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it. However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit(诉讼) in California chaining that the state’s ban on IQtesting discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They heaved, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his original benison.And so the argument goes on and on Does it benefit or harm children from minority grapes to have their intelligence rested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause. What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level. Untreatably, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do vanes from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so age, for instance, white families were encouraged to abopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so. And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular. And social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed. As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question. 1. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades? A、Its validity was challenged by many communities. B、Its was considered discriminative against minority children C、It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents. D、It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education. 2. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to _______ A、drawpublic attention to IQ testing B、put an end to special educationC、remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests.D、have their children enter white schools 3. The author believes that intelligencetesting __________ A、may ease racial confrontation in the United States.B、can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC、may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States.D、can help black parents make decisions about their chil dren’s education4.The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to bethat__________ A、no rules whatsoever can be prescribes B、white famishes should adopt black condemn C、adoption should be hazed on IQrest ré sumé s. D、cross-racial adoption is to be advocated. 5. Child cooption is menaced in the passage to show that_________ A、good will may sometimes complicate racial probers B、social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of children C、intelligence testing also applies to noon-academic areas D、American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage Two Unlike most other people, businessmen love not only to give advice, but to take in too, There are more and more people witting and lecturing on management, Consultants earn handsome fees. A flood of new books on management appear every year. Yet the one group of peopleto whom businessmen rarely trun for advice are economists. Big firms ask economists to predict the ups and downs of national economies, but whenit comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, manytanagers would sooner consult an astrologer(占星术家). In the past this was understandable. Most economists assumed all firms responded in much the same way to incentives and obstacle to any practicing manager, however, it is not the similarities between firms that matter, but the differences—specifically those that explain why some firms succeed and others fail, even though all are seeking to survive and prosper.Nevertheless, the gap between economists and managers should be closing. Over the past two decades a growing number of economists have studied precisely the kind of “microeconomic” issues the behavior at firms, employee’s consorters and particular markets that most concern mangers. Some of their work has reached managers through business school classes and the publications of management writers, but much of it centimes to be ignored In a new book, Foundations of Corporate Success, John Kay a professor of economies at the London Business School, tries to correct this situation, drawing on recent economic thinking and research in order to say something useful to businessmen about why companiesthrive or die. Though Mr. Kay’s attempt is bold one, he fails, and the reason for his failure is revealing. He explains many difficult ideas with great clarity, but much at what he recommends is already known to every competent manager, or is of little use to anyone ranting a company. The fundamental problem is that Mr. Kay’s entire approach to advising business readers is flawed. year the and of the book be commerce the study on meat businessmen to early be from it by replanting the postmen of clacks with termers based on verifiable experiments. Though a doctor’s experience and fundament are still very important. Few people today would purr themselves in the hands of one without scientific training Management argues Mr. Kay. Is still in the age or quackery, The objective of his book is to make management more like modern medicine in its methods and general tenability. A more helpful amatory to explain the proper role of the management thinker is to compare him to the coach of a sports team. Coaches acquire a large body of knowledge about the base skills needed to compete. The strategiesthat have succeeded in the past the strengths of opposing tents and thephysical abilities of their own players Some of this knowledge employs the sciencesf biology and medicine, but most of it such as the “plays” (strategies) that are cunningly most successful. And the means of countering them, will change quickly as rival teams loam to outwit each other Managers themselves know that any competitive adventure is temporary and to are constantly looking for the next bright idea. Good managers know the basic principles of management-what they sack isadvice on any new measures that will help them to do barer than other managers in other firms over the next 5-15 years So long as economists like Mr. Kay concentrate on enduring principles farther than on innovation, they will have little to say that managers will wish to hear.6. A cording to this author, ________________ A、most people like togive advice, but businessmen do not B、most people are reluctant tofollow advice, and so are businessmen C、most people are reluctant to follow advice, but businessmen actually lied to