chap5_alternative_classification
扶轮词汇
扶輪詞彙Acting District Governor〔代理地區總監〕當地區總監出缺時,由國際扶輪社長另委派1人代理該地區總監職務,迄國際年會或國際扶輪理事會推派新任地區總監時為止。
如總監無法履行責任也可指派代理總監暫代。
Active Member〔現職社員〕凡依照其事業或職業分類所推選之扶輪社員,並依據國際扶輪章程與細則之規定,享受社員之特權,及應盡之義務與責任。
Admission Fee〔入社費〕申請加入扶輪社為社員者應繳納之費用,入社費之金額各社頗不一致,依各該社細則所規定之數額而有所不同。
Alternate (Delegate)〔候補代表〕任何扶輪社在選舉出席國際年會代表時,每位代表可另選舉候補代表1人,當代表缺席時可由候補代表出席投票。
Assembly, Club〔社務行政會議〕扶輪社所有職員、理事、和委員會主委的會議,目的在於討論扶輪社的計劃和活動。
Assembly, District〔地區講習會〕每年舉行之訓練會議,最好在4月或5月,參加者為扶輪社社長當選人及社長當選人指定將在下一年擔任關鍵領導人角色之扶輪社社員。
此一訓練提供教育課程以培養輪社領導人,使其具備必要的技巧、知識、及激勵,來增進國際扶輪理事會所定義的扶輪社效果,藉此機會亦可分享當地及地區之計劃及目標。
Assembly, International〔國際講習會〕每年一度由一般職員、總監當選人、國際扶輪各委員會主委、以及國際扶輪指定之人員參加的會議。
其目的在於提供扶輪教育、行政管理技巧、激勵和啟發總監當選人,並讓他們及其他出席人員有機會討論並計畫如何在未來一年實施扶輪計劃和活動。
A ssistant Governor〔助理總監〕總監根據國際扶輪理事會政策所指定之扶輪社員,目的在協助總監處理有關指定區域內各扶輪社之行政管理工作。
A ssociate Foundation〔關聯基金會〕根據扶輪基金會基金保管委員會之標準及指導方針而核准設立之基金會,作為扶輪基金會之關聯基金會,由保管委員會負責營運。
产业生态学Industrial Ecology (14)
Chap.6 LCIA—classification and characterizationThe second and third elements of LCIACategory indicator results (LCIA profile)Mandatory elementsSelection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models Assignment of LCI results (classification)Calculation of category indicator results(characterization)Optional elementsCalculation of the magnitude of category indicator resultsrelative to reference information (normalization)Grouping WeightingData quality analysis⏹The assignment of LCI results to the impact categoriesTo assign LCI results which are exclusive toone impact category;To identify LCI results which related to morethan one impact category⏹For the LCI results with more than one impact category✓To distinct between parallel mechanism✓To allocate among serial mechanism✓SO 2✓human health ✓acidificationthe impact categories LCI results ✓NOx✓Ground-level ozone formation✓acidificationthe impact categoriesLCI resultsExample: LCI results for the life cycles of a wind spoiler of a car made of two different materialsImpact parameter LCI result (kg/FU)Material A Material BMaterial resourcesAl ore0.8540 Coal in ground 3.0560.826 Oil in ground 6.5419.405 Emissions to airCarbon monoxide0.0770.107 CH400.011 CO230.18828.605 SO22516 othersNote: FU=function unitClimate changeAcidification Resource depletion Human healthetc Impact categoryCalculation of category indicator resultsCategory indicator results (LCIA profile)Mandatory elementsSelection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization modelsAssignment of LCI results (classification)Calculation of category indicator results(characterization)Optional elementsCalculation of the magnitude of category indicatorresults relative to reference information(normalization)Grouping WeightingData quality analysis⏹Characterization includes 2 steps✓Step1: The conversion of LCI results :to selectcharacterization factors, to convert the assignedLCI results to common units✓Characterization factor: factor derived from acharacterization model which is applied toconvert the assigned LCI results to thecommon unit of the category indicatorCharacterization factors for several impacts GWP equivalent factors:1 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 kg CO2-eq.1 kg methane (CH4)25 kg CO2-eq.1 kg laughing gas (N2O)298 kg CO2-eq.Eutrophication equivalent factors:1 kg nitrate (NO3) 1 kg NO3-eq.1 kg ammonia (NH3) 3.64 kg NO3-eq.1 kg phosphate (PO43-)10.45 kg NO3-eq.Acidification equivalent factors:1 kg sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1 kg SO2-eq.1 kg ammonia (NH3)> 1.88 kg SO2-eq.http://qpc.adm.slu.se/7_LCA/page_10.htmStep2: Aggregation of the converted LCI results within the impact category, thus form the indicator resultExample: light-bulbGiven, the GHGS emissions of CO2,CH4,N2O for 10, 000 light bulbswith 100lx,1000h is 50,30,10kg, respectively, to calculate the GWP of function unit, 300lx lighting, with 50,000 h life span.⏹GWP factors (ISO 14042, 2000)Greenhouse gas Atmospheric lifetime GWP factoryears(100-year time frame)Carbon dioxide (CO2)50 to 2001Nitrous oxide (N2O)120310Methane (CH4)12±321●changed factors:the emissions of greenhouse gases emission, characterization factorsfor CO2,CH4,N2O is 1,25,298,respectively (2006 data ).Step1:calculate the GWP of 10000 bulbs with100lx,1000h 50×1+30×25+10×298=3780kgCO2eq.Step 2:Relate date to reference flow:3780/10000×150=56.7kgCO2eq.Step3:Relate date to functional unit56.7kgCO2eq/300lx,50000hOr: 56.7 kgCO2eq/FU Solution:An example of impact resultSelected indicators contributing to thedamage category “ecosystem quality”(acidification/eutrophication, land-use,water consumption) in the biofuels’assessment using the Eco-Indicator 99 (H,A)methodology combined with the methodof Pfister et al. (2009).Note: potentially disappeared fraction (PDF)Source: https:///article/10.1007/s11367-011-0327-1Elements of LCIA Category indicator results (LCIA profile)Mandatory elementsSelection of impact categories, category indicatorsand characterization modelsAssignment of LCI results (classification)Calculation of category indicator results(characterization)Optional elementsCalculation of the magnitude of category indicator results relative toreference information (normalization)GroupingWeightingData quality analysisAn example of impact resultSingle score results of biofuels’assessment using the Eco-Indicator 99 (H,A) combinedwith the method of Pfister et al.(2009)Summery for LCIALCI resultsMandatory elementsSelection of impact categories, categoryindicators and characterization modelsAssignment of LCI results (classification)Calculation of category indicator results(characterization)LCIA results。
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级(1)班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .A.slangB.Anglo-Saxon wordsC.argotsD.neologisms3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .A.content words and functional wordsB.native words and borrowed wordsC.basic words and dialectal wordsD.loan words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________.A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizensB.empty words, notional words, form words, content wordsC.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializesD.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.A.Productivity and stabilityB.neutrality in style and high frequency in useC.collectability and polysemyD.formality and arbitrariness6.The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .A.a dialectal wordB.argotC.an archaismD.slang7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .A.jargonB.an archaismC.aneologismD.slang8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ .A.conjunctionsB.auxiliariesC.prepositionsD.adjectives9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .A.the total number of the words in alanguageB.all the words used in a particular historical periodC.all the words of a given dialectD.most words a person knows10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ .A.GermanB.FrenchC.SpanishD.Japanese11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.A.Anglo-Saxon wordsB. FrenchwordsC.Danish wordstin words12.Black humor is_______ .A.a translation loanB.a semantic loanC.a denizenD.an alien13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .A.polysemous;use and stabilityB.monosemous;collocability and stabilityC.polysemous;use and productivityD.monosemous;productivity andcollectability14.Indigestion is_______ .A.jargonB.slangC.terminologyD.an archaism15.By_______ ,words fall into functional words and content words.e frequencyB.notionC.originD.word formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .A.motivatedB.arbitraryC.logicalD.unconventional17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.DenizensB.Semantic loansC.Translation loansD.Aliens18.Smoky, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.A.slangB.argotC.loanD.jargon19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______A.slangB.archaicC.functionalD.dialectal20.The difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______.A.more phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingC.change of spelling by early scribesD.development of pronunciationplete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns4.All the words in language make up its_______ .5.The_______ word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.6.By_______ ,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false( )1.A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. ( )2.Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related. ( )3.The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( )4.The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( )5.The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin. ( )6.Native words are more popular than foreign words.( )7.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more. ( )8.audl(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( )9.Kowtow is a loan word known as an alien.( )10.Long time no see is a case of translation loan.IV.Give a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )V.Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form?3.What are the criteria for classification of words?4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock?[Answers]I.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.C15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.DII.1.meanings 2.syntaitic 3.80(eighty) 4.vocabulary 5.basic 6.origin 7.Nonbaic 8.logical 9.Words 10assimilatedII I.1.T 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.TIV.1.slang 2.jargon3.argot 4.content words 5.native words 6.translation loans 7.neologisms 8.denizens 9.semantic loan 10.basic word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for classification.Words may fall into:the basicword stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A.200B.300C.400D.5002. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .A.Balto-SlavicB.Indo-IranianC.ArmenianD.Italic3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.A.AlbanianB.RussianC.SloveniaD.Lithuanian4.Which language does not belong to the Italic?A.Portuguese.B.SpanishC.WelshD.French5.The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .A.EnglishB.CelticC.ScandinavianD.Hellenic6.The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).A.GermanB.GreeceC.EnglandD.American7.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.tinB.GreekC.CelticD.French8.The influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .A.1200B.1300C.1400D.15009.In the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental11.The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.tinB.GreekC.DanishD.French12.Middle is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.A.middleB.intermediateC.interchangeableD.internal13.The number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A.FrenchB.GermantinD.Russian14.Before English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .tin;French;Latin;FrenchB.French;French;French;EnglishC.French;French;Latin;FrenchD.Greek;French;Greek;French15.In the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .A.RenewalB.RevivalC.ReboundD.Renaissance16.Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are createdby_______ .A.analogyB.word-formationC.transferD.conversion17.The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A.uniqueB.fashionC.pureD.old18.As one scholar notes,old English w as characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.A.full ;lostB.lost;fullC.full;pureD.pure;lost19.Old English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.A.analytic;syntheticB.synthetic;analyticC.agglutinative;analyticD.isolating;synthetic20.Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.A.ItalianB.GermanC.DutchD.Scandinavian21.In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .A.war;economyB.economy;agricultureC.war;shrineD.agriculture22.In the Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .A.cook;candleB.shrine;sackC.candle;shrineD.mass;circle23.The_______ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.A.12th and 13thB.13th and 14thC.14th and15thD.15th and 16th24.Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms.which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A.Frustrate B . Focus C.Logic D.Trade25.Which of the following does not come from Greek?A.PianoB.SynonymC.PhilosophyD.Lexicology26.Typhoon is from_______ and tatami is from_______ .A.Chinese;AfricanB.Chinese;JapaneseC.Arabic;TurkishD.Malay;Japanese27.Modern English vocabulary develops through_______ .A.terminology,analogyand borrowingB.creation,semantic and borrowingC.creation,archaisms,and semantic changeD.semantic change,denizens and argot28.Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A.FalloutB.Pant suitC.Black beltD.Mao jackets29.The Scandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.A.easternB.westernC.northernD.southern30.Reviving archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A.obsoleteB.oldedD.ancientII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( )1.English is more closed related to German than French.( )2.Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish ( )3.Old English was a highly infected language.( )4.In early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side.( )5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( )6.Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( )7.The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( )8.In modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary.( )9.The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( )10.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( )11.Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( )12.Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.III.Define the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changeIV.Answer following questions.Your answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English?2.What are the characteristics of Modern English?3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of English?V.Analyze and comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.C7.A8.B9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.C 24.B25.A26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.AII.1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FIII.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and India.According to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set anda Western set.The Eastern set consistsof:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 words.The vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign languages.The words borrowedfrom other languages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.In modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.This does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks”and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English ha s revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
广东学位英语词汇表(无差错打印版)
acquaintance n. 熟人;了解
acquire vt.取得;获得;学到
acquisition n. 获得;获得物
acre n.英亩(=6.07 亩)
adapt vt.使适应;改编
addition n.加,加法;附加物
addle n.角度
ankle n.踝,踝节部
anniversary n. 周年纪念日
annoy vt.使恼怒;打搅
annual a.每年的 n.年报
ant n. 蚂蚁
anticipate vt.预料,预期,期望
antique a. 古老的n. 古物,古董
anxiety n.焦虑,忧虑;渴望
access n.通道,入口
accidental a.意外的
accommodation n.住处;食宿
accompany vt.陪伴;伴随
accomplish vt.达到;完成
accord vt.一致;给予
accordance n.一致;和谐
accordingly ad.相应地
account n.描述;解释;帐目
bloom n.花;开花,开花期
blouse n. 女衬衫
boast vi.自夸 vt.吹嘘
bold a.勇敢的
bolt n.螺栓;插销 vt.闩门
bomb n. 炸弹vt.轰炸
bond n.联结,联系;公债
boom n./v.迅速发展,兴旺
boost v. 推进
boot n.靴子,长统靴
banner n.旗,旗帜,横幅
bar n.酒吧间;条,杆;栅
7.Classification
4
Choosing a topic
Avoid topics that are colorless, flat, insipid, boring, unimaginative, monotonous and BROAD. They require no thought to write and no thought to read, and they require no effort to forget. Topics with two extremes and a middle position are almost always destined for dullness. Bad idea: intelligent thinkers, unintelligent thinkers, and average thinkers. How about this: academic intelligence (raw IQ), commonsense intelligence (good practical judgment), and street-smart intelligence (cunning)? Be New, Be Original! (free-ranging thinking/free associations) Hairdresser’s customers classified as dogs: some pretty and lovable like the cocker spaniel, some growly and assertive like the doberman, and some feisty and temperamental like the poodle.
