川大高分子考博91-98真题及答案.

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四川大学华西医学院生物化学与分子生物学2009年考博真题试卷

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２、试述你对“Ｘ－ｏｍｉｃｓ”的认识（如Ｐｒｏｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｏｍｉｃｓ、Ｇｌｙｃｏｍｉｃｓ等）。（１５分）３、试述你对目前定量蛋白质组学研究技术的认识。（１５分）４、试述你对第二遗传密码（蛋白质折叠密码）的认识。（２０分）５、“人类有限的基因资源正在做着一次性的分配，生物医药产业正在进行着一场圈地运动”，谈谈你的认识。（１５分）二、实验设计题（１５分）某植物种子有一种活性蛋白质与所有已知蛋白的同源性极低，请设计合理的实验方案，纯化该蛋白（请说明原理）并克隆此蛋白基因（包括信号肽、５＇－ＵＴＲ和３＇－ＵＴＲ），在此基础上将编码成熟蛋白原核生物中进行表达并得到易于纯化的产物。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
200与分子生物学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、问答题１、试述大肠杆菌等微生物基因表达调控与新陈代谢的适应关系。（２０分）

四川大学高分子化学试题2008-2009下期(A).

四川大学期末考试题(2008——2009下学期
课程号:30006640课序号:课程名称:高分子化学任课教师:
成绩:
适用专业年级:高材07级
学生人数:印题份数:
份学号:姓名:
考试须知
四川大学学生参加由学校组织或由学校承办的各级各类考试,必须严格执行《四川大学考试工作管理
办法》和《四川大学考场规则》。有考试违纪作弊行为的,一律按照《四川大学学生考试违纪作弊处罚条例》进行处理。
A、聚合速率提高
B、聚合度降低
C、聚合度提高
D、聚合速率降低
本题6页,本页为第3页
⒉请你写出合成涤纶可以采用的两条路线,如果要求产物的分子量尽可能高,你选择哪一条
路线?请说明原因。
六、计算题(30分
1.用过氧化二苯甲酰作引发剂,苯乙烯在60℃进行本体聚合。已知[I]=0.04mol/L,f=0.8,
,工业上控制其聚合度和聚合反应速度
的方法分别是
和。
2.聚合物热降解的机理包括
、
两类,试举出按照此两类热降
解机理降解的两种聚合物和
。
3.悬浮聚合反应应使用
(水或油引发剂,如
;乳液聚合反应应使用
(水或油引发剂,如
。Байду номын сангаас
4.自由基聚合反应除通过引发剂引发聚合反应以外,还可以通过其他方式引发聚合,如
、
和
。(任意写出三种即可。
k d =2.0
2.0××10-6s-1,k
P
=176L/mol
L/mol··s,k
t
=3.6
3.6××107L/mol
L/mol··s,60℃下苯乙烯密度为0.887g/ml,C
I

2022年03月四川大学高分子科学与工程学院招聘5名专职博士后笔试历年高频考点试题库集锦答案解析

2022年03月四川大学高分子科学与工程学院招聘5名专职博士后笔试历年高频考点试题库集锦答案解析全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.单选题(共25题)1.十九大报告创造性地作出下述深刻的判断：“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。

”这样一种崭新的时代特征，赋予了人民“美好生活”以丰富广泛、远近兼顾的多层面内容。

由此而言，“优先发展教育”是指：（）。

A.扩大就业机会B.增加创业机会C.教育就是最重要的民生D.实现人生价值答案：C本题解析：暂无解析2.我国的教育仲裁制度（）。

A.已经基本建立B.已经趋于完善C.已经较为完善D.尚在摸索之中答案：D本题解析：暂无解析3.江西真题：下列（）不是我国教育权法律救济体制中的制度的一种。

A.学生申诉制度B.行政复议制度C.行政诉讼制度D.司法调解制度答案：D本题解析：暂无解析4.高等学校实行教师聘任制应当遵循的原则是（）。

A.服从学校发展需要B.教师专业发展全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！C.学校规章制度确立D.双方平等自愿答案：D本题解析：暂无解析5.设立独立设置的学院，其全日制在校学生计划规模应为（）。

A.2000人以上B.3000人以上C.5000人以上D.7000人以上答案：B本题解析：暂无解析6.我国教育法的渊源指的是（）A.法律的历史渊源B.法律的理论渊源C.法律的效力渊源D.法律资料的来源答案：C本题解析：教育法的渊源是指教育法的形式渊源，即教育法律规范的效力来源。

7.党的十九大首次提出了（）战略。

A.城乡一体化B.实施乡村振兴战略C.社会主义新农村建设D.健康中国答案：B本题解析：暂无解析8.我国现行的学科门类分为（）类。

A.10B.11C.12D.13答案：B本题解析：我国学位学科门类分为哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、军事学等11类。

9.学生对复查决定有异议的，在接到学校复查决定书之日起（）内，可以向学校所在地省级教育行政部全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！门提出书面申诉。

化学所考博高分子专业试题

中科院化学所1999年博士生入学考试高分子物理试题1.阐述下列概念a 高分子链的立体结构b 支化度c θ溶剂和θ温度d 聚合物的玻璃化转变e 银纹现象f 分子量分布指数g 溶度参数h 聚合物基本的力学松弛现象 2.阐述高分子的聚集态结构所包含的content，以及表征这些结构的参数，测量这些参数的实验技术。