D、most people are glad to give and follow advice, but businessmen are not 7. At the end of paragraph 1, why dose the anther say “when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many managers would sooner consult ana strologer”?A、to show how readily businessmen believe false claimsB、to show that businessmen must adopt more scientific attitudes in their workC、to show how superstitious and simple-minded businessmen tend to be D、to show unhelpful businessmen usually find advice from economists 8. This writer indicates that since the early 1970s more and more economists___ A、have investigated subjects of great interest to managers B、have rejected management as a proper field of study C、have investigated atinterest to managers the management D、have decided fearer interest to managers9. A cording to this author, practicing managers want to findout_________ A、how firms resemble one another B、how more successful firms are different from less successful ones C、how unsuccessful firms are different from one another D、how relatively successful firms differ from one another. 10. Coaches are mentioned in this article_________ A、to show how useful sports can be in the development of business skills B、as examples of people who learn a lot about business management in the course of their work. C、as experts who know more about strategy than so called management thunders D、as experts whose approach to knowledge and experience is similar to what good management thinkers should use.Passage Three Reruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with then children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his bands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework, the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much mort difficult than it was a generation ago.Today’s parents must try,, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home , a child may have a room famished with a stereo and television. Not many young people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home , the distractions are even morealluring. Children no logger “hang out ”on a neighborhood comer within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework. Instead, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades, and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives. Besides dealing with these distractions. Parents also have to shield their children from a flood (二行看不清楚) Traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young people casual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily sexual content of organs on television. Most disturbing to parents today however is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. Whenchildren are older, parents begin to worry about their dies use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parent’s warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals. Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders, bow yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud. Away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from sexually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults it is not an easy task. 11. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following EXCEPT A、drug abuse B、life-threatening situationsC、drinking too much beverageD、sexually explicit materials 12. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because________ A、teachers set bad examples for students B、bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional education C、parents failed in educating their children D、the younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions 13. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today_______ A、must pay much more attention to their children’s behavior B、（看不清楚） C、 D、must prevent their children from all kinds of 14.The author develops her main idea by__________ A、complaining about some social influences on children B、comparing denotation of yesterday with that of today C、explaining parents’ worries today D、stating her own points with vivid examples 15. The best title for the passages ___________ A、parents’ Worries Today C、Parents’ Responsibilities B、Challenges for Today’s Parents D、Confusions of parents TodayPassage Four Navigation computers, now sold by sold by most car-makers, cost $ 2,000 and up. No surprise, then that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But in is a developing. Technology-meaning prices should eventually drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver. The computer works with an antenna(天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three ofthe 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters. The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database, Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included. Most systems arebasically identical, The differences come in hardware the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or dies. But the Lexis screen goes a step further. You can point to any sopt on the map screen and get directions to it. BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹)that can be moved across the map (you have s everal choices of map scale )to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can. Even the voices that the defend with system offers BMW’s Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary, Theinstructional are email in fire ion German spaniel Dutch and Italian, as well as English, The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways(高速公路),for example. 16. We learn from the passage that navigation computers________ A、will greatly promote sales of automobiles. B、Nary help solve potentialtraffic problems C、are likely to be accepted by more drivers D、will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury 17. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his definition_______________ A、by inputting the exact address B、by indicating the location of his car C、by checking his computer database D、by giving vocal orders tothe computes 18 Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars_________A、are more or less the same priceB、provide directions in much the same wayC、work on more or less the same principlesD、receive instructions from the same satellites.19. The navigation computer functions___________ A、by means of a direction finder and a speed detector B、basically on satellite signals and a map database C、mainly through the reception turn-by-ruin directions D、by using a screen to display satellite signals 20. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Saudi are mentioned to show__________ A、the immaturity of the new technology B、thesuperiority of the global positioning system C、the cause of price fluctuations in car equipment D、the different ways of providing guidance to the driverSection B (10 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. (1) The close link between social norms and Sophia principles is no accident it is not ever clear which set comes firm. It could be agued that the philosophical principles are primary and than moms sum up the social practices that have manually developed as scientist have tried to apply these primacies in their research. But a sociologist might say that the institutional setting ofacademic science generates certain practices and that these practices determine the principles tabulating the type of knowledge that is produced. (2) The norms and principles are clearly complementary aspects of an ethos whose social and psychological parts are inseparable. It does not follow, however, that all truth is relative or that scientific knowledge is constructed entirely to suit certain social “ interests”.(3) All it means is that the progressive unveiling of nature is nor a very systematic process. How far we have got in that process-thatis . what counts as scientific knowledge of any given moment-is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized. This comes out clearly when we consider how academic science is organized. Whatever the formal management structure, academic science is divided math disciplines. That disciplines are usually loosely organized does not make them ineffective (4) An academic discipline is a global invisible college whose members share a practicum research tradition This is where scientists acquire the theoretical frameworks. Codes of fiancé and technical methods considered to be good science. Specialization does not stop there. The subdivision of disciplines into anew research specialties seem to be an unavoidable feature of academic science. In practice most academic scientists can satisfy the norms of originality and skepticism only by concentrating for years on wait is known, what is hypothesized and what might be erasable in limited problem area’. (5) As unbounded by interdisciplinary oceans of ignorance. In other words, the philosophical idea unified serene is thwarted by institutional and psychological realities.Part IV Translation ( 20 points) Section A ( 10 points) Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from Ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accentuation of About itself the world incite universe. The potshots of this knowledge are all some on the aggregate we had tension roughages solace hearten are a ll the physical intimae’s andstructures we use the physical infrastructures on which society reels. Most of as assumes that on modern society knowledge of all kinds is communally tenderizing and egg negation of nest information into the doors of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the were of ignorance about the world. The universe, and ourselves But continuing remainders on the numerous are of our present ignoranceinvite a critical analysis of this assumed. Section B (10 points)Directions: Translator the following paragraph into English. 作为教育工作者我们希望培养学生独立思考问题的能力，希望他们不要盲从。
北京科技大学考博英语真题摘录
北京科技大学考博英语真题摘录Section I Part C(共三节，满分10分)Directions:You will hear threepieces of recorded material.Before listening to each one,you willhave time to read the questions related to it.While listening,answereach question by choosing A,B,C or D.After listening,you will havetime to check your answers.You will hear each piece once only.(10points)Questions11-13are based on the following talk about namingnewborns.You now have15seconds to read questions11-13.11、What do we often do with the things we love?A.Ask for their names. babies after them.C.Put down their names.D.Choose names for them.12、The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is oftenoverlooked if（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)A.the family tree is fairly limited.B.the family tie is strong enough.C.the name is commonly used.D.nobody in the family complains.13、Several months after a baby’s birth,its name willA.show the beauty of its own.B.develop more associations.C.lose the original meaning.D.help form the baby’s personality.Questions14-16are based on the biography of Bobby Moore,an English soccer player.You now have15seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?A.90.B.108.C.180.D.668.15、In1964,Bobby Moore was madeA.England’s footballer of the year.B.a soccer coach in West Germany.C.a medalist for his sportsmanship.D.a number of the Order of the British Empire.16、After Moore retired from playing,the first thing he did wasA.editing Sunday Sport.B.working for Capital Radio.C.managing professional soccer teams.D.developing a sports marketing company.Questions17-20are based on the on the city of Belfast.You now have20seconds to read Questions17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for itsA.oil refinery.B.linen textiles.C.food products.D.deepwater port.18、Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?A.Soap.B.Grain.C.Steel.D.Tobacco.19、When was Belfast founded?A.In1177.B.In1315.C.In the16th century.D.In the17th century.20、What happened in Belfast in the late18th century?A.French refugees arrived.B.The harbor was destroyed.C.Shipbuilding began to flourish.D.The city was taken by the English.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：63
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when a previous record or performance is surpassed.问题1选项A.exceeded tB.matched tC.maintained tD.announced【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
surpass表示“超越，胜过”；A项exceed“超过”，B项match“相配，比得上”，C项maintain“维持，主张”，D项announce“宣布”。
句意：在奥运会上，当以前的记录或成绩被超越时，总是令人激动不已。
根据句意可知，该题选择A项正确。