Classification: Establishing Groups
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
…2012级(1)班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into…_______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words-5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6.The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .^9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .【11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .(archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.[19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book\1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.{9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences betweensound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.(( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.>4.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )5.Words that have clear notions.( )6.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )7.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )8.Old words with new meanings.( )9.Words which have become assimilated.( )10.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )11.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( ):the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated!2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.)Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.(language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.·influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.*is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;French…the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lost—English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .…;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .:;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.^archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period."( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.,2.the Indo-European Language Family3.Old English4.foreign elements5.creation6.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.、4.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary5.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI./II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized theMidland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
classification 英文写作分类.ppt
Group Activity
Read the following passage and complete the second paragraph. Life would be so much easier if everyone learned new information
in exactly the same way. Teachers would know exactly how to present material so that all students would have an equal opportunity to learn. Unfortunately, that just is not the way it works---people are different in many different ways, and one of the ways they differ is in the style of learning that works best for each person.
Reading
On Matters of Love
1. Do you think the feeling of being in love can be researched and studied? Based on the content of the text, the more appropriate answer would be “no”. Love belongs to the sphere of sensibility, while “research” and “study” are obviously tools of the sense. They are mutually exclusive. 2. Have you heard or experienced a relationship in which one prefers to move faster while the other feels the opposite? Why do they have the difference? What can we do to solve the problem? Love, to some extent, means the opening of your heart and taking another person in. This is in fact a process of identity reconstruction. For the cooler party in a romantic relationship, his/her reason still prevails and his/her identity remains comparatively intact. Therefore, the other party’s “fast” love can be considered a violation of his/her personal space.
写作 classification
About creating categories
Remember the categories of a classification must not overlap or contain items already contained within another entry. Otherwise, the classification will become illogical.
Exercise
Mattresses:queen; twin; firm; double;
Single basis:
size
Exercises: fatigue; swimming; jogging; gymnastics;
Single basis:
field
Churches: Roman Catholic; Baptism; Protestant; Orthodox;
Single basis:
branch
Vacation: Seashore; winter; summer; weekends;
Single basis:
time
Related Expression
About creating categories
Once you are given a topic, you will create categories by organizing elements according to a common feature. Decide how to organize elements of your topic into categories. With your categories created, identify common features of each category.
新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)1-4册单词(不含专有名词和词组)
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词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级(1)班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6.The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;Frenchthe early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,MiddleEnglish by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lostEnglish which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
Chapter 15 Division-Classification
College Writing Skills with Readings, 9/e
Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press.
15 - 7
Chapter 15
Division and Classification
We could explain different strategies by classifying these same commercials into, say, their representation of women...
Division and Classification
“Edibility” and “Storage
Location” would be the principles of classification and division in the preceding examples.
College Writing Skills with Readings, 9/e
Chapter 15
Division and Classification
We spend a good deal of time organizing our environment in order to make sense of it and deal with it more efficiently.
College Writing Skills with Readings, 9/e
Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press.
15 - 6
Chapter 15
Division and Classification
04-Classification(分类)
•Can we explain the difference in accuracy as a result of variations in the test sets?
23
Confidence Interval of Accuracy
1 b (0.632 i 0.368 accs ) b i 1
Comparing Classifiers
•Consider two models MA and MB MA: 85% accuracy on a test set of 30 records MB: 75% accuracy on a test set of 5000 records •Which one is better?
Border line between two neighboring regions of different classes is known as decision boundary
Linear
Rectilinear
Nonlinear
7
Decision Trees
8
Rule Based
9
Performance evaluation
20
Leave one out – Cross validation
•Special case of cross validation where k=N
Full Data Set
•Uses as much data as possible for training •Test sets mutually exclusive •Computationally expensive
Chapter 7. Classification and Prediction
YEARS TENURED 3 7 2 7 6 3 no yes yes yes no no
Classifier (Model)
IF rank = ‘professor’ OR years > 6 THEN tenured = ‘yes’
5
2013年8月6日星期二
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 2
2013年8月6日星期二
Classification vs. Prediction
Classification: predicts categorical class labels (discrete or nominal) classifies data (constructs a model) based on the training set and the values (class labels) in a classifying attribute and uses it in classifying new data Prediction: models continuous-valued functions, i.e., predicts unknown or missing values Typical Applications credit approval target marketing medical diagnosis treatment effectiveness analysis
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 8
2013年8月6日星期二
新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)1-4册单词(不含专有名词和词组)
accuse
accustomed
achievement
acid
acknowledge
acquaint
acquaintance
acquire
acquisition
acre
action
activist
activity
acute
adapt
addition
bleed
blend
bloody
bloom
blouse
blur
boast
bold
bolt
bomb
bomber
bond
boom
boost
boot
border
borderline
bore
bounce
bound
boundary
bow
bowel
brake
brand
circumstance