3.聚合物粘性流动的特点。

表征聚合物流动性的参数的定义及它们的测量方法。

4.画出典型玻璃态高聚物单轴拉伸的应力应变曲线，对其各特征加以讨论，并说出不同类型聚合物在应力应变曲线上的典型表现。

5.非均相多组分聚合物的织态结构，填充型共混聚合物的聚集态结构对性能的影响。

并举出材料实例。

中科院化学所1999年博士生入学考试高分子化学试题一、说明术语含义（2×10）1. 数均分子量2. 分子量分布3. 竞聚率4. Q-e 方程5. 链转移反应6. 阻聚剂7. 活性聚合8. 逐步聚合9. 嵌段共聚物 10. 凝胶点二、a ）怎样合成下述聚合物（2×5）CH 2CH 2n1)n 2)2CH 2OCONHCH 3NHCOn3)O CON CC OOC C N O On 4)NHNH COOCOC C N OONHCOCH 2n5)b)写出下述反应生成的聚合物的化学结构（2×5）CH 2O +OHH +2)OCNCH 2NCO +HOCH 2CH 2OH△3)4)Cl 2Si(CH 3)2H 2O5)△H 2N H 2NNH 2NH 2+PhOOCCOOPh三、Ziegler-Natta 催化剂包括哪些主要组分？简述Z—N 聚合反应机理。

四、在一个由苯乙烯（M 1=3.0M ）和甲基丙烯酸（M 2=1.5M ）组成的共聚物体系中，如果用BPO 在60℃下引发聚合，求初始共聚物的组成（r 1=0.52,r 2=0.62）。

试讨论影响共聚物组成的因素和共聚物组成方程的应用范围。

五、MMA 在60℃下用BPO 引发进行溶液聚合反应。

四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。

书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。

四川大学高分子材料复试题库

四川大学高分子国家重点实验室复试（共200分）一、硕士研究生复试笔试题库（共100分）A、请选择合适的单体合成下列高聚物，并指明其聚合机理及反应类型。

（5×3分，必做题）①、涤纶（PET）树脂；②、GPC用样标PS；③、ABS树脂；④、001型离子交换树脂；⑤、维尼纶纤维；⑥、丁基橡胶；⑦、PS+PET二嵌均共聚物；⑧、聚甲基苯乙烯；⑨、PA66；B、选择题（2分×5，必做题）⑴.下列单体的聚合反应中可以不发生凝胶效应的是（）A、乙烯B、a甲基苯乙烯C、苯乙烯D、a甲基丙烯酸甲酯⑵.以下实施的聚合方法中，其产物最为纯净的是（）A、本体聚合B、溶液聚合C、悬浮聚合D、乳液聚合⑶.在乳液聚合反应中，选择的聚合温度T应该（）A、T＞T三相平衡，T＜T浊点；B、T＞T三相平衡，T＞T浊点；C、T＜T三相平衡，T＜T浊点；D、T＜T三相平衡，T＞T浊点；⑷就聚合反应温度而言，通常情况下聚合反应温度最低的是（）A、自由基聚合B、阳离子聚合C、阴离子聚合D、配位聚合⑸从聚合机理的角度，自由基聚合与乳液聚合最大的不同在于（）A、前、中期B、前、后期C、中、后期D、聚合速率和分子量的变化⑹众所周知，高聚物是具有不同分子质量同系物的混合物，其中最大的是（）A、 MNB、MWC、MήD、MZ⑺一般而言,聚合物要想加工成型制品必须在( )温度范围内来实现;A、Tb~TmB、Tg~TfC、Tf~TdD、Tg~ Tm⑻PE由于分子链规整，对称性好，有较好的结晶能力，下列那种方法不能用于测定PE的结晶度Xc（）A、密度法B、超速离心沉降C、NMRD、X射线衍射⑼PVC的分解温度低于其熔体的粘流温度，为便于加工，通常应（）A、加入增塑剂，同时加入稳定剂；B、加入惰性填料，不加稳定剂；B、加入惰性填料、同时加入稳定剂；D、加入增塑剂提高其刚性；⑽农用PVC薄膜产生“鱼眼”的主要原因是（）A、加工温度B、加工压力C、口模成型长度D、分子量分布不均⑾下列高聚物中在室温下无恰当溶剂的是（）A、 PEB、配位PSC、PETD、PA66⑿以下论述中不属于基本交联理论的是（）A、聚合反应与交联反应同时进行型；B、天然或合成高分子聚合物通过外加小分子交联剂交联型；C、低分子预聚物与小分子化合物作用交联型；D、齐聚物在未加工阶段的交联型；⒀在体型缩聚反应中，有Pf＜P0＜Pc，因此实际生产中应选择（）凝胶点来进行估算，以便于加工成型。

四川大学高化期末考试试题

四川大学期末考试试题（2003——2004 下学期）课程号：课序号：课程名称：高分子化学任课教师：成绩：一、名词解释（10分）高分子化合物凝胶化过程和凝胶点动力学链长竞聚率橡胶的硫化二、写出聚合反应式（10分）维尼纶涤纶尼龙610聚碳酸酯三、填空（50分）1．聚合物平均分子量的表征方式包括，，，。

