普通语言学概论第六章第六节RHRobins
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2.Category of gender In English, gender is really only applicable to the anaphoric pronominal links nouns and he, she, it, and the reflexive pronouns himself, herself. Some anomalies: She有时候用于ships, cars, bicycles, and the names of countries (England, France, Germany). Baby may be referred to by it when the sex is unknown. Cousin (堂兄弟姊妹): the sex distinction is equally unmarked.
Dual: specific word forms associated with two objects, persons, or the like. Like “both” in English. Dual is therefore is a lexical, not a grammatical category in most European languages today. One singular More than one plural But collections is an exception: 如wheat，barely，and corn to the singular Oats to the plural Wheat grows well here, oats grow well here.
A slightly different formal distinction with a similar partial semantic correlation is seen in some languages in the categories of animate（生物） and inanimate（非生 物）, nouns belonging to one of the two category classes and requiring correspondingly different concord forms or grammatical arrangements in sentences.
Meaning of grammatical categories 语法范畴的意义
Affixes and other markers of grammatical categories vary greatly in the degree to which their presence in a word correlates with a definite semantic function ascribable to the word as a whole. A semantic label attached to the affix and the category marked it may be useful, and categories are well known in grammatical writings.
1.Category of number
Semantic correlation of formally established categories may vary from tolerable closeness to extreme indeterminacy. Between the category of number and the actual singularity and plurality in what is referred to there is a fairly close correlation. In most languages number may be used to label a formal category of grammar. Number is mostly a category of noun and pronoun. But the English verb also inflects for number. He speaks English. They speak English. The grammatical category of number, though a very widespread one among languages, is in no way universal.
Traditional grammar was well aware of the need for the semantic description of the uses to which grammatical elements and categories were put. It is, clearly, possible and legimitate to approach the sementic functions of grammatical forms and structures from two starting points. 1)How various semantic categories are formally expressed in a language. 2)The various formal arrangements of elements that the grammar of a language allows and then analyse their semantic functions.
6.6 Grammatical semantics
Semantic correlations 语义关联 The purpose behind the grammatical array of words, morphemes, constructions, and the rules associated with them is the provision of means adequate to express all sorts of meanings required in human life and in the use of a language.
2.Category of gender In English, gender is really only applicable to the anaphoric pronominal links nouns and he, she, it, and the reflexive pronouns himself, herself. Some anomalies: She有时候用于ships, cars, bicycles, and the names of countries (England, France, Germany). Baby may be referred to by it when the sex is unknown. Cousin (堂兄弟姊妹): the sex distinction is equally unmarked.
Dual: specific word forms associated with two objects, persons, or the like. Like “both” in English. Dual is therefore is a lexical, not a grammatical category in most European languages today. One singular More than one plural But collections is an exception: 如wheat，barely，and corn to the singular Oats to the plural Wheat grows well here, oats grow well here.
A slightly different formal distinction with a similar partial semantic correlation is seen in some languages in the categories of animate（生物） and inanimate（非生 物）, nouns belonging to one of the two category classes and requiring correspondingly different concord forms or grammatical arrangements in sentences.
Meaning of grammatical categories 语法范畴的意义
Affixes and other markers of grammatical categories vary greatly in the degree to which their presence in a word correlates with a definite semantic function ascribable to the word as a whole. A semantic label attached to the affix and the category marked it may be useful, and categories are well known in grammatical writings.
1.Category of number
Semantic correlation of formally established categories may vary from tolerable closeness to extreme indeterminacy. Between the category of number and the actual singularity and plurality in what is referred to there is a fairly close correlation. In most languages number may be used to label a formal category of grammar. Number is mostly a category of noun and pronoun. But the English verb also inflects for number. He speaks English. They speak English. The grammatical category of number, though a very widespread one among languages, is in no way universal.
Traditional grammar was well aware of the need for the semantic description of the uses to which grammatical elements and categories were put. It is, clearly, possible and legimitate to approach the sementic functions of grammatical forms and structures from two starting points. 1)How various semantic categories are formally expressed in a language. 2)The various formal arrangements of elements that the grammar of a language allows and then analyse their semantic functions.
6.6 Grammatical semantics
Semantic correlations 语义关联 The purpose behind the grammatical array of words, morphemes, constructions, and the rules associated with them is the provision of means adequate to express all sorts of meanings required in human life and in the use of a language.