cite
civil
civilian
civilization
civilize
Claiborne
claim
claim
clap
clash
classic
classical
classification
classify
clause
claw
clay
cleanup
attractive
attribute
auction
audience
audio
authority
automatic
四级词汇最终版4795词_20150801修订
四级词汇最终版4795词_20150801修订abandonabilityableabnormalaboardabolishabortionaboutaboveabroadabruptabsenceabsentabsoluteabsolutelyabsorbabsorbedabstractabundantabuseacademicacademyaccelerateaccentacceptacceptableacceptanceaccessaccessibleaccidentaccidental accommodate accommodation accompany accomplish accord accordance according to accordingly account accountant accumulate accuracy accurate accuse accustomed acheachieve achievement acid acknowledge acquaint acquaintance acquire acquisition acreacrossactactionactiveactivityactressactualacuteadaptaddaddition additional address adequate adjectiveadjust administration administrative admire admissionadmitadoptadultadvance advanced advantage adventureadverbadvertise advertisement/ad adviceadvisableadviseadvisory advocateaffectaffection affirmative affordafraidafterafternoon afterward afterwardsagainagainstageagencyagendaagentaggressiveagoagonyagreeagreeable agreement agriculture aheadaidAIDSaimairair-conditioning aircraftairlineairplane/aeroplane airportairwayalarmalbumalcoholalertalikealiveallallergicallianceallowallowancealloyallyalmostalonealongalongsidealoudalphabetalreadyalsoalteralternative althoughaltitudealtogether aluminum/ aluminium alwaysamateuramazeamazing ambassador ambition ambitious ambulanceamidamong/amongst amountamuse amusement amusing analysis analyze/analyse ancestoranchorancientandangerangleangryanimalankle anniversary announceannoyannualanotheranswerantanticipateantiqueanxietyanxiousanyanybodyanyhowanyoneanythinganywayanywhereapartapartment/apt.apologize/apologise apologyapparatusapparentappealappealingappearappearanceappetiteapplaudapplauseappleappliance applicable applicant applicationappliedapplyappoint appointment appreciate approach appropriate approval approve approximate approximately April arbitrary architect architecture archiveareaargue argument arise arithmetic armarmyaround arouse arrange arrangement arrestarrivalarrivearrowartarticleartificial artist artistic artworkasascendash ashamed asideaskasleep aspect aspiration assemble assembly assert assess asset assign assignment assist assistance assistant associate association assume assumption assure astonish astronomer atathlete atmosphere atom atomic attach attack attain attempt attend attendance attention attitude attorney attract attraction attractive attribute auction audience audio august aunt authentic author authority auto automate automatic automobile autumn auxiliaryavailable avenue average avoid await awake award aware awareness awayawful awkwardax/ axe baby bachelor back background backup backward backwards bacon bacteria badbadge badlybag baggage bake bakery balance balconyballoon bambooban banana band bandage bangbank bankrupt banner banquet barbarber bare barely bargain barkbarnbarrel barrier base baseball basement basic basically basin basis basket basketball batbathebathroombatterybattlebaybebeachbeambeanbearbeardbearingbeastbeatbeautifulbeautybecausebecomebedbeebeefbeerbeforebegbeggarbeginbeginningbehalfbehavebehavior/ behaviourbeingbelief believebellbelong belongings beloved belowbeltbenchbend beneath beneficial benefit beside besidesbestbest-seller betbetraybetter between beyondbiblebidbigbike/bicycle billbillionbindbirdbirth birthday birthright biscuitbitbitebitter black blackboard blade blame blank blanket blast bleed blendblind blockblogblood bloodshed bloody bloom blossom blouse blowblueblurboardboat bodyboil boiler boldbolt bomb bond bone bonus book booklet bookmark boom boost boot border bore boring born borrow boss both bother bottle bottom bounce bound boundary bowbowlboxboybrainbrake branchbrandbrassbravebread breadth break breakfast breakthrough breast breath breathe breed breezebribebrickbridebridgebrief briefcase bright brilliant bringbroad broadcastbroken broom brother brow brown browse browser brunch brush bubble bucket bud budget bugbuild building bulb bulkbull bullet bulletin bump bunch bundle burden bureau burial burn burst burybush business busybut butcher butter butterfly buttonbuyby bystander cab cabbage cabin cabinet cablecafecagecake calculate calculator calendar callcalm camel camera camp campaign campuscancancel cancer candidate candle candy cane canteen cap capable capacity capital captain capture car carbon cardcare career careful careless cargo carpenter carpet carriage carrier carrot carrycart cartoon casecashcashiercassettecastcastlecasualcatcatalog/ catalogue catchcategorycattlecausecautiouscaveCDROMceaseceilingcelebratecellcellarcementcentcenter/centre centigradecentimeter/centimetre centralcenturycerealceremonycertaincertainlycertaintycertificatechainchairchairmanchalkchallengechamberchampagnechampionchancechangechannelchaoschaoticchapchaptercharactercharacteristic characterize/characterise chargecharitycharmchartcharterchasechatcheapcheatcheck/chequecheckpointcheer cheerful cheese chemical chemist chemistry chess chest chew chicken chiefchild childhood childish childlike chill chimney chinchinachip chocolate choice choke choose chop chopsticks Christ Christian Christmas churchcigaret/ cigarette cinemacirclecircuitcircularcirculate circumference circumstancecitecitizencitizenshipcitycivilcivilian civilization civilize/civilise claimclapclarifyclashclassclassicclassical classification classify classmate classroomclauseclawclayclear clerk clever click client cliff climate climb cling clinic clinical clip clock clockwise clone close closet cloth clothes clothing cloud cloudy clubclue clumsy coach coal coarse coast coastalCoca-Cola cockcodecoffeecoilcoincold collapse collar colleague collect collection collective college collision colonial colonycolor/colour columncombcombat combination combine comecomedy comfort comfortable comic command commandercommence comment commentator commerce commercial commission commit commitment committee common communicate communication communism communist community commute compact companion company comparable comparative compare comparison compass compatible compel compensate compensation compete competent competitioncompetitive competitor complain complaint complementary complete complex complicate complicated component compose composer composition compound comprehension comprehensive compress comprise compromise compute computer computerize comrade conceal concede concentrate concentration concept concern concerning concertconclude conclusion concrete condemn condense condition conduct conductor conference confess confidence confident confine confirm confirmation conflict confront Confucian confuse confusion congratulate congratulation congress conjunction connect connection conquer conquest conscience consciousconsent consequence consequently conservation conservative consider considerable considerate consideration considering consist consistency consistent constant constitute constitution construct construction consult consultant consume consumer consumption contact contain container contaminate contemporary contempt contentcontented contest contestant context continent continual continue continuity continuous contract contradiction contrary contrast contribute contribution control controversial controversy convenience convenient convention conventional conversation conversely conversion convert convey convict conviction convincecookcool cooperate cooperation coordinatecopcopecoppercopycopyrightcordcordlesscorecorncorner corporation corpscorrect correspond correspondence correspondent corresponding corridor corruption costcostly costume cottagecott。