2．体型缩聚反应的三种凝胶点（Flory 凝胶点、Carothers 凝胶点和实测凝胶点）的大小顺为。

3．线型平衡缩聚反应的副反应包括。

4．在缩聚反应动力学实验过程中通入氮气的作用包括。

5．能够使聚合物的聚合度增加的化学反应包括。

6．由二元羧酸与二元醇合成聚酯的缩聚反应中，如果外加强酸催化剂，则属于级动力学过程；如果未外加强酸催化剂，则属于级动力学过程；7．等摩尔配比的对苯二甲酸与乙二醇在280℃进行封管聚合，该反应的平衡常数为9，该反应能够达到的最高反应程度和聚合度分别为和。

8．最常用的自由基聚合反应引发剂包括几大类。

9．聚氯乙烯聚合度的近似公式为，工业上控制其聚合度和聚合反应速度的方法分别是和。

10．在自由基聚合反应中，升高温度将使聚合反应速度，同时导致聚合度。

11．决定悬浮聚合产物颗粒大小的主要因素包括。

12．对高分子材料进行改性的方法包括。

13．单体M1和M2进行共聚，已知k12 == 2.9，k21 == 230000，试比较：试卷A 答案及评分细则一、10分，每小题2分1、若干重复单元（或单体或结构单元）通过共价键连接起来，构成分子量大的一类化合物。

主要之点：“分子量大”2、体型缩聚进行到一定程度，突然出现粘度增大而不能流动的凝胶，这一过程叫凝胶化过程，出现凝胶时的反应程度，叫凝胶点主要之点：“突然出现粘度增大而不能流动”3、i p RR v /=只要符合这个表述式的叙述都是对的4、1211/kk r = 凡是符合这个表达式的叙述都正确 5、橡胶分子间形成共价键的过程关键在于“分子间成键”，这个概念也可以从性能角度解释。

川大高分子科学导论试题

A.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC,差示量热扫描)
B.Low angle laser light scattering (LALLS,小角激光光散射)
C.Gel permeation chromatography (GPC,凝胶渗透色谱)
D.Transmission electron microscope (TEM,透射电子显微镜)
四川大学期末考试试题（闭卷）
（2010 —— 2011学年第一学期）
课程号：203027020课序号：0~4课程名称：高分子科学导论任课教师：成绩：
适用专业年级：2008学生人数：印题份数：300学号：姓名：
考试须知
四川大学学生参加由学校组织或由学校承办的各级各类考试，必须严格执行《四川大学考试工作管理办法》和《四川大学考场规则》。有考试违纪作弊行为的，一律按照《四川大学学生考试违纪作弊处罚条例》进行处理。
A.fibers/rubber/nylonB.natural rubber/starch/proteins
C.starch/amino acids/enzymeD.natural rubber/poly(amino acids)/PS
(20)Which polymer may beused as good conductorof electricity?( )
四川大学各级各类考试的监考人员，必须严格执行《四川大学考试工作管理办法》、《四川大学考场规则》和《四川大学监考人员职责》。有违反学校有关规定的，严格按照《四川大学教学事故认定及处理办法》进行处理。
1.填空题（共15题，每题1分）：
(1)按高分子主链结构划分，聚乙烯属于碳链高分子，而尼龙（Nylon）属于。

2000—2014年四川大学《高分子化学及物理》考研试题

四川大学2000年攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题考试题目：高分子化学及物理考试代号：545#适用专业：高分子化学与物理研究方向：本专业各方向（试题共2页）高分子物理部分（共50分）一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1、构型与构象2、自由结合链3、溶度参数4、介电损耗5、玻璃化转变二、在Flory稀溶液理论中，过量化学为△μE产生的根本原因有哪些？θ溶液是理想溶液吗？为什么？（6分）三、试简述共混高聚物聚集态结构的主要特点。

如何提高聚苯乙烯的抗冲击强度而又不对其使用温度造成较大的不利影响？为什么？（7分）四、试分别画出在单轴拉伸情况下，玻璃态聚合物和结晶态聚合物发生屈服，并发展大形变条件下典型的应力-应变曲线，这两种大形变的本质是什么？这两类聚合物的拉伸有何共同特点和区别？（8分）五、根据加工条件对高聚物熔体剪切粘度的影响，在聚乙烯和聚碳酸酯的成型加工中，应分别采取何种加工条件以降低它们的加工粘度？为什么？（6分）六、什么是力学损耗？为什么在交变应力的作用下，高聚物会产生内耗？为什么在相同的外界条件下，丁腈橡胶的内耗大于顺丁橡胶？（8分）第1页四川大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题考试题目：高分子化学及物理考试代号：545#适用专业：高分子化学与物理（试题共2页）（请将试题附在考卷内交回）高分子化学部分（共50分）一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1、凝胶点2、动力学链长3、竞聚率4、阻聚剂5、计量聚合二、简要回答下列问题（每小题6分，共18分）1、氯乙烯悬浮聚合控制分子量的主要措施是什么？说明原因2、在Ziegler-Natta催化聚合过程中，为什么对单体和溶剂的纯度有严格要求？3、乳液聚合的典型配方由哪四部分组成？其中乳化剂的作用使什么？三、有下列单体，已知其Q、e值，现用1,3-丁二烯分别与它们进行自由基共聚合反应。

单体Q e丁二烯 2.39 -1.05 甲基丙烯酸甲酯0.74 0.40丙烯腈0.60 1.20丙烯酸甲酯0.42 0.60醋酸乙烯酯0.026 -0.22马来酸酐0.32 2.251、排出它们进行交替共聚倾向大小的顺序。

四川大学高分子化学配套课后习题全解答.