2.单选题The bill was passed unanimously as a result of the intensive lobbying of some senators.问题1选项A.without any objectionsB.in the ultimateC.in the backgroundtD.against heavy odds【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。
unanimously表示“全体一致地”；A项without any objections“没有任何异议”，B项in the ultimate“终于”，C项in the background“在后面，在幕后”，D项against heavy odds“敌众我寡”。
句意：由于一些参议员的大力游说，这项法案获得一致通过。
根据句意可知，“一致”相当于“没有任何异议”，故该题选择A项正确。
3.单选题An allergy results when the body reacts adversely to certain substances introduced to it.问题1选项A.negatively tB.spontaneously tC.purposefully tD.immediately【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷18
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town. 问题1选项A.hospitalityB.affectionC.appealD.frustration【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
attachment表示“附件，依恋”；A项hospitality“好客，殷勤”，B项affection“喜爱，感情”，C项appeal“呼吁，恳求”，D项frustration“挫折”。
句意：这位老人难以表达他到达家乡时的依恋之情。
根据句意可知B项正确。
2.单选题Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very（）.问题1选项A.obscureB.indefiniteC.dubiousD.intriguing【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项obscure“昏暗的，晦涩的”，B项indefinite“不确定的，无限的”，C项dubious“可疑的，暧昧的”，D项intriguing“有趣的，迷人的”。
根据句子前半句的句意“很少有人能听懂教授的讲座”可知，A项符合句意。
句意：很少有人能听懂教授的讲座，因为它的主题非常晦涩。
因此，该题选择A项正确。
3.单选题There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.问题1选项A.on occasionB.at presentC.by nowD.for sure【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。
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北京科技大学考博英语真题常见分词及其解析一、分词的否定式分词或分词短语表示否定意义时，将not置于分词之前，不能放在分词之后。
例句：Equipment not conforming to official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.(2001年第24题)分析：该句是简单句。
not conforming to official safety standards 是分词短语作后置定语修饰equipment。
译文：凡是不符合官方安全标准的设备都已经搬出了车间。
例句：Not having been destroyed by the heavy snow，our houses at last were kept perfect during last winter.分析：该句是简单句。
Not having been destroyed by...在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because our houses had not been destroyed by...。
译文：由于没有遭到大雪的破坏，去年冬天我们的房子最终完好无损。
二、独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，即句子的主语便是它的逻辑主语，否则就会出现悬垂或荡空结构(前面已讲过)，但有时分词有其独立的逻辑主语，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，这就是独立主格结构。
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(一)独立主格结构公式逻辑主语A+分词(短语)+主B谓在上述公式中，其中(逻辑主语+分词短语)属于独立主格结构，主谓是一完整句子，两者位置可以相互调换，A、B两主语不一致(A、B由名词或代词充当，有时也可在逻辑主语A前加上介词with或without)，如前面所述例句。
例句：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm，we decided to take the train.分析：All flights...the snowstorm是独立主格结构部分，we decided...为一完整句子，all flights和we所指不一样，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。
另外，公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词等来代替。
(二)独立主格结构具体构成1.逻辑主语+分词(现在分词或过去分词)例句：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each making one major point in contrast with the other.(1996年第5题)分析：该句是简单句。
分词each making...在句中作同位语，对two news reports做进一步解释，可以改成...two news reports,and each makes...。
译文：本文开头和结尾描述了两则新闻报道，每则都各有一个与另一则相对立的论点。
例句：A new technique worked out，the yields as a whole increased by20percent.分析：该句是简单句，A new technique worked out是一独立主格，在句中作状语表示原因，可改为because a new technique had been worked out。
译文：由于进行了技术创新，整个产量增加了20%。
2.逻辑主语+介词短语例句：Mr.Chen stood there，(with)a cap on his head.分析：该句是简单句。
(with)a cap on his head在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and a cap was on his head.译文：陈先生站在那里，头上戴了一顶帽子。
3.with/without+逻辑主语+分词例句：Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system，so does the value of a computer system increase with each program turns out.(1997年第7题)分析：该句是并列句。
其中with each new phone added to the system 相当于because each new phone has been added...。
so does...为一倒装结构，表示前面所陈述情况适合于后者。
译文：正像网络电话的价值随着每一部新电话进入系统而提高一样，电脑系统的价值也随着每一个软件的开发而提高。
例句：With prices fluctuating so much，it s hard for the company to plan a budget.分析：该句是简单句。
With prices fluctuating so much在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because/since/as prices fluctuate so much。
译文：由于价格波动太大，公司难以做出预算。
例句：Without anything left in the kitchen，he had to go out to get something to eat.分析：该句是简单句，Without anything left in the kitchen在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because there were not anything left in thekitchen。
译文：由于厨房里什么都没有，他不得不出去找吃的。
例句：When I came to my senses，I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room，with grandma bending over me.(2000年第28题)分析：该句是复合句。
独立主格结构with grandma bending over me 在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and grandma bent over me。
译文：当我苏醒过来时，发现自己躺在那间小房子的床上，身上被盖得严严实实的，奶奶正俯身注视着我。
例句：For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.(选自2007年Text3)分析：该句是简单句。
主干部分为President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving account model，其中不定式to move...model 作目的状语，with retirees trading much or all of...在句中作同位语，对前面名词model做补充说明，相当于and retirees traded much or all of...，分词短语depending on investment returns作定语修饰payments。
译文：在过去这些年里，布什总统一直在推动一场运动，试图将社会保障体制改革成储蓄账号模式，就是让退休人员用其所得到的大部分或全部退休金换取由投资所带来的收益。
4.逻辑主语+不定式例句：The football game ended with Chinese team defeated，the details to be reported this afternoon.分析：该句是简单句。
the details to be reported this afternoon 在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and the details were to be...。
译文：足球比赛以中国队失败而告终，详细情况会在下午公布。
5.逻辑主语+形容词/副词例句：Teachers and students stared at each other，their eyes full of doubt.分析：该句是简单句。
their eyes full of doubt在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and their eyes were full of doubt。
译文：师生们互相注视着，满脸狐疑。
例句：Breakfast over，students went out the dining room one by one.分析：该句是简单句。
breakfast over在句中作状语表示时间，相当于When/After breakfast was over.译文：早饭结束后，学生们相继走出餐厅。
(三)独立主格结构用法1.表示时间例句：The heavy rain being over，the soldiers went on their way. (When/After the heavy rain was over...)分析：该句是简单句。
the heavy rain being over在句中作状语表示时间。
译文：大雨过后，士兵们继续赶路。
2.表示原因例句：An important lecture to be given tomorrow,the professor has to stay up late into the night.(Because an important lecture isto be given tomorrow,...)分析：该句是简单句。
an important lecture to be given tomorrow 在句中作状语表示原因。
译文：因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
3.表示条件例句：Everything taken into consideration，her plan seems more practicable.(If everything is taken into consideration，...)分析：该句是简单句。