新东方四级单词表
abandon 放弃抛弃ability 能力才能aboard 在船上上船abroad 到(在)国外在传播absence 缺席缺乏absent 缺席的缺乏的absolute 绝对的,完全的absorb 吸收使全神贯注abstract 抽象的摘要抽象作品abundant 丰富的充分的abuse 滥用虐待谩骂academic 学院的学者academy 学院accelerate 加快促进accent 腔调口音重音acceptance 接受承认容忍access 接近入口accident 意外事故accidental 突然的意外的accommodation 住处膳宿accompany 陪同为…伴奏accomplish 完成实现accord 一致协议授予accordance 一致according 依照accordingly 因此相应的acount 账目说明解释acountant 会计人员accumulate 积累积蓄accuracy 准确准确度accurate 精确的准确的accuse 控告谴责accustomed 惯常的常用的ache 疼痛,渴望achievement 完成,成就,成绩acid 酸酸的尖酸的ackonwledge 承认致谢报偿acquaintance 熟人相识acquire 取得学到acquisiton 获得获得物acre 英亩action 行动功能情节active 活跃的积极的主动的activity 活动活性acute 尖锐的敏锐的急性的adapt 适应改编addition 增加加法附加物additional 附加的另外的adequate 适当的足够的adjust 调节适应administration 管理经营admire 钦佩,羡慕,赞赏admission 允许进入入场券admit 承认供认准许进入adopt 收养采用通过adult 成年人成年人的advanced 先进的高级的advantage 优点,优势,好处adventure 奇遇,冒险advertise 为~ 做广告,宣传advertisement 广告,公告advisable 明智的,可取的advocate 拥护,提倡拥护者,aeroplane 飞机affect 影响,感动affection 感情,爱,爱慕afford 担负得起,提供afterward 后来,以后agency 经办,代理,代理处agenda 议事日程②agent 代理人,经纪人*aggressive 侵犯的有进取心的agriculture .农业,农业学aid .帮助;援助aircraft 飞机airline 航空公司alarm 惊恐,忧虑alcohol 含酒精的饮料*alert 警觉的报警,使警惕Alike 同样的相似地alliance 结盟,联盟,联姻allocate 分配,分派,把…拨给allow 准许,允许,容许allowance 津贴,补贴,零用钱ally 同盟国,同盟者支持者alongside 在旁边alphabet 字母表alter 改变,变更alternative 两者择一取舍选择altitude 高度,海拔高处,高地aluminium 铝amateur 业余爱好者外行amaze 使大为惊奇,惊愕ambassador 大使ambition 抱负,雄心,野心ambulance 救护车amid 在……中间,被……围绕amount 量,数量,总额,amuse 逗乐,逗笑给…提供娱乐analyze 分析,细察,细查analysis 分析,分析报告ancestor 祖宗,祖先;原型anchor 抛锚angle 观点倾向性ankle 踝,踝关节anniversary 周年,周年纪念日annoy 使恼怒打扰,干扰annual 每年的,年度的anticipate 预料,期望antique 古玩,古董anxiety 忧虑, 焦急, 渴望anxious 焦虑的,发愁的anyhow 无论如何,至少anyway 无论如何,至少apart 分离分离的分隔的apartment 房间一套公寓房间apologize 道歉,认错,谢罪apology 道歉,认错,愧悔apparent 表面上的,貌似appeal 呼吁,恳求上诉,申诉appear 出现,显露看起来像appetite 食欲,胃口欲望applause 鼓掌,掌声appliance 器具,器械,装置applicable 可实施的适当的applicant 申请人application 申请应用,实施apply 申请,请求适用appoint 委派,任命约定appointment 委派,任命约定appreciate 重视,赏识领会approach 靠近接近途径appropriate 适当的,适当的approval 赞成,同意批准approve 赞成,同意批准approximate 大概的近似估计arbitrary 随意的专断的③architect 建筑师设计师architecture 建筑建筑学argue 辩论争论argument 争论(吵) 辩论arise 出现由……引起起床arithmetic 算术四则运算arouse 唤醒叫醒激起arrange 安排筹划整理arrangement 整理排列安排arrest 逮捕扣留arrival 到达到来到达者arrow 箭状物箭头符号artificial 人造的虚伪的artistic 艺术(家)的ash 灰灰末骨灰ashamed 惭愧的羞耻的aside 在旁边aspect 样子外表面貌assemble 集合召集装配assembly 集合会议装配assert 断言宣称坚持assess 评估征税评价asset (pl )资产财产物品assign 派给分配选定assignment 分配指派assist 帮助促进参加assistance 协作援助帮助assistant 辅助的助手associate 联想联合n 伙伴association 协会社团assume 假装假定设想assumption 假定设想assure 使确信使放心(of) astonish 使惊讶使吃惊athlete 运动员体育家atmosphere 大气空气气氛atomic 原子微粒微量attach 系贴装连接attack 攻击进攻attain 达到完成获得attempt 企图努力尝试attitude 态度看法attorney 代理人辩护律师attract 引起的注意吸引attraction 吸引引力attractive 有吸引力的attribute (to)归因于归属于audience 听众读者audio 音频(响)(的)author 作者authority 权力权威auto (automobile)(口语)汽车automatic 自动(装置)的automobile 汽车机动车auxiliary 辅助的支援的available 可利用的avenue 林荫路大街average 平均平均数avoid 防止避免逃避避开await 等候期待award 授予给予判定aware 知道的意识到的awful 极坏的威严的可怕的awkward 笨拙的尴尬的axe (ax)斧子削减4background 出身背景经历backward 向后的落后的bacon 咸肉bacteria 细菌baggage 行李bake 烘焙烤balance 使平衡称权衡比较balcony 阳台楼厅楼座balloon 气球玩具气球ban 取缔查禁禁止禁令band 乐队群伙条文波段bang 巨响枪声猛击bankrupt 破产的banner 横幅旗帜barber 理发师bare 赤裸的光秃的barely 仅仅只不过几乎不bargain 特价商品协议bark 狗吠吠声叫声树皮barn 谷仓牲口棚barrel 桶圆筒枪管barrier 栅栏签票口屏障baseball 棒球basically 基本上从根本上说basis 基础根据原则bat 蝙蝠球棒球拍bathe 给……洗澡洗澡游泳battery 电池组蓄电池bay 湾分隔间beam 梁横梁束柱bean 蚕豆beard 胡须络腮胡子bearing 举止风度方位beast 野兽兽畜生beggar 乞丐使贫穷behalf 利益维护支持behave 表现举止做出反应behavior 行为举止表现being 存在生物生命belief 信任相信信念beloved 所钟爱的所爱戴的beneath 在……下方地位低于,次于在掩盖下beneficial 有利的有益的benefit 利益恩惠救济金besides 而且除之外bet 打赌敢说确信赌注beyond 远于越出bible 圣经bid 企图努力喊价billion 十亿bind 捆绑包扎装订biology 生物学生态学blade 刀刃刀片叶片blank 空白的茫然的blanket 毛毯坛子羊毛毯blast 爆炸冲击波bleed 勒索……的钱blend 混合bloody 非常的该死的bloom 花开花开花期board 板委员会董事会boast 自夸吹嘘bold 勇敢的鲁莽的blot 螺栓插销bond 联结联系boom 激增繁荣迅速发展boost 提高使增长boot 靴子长筒靴子border 边边缘边界bore 使厌烦令人讨厌的人5Bounce 跳起弹起bound 跳跃受约束的boundary 边界分界线brake 刹车制动器brand 商标牌子打烙印brandy 白兰地酒brass 黄铜铜器breadth 宽度幅breast 胸膛乳房breed 饲养品种种类breeze 和风微风brick 砖bride 新娘brief 简短的简洁的简报briefcase 公文包brilliant 光辉的灿烂的卓越的brim 边缘帽檐brisk 刻薄的生机勃勃的bronze 青铜色青铜制品brook 小河小溪brow 眉毛额头browse 吃嫩草浏览brutal 残忍的严酷的bubble 水泡气泡bud 花苞发芽budget 预算buffet 自助餐bulb 灯泡球状物bulk 体积容积大块大量bulletin 公报公告告示bully 恐吓欺负bump 碰撞颠簸着前进bump along down 颠簸前进bunch 一群一伙bundle 捆包burden 负担重担bureau 署局司处cab 出租汽车司机室cabbage 卷心菜cabin 客舱机舱小木屋cabinet 橱柜内阁cable 电报有线电视calcium 钙calculate 计算计划calorie 卡路里campaign 战略战役活动campus 大学校园cancel 却小删去cancel out 抵偿cancer 癌症candidate 候选人报考者cannon 大炮6cautious 十分小心的谨慎的cease 停止终止cement 水泥胶泥粘结center 圆心正中centigrade 百分度的摄氏的centimetre 公分厘米ceremony 典礼仪式礼节certificate 证书证件执照challenge 挑战反对chamber n 会议室会所champion n 冠军得胜者channel n 海峡水道航道【常pl】渠道途径频道chaos n 混乱紊乱chap n 小伙子男人家伙chapter n 章回篇character n 性格特性性质人物角色符号(汉)字characteristic adj 特有的典型的n 特性characterize vt 成为…的特征以…为特征描绘(人或物)的特性描述charge v 索价控告使充电使充满向前冲n 费用管理控告指责电荷充电charity n 救济金施舍物【常pl】慈善团体慈善事业宽大宽容charm n 迷人的特性魅力符咒咒文vt 吸引迷住chart n 图表航图海图vt 用图表表示在图上表示charter n 宪章共同纲领特许状许可证(飞机汽车等的)包租vt 包租(汽车等)adj 包租的租用的chase v 追逐追赶追求cheat v 欺骗骗取哄行骗n欺骗欺骗行为骗子cheerful adj 快乐的愉快的使人感到愉快的chemical adj 化学的n 化学制品chemist n 化学家药剂师chest n 胸腔胸膛箱子chew vt 嘴嚼嚼碎chief adj 主要的为首的总的n 首领长官酋长族长childhood n 童年幼年早期chill v (使)变冷(使)感到冷n 寒冷寒气风寒寒战chin n 颏下巴chip n 屑片碎片炸土豆条集成电路片集成块缺口瑕疵choke vt 使窒息塞满塞住chop vt 砍劈切细n 排骨Christ 基督救世主Christian 基督教徒信徒基督教(徒)的cigar n 雪茄烟cigarette n 香烟纸烟卷烟circuit n 电路线路环行巡行circular adj 圆的循环的兜圈子的n 通知通告circulate v (使)循环(使)流通(使)流传散布传播circumstance n 情况条件境遇【pl 】境况经济情况cite vt 引用引证传唤传讯表彰嘉奖civil adj 公民的文职的民用的民事的民法的文明的civilian n 平民百姓civilization n 文明文化开化civilize vt 使文明使开化教育claim vt 声称主张对…提出要求索取以…为其成果(或后果)需要值得n 要求认领索赔声称断言clap v 拍手轻拍n 拍手鼓掌clarify vt 澄清阐明clash vi 发生冲突不协调砰地相撞发出刺耳的撞击声n 冲突不协调(金属等的)刺耳的撞击声classic adj 最优秀的典型的标准的传统式样的典雅的n 文学名著经典作品杰作优秀的典范【pl 】古典文学古典语文研究classical adj 古典的经典的classification n 分类分级分类法类别级别classify vt 把…分类把…分级clause n (法律文件等的)条款从句分句claw n 爪脚爪螯v (用爪)抓撕clay n 粘土泥土肉体clerk n 店员办事员职员click v (使)发出咔哒声n 咔哒声client n 委托人当事人顾客cliff n 悬崖峭壁climate n 气候风土地带风气气氛clue n 线索暗示提示clunsy adj 笨拙的愚笨的粗陋的不得体的不策略的coach n 长途公共汽车教练指导(铁路)旅客车厢vt 训练指导辅导coarse adj 粗的粗糙的粗劣的粗俗的7coil .①(一)卷,(一)圈②线圈;v.卷,盘绕collapsecolleague n.同事,同僚collection.①收藏品,收集的东西②收取,收集③聚集,积聚collective.集体的,共同的;n.团体,集体collision.①碰撞②冲突,抵触colony①殖民地②(侨民等)聚居区,聚居地③(动植物)的群体,集群column.①柱,圆柱②纵队,直行③栏,专栏(文章)comb.①梳子②(鸡等的)肉冠,冠状物;vt.①梳理②在...搜寻,彻底搜查combat.战斗,斗争,格斗;vt.与...斗争,与...战斗combination.①联合(体),结合(体),化合combine.结合,联合,化合;n.①联合企业(或团体)②联合收割机comedy.①喜剧②喜剧性(事件)command.①命令,指示②指挥;控制③掌握,运用能力;vt.①命令,指挥②拥有,掌握③值得,应得④俯临,俯瞰commander.司令官,指挥员comment.①评论,意见②闲话,议论;vi.评论commerce.商业,贸易commercial.①商业的,商务的②商品化的,商业性的;n.商业广告commission.①委员会②佣金,回扣③授权,委托;vt.委任,委托commitcommitment.①承诺,许诺,保证②信奉,献身③承担的义务committee.委员会communicate.①交流,交际,通讯②连接,相通;vt.①传达,传播②传染communication.①交流,交际,通讯②通信(或交通)工具,交通联系community n. 社区,社会;团体,群落companion n. 同伴,伴侣*comparable a. 可比较的,类似的;比得上的comparative a. 比较的,相对的compare v. 比较,对照(+with);把……比作(+to)comparison n. 比较;比拟,比喻*compass n. 罗盘,指南针;(复数)圆规*compel v. 强迫,迫使compete vt.比赛,竞争competent a. 有能力的,能胜任的competition n.竞争,比赛*competitive a. 竞争的,求胜心切的;(价格)有竞争力的compete v. 竞争,比赛*complaint n. 抱怨,诉苦;投诉,控告complaint n.①抱怨,诉苦②控告,投诉③疾病complex=complicated a. 复合的;复杂的,难懂的*component n. 成分,部件a. 组成的,构成的*compose v. 组成,构成;创作(乐、诗),谱曲;使镇静compound n. 化合物,复合物 a. 复合的,化合的comprehension n.①理解(力)②理解力测验*comprehensive a. 广泛的,综合的*compress v . 压紧,压缩*comprise v. 包含,包括;构成,组成*compromise n/v. 妥协,折中*conceal v/n. 隐蔽,掩盖reveal*concede v. 不情愿地承认;允许,让予;让步,认输concentrate v.(+on)集中,凝聚;全神贯注;浓缩n. 浓缩物,浓缩液concept n. 概念,思想*concerning prep. 关于concession n. 让步,妥协;特许(权);承认,认可conclude v. 推断,推论;结束;缔结,议定conclusion n.①结论,推论②结尾③缔结,议定*concrete a. 实在的,具体的n. 混凝土condemn v. 