第一章绪论思考题：5. 写出下列单体的聚合反应式，以及单体、聚合物名称a 、b 、c 、d 、e 、CH2CHFCH 2CHFn CH 2CH n氟乙烯聚氟乙烯CH 2C(CH 3)2CH 2C(CH 3)2CH 2C CH 3CH 3n n异丁烯聚异丁烯H O(CH 2)5COO HHO(CH 2)5COOHO(CH 2)5Cnn +nH 2Oώ-羟基己酸聚己内酯CH 2CH 2CH 2OCH 2CH 2CH 2OCH 2CH 2CH 2Onn 丁氧环聚（氧化三亚甲基）（聚亚丙基醚）NH 2(CH 2)6NH 2+HOOC(CH 2)4COOHNH 2(CH 2)6NH 2+HOOC(CH 2)4COOHn n NH(CH 2)6NHCO(CH 2)4CHOHOHn+H 2O(2n-1)己二胺+己二酸聚己二酰己二胺6、按分子式写出聚合物和单体名称以及聚合反应式，说明属于加聚、缩聚还是开环聚合，连锁聚合还是逐步聚合。

a 、聚异丁烯；单体：异丁烯；加聚；连锁聚合。

b 、聚己二酰己二胺（尼龙-66），单体：己二酸和己二胺，缩聚；逐步聚合。

c 、聚己内酰胺（尼龙6），单体：己内酰胺；开环聚合；逐步聚合。

d 、聚异戊二烯（天然橡胶），单体：异戊二烯；加聚；连锁聚合。

7、写出下列聚合物的单体分子式和常用的聚合反应式：聚丙烯腈、天然橡胶、丁苯橡胶、聚甲醛、聚苯醚、聚四氟乙烯、聚二甲基硅氧烷CN(1)nCH 22CHnnC CH 3CH 2C CH CH 23CH (2)nCH2n(3)nCH 2CH CH 2CH CH 2CH CH 2+n CH 2CH 2CHCH nCH 2(4)nHCHO On (5)2nCH 3CH 3CH 3CH3OH +n/2O 2O +nH 2O n(6)nCF 2CF 22CF 2n (7)nCl Si CH 3CH 3Si CH 3CH 3Cl +nH 2OO +2nHCln(8)nHO(CH 2)2OH+nOCN(CH 2)6NCO O(CH 2)2OC NH(CH 2)6NH CO O计算题：2、等质量的聚合物A 和聚合物B 共混，计算共混物的Mn 和Mw 。

川大06-07学年高物试卷(含答案)

四川大学2006－2007学年第上学期高分子物理考试题一. 名词解释(15分)1、链段：高分子链上，由数个连接组成的可独立运动的单元2、溶胀：聚合物受到溶剂分子作用时，溶剂分子渗入聚合物分子之间，将大分子撑开的过程3、蠕变：在一定温度条件下，聚合物材料受到不变应力作用时，应变随时间变化而增大的现象4、介电损耗：聚合物材料在受到外电场作用时，内部分子的极化跟不上外场频率的变化而造成滞后。

部分电能因分子的内摩擦儿消耗掉5、构象：犹豫内旋转而产生的高分子链在空间的排列二. 选择题(20分)1. 高聚物玻璃化转变的实质是：（B）A、相变过程，B、松弛过程，C、熔融过程。

2. 下列方法中可测得数均分子量的方法有：（B,C,D）A、粘度法，B、沸点升高，C、膜渗透压，D、GPC法，E、光散射法。

3. 下列高聚物中，在室温下可以溶解的是：（A,B,D）A、尼龙-66，B、PET，C、LDPE，D、聚乙酸乙烯酯，E、聚乙烯醇。

4. 结晶高聚物熔点高低与熔限宽窄取决于：（C）A、退火时间，B、结晶速度，C、结晶温度，D、相变热，E、液压大小。

5. 橡胶产生弹性的原因是拉伸过程中：（C）A、体积变化，B、内能变化，C、熵变。

6. 欲获得介电损耗小的PS产品，应选择（A）A、本体聚合物，B、乳液聚合物，C、定向聚合物，D、加有增塑剂的聚合物。

7. 下列参数中可作为选择溶剂依据的有（B,C,D,E）A、均方末端距，B、溶解度参数δ，C、高聚物-溶剂相互作用参数，D、第二维利系数A2，E、特性粘数[η]。

8. 加工聚碳酸酯时，欲获提高流动性最有效的措施是：（E）A、增加切应力，B、增加分子量，C、采用分子量分布窄的产品，D、降低温度，E、增加温度。

9. 高聚物的结晶度增加，则（B）A、抗冲击强度增加，B、拉伸强度增加，C、取向度增加，D、透明性增加。

10. 在室温下，加一固定重量的物体于橡皮并保持这一恒定张力,当橡皮受热时，重量的位置将：（B）A、下降，B、上升，C、基本不变，D、无法预测。

四川大学本科分子生物学考试历年真题及考研试题问答题题库含答案电子版

分子生物学问答题库1. 氨酰tRNA合成酶的功能是什么？功能：⑴翻译过程中催化氨基酸同其相匹配的tRNA相偶联，形成氨基酰tRNA。

⑵对氨酰-tRNA的脱酰基也有催化作用。

⑶可对错误的氨酰-tRNA进行校正。

（又称氨酰-tRNA连接酶(aminoacyl-tRNA ligase)，具有高度的专一性，每种氨基酸与对应的tRNA相连接都有相应的氨酰-tRNA 合成酶来催化该酶由一条多肽链或者由多个相同或不同的亚基组成，分子量不一，但都具有两个催化活性中心和对氨基酸、tRNA、ATP及Mg2+的结合部位。