谴责;判刑condense v. 冷凝,浓缩,压缩condition n.①状况,状态②环境,形势③条件,前提;vt.①训练,适应②调整...的状况,改善...的情况③对...有重要影响,决定conduct vt.①进行,管理②指挥,引导③(oneself)(行为)表现④输送,传导(电、热等)conductor n.①(乐队)指挥②(公共汽车等)售票员,列车长③导体*conference n. 会议,商谈*confess v. 坦白,承认*confidence n. 信任,信心,自信have confidence inconfident a. 确信的,肯定的;自信的be confident of*confine v. 限制,局限;禁闭n.(复数)界限,范围*confirm v. 证实,肯定;确认;批准8*conflict v. n. 冲突,抵触;战争,战斗*confront v. 迎面遇到,遭遇;正视;当面对证confuse v. 困惑;混淆;搞乱congratulateconfusioncongratulatev. 祝贺,道喜(+on)congratulationn.①贺词②(on)祝贺,恭喜congress n. 代表大会,国会conjunction n. 接合,连接;连接词connectvt.①连接,连结②联系,结合③给...接通电话;vi.连接,衔接connectionn.①联系,(因果)关系②连接(部分),衔接③熟人,关系(户)conquer v. 征服,破除*conquest n. 攻取,克服,征服*conscience n. 良心,良知*conscious a. 意识到的,自觉的(+of);神志清醒的;有意的,存心的*consent v/n. 准许,同意,赞成*consequence n. 结果,后果;重要性,重大*consequently ad. 所以,由此conservationn.①保存,(对自然资源的)保护②避免浪费*conservative a. 保守的,守旧的;不时新的,传统的n. 保守的人Considerable a. 相当大(多)的considerate a. 体贴的,体谅的consideration n.①考虑,要考虑的事②体贴,关心consist v. (of)由……组成;(in)在于,存在于*consistent a. 坚持的,一贯的;一致的,符合的*constant a. 始终如一的;不断的;忠实的,忠诚的*constitute v. 构成,形成;设立,任命*constitution n. 宪法,章程;体质,素质;组成,设立constructvt.①构筑,建造②对...进行构思,造(句);n.①建筑物,构造物②构想,观念constructionn.①建造,建设②建造物;建筑物③结构*consult v. 请教,找……商量;查阅,查看consultant n. 顾问;会诊医师,专科医生consumern.用户,消费者,消耗者consumption n. 消耗量,消费量;挥霍*contact n. v. 联系,接触,交往;熟人,社会关系;(电路)接头,触点Contain v. 包含,容纳;控制*container n. 容器,集装箱contemporary a. 当代的,同时代的n. 同代人,当代人*content n. (复数)所容纳的东西,(书的)内容,目录;含量,成分contest v. 争夺,竞争;提出质疑,辩驳n. 争夺,竞争;比赛context n. 背景,环境;上下文,语境continual a. 不间断的,多次重复的,频频的continuous a. 连续不断的,不断延伸的*contract n. 合同,契约v. 收缩;订合同;感染(疾病),染上(恶习)*contradiction n. 矛盾;否认,反驳contrary a. 相反的,对抗的n. 相反(事物)*contrast v. 形成对比n. 对比对照;悬殊差别,反差(+with) *contribute v. 捐款,作出贡献;有助于,促成;投稿Contribution n.①贡献,促成作用②捐款,捐献物③(C)(投给报刊等的)稿件*controversial a. 引起争论的,有争议的Controversy n. 争论,辩论*convenience n. 方便,合宜;便利设施,方便的用具*convention n. 习俗,惯例;公约,协议;会议,大会conventional a. 普通的,常规的;符合习俗的,因循守旧的conversation n. 谈话,交谈conversely adv.相反(地) *convert v. 转变,转化;改变信仰(态度)*convey v. 表达,传递,传达;运送,输送*convict v. 证明(宣判)有罪n. 囚犯conviction n. 确信,坚定的信仰;说服,信服;定罪,判罪*convince v. 使确信,说服convince sb. into doing sth.cooker n. 炊具,厨灶cooperate v. 合作,配合,协作coordinate v. 调节,协调n. 坐标a. 同等的,并列的copcope v.(with)(成功地)应付,(妥善地)处理coppern.①铜②铜币copyright n. 版权*cord n. 细绳;(pl.)灯心绒裤*core n. 果心;核心,要点to the core 透顶的,十足的corporationcorner n. 角落,街角v. 将……逼入困境,使走投无路*correspond v.(with)符合,一致(to)相当,类似;通信*correspondence n. 信件,函件;通信联系;符合,一致,相似correspondent n. 通讯员9corresponding a. 相应的,相当的;符合的,一致的corridor n. 走廊,通道costly a. 昂贵的,代价高的council n. 委员会,理事会counsel n. 律师,法律顾问;忠告,劝告v. 劝告,提议counter[00:40.58]n.①柜台,柜台式长桌②筹码③计数器;vt.反驳,对抗;adv.反方向地,对立地[00:43.80]county[00:45.62]n.县,郡court[00:48.64]n.①法院,法庭②球场③宫廷,宫室④庭院,院子*count v. 计算;认为,看作;值得考虑,有重要意义n. 总数;一项罪状*crack v. 破裂,裂开;噼啪地响n. 裂缝,缝隙;破裂声craft n. 工艺,手艺;航空器,航天器crane n. 起重机;鹤v.伸长(脖子等)*crash n. 碰撞,坠落;破裂声v. 碰撞,坠落;垮台,破产creature n. 生物,动物,人;创造物,产物creep v. 爬行,匍匐;蹑手蹑脚地走crew n. 全体船员(机组人员)crime n. 罪行,犯罪criminal n. 罪犯a. 犯罪的,刑事的crisis n.①危机,危急关头②决定性时刻,关键阶段critic n.批评家,评论家*critical a. 决定性的,关键性的,危急的;批评的,批判的(+of)criticize v. 批评,批判;评论,评价crowdcrownn. 王冠,冕*crucial a. 至关重要的,决定性的*crude a. 粗鲁的,粗俗的;天然的,未加工的;简陋的*cruise v/n. 航游,巡游*crush v. 压碎,碾碎,弄皱;镇压,制服crust n. 面包皮,硬外皮;外壳,地壳crystal n. 水晶,结晶(体)a.清澈透明的,水晶(制)的cube[02:52.75]n.①立方形,立方体②立方,三次幂*cue n. 暗示,信号;提示cultivate v. 耕作,栽培,养殖;培养,陶冶culture n.①文化,文明②教养,教育③培养,培植④培养菌cupboard n. 食橱,碗橱curiosity n. 好奇(心);奇物,古玩curiouscurl n/v. 卷曲(物);缠绕,盘绕*currency n. 通货,货币;通行,流行current n. 潮流;电流;趋势,倾向 a. 现时的,流行的,流传的curriculum n.(全部)课程curse v/n. 咒骂,诅咒;祸害,祸根curtain n. 窗帘,门帘;帷幕curve n. 曲线,狐线;弯曲处v. 使弯曲cushion n. 垫子,坐垫cycle n.①自行车,摩托车②循环,周期;vi.①骑自行车,骑摩托车②循环dairy n. 牛奶场,乳品店 a. 乳制品的dam n.坝,堤;vt.筑堤(坝)挡住damn a. 该死的,可恶的adv. 极,非常damp a. 潮湿的,微湿的n. 潮湿,湿气dash v. 猛冲,猛掷n. 猛冲,飞奔;破折号data(datum)n. 数据,资料daylight n.(U)白昼,日光deadline n. 最后期限deaf adj.①聋的②不愿听的,装聋的*debate n/v. 争论,辩论debt n. 欠债,债务*decade n. 十年decay n. v. 腐烂,衰退,衰落deceive v. 欺骗,蒙蔽decent a. 象样的,体面的;宽厚的,大方的;正派的,得体的deck n.甲板,层面declaration n. 宣布,宣告;声明;申报*decline n/v. 下降,衰退,衰落;谢绝10*decorate v. 装饰,装潢decrease v/n. 减少defeat n/v. 击败,战胜;挫败*defect n. 缺陷,毛病v. 变节,叛变*define v. 下定义,解释;限定,规定definite a. 明确的,确切的definitelydefinitiondelegate v. 委派……为代表;授权n. 代表,代表团成员delete v. 删除*deliberate a. 故意的,蓄意的;慎重的,深思熟虑的*delicate a. 脆弱的;微妙的,棘手的;娇柔的;雅致的*delicious a. 美味的;芬芳的,怡人的delivery n. 投递,交送(的物品);分娩;讲话方式demanddemocracy n. 民主(国家),democratic a. 民主的demonstrate v. 论证,演示,说明,表露;示威游行dense a. 稠密的,密度大的density n. 密度,稠密*dental a. 牙齿的,牙科的*deny v. 否认;拒绝给予depart v. 离开,出发;(from)背离,违反departure n.*dependent a. 依赖的;取决于……的(+on)*deposit n. 定金,押金;存款;沉积物,矿床v. 沉淀;存放,寄存;储蓄depress v. 使沮丧,消沉;不景气;按下,压下*depression n. 抑郁,沮丧;不景气期,萧条;洼地,凹陷deputy n. 副手,代理人*derive v. 取得,得到;追溯……的起源*descend v. 下降,下来;是……的后裔;(to)把身份降至,沦为;(on)袭击describe v. 描写,形容desert v. 离弃,抛弃;开小差,擅离职守n.开小差,擅离职守deserve v. 应受,值得design n/v. 设计,构想;图样,图案;企图,图谋*desirable a. 值得想望的;可取的,有利的desiredespair n. 绝望,使人绝望的人(事)v.(of)绝望,失去希望*desperate a. 不顾一切的;极想望的;绝望的,危急的despitedessert n. 甜食,甜点心*destination n. 目的地,终点;目标,目的destroy v. 破坏,毁灭destruction n.detail n. 细节,详情;琐事*detect v. 察觉,发现;侦查出detective n. 侦探determination n. 决心,决定;确定,测定determine v. 查明;决定,是……的决定因素;使下决心*device n. 装置,器械;手段Devil n. 魔鬼,恶魔;家伙,人Speaking of the devil, the devil is coming.Devise v. 发明,策划*devote v. (+to)专用于……,贡献给……Diagram n. 图解,简图Dialect n. 方言,土语*diameter n. 直径Dictate v. 口述;命令,支配dictation n. 口授,听写differ vi.①(from)不同,相异②(with)(在意见方面)发生的分歧*digest v. 消化,吸收,领悟*digital a. 数字的数字显示的dim*dimension n. 方面,特点;尺寸,长度;(pl.)面积,规模dip*diplomatic a. 外交的;策略的,有手腕的*directly adv. 直接地,径直地;正好地;立即,马上dirtdisappear*disaster n. 灾难,大祸;彻底的失败*discard v. 丢弃,抛弃*discharge v. 允许……离开,释放,解雇;排放;卸货,下客11*discipline n. 纪律;训练;惩罚,处分;学科v. 训导,惩罚,处罚*discount v. 折扣n. 打折扣;漠视,低估discourage vt.①使泄气,使灰心②阻止,对阻disease n.①病,疾病②不健全,弊端*disguise n. v. 伪装,掩饰,化装in disguiseDisgust n. v. 厌恶,反感Dismiss v. 不再考虑;解雇,开除;遣散;驳回,不受理Disorder n. 混乱,凌乱;紊乱,动乱;失调,病Display n/v. 陈列,展示,表现*disposal n. 丢掉,清除;排列,布置at sb. disposal任……处理(使用)dispose v. 去掉;处理;布置;使倾向于dispute n/v. 争论,争吵dissolve v. 溶解,融化;消失,削弱;解散,结束*distinct a. 有区别的,不同的;清晰的;显著的*distinction n. 差别,不同;区分;优秀,杰出;荣誉,优待*distinguish v. 区分,辨别;看清;使杰出(+from)*distress n/v. 痛苦,忧虑,悲伤*distribute v. 分发,分配;分布,散布distribution.①分发,分配②散布,分布disturb v. 打搅,妨碍;使不安(烦恼);弄乱,大乱ditch n. 沟,渠道dive n/v. 潜水,俯冲*diverse a. 不同的,相异的;多种多样的*divorce n/v. 离婚;分离,脱离(+from)division. ①分,分开,分隔②分配,分担③分歧,分裂④除(法)dividedivorce.①离婚②分离,脱离;vi.离婚;vt.①与...离婚②分离,脱离document n. 公文,文件v.用文件证明,记载domestic a. 本国的,国内的;家庭的,家用的;驯养的*dominant a. 占优势的,支配的;居高临下的,高耸的dominate v. 在……中占首要地位;支配,统治;耸立于,俯视*donation n. 捐赠(物),赠送donkey n.驴dormitory.(集体)宿舍dose n. 剂量;一剂,一份dot n. 小圆点v. 打点于;散布于,点缀doubtful a. 难以预测的,未定的;怀疑的,可疑的downward.向下的,下行的;adv.向下地,下行地downtowna/ad. 商业区的,闹市区的draft n. 草稿,草图;汇票;征兵,服役;通风,气流v. 起草,草拟;征募drag. ①拖,拉②迫使,硬拉;vi.①拖着脚步走,在地上拖着行走②慢吞吞地进行,拖延;n.①累赘,障碍②一吸,一抽,一饮dragon n. 龙drain n. 排水沟(管);耗竭,消耗v. 排水;慢慢流掉,渐渐耗尽drama.①戏,剧本②戏剧(艺术)③戏剧性事件,戏剧性场面dramatic a. 引人注目的,突然的;戏剧性的,激动人心的;戏剧的,剧本的drawer n. 抽屉drift n. 漂流,吹积物;大意,主旨;趋势,转移v. 漂流drill n. 钻头,钻床;操练v. 钻孔,打眼;操练drill n.①钻头,钻床②操练,训练;v.①钻(孔),打(眼)②操练,训练drip v.滴;n.①滴水声②滴下的液体drown vi.淹死,溺死;vt.①使淹死②淹没drum n.①鼓,鼓声②桶,筒;v.有节奏地敲击drunk adj.①(酒)醉的②陶醉的dull adj.①乏味的,单调的②(色彩等)晦暗的,(天气等)阴沉的③(声音)低沉的,沉闷的④愚钝的,笨的⑤钝的dumb adj.①哑的②(因惊恐等)说不出话的,沉默的dump vt.①倾卸,倾倒②倾销,抛售;n.垃圾场durable adj.耐用的,持久的duration n.持续,持续期间dusk n.(U)薄暮,黄昏dust n.(U)①尘土,灰尘②粉末;vt.①擦(或扫)净,除去...的灰尘②撒(粉末等)撒于eagle n.鹰earn vt.挣得,赚得,获得earnest adj.认真的,诚挚的,热切的earthquake n.地震ease n.①容易,不费力②悠闲,安适,自在;v.缓和,解除,减轻(痛苦、负担等)eastward adj.向东的;adv.向东echo n.回音,回声,共鸣;vi.发出回声,产生回响;vt.模仿,重复,附和economic adj.经济的,经济上的,经济学的;n.①经济学②经济状况,经济因素,经济意义*economical a. 节约的,节俭的,经济的(+of)edge n. 边,棱,边缘;刀口,刃;优势,优越地位v. 侧着移动,徐徐移动edition n. 版,版本editorial a. 编辑的,主笔的;社论的n. 社论,重要评论editorial.①编辑的,主笔的,编者的②社论的,社论式12educate v. 教育,培养,训练*effect n. 结果,效果;效力,影响;(pl.)个人财物v. 实现,引起,生效bring/carry/put intoeffect 实现,实行,使生效come/go into effect 实施,生效in effect 实际上,实质上takeeffect 生效,起作用tothe effect that 大意是*effective a. 有效的,起作用的;给人影响深刻的;实际上,事实上efficiency n. 效率,功效*efficient a. 效率高的,有能力的effort n. 努力,尝试;成果*elaborate a. 精心计划的,详尽的;复杂的v. 详述,详细制定*elastic a. 有弹性(力)的;灵活的,可伸缩的n. 橡皮圈,松紧带Elbow n. 肘,肘部v. 用肘推elderlyelect.①选举,推举②选择,决定;vi.进行选举,作出选择electionelectricalelectron n. 电子electronic*elegant a. 优美的,文雅的;简练的,简洁的element n. 元素,成分,元件;(pl.)基础,纲要,原理,自然力*elementary a. 基本的;初级的,小学的Elevator n. 电梯,升降机*eliminate v. 排除,消除;淘汰elsewhereembarrass v. 使尴尬,使不好意思*embassy n. 大使馆;大使馆全体成员*embrace v. 拥抱,怀抱;包含,包括;包围,环绕n. 拥抱,怀抱Emerge v. 浮现,出现;(问题)发生,显露emergency n. 紧急情况,不测事件,非常时刻emit v. 发出(光、热、声等),射出emotionemotional a. 表现情感的,易动感情的,情绪上的emperor n.皇帝,君主emphasis n. 强调,重点putemphasis onemphasizeempire n. 帝国employee n. 受雇者,雇工employeremployment.①职业,工作②雇用,使用enableenclose*encounter v/n. 遭遇,遭到encourageendingendlessendureenemyenforceenergy.①干劲,精力,活力②(U)能,能量,能源*engage v. 吸引,占用;从事,忙于(in);雇,聘;使订婚(to)engaging a.engine n. 发动机,引擎;机车,火车头engineering n. 工程(学)*enhance v. 提高,增强Enlarge v. 扩大,扩展;放大*enormous a. 巨大的,庞大的*ensure v. 保证,担保ensurethatentertain v. 招待,款待;给……娱乐,使快乐entertainment.①娱乐,娱乐节目,表演会②(U)招待,款待,请客enthusiasm n. 热情,热心;热衷的事物entitle n. 给……权利(资格);给……题名be entitled to do*entrance n. 入口,大门口;进入,登场environment*envy n. 妒忌,羡慕;妒忌的对象,羡慕的目标v. 妒忌,羡慕*episode n. 一个事件;插曲,片断,连续剧的一集*equation n. 方程(式),等式equip v. 装备,配备;(智力、体力上)使有准备equip with*equivalent a. 相等的,等价的n. 相等物,意义相同的词eraerect a. 竖直的,挺直的v. 建造,建立;竖立,使直立error n. 错误,差错13essay n. 散文,随笔*essential a. 必不可少的,非常重要的;本质的,基本的n.(pl.)要素,要点;必需品establish.①建立,创办,设立②确立,确定,证实establishment.①(U)建立,确立,确定②企业,机构③当权人物estate n. 土地,住宅区;地产,财产;庄园,种植园estimate n/v. 估计,估量;评价,看法*evaluate v. 评估,评价*eventually ad. 终于,最后evidence n. 根据,证据evident a. 明显的,明白的evidently adv.明显地,显然evil a. 邪恶的,坏的n. 邪恶,罪恶,祸害evolution n/v. 演变,演化,进化,发展evolve v.(使)进化,(使)发展,(使)演变exact adj.精确的,准确的,确切的;vt.强求,要求,索取exactly adv.确切的,精确地,恰好*exceed v. 超过,越出*exceedingly ad. 非常,极其exception n.例外excess n. 过量,无节制;超越,超过 a. 过量的,额外的inexcess ofexcessive a. 过多的,过分的,过度的exchange n/v. 交换,调换;汇兑(率);交流excite .①使激动,使兴奋②引起,激动excitement.①刺激,激动,兴奋②令人兴奋的事,刺激的因素exciting .刺激的,令人兴奋的,使人激动的exclaim v. 呼喊,惊叫*exclude v. 排除,不包括*exclusive a. 奢华的,高级的;独享的;排斥的,排他的n.独家新闻*excursion n. 远足,短途旅行*execute v. 处死,处决;实施,完成execute vt.①处死,处决②实施,执行,完成*exert v. 用力,尽力;运用,发挥exert oneself to do努力,尽力executive n. 主管,行政官;行政部门v. 执行的,行政的*exhaust v. 使筋疲力尽;用光,耗尽;详尽论述n. 排气装置,排气孔;废气,废液exhibit v. 展示,显示;展览,陈列n. 展品,陈列品existence n.①(U)存在②(U)生存,生活(方式)expand v.①扩大,扩张,扩展②膨胀expansion n.扩大,扩展,扩张②膨胀expectation n.①(U)期待,预期②前程,成功的前景expense n.①(U)价钱,花费,费②开支,业务费用experimental adj.实验(性)的,试验(性)的expert n.专家,能手;adj.专家的,熟练的,内行的explode vi.①爆炸②爆发,突发,发怒③激增,迅速扩大;vt.使爆炸,使爆发,使突发exploit vt.①剥削②利用开发,开采;n.业绩,功绩,功勋explore v.①探险,勘探,探测②仔细查阅,探索,探究explosion n.①爆炸,爆发②激增,扩大explosive a. 爆炸的,爆发的;极易引起争论的n. 炸药export n/v. 出口,输出*expose v. 暴露,显露;使处于……作用(影响)之下,曝光exposure n.extend v. 延伸,扩展,延续;提供,给予extension n. 伸展,扩大;延长部分,扩建部分;电话分机extensive a. 广大的,广阔的;广泛的,大量的*exterior n. 外部,外表,外貌 a. 外部的,外表的external a. 外部的,外面的internal a.extraextraordinary a. 不平常的,非凡的extreme a. 极端的;尽头的,末端的n. 极端,过分。
04Classification(分类)精品PPT课件
•Speed: computational cost involved in generating and using the model •Robustness: ability to make correct prediction using noisy/missing values •Scalability: Ability to construct the classifier given large amounts of data •Interpretability: level of insight provided by the classifier
Classification
1
Classification
•Definition: assign an object to one of several predefined categories
•Given:
• A set of predefined classes • A number of attributes • A learning set
f11f10f01f00
Error rate: fraction of wrong predictions err_roarte f01 f10
f11 f10 f01 f00
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Underfitting and Overfitting
•Underfitting: when the model is too simple •Overfitting: when the model is built to tightly fit the training set
model 2. Classification step: uses the model from step 1 to predict the class
英语分级词汇0-4级(旧大纲)
0 4 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 4 0 0 0 3 1 4 2 1 0 3 1 1 3 1 4 0 2 4 1 1 2 0 1 2 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 1
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art article artificial artist artistic as ash ashamed Asia Asian aside ask asleep aspect assemble
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April arbitrary arbitration architect 4 architecture area 4 argue argument arise arithmetic arm 4 army around arouse arrange arrangement arrest arrival arrive arrow
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build building bulb
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bulk bullet
bulletin bump bunch bundle burden bureau burn burst bury bus bush business busy but butcher butter butterfly button buy by bye-bye C cab cabbage cabin cabinet cable cafe cage cake calculate calculator calendar call calm camel camera camp campaign campus can Canada Canadian 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 2
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黑龙江学位英语词汇表(无差错打印版)
1词汇音频下载地址: Aabandon vt.离弃;放弃,抛弃 ability n.能力;能耐,本领 aboard ad.在船(车)上;上船 abroad ad.到国外;到处 absence n.缺席,不在场;缺乏 absent a.缺席的,不在场的;缺乏的 absolute a.十足的,绝对的;纯粹的 absorb vt.吸收;使专心 abstract a.抽象的 n.摘要 abundant a. 大量的;丰富的 abuse vt.滥用;虐待 n.滥用 academic a.学院的;学术的 academy n.研究院 accelerate vt.(使)加快;促进 accent n.口音,腔调;重音 acceptance n.接受;承认 access n.通道,入口 accidental a.意外的accommodation n.住处;食宿 accompany vt.陪伴;伴随 accomplish vt.达到;完成 accord vt.一致;给予 accordance n.一致;和谐 accordingly ad.相应地 account n.描述;解释;帐目 accountant n. 会计员,会计师 accumulate vt.积累 vi.堆积 accuracy n.准确(性);准确度 accurate a.正确无误的 accuse vt.指控;归咎于 accustomed a.习惯于......的 achievement n.成就;完成 acid n.酸,酸性物质 acknowledge v.承认;致谢 acquaintance n. 熟人;了解 acquire vt.取得;获得;学到 acquisition n. 获得;获得物acre n.英亩(=6.07亩) adapt vt.使适应;改编 addition n.加,加法;附加物 additional a.额外的,附加的,追加的 adequate a.足够的,充足的 adjective n.形容词 adjust vt. 校正;调整,调节 administration n.管理 admission n.允许进入;承认 adopt vt.收养;采用;采取 adult n .成年人 a.成年人的,已成熟的 advanced a.超前的;先进的;高级的 advantage n.优点,优势;好处 adverb n.副词 advertise v. 做广告 advertisement n.广告 advisable n. 可取的;明智的advocate v. 拥护,提倡;n. 提倡者 affect vt.影响;感动 affection n.慈爱,爱;爱慕 afterwards ad. 以后,过后,后来 agency n. 代理;代理处 agenda n. 议事日程agent n.代理人,代理商 aggressive a.侵犯的;好斗的 aid n.帮助,救护;助手 aircraft n.飞机,飞行器 airline n.航空公司alarm n.惊恐,忧虑;警报 alcohol n .酒精,乙醇 alert a.警惕的,机灵的 alike a. 同样的alliance n. 结盟,联盟allowance n. 津贴,补助,零用钱 ally n.同盟者alongside ad. 在旁边,沿着边,并排着 alphabet n.字母表,字母系统2alter vt.改变,变更;改做alternative n.替换物,抉择 a. 供选择的 altitude n.高度, 海拔 aluminium n.铝amateur n. 业余爱好者 amaze vt.使惊奇,使惊愕 ambassodor n. 大使ambition n.雄心,抱负,野心 ambulance n.救护车 amid p rep. 在…中间amount n. 数量;总数;和 amuse vt.逗…乐;给…娱乐 analyse v t.分析,分解,解析 analysis n.分析,分解,解析 ancestor n.祖宗,祖先anchor n.锚 vi.抛锚,停泊 ancient a.古代的,古老的 angle n.角度ankle n.踝,踝节部 anniversary n. 周年纪念日 annoy vt.使恼怒;打搅 annual a.每年的 n.年报 ant n. 蚂蚁anticipate vt.预料,预期,期望 antique a . 古老的n. 古物,古董 anxiety n .焦虑,忧虑;渴望 anyhow ad. 无论如何anyway ad.至少,不管怎么说 apart a d.分离;相隔;除去 apartment n .房间 apology n.道歉,认错,谢罪 apparent a . 明显的;表面上的 appeal vi.&n.呼吁;申述 appearance n.出现;外观appetite n. 胃口,食欲;欲望 applause n. 鼓掌,欢呼appliance n. 器械,用具,器具, applicable a.能应用的;适当的 applicant n. 申请人application n.申请;申请表apply vt.申请,应用,实施,使用 appoint vt. 委派,任命;约定 appointment n .约会;任命;appreciate vt.欣赏;感谢;领会;升值 approach vt.靠近;n. 方法,态度 appropriate a.适当的,恰当的 approval n.赞成,批准 approve vt.赞成,同意;批准 approximate a. 大约的,近似的 arbitrary a. 随意的;专断的 architect n.建筑师 architecture n.建筑学 argument n.争论,辩论;理由arise vi.产生,出现;由…引起 arithmetic n.算术arouse vt.引起,唤起;唤醒 arrange v .安排,准备;整理,布置 arrangement n .安排;排列arrest vt.逮捕,拘留;阻止 arrow n.箭;箭状物 artificial a.人工的 artistic a.艺术的;艺术家的 ash n.灰,灰烬 aside ad. 在旁边aspect n.方面;样子,外表 assemble vt.