）2. 为什么说DNA甲基化可用来调控复制和DNA修复？真核生物染色体DNA甲基化是真核基因表达调控的一种方式。

DNA甲基化作用可引起染色质结构、DNA构型、DNA稳定性以及DNA与蛋白质因子相互作用方式的改变，从而对基因表达进行调控。

当DNA处于高水平甲基化状态时，基因表达受到抑制；当DNA处于低水平甲基化状态时，基因得以表达。

在细胞分化和生长发育过程中，DNA甲基化的作用可使特定基因有序地表达。

DNA甲基化作用的组织特异性是真核生物所特有的。

错配修复系统可识别链的甲基化程度，优先从甲基化程度低的链上切除核苷酸。

子链总是甲基化程度低的链，其甲基化稍滞后于推进中的复制叉，而亲本链是完全甲基化的，在前一轮复制中已经甲基化了。

3. Promoter和Terminator .启动子(promoter)是一段位于结构基因5’端上游区的DNA特异序列，能活化RNA聚合酶，使之与模板DNA准确地结合并具有转录起始的特性。

终止子是一个基因的3’末端或一个操纵子的3’末端的一段特定的核苷酸序列，具有终止转录的功能。

原核生物终止子有两种：一种需要有辅助蛋白ρ因子参与；另一种则不需要ρ因子参与，RNA聚合酶的核心酶本身即能终止转录。

4. 什么是转录单位，它是否等同于基因？转录单位是一段从启动子开始至终止子结束的DNA序列，RNA聚合酶从转录起点开始沿着模板前进，直到终止子为止，转录出一条RNA链。

川大高分子考博91-98真题及答案

1991-结构与性能1．试从聚合物的本体结构和极性扼要叙述能够相互容混的聚合物应满足的条件。

相容同晶型高分子共混物和相容络合型高分子共混物是如何形成的？如何测定多组分聚合物体系的相容性？答：能够相互容混的聚合物应满足的条件为：结构和极性上组分聚合物之间应相近或相似，或不同聚合物间能形成化学键或氢键。

相容同晶型高分子共混物是由于组成共混物的组分聚合物间相容性好且它们的结晶晶型相同，共混后不同聚合物间共同形成结晶，从而形成相容同晶型高分子共混物；相容络合高分子共混物是聚合物共混后能在不同聚合物间形成络合作用，从而形成相容络合高分子共混物。

多组分聚合物体系的相容性的测定方法有：a将共混物溶解在溶剂中观察是否发生相分离；b将共混物溶液浇铸成膜，观察膜的透明性及脆性来了解其相容性的好坏；c测Tg，观察是否只有一个Tg；d动态力学方法及动态流变方法；e显微技术；h小角X射线衍射。

答：聚合物的内聚能密度是反映聚合物分子间作用力大小的物理量，一般来说，对于内聚能密度小于290兆焦/米3的聚合物，都是非极性聚合物，由于它们的分子链上不含有极性基团，分子间主要是色散力，分子间相互作用较弱，加上分子链的柔顺性好，使这些聚合物材料易于变形，富有弹性，可用作橡胶，只有聚乙烯是个例外，它易于结晶而失去弹性，只能作为塑料应用；内聚能密度大于420兆焦/米3的聚合物，由于分子链有强极性基团，或者分子间能形成氢键，分子间作用力大，因而有较好的机械强度和耐热性，加上分子链结构比较规整，易于结晶、取向，使强度更高，成为优良的纤维材料或工程塑料；内聚能密度在290—420兆焦/米3之间的聚合物，分子间作用力居中，适合于作塑料使用。

3．试扼要说明分子量及其分布、温度、压力和剪切速率对聚合物熔体粘度的影响。

为何嵌段和接枝共聚物的熔体粘度高于按按该共聚物分子量和组成的估算值？答：分子量及其分布（一般情况下，分子量越大，粘度越大；在平均分子量相同时，在高剪切速率下分子量分布越宽，粘度越小）、温度（温度上升，粘度降低，刚性分子对温度的变化表现出更大的敏感性）、压力（压力越大，粘度越大）和剪切速率和剪切应力（对刚性分子链和柔性分子链，粘度对剪切速率和剪切应力的依赖性不同，柔性分子比刚性分子有更大的敏感性，即随剪切速率增加和剪切应力，柔性分子的粘度降低更明显）。

四川大学高分子材料基础题库(3)_图文(精)

四川大学考研网二、通过查阅资料回答下列问题 1. 简述气体辅助注塑成型。

气体辅助注射成型过程是先向模具型腔内注入经准确计量的塑料熔体，再通过气孔、浇口、流道或直接注入压缩气体，气体在型腔中塑料熔体的包围下沿阻力最小的方向扩散前进，对塑料熔体进行穿穿和挤压，推动塑料熔体充满模具型腔，并对塑料进行保压，待塑料冷却后开模顶出。

整个成型周期可细分为 6 个阶段。

(1塑料充填阶段：这一阶段与传统注射成型不同点为熔体只充满局部型腔，空余部分要靠气体补充。

（2切换延迟阶段：从塑料熔体注射结束到气体注射开始 (3气体注射阶段：从气体开始注射到整个型腔充满时止 (4保压阶段：熔体内气体压力保持不变或略升高，使气体在塑料内部继续穿透(称为二次穿透以补偿冷却引起的塑料收缩。