集合,聚集;装配 assembly n. 立法机构assess vt.对…进行估价asset n. 财产;有用的东西,优点 assign vt.指派;分配;指定 assignment n .任务assist vt.援助,帮助;搀扶 assistance n . 帮助,援助associate v.结合 n.伙伴,同事 association n.社团,协会,团体 assume vt.假定;承担;呈现 assumption n. 假定,设想;承担 assure vt.使放心;向…保证 astonish vt.使惊讶,使吃惊 athlete n.运动员;田径运动员3atmosphere n.大气;气氛 atom n .原子;微粒;微量 atomic a.原子的;原子能的 attach vt. 连接;缚,系; attain vt. 获得,达到,完成 attitude n .态度,看法;姿势 attorney n. 律师 attraction n.吸引;吸引力 attractive a.有吸引力的 attribute vt.把…归因于audience n. 观众,听众,读者 audio a.听觉的,声音的 author n.作者,作家authority n.当局,官方;权力 auto n.(口语)汽车automatic a.自动的;机械的 automation n.自动,自动化 automobile n.汽车,机动车 auxiliary a.辅助的;附属的 available a.可利用的;通用的 avenue n.林荫道,道路;大街 average n.平均数 a.平均的 aviation n.航空,航空学avoid vt.避免,躲开;撤消 await vt.等候,期待 awake a.醒着的 vt.唤醒 award n.奖,奖品;判定 aware a.知道的,意识到的 awareness n. 知道, 明白 awful a.令人不愉快的 awfully ad.令人畏惧的;很 awkward a.笨拙的;尴尬的 ax n .斧子axis n.轴,轴线;中心线Bbachelor n. 单身汉;学士学位 background n. 背景,经历backup n. 支援,后援,援助 backward a. 向后的, 落后的backwards ad. 向后,往回;朝反方向bacon n.咸肉,熏肉 bacteria n.细菌 badge n. 徽章badly ad. 急切地,迫切地 badminton n.羽毛球 baggage n.行李bake vt.烤,烘,焙;烧硬 bakery n. 面包厂,面包房 balance vt.使平衡;称 n.天平 balcony n. 阳台 balloon n. 气球 bamboo n. 竹子ban n. 取缔,查禁;禁止n. 禁止 banana n.香蕉band n.乐队;带;波段 bang n.巨响,枪声;猛击 bankrupt a. 破产的banner n.旗,旗帜,横幅bar n.酒吧间;条,杆;栅 barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的;仅仅的 barely a. 仅仅,只不过,几乎不 bark n.吠叫声 vi.吠,叫 barn n.谷仓;牲口棚 barrel n.桶;圆筒;枪管 barrier n.栅栏,屏障;障碍 baseball n.棒球 basically ad.基本上 basis n.基础,根据bat n.球拍;短棍;蝙蝠 battery n.电池;一套,一组 bay n.湾;山脉中的凹处 beam n.梁;横梁;束,柱 bean n.豆,蚕豆beard n.胡须,络腮胡子 bearing n. 举止beast n.兽,野兽;牲畜 beggar n.乞丐,穷人behalf n.利益,维护,支持 behave vi.表现,举止;运转4behavior n.行为,举止,态度 being n.存在;生物;生命 belief n.信任,相信;信念 beloved a.为…所爱的 n.爱人 beneath prep.在…下方 beneficial a.有利的,有益的 benefit n.利益;恩惠;津贴 besides ad.而且prep.除…之外 bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌 Bible n.基督教《圣经》bid v. 祝愿;命令;投标n. 投标 billion num.十亿bind vt.捆绑;包扎;装钉 biology n.生物学;生态学 blade n.刀刃,刀片;叶片 blank a.空白的 n.空白blast n.爆炸,冲击波 vt.炸 bleed vi.出血,流血;泌脂 blend vt.&vi.&n.混和 bloody a. 流血的,血腥的 bloom n.花;开花,开花期 blouse n. 女衬衫boast vi.自夸 vt.吹嘘 bold a.勇敢的bolt n.螺栓;插销 vt.闩门 bomb n. 炸弹vt.轰炸bond n.联结,联系;公债 boom n./v.迅速发展,兴旺 boost v. 推进boot n.靴子,长统靴 border n.边,边缘;边界 bore vt.使厌烦;钻,挖 boring a. 使人厌烦的bounce vi.反跳,弹起;跳起 bound a.一定的;有义务的 boundary n.分界线,边界 bow n.弓;蝴蝶结;鞠躬 brake n.闸,刹车 vi.制动 brand n.商品;烙印 vt.铭刻 brass n.黄铜;黄铜器breadth n.宽度,幅度;幅面 breast n. 胸脯,乳房 breed n.品种 vt.使繁殖 breeze n.微风,和风brick n.砖,砖块;砖状物 bride n. 新娘brief a.简短的;短暂的 brilliant a.光辉的;卓越的 brow n.额;眉,眉毛 bubble n.泡 vi.冒泡,沸腾 budget n. 预算 v. 做预算 bulb n.电灯泡;球状物 bulk n.物体,容积,大批 bullet n.枪弹,子弹,弹丸 bump v. 碰撞bunch n.束,球,串;群 bundle n.捆,包,束;包袱 burden n.担子,重担;装载量 bureau n.局,司,处;社,所 butterfly n.蝴蝶Ccab n. 出租汽车cabbage n.洋白菜,卷心菜 cabin n.小屋;船舱,机舱 cabinet n.橱,柜;内阁cable n.缆,索;电缆;电报 calculate vt.计算;估计;计划 calculator n.计算器,计算者 calendar n.日历,历书;历法 camel n.骆驼campaign n.战役;运动campus n.校园,学校场地 canal n.运河;沟渠;管 cancel vt.取消,撤消;删去 cancer n.癌,癌症,肿瘤 candidate n.候选人;报考者 candy n.糖果;砂糖结晶 capable a.有能力的,有才能的 capacity n.容量;能力;能量 captive n.俘虏,被监禁的人5carbon n.碳career n .生涯,职业,经历 cargo n.船货,货物 carpenter n.木工,木匠carriage n.客车厢;四轮马车 carrier n.运输公司;运载工具 cartoon n.漫画;动画片 cash n.现金,现款 cashier n. 收银员,出纳员 cassette n.盒式录音带;盒子 cast vt.投,扔,抛;浇铸 casual a.偶然的;随便的 catalog n.目录,目录册 category n . 种类,类目 cautious a. 小心的,谨慎的 cease vi.&vi.&n.停止,停息 cell n.细胞;小房间cement n.水泥;胶泥 vt.粘结 centigrade a.摄氏的centimetre n.公分,厘米ceremony n.典礼,仪式;礼节 certificate n.证书,证件,执照 challenge n.挑战;要求,需要 chamber n.腔 champion n.冠军,得胜者 channel n.海峡;渠道;频道 chaos n. 紊乱 chap n. 家伙 chapter n.章,回,篇 character n.性格;特性;角色 characteristic a.特有的 n.特性 characterize v. 以…为特征 charity n.施舍;慈善事业 charm n. 魅力 chart n.图,图表;海图 charter n. 宪章 chase n.追逐,追赶,追求 cheap a.廉价的;劣质的 cheerful a.快乐的,愉快的 chemical a.化学的 n.化学品chemist n.化学家;药剂师chess n.棋;国际象棋 chew vt.咀嚼,嚼碎 childhood n.童年,幼年;早期 chill vt.使变冷 n.寒冷 chin n.颏,下巴 china n.瓷器,瓷料 chip n. 瓷片 choke vt.使窒息;塞满 chop vt.砍,劈;切细vi.砍 Christ n.基督 Christian n.基督教徒;信徒 Christmas n.圣诞节 cigar n.雪茄烟 circuit n.电路;环行;巡行 circular a.圆的;循环的 circulate vt.使循环 vi.循环 circumstance n.情况,条件 cite v. 引用 civil a.公民的;文职的 civilian n.百姓,平民 civilization n.文明,文化 civilize vt.使文明;教育 claim vt.声称,主张;索取 clap vi.拍手 vt.拍,轻拍 clarify vt.澄清,阐明 clasp v. 冲突 classic a. 典型的,典范的 classical a.古典的;经典的 classification n.分类;分级 classify vt.把…分类 clause n. 条款 claw n.爪,脚爪,螯 clay n.粘土,泥土;肉体 click v. 发咔嚓声 client n.委托人,客户 cliff n.悬崖,峭壁 climate n.气候;风土,地带 clue n.线索,暗示,提示 clumsy a.笨拙的;愚笨的6coach n.教练 coarse a.粗的,粗糙的 code n.准则;法典;代码 coil n.(一)卷;线圈 vt.卷 collapse vi.倒坍;崩溃,瓦解 colleague n.同事,同僚 collection n.收集;收藏品 collective a.集体的;集合性的 collision n.碰撞;冲突 colony n.殖民地;侨居地 column n.柱,支柱,圆柱 combat v. 与…斗争 combination n.联合;化合 combine vt.使结合;兼有 comedy n. 喜剧command vt.命令,指挥;控制 commander n.司令官,指挥员 comment n.评论,意见;注释 commerce n.商业,贸易;社交 commercial a.商业的 commission n.委任状;委员会 commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) commitment n. 承诺 committee n.委员会;全体委员 communicate vi.通讯;传达 communication n.通讯;交通 community n.社区;社会 comparable a.类似的 comparative a.比较的,相对的 comparison n.比较;比似 compass n.指南针;圆规 compel vt.强迫,迫使屈服 compete vi.比赛;竞争;对抗 competent a.有能力的 competition n.竞争,比赛 competitive a. 竞争的 complain vi.抱怨,拆苦;控告 complaint n.抱怨;怨言;控告 complex a.结合的;复杂的 complicated a.复杂的,难懂的component n.组成部分compose vt.组成 compound n.化合物;复合词 comprehension n.理解;领悟 comprehensive a. 广泛的compress vt.压紧,压缩comprise vt.包含,包括;构成 compromise n.妥协,和解 conceal vt.把…隐藏起来 concentrate vt.集中;聚集 concentration n.集中;浓缩 concept n.概念,观念,设想 concern n.关心,挂念;关系 concerning prep.关于 concession n.让步 conclude vt.推断出;结束 conclusion n.结论;结尾 concrete n.混凝土;具体物 condemn vt.谴责,指责;判刑 condense vt.压缩,使缩短 conduct n.举止,行为;指导 conductor n.售票员 conference n.会议,讨论会 confess vt.供认,承认;坦白 confidence n.信任;信心 confident n.确信的,自信的 confine vt.限制;禁闭 confirm vt.证实,肯定;批准 conflict n.争论;冲突;斗争 confront v.遭遇, 使面对 confuse vt.使混乱,混淆 confusion n.混乱;骚乱;混淆 congratulate vt.祝贺,向…道喜 congratulation n.祝贺;祝贺词 congress n.大会;国会,议会 conjunction n.接合,连接 connection n.连接;连贯性 conquer vt.征服,战胜;破除 conquest n.攻取,征服;克服 conscience n.良心,道德心7conscious a.意识到的;有意的 consent n.同意,赞成 vi.同意 consequence n.结果,后果 consequently ad.因此,因而 conservation n.保存 conservative a.保守的 considerable a.相当大的 considerate a.考虑周到的 consideration n.考虑,思考 consist vi.由…组成;在于 consistent a.坚持的,一贯的 constant a.经常的;永恒的 constitute v.组成,构成 constitution n.章程;构造 construct vt.建造;建设;构筑 consult vt.请教,查阅 consultant n.顾问consume vt.消耗,消费;消灭 consumer n.消费者,顾客 consumption n.消耗量;消耗 contact vt.使接触;与…联系 container n.容器;集装箱 contemporary a.当代的 contest n. 竞赛 context n. 背景 continual a.不断的;连续的 contract n.契约,合同;婚约 contradiction n.矛盾,不一致 contrary a.相反的 n.相反 contrast n.对比,对照,悬殊 contribute vt.捐献,捐助 contribution n.贡献 controversial a. 有争议的 controversy n.争论 convenience n.便利,方便 convention n.习俗,惯例 conventional a.普通的;习惯的 conversely ad.相反地 convert vt.使转变;使改变 convey vt.传送;运送;传播convict v. 宣判…有罪conviction n.确信,坚定的信念 convince vt.使确信,使信服 cooperate vi.合作,协作;配合 coordinate vt.使协调,调节 cop n.警察 cope vi.对付,应付 copper n.铜;铜币,铜制器 copyright n.版权 cord n. 细绳,粗线,索 core n.果实的心,核心 corporation n.公司,企业 correspond vi.相符合;相当 correspondent n.通讯员 corrsspondence n.信件 corresponding a.相应的 corridor n.走廊,回廊,通路 costly a.昂贵的;价值高的 could aux.可以 council n.理事会,委员会 counsel n.律师;劝告,忠告v.劝告 counter n.柜台;计数器 county n.英国的郡,美国的县 court n.法院,法庭;庭院 crack n.裂缝,裂纹 vi.爆裂 craft n.工艺;手艺,行业 crane n.起重机,摄影升降机 crash vi.碰撞,坠落 n.碰撞 crawl vi.爬,爬行 create vt.创造;引起,产生 creative a.创造性的,创作的 creature n.生物,动物,家畜 creep vi.爬行;缓慢地行进 crew n.全体船员 crime n.罪,罪行;犯罪 criminal n.犯人,罪犯 crisis n.危机;存亡之际 critic n.批评家,爱挑剔的人 critical a.决定性的;批评的 criticism n.批评;批判;评论8criticize vt.批评;评论;非难 crown n.王冠,冕;花冠 crucial a. 决定的,极为重要的 crude a.简陋的;天然的 cruise n.航游;巡航 crush vt.压碎,碾碎;镇压 crust n.面包皮;硬外皮 crystal n.