(5气体释放阶段：气体人口压力降为零。

(6顶出阶段：当制品冷却到一定程度后开模顶出。

成型特点是：注射压力小；制品翘曲变形小；可保证壁厚差异较大的制品的质量；可消除缩痕，提高表面质量；可提高制品的强度与刚度；可简化浇注系统，减少模具费用；降低锁核力，从而降低设备成本；缩知成型周期(冷却时间。

2. 什么是微孔塑料。

80 年代中期才开始研制成功的新型泡沫塑料，其泡孔直径为 0.1-10um，泡孔密度为 10 -1015/cm3。

材料密度比发泡前少 5%-98%。

聚合物中的自由体积和缺陷能被一些微小的孔所取代，微孔将能减缓材料内部的应力集中，从而优化材料的性能，改善材料的冲击性能。

9 3. 微孔泡沫塑料的物理性能特点。

首先，微孔发泡塑料中的气体浓度高于一般物理发泡，其次，微孔发泡的成核数要大大超过一般物理发泡成型；再者，微孔发泡材料产品中的泡孔以及泡孔尺寸分布均匀而且气泡直径小，气孔为闭孔结构。

4. 微孔泡沫塑料的制备方法有哪些？ 1）微孔发泡注射成型：采用超临界的惰性气体受到限制，微孔发泡注射成型采用超临界的惰性气体（CO2、N2）作为物理发泡剂．其工艺过程分为四步： a 气体溶解：将惰性气体的超临界液体通过安装在构简上的注射器注人聚合物熔体中，四川大学考研网四川大学考研网形成均相聚合物/气体体系； b 成核：充模过程中气体因压力下降从聚合物中析出而形成大量均匀气核； c 气泡长大：气在精确的温度和压力控制下长大； d 定型：当气泡长大到一定尺寸时，冷却定型。

1995年四川大学高分子材料学专业博士考题

1995年四川大学高分子材料学专业博士考题--结构与性能(B)1、试扼要叙述下列方析技术在聚合物结构研究中的应用：a、 FTIR；b、GPC；c、DTA及DSC；d、TEM；e、SAXS答：a、FTIR：1）测端基计算聚合物的平均分子量；2）测定反应动力学及相对速度；3）测化学变化；4）测化学结构；5）测聚合物构型；6）测构象及结晶；7）测支化度；8）测聚合物共混；9）测分子间作用力等方面。

；b、GPC：1）测分子量及分子量分布；2）与粘度或分子量测定相结合，研究聚合物的长链支化度；3）测定高分子和共聚物的组成分布；4）分离高分子，制备标准样品等方面；c、DTA及DSC：研究聚合热、反应热、及固反应和高分子反应等物理特性，同时用于测定Tg，聚合物在空气和惰性气体中的受热情况，研究聚合物中单体含量对Tg的影响，共聚物结构的研究，研究纤维的拉伸取向，用DSC直接计算热量和测定结晶度，橡胶交联度与Tg关系的研究，研究聚合物的结晶动力学等；d、TEM：1）内部细微的形态与结构；2）聚合物的晶格；3）聚合物网络；4）微孔大小分布；5）分子量分布。

；e、SA XS：研究高分子溶液中高分子的尺寸和形态，研究固体聚合物中的空隙及空隙的尺寸和形状。

（比较：S ALS在聚合物研究中的应用：用Hv散射法测定聚合物球晶的尺寸，对球晶结构的研究，对聚合物薄膜拉伸过程中球晶变化情况的研究，聚合物结晶过程的研究，用于共混体系的研究等）2、试述下列高分子材料的结构特征。

（1）互穿聚合物网络（IPN）：是两种交联的聚合物相互贯穿而形成的宏观交织网络。

（2）液晶高分子：形成液晶的的物质通常具有刚性的分子结构，分子的长度和宽度的比例即轴比R≥1，呈棒状或近似棒状的结构，同时还须具有在液态下维持分子的某种有序排列所必需的凝聚力，这样的结构特征常常与分子中含有对位苯撑、强极性基团和高度可极化基团或氢键相联系，此外，液晶的流动性要求分子结构上还必须含有一定结构的柔性部分。

新版药品GCP2022年考试-98分真题(含答案)

新版药品GCP（测试日期2022-07-14）满分：100得分：98.0单选题（共25题，共50.0分）1.需在试验方案中明确统计假设的是以下哪项：2.以下对源文件描述正确的是：3.试验方案中不包括下列哪项？4.偏离原定统计分析计划的修改程序应在以下哪项中明确：5.下列哪项不属于研究者的职责？6.临床试验中使一方或者多方不知道受试者治疗分配的程序。

7.关于试验方案的描述，下列哪项不正确？8.以下属于统计师确定的内容是：9.申办者提前终止或者暂停一项临床试验时，研究者应当立即通知：10.药物临床试验的哪些信息必须告知受试者：11.关于研究者和临床试验机构应当具有完成临床试验所需的必要条件，以下哪一项描写错误？12.以下哪项不是源数据的特点：13.知情同意的过程应当符合哪些要求：14.《药物临床试验质量管理规范》的目的是什么？15.药物临床试验的哪些信息必须告知受试者：16.以下哪一项说法不准确：17.在试验中，修改知情同意书时，下列哪项是错误的？18.申办者选择研究者均应当符合以下要求：19.药物临床试验的哪些信息必须告知受试者：20.临床试验中用于与试验药物参比对照的其他研究药物、已上市药品或者安慰剂。

21.临床试验中试验设计内容通常不包括：22.受试者接受试验用药品后出现死亡、危及生命、永久或者严重的残疾或者功能丧失、受试者需要住院治疗或者延长住院时间，以及先天性异常或者出生缺陷等不良医学事件。

23.以下哪类人员不能直接查阅临床试验相关的源数据和源文件24.哪个不属于研究者应签署的文件25.临床表现的性质和严重程度超出了试验药物研究者手册、已上市药品的说明书或者产品特性摘要等已有资料信息的可疑并且非预期的严重不良反应。

判断题（共25题，共50.0分）1.试验方案中的样本量必须以检出有明显的差异为原则。

2.试验方案中的样本量必须以统计学原则为依据。

3.《药物临床试验质量管理规范》的目的是为保证药物临床试验过程规范，数据和结果的科学、真实、可靠，保护受试者的权益和安全4.研究者应保证将数据准确、完整、清晰、及时地输入病例报告表。

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1991-结构与性能1．试从聚合物的本体结构和极性扼要叙述能够相互容混的聚合物应满足的条件。

3．试扼要说明分子量及其分布、温度、压力和剪切速率对聚合物熔体粘度的影响。

因为通过嵌段和接枝，聚合物分子间通过化学键结合，聚合物分子间作用力增强，比具有相同组成的未嵌段和接枝的高聚物分子间的作用力强，因此嵌段和接枝共聚物的熔体粘度高于按按该共聚物分子量和组成的估算值。

4．A．在低温下为何经过增塑的半晶性聚合物的硬度或脆性反而更大？因为在低温下增塑剂在半晶性聚合物中可能起到晶核作用，促进聚合物的结晶，使聚合物的结晶度增加，从而导致其脆性变大；另外在该情况下增塑剂也可能起到破坏聚合物结晶完整性的作用，使聚合物结晶中含有更多的缺陷，导致聚合物力学性能变坏。

B．在应力作用下为何高分子在不良溶剂中比在优良溶剂中容易断链？因为高分子在优良溶剂中分子链的自由度更大，在受到应力作用时，分子链可以通过键的内旋转来抵消应力的作用，相当于这时分子链的柔性增加；而在不良溶剂中，这时分子链的旋转受到限制，使分子可能更快地达到化学键断裂的程度，因此应力作用下为何高分子在不良溶剂中比在优良溶剂中容易断链。

5．试扼要叙述下列分析技术在聚合物结构研究方面的应用：DSC；WAXD；TEM；FTIR。

答：DSC：1、测Tg、Tm、Td；2、测结晶度及结晶动力学3、测共聚物结构及共混复合物的相分离行为4、测聚合物的热稳定性（如热氧化、热降解等）等方面。

WAXD：1）聚合物晶体尺寸及完整性的测定2）晶体取向分析3）结晶度的研究4）聚合物构象的研究5）聚合物形变和退火的研究6）聚合物晶体中分子运动的研究，7）高分子溶液的研究等。

TEM：1）内部细微的形态与结构；2）聚合物的晶格；3）聚合物网络；4）微孔大小分布；5）分子量分布。

FTIR：1）测端基计算聚合物的平均分子量；2）测定反应动力学及相对速度；3）测化学变化；4）测化学结构；5）测聚合物构型；6）测构象及结晶；7）测支化度；8）测聚合物共混；9）测分子间作用力等方面。

1991（上）-结构与性能1．试扼要叙述下列方析技术在聚合物结构研究中的应用：FTIR；GPC；DTA及DSC；TEM；SAXS。

答：FTIR：1）测端基计算聚合物的平均分子量；2）测定反应动力学及相对速度；3）测化学变化；4）测化学结构；5）测聚合物构型；6）测构象及结晶；7）测支化度；8）测聚合物共混；9）测分子间作用力等方面。

GPC：1）测分子量及分子量分布；2）与粘度或分子量测定相结合，研究聚合物的长链支化度；3）测定高分子和共聚物的组成分布；4）分离高分子，制备标准样品等方面。

DTA及DSC：研究聚合热、反应热、及固反应和高分子反应等物理特性，同时用于测定Tg，聚合物在空气和惰性气体中的受热情况，研究聚合物中单体含量对Tg的影响，共聚物结构的研究，研究纤维的拉伸取向，用DSC直接计算热量和测定结晶度，橡胶交联度与Tg关系的研究，研究聚合物的结晶动力学等。

TEM：1）内部细微的形态与结构；2）聚合物的晶格；3）聚合物网络；4）微孔大小分布；5）分子量分布。

SAXS：研究高分子溶液中高分子的尺寸和形态，研究固体聚合物中的空隙及空隙的尺寸和形状。

（比较：SALS在聚合物研究中的应用：用Hv散射法测定聚合物球晶的尺寸，对球晶结构的研究，对聚合物薄膜拉伸过程中球晶变化情况的研究，聚合物结晶过程的研究，用于共混体系的研究等。

）2．试述下列高分子材料的结构特征。

互穿聚合物网络（IPN）：是两种交联的聚合物相互贯穿而形成的宏观交织网络。

液晶高分子：形成液晶的的物质通常具有刚性的分子结构，分子的长度和宽度的比例即轴比R≥1，呈棒状或近似棒状的结构，同时还须具有在液态下维持分子的某种有序排列所必需的凝聚力，这样的结构特征常常与分子中含有对位苯撑、强极性基团和高度可极化基团或氢键相联系，此外，液晶的流动性要求分子结构上还必须含有一定结构的柔性部分。

梯形聚合物：高分子链中原子之间不是以单个单键，而是以两个或两个以上单键并联起来的一条带状或梯子形分子链。

光致导电高分子：是指高分子受到光激化时，电子电导栽流子数目比热平衡状态时多，分子链须含有诸如“线性π共轭、平面型π共轭、侧链或主链含多环芳烃、侧链或主链含杂环化合物、电荷复合转移物及其他”这样的结构特点。

热收缩高分子材料：分子链结构柔性较好，在熔融拉伸状态下易于取向排列，并且其取向态在受热后易于解取向，使分子链容易恢复卷曲状态而使材料产生收缩，即要求分子链结构比较规整，柔性较好，同时为了使分子链取向能够保持，也要求分子间有适当的作用力，如取向后能形成一定结晶或分子链间有一定交联或形成氢键等。

1996（2）结构与性能1．A、B两聚合物不相容混，试扼要叙述提高A和B聚合物容混性可采用哪些方法；如何用玻璃化转变温度来确定两聚合物的容混性，举出两种测定玻璃化转变温度的方法。

答：方法有（1）加入含有能与A、B两种聚合物作用的嵌段或接枝共聚物作为增容剂；（2）加入带有官能团的聚合物，在共混过程中通过反应形成增容剂；（3）通过反应性共混就地形成嵌段共聚物作为增容剂；（4）通过对基体树脂进行部分氧化，或用γ射线、电子束、微波、紫外光等辐射或辐射接枝，达到增加基体树脂与分散相间的浸润性，增加两相间的相容性；（5）在加工过程中通过力化学方法进行自增容。

用测Tg的方法确定容混性：通过测定共混物的Tg，观察是否在两种聚合物的Tg间有单一的共混物的Tg或一玻璃化转变区，如果有这样的单一的共混物Tg或一玻璃化转变区，则两聚合物的容混性好；如果测得的共混物的Tg为两个，则两Tg相互间相距越近，则两聚合物容混就越好，而两Tg相互间相距越远，则两聚合物容混就越差。

Tg测定方法：膨胀计法；DTA或DSC法；折光率法；另外还有利用聚合物在其玻璃化转变温度前后其他物理性质如导热系数、扩散系数、介电损耗、力学损耗等性能的突然变化来测定Tg。

2．分析聚合物结构（一、二、三次结构）对聚合物强度的影响。

答：一次结构是指聚合物的近程结构，包括链中原子的种类和排列，取代基和端基的种类，单体单元的排列顺序，支链的类型和长度等分子构造以及链中某一原子的取代基在空间的排列等分子构型，是指分子链的化学结构；二次结构是指分子链的远程结构，包括分子的大小与形态，链的柔顺性及分子在各种环境中所采取的构象；三次结构是指高分子材料整体的内部结构，包括晶态结构、非晶态结构、取向态结构和液晶态结构。

一次结构对聚合物强度的影响为：因为高分子具有强度在于主链的化学键力和分子间力，所以增加高分子的极性或产生氢键可使强度提高，但如果极性基团过密或取代基团过大，阻碍链段运动，高分子的拉伸强度虽然大了，但材料变脆；主链含有芳杂环的聚合物，其强度和模量都比脂肪族主链的高；分子链支化程度增加，使分子间的距离增加，分子间作用力减小，聚合物的拉伸强度会降低，但冲击强度会提高；适度的交联可以有效地增加分子链间的联系，使分子链不易发生相对滑移，随着交联度的增加，强度增高，但过度的交联会使冲击强度降低。

二次结构对聚合物强度的影响为：分子量对拉伸强度和冲击强度的影响为，当分子量低时，随分子量的增加，拉伸强度和冲击强度都会提高，但当分子量超过一定的数值以后，拉伸强度的变化就不大了，而冲击强度则继续增大；同时分子量分布也对聚合物强度有一定影响，对于平均分子量相同而分子量分布较宽的聚合物，其强度就比分子量分布窄的聚合物的强度低；一般地分子链的柔顺性增加聚合物的强度降低，分子在各种环境中所采取的构象间的位垒小，相当于分子链的柔顺性变好，聚合物的强度降低。

三次结构对聚合物强度的影响为：结晶度增加，对提高拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弹性模量又好处，但结晶度太高，则要导致冲击强度和断裂伸长率的降低；非晶态的增加会拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弹性模量降低，但适当增加非晶态的含量，能提高聚合物的冲击强度和断裂伸长率；使取向可以使材料的强度提高。

3．试述下列高分子材料的结构特征。

a、液晶高分子：形成液晶的的物质通常具有刚性的分子结构，分子的长度和宽度的比例即轴比R≥1，呈棒状或近似棒状的结构，同时还须具有在液态下维持分子的某种有序排列所必需的凝聚力，这样的结构特征常常与分子中含有对位苯撑、强极性基团和高度可极化基团或氢键相联系，此外，液晶的流动性要求分子结构上还必须含有一定结构的柔性部分。

b、离聚物：是指碳氢分子链中含有少量离子基团的聚合物，通常认为离子基团的摩尔含量不超过15%。

它的主要部分是一个非离子性的主链，次要部分是一种可离子化的或离子性的共聚单体。