水晶,结晶体;晶粒 cube n.立方形;立方 cue n.暗示 cultivate vt.耕;种植;培养 culture n.文化,文明;教养 cupboard n.碗柜;食橱 curiosity n.好奇心;珍品 curl n.卷毛;螺旋 vi.卷曲 currency n.通货,货币 current a.当前的;通用的 curriculum n.课程 curse n.诅咒,咒骂;天谴 curve n.曲线;弯 vt.弄弯 cushion n.垫子,坐垫,靠垫 cycle n 自行车,循环Ddairy n.牛奶场;乳制品 dam n.水坝,水堤;障碍物 damn a.可恶的 darling n.亲爱的人;宠儿 dash vt.使猛撞;溅 n.猛冲 data n.数据; 资料 daylight n.日光 deadline n.最后期限 deaf a.聋的 debate n.&vi.争论,辩论 debt n.债,债务,欠债 decade n.十年,十年期 decay vi.腐烂;衰败 n.腐烂 deceit n.欺骗,欺诈 decent a.正派的;体面的 deck n.甲板;舱面;层面 declaration n.宣布decline v.下降 decorate vt.装饰,装璜,修饰 decrease vi.&n.减少,减少 deer n. 鹿 definition n.定义,释义;定界 delegate n. 代表,代表团 delete vi. 删除 vt.删除;擦掉 deliberate a.故意的 demonstrate vt.说明;表露 dense a.密集的;浓厚的 density n.密集,稠密;密度 dental a. 牙齿的 deny vt.否定;拒绝相信 depart vi.离开,起程;出发 departure n.离开,出发,起程 dependent a.依靠的,依赖的 deposit vt.使沉淀;存放 depress vt.使沮丧;按下 depression n.抑郁 deputy n.副手 derive vt.取得 vi.起源 descend vi.下来,下降;下倾 deserve vt.应受,值得 desirable a.值得拥有的,合意的 despair n.绝望 vi.绝望 desperate a.拼死的;绝望的 dessert n.甜食 despite prep.不管,不顾 destination n.目的地,终点; destruction n.破坏,毁灭 detail n.细节;枝节;零件 detect vt.察觉,发觉;侦察 detection n.察觉,发觉;侦察 detective n.侦探determination n.决心;决定 device n.器械,装置;设计 devil n.魔鬼,恶魔 devise vt.设计,发明 diagram n.图解,图表,简图 dial n.钟面;拨号盘 vt.拨9dialect n.方言,土语,地方话 diameter n.直径 dictate vt.&vi.口授;命令 diet n.饮食 differ vi.不同,相异 digest vt.消化;领会 n.文摘 digital a.数字的,计数的 dim a.昏暗的;朦胧的 dimension n.尺寸,尺度;面积 dip vt.浸,蘸 vi.浸一浸 diplomatic a.外交的 direct a.直接的;直率的 dirt n.尘,土;污物,污垢 disappear vi.不见,失踪;消失 disaster n.灾难,灾祸;天灾 disk n.圆盘,唱片;磁盘 discard vt.丢弃,抛弃,遗弃 discharge vt.解雇 discipline n.纪律;训练 discount n. 折扣 discourage vt.使泄气,使灰心 disguise vi.隐瞒,掩埋 n.假装 disgust n.厌恶,憎恶 disk/disc n. 唱片 dislike v.不喜欢 dismiss vt.不再考虑;解雇 disorder n.混乱,杂乱;骚乱 display vt.陈列,展览;显示 disposal n.丢掉,处理,销毁 dispose vi.去掉,丢掉;销毁 dispute vi.争论,争执 n.争论 dissolve vt.使溶解;解散 distinct a.与其他不同的 distinction n.差别,不同,区分 distinguish vt.区别,辨别 distress n.忧虑,悲伤;不幸 distribute vt.分发,分送;分布 distribution n.分发;分布 disturb vt.打扰,扰乱;弄乱 ditch n.沟,沟渠,渠道dive vi.跳水;潜水;俯冲diverse a.不一样的,相异的 division n.分,分配;除法 divorce n.离婚,离异 vi.离婚 document n.公文,文件 doll n. 玩偶,洋娃娃 domestic a.本国的;家庭的 dominant a.支配的;占优势的;主要的 dominate v.占优势 donation n. 捐赠 donkey n.驴;笨蛋 dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室;宿舍 dose n.剂量,用量;一剂 dot n.点,圆点 vt.打点于 doubtful a.难以预料的,未定的 downward a.向下的 draft n.草稿;汇票 vt.起草 drag vt.拖,拉;拖曳 dragon n.龙;凶暴的人 drain vt.排去;放水 n.耗竭 drama n.一出戏剧,剧本 dramatic a.引人注目的 draught n. 通风,气流 drawer n.抽屉 drift vi.漂流,漂泊 n.漂流 drip vi.滴下;漏水 n.水滴 drum n.鼓;鼓状物,圆桶 drunk a.醉的;陶醉的 dumb a.哑的;无言的 dump vt.倾卸,倾倒;倾销 durable a.耐久的,耐用的 duration n.持续,持久 dusk n.黄昏 dye vt.染 n.染料;染色 dynamic a.有活力的;动力的Eeagle n.鹰 earnest a.认真的,诚恳的 earthquake n.地震;大震荡10ease n.容易,舒适 vt.缓和 echo n.回声,反响 vi.重复 economic a.经济的,经济学的 economical a.节约的economy n.经济;节约,节省 edit v.编辑 edition n.版,版本,版次 editor n.编辑,编者,校订者 editorial a.编辑的 educate vt.教育;培养;训练 effective a.有效的;有影响的 efficiency n.效率;功效,效能 efficient a.效率高的,有能力的 eighteen num.十八 eighth num. 第八 eighty num. 八十 elaborate a.复杂的;精心做的 elastic n.松紧带 a.有弹性的 elbow n.肘,肘部;弯管 elderly a.年长的 elect vt.选举,推选;选择 election n.选举,选择权;当选 electrical a.电的,电气科学的 electron n.电子 electronic a.电子的 elegant a.优美的 element n.成分;要素;元素 elementary a.基本的;初级的 elevator n.电梯;升降机 eliminate vt.消灭,消除,排除 elsewhere ad.在别处,向别处 email n. 电子邮件v. 给…发邮件 embarrass vt.使窘迫,使为难 embassy n.大使馆 embrace vt.拥抱;包括;包围 emerge vi.出现,涌现;冒出 emergency n.紧急情况 emit vt.散发;发射;发表 emotion n.情感 emotional a.感情的,情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调,重点 emphasize vt.强调,着重 empire n.帝国 employee n.受雇者,雇员 employer n.雇佣者,雇主 employment n.职业,雇佣,就业 enable v.使能够 enclose vt.围住,圈起;附上 encounter vt.遭遇 n.遭遇 ending n.结局 endless a.无止境的 endure vt.忍受;容忍 enforce vt.实施,执行;强制 engage vt.吸引;从事,参与 engine n.发动机,引擎;机车 engineering n.工程,工程学 enhance v.增加,提高 enlarge vt.扩大,扩展;放大 enormous a.巨大的,庞大的 enquire v. 打听,询问 enquiry n.打听,质询,询问 ensure vt.保证;保护;赋予 enterprise n.企业单位;冒险性的计划 entertain vt.使欢乐;招待 entertainment n.娱乐enthusiasm n.热情,热忱 entitle vt.给…权利(或资格) entry n.入口处;登记;进入 environment n.环境 envy vt.&n.妒忌;羡慕 episode n.插曲,事件 equality n.等同,平等;相等 equation n.方程(式);等式 equip vt.装备,配备 equivalent a.相等的;等量的 era n.时代,年代;纪元 erect vt.建造;使竖立 error n.错误,谬误;差错 essay n.短文,散文,小品文11essential a.必要的,本质的 establish vt.建立,设立;确立 establishment n.建立,确立 estate n.土地,庄园;社区 evaluate vt.评价,估…的价 eve n.前夜,前夕,前一刻 everyday a.每天的 evidence n.根据;证据,证人 evident a.明显的,明白的 evidently ad.显然 evil n.邪恶;祸害 a.坏的 evolution n.进化,演化;发展 evolve vt.使进化;使发展 exaggerate vt.&vi.夸大,夸张 exceed vt.超过,胜过;超出 exceedingly ad.极端地,非常 exception n.例外,除外 excess n.超越;过量;过度 excessive a.过多的,极度的 exchange vt.交换;交流excitement n.刺激,兴奋,激动 exclaim vi.呼喊;惊叫 exclude vt.把…排除在外 exclusive a.高级的;奢华的;独有的 excursion n.远足;短途旅行 execute vt.将…处死;实施 executive a.执行的 n.执行者 exert vt.尽(力),运用 exhaust vt.使筋疲力尽;用尽 exhibit vt.显示;陈列,展览 existence n.存在,实在;生存 exit n.出口;退场 vi.退出 expand vt.扩大;使膨胀 expansion n.扩大,扩充;扩张 expectation n.期望,预期 expense n.花费,消费;费用 experimental a.实验的,试验的 expert n.专家 a.熟练的 explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸 exploit vt.剥削;利用;开拓explore vt.&vi.探险,探索explosion n.爆炸,爆发,炸裂 explosive a.爆炸的 export vt.输出,出口;运走 expose vt.使暴露;揭露 exposure n.暴露;揭露;曝光 extend vt.延长;扩大;致 extension n.延长部分;伸展 extensive a.广阔的;广泛的 extent n.广度;范围;程度 exterior a.外部的;对外的 external a.外部的,外面的 extraordinary a.非同寻常的 extreme a.极度的;尽头的 eyesight n.视力,目力Ffabric n.织物,纺织品 facility n.设备;容易;便利 factor n.因素;因子,系数 faculty n.才能,能力;系,科 fade vi.褪色;逐渐消失 failure n.失败;失败的人 fairy n.小精灵 faithful a.忠诚的;如实的 fame n.名声,名望 famine n.饥荒;严重的缺乏 fancy n.想象力;设想;爱好 fantastic a.极好的 fantasy n.想象 fare n.车费,船费,票价 farewell int.再会 n.告别 fascinating a.迷人的 fashion n.样子,方式;风尚 fashionable a.流行的,时髦的 fasten vt.扎牢,扣住 fatal a.致命的;命运的 fate n.命运,天数 fatigue n.疲劳,劳累 faulty a.有错误的,有缺点的 favourable a.有利的;赞成的12favourite a.特别受喜爱的 fax n.传真 fearful a.害怕的,可怕的 feasible a.可行的;可能的 feature n.特征,特色;面貌 federal a.联邦的;联盟的 fee n.费,酬金;赏金 feedback n.回授,反馈,反应 female n.雌性的动物;女子 fertile a.肥沃的;多产的 fertilizer n.肥料 festival n.节日;音乐节 fibre n.纤维 fiction n.小说;虚构,杜撰 fierce a.凶猛的,狂热的 file n.档案 vt.把…归档 filter vt.过滤 n.滤纸 finally ad.最后;不可更改的 finance n.财政,金融;财源 financial a.财政的,金融的 finding n.发现;调查的结果 fireman n.消防队员;司炉工 fisherman n.渔民,渔夫 flee v.逃走 fleet n.舰队;船队,机群 flesh n.肉,肌肉;肉体 flexible a.易弯曲的;灵活的 flock n.羊群,群;大量 flour n.面粉,粉;粉状物质 flourish vi.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺 fluent a.流利的,流畅的 fluid n.流体,液体 focus vi.聚焦,注视 n.焦点 fog n.雾 folk n.人们,家属,亲属 following a.接着的;下列的 footstep n.脚步 forbid vt.禁止,不许;阻止 forecast n.预测,预报 vt.预示 forehead n.额头,前部foreigner n.外国人forge v. 伪造;锻造 formal a.正式的;礼仪上的 format n.格局;方式 formation n.形成;构成 former a.在前的 n.前者 formula n.公式,式 forth ad.向前;向外,往外 fortnight n.两星期,十四天 fortunately ad.幸运地,幸亏 foundation n.基础;地基 fourteen num.十四,第十四 fraction n.小部分;片断;分数 fragment n.碎片,破片,碎块 frame n.框架,框子;构架 framework n.框架,构架 frank a.坦白的,直率的 freight n.货运;货物;运费 frequency n.屡次;次数;频率 frog n.蛙 frontier n.边境;边疆;新领域 frost n.冰冻,严寒;霜 frown vi.皱眉,蹙额 fruitful a.多产的;肥沃的 frustrate v.使沮丧 fry vt.油煎,油炸,油炒 fulfil vt.履行;满足;完成 function n.功能;职务;函数 fund n.资金;基金;存款 fundamental a.基础的,基本的 funeral n.葬礼,丧礼,丧葬 fur n.软毛;毛皮,裘皮 furnace n.炉子,熔炉;鼓风炉 furnish vt.供应,提供;装备 furthermore ad.而且,此外 fuss n.忙乱 G gallery n.长廊,游廊;画廊 gallon n.加仑 gang n.一帮,一伙13gaol n.监狱 gap n.缺口;间隔;差距 garbage n.垃圾,污物,废料 gardener n.园丁,花匠 garlic n. 大蒜 gas n.煤气;气体;汽油 gasoline n.(美)汽油 gaze vi.凝视,盯,注视 gear n. 齿轮 gene n. 基因 generally ad.一般地;通常地 generate vt.发生;引起;生殖 generator n.发电机;发生者 generous a.慷慨的;宽厚的 genius n.天才,天赋,天资 genuine a.真的;真正的 geometry n.几何,几何学 germ n.微生物,细菌,幼芽 gesture n.姿势,手势;姿态 ghost n.鬼,灵魂;鬼魂 giant n.巨人;巨物 given a.规定的 glimpse vt.瞥见 n.一瞥,一看 global a.全球的 globe n.地球,世界;地界仪 glorious a.光荣的;壮丽的 glory n.光荣;荣誉的事 glove n.手套 glow n.白热光 vi.发白热光 glue n.胶,胶水 vt.胶合 golf n.高尔夫球 goodness int. 天啊;n. 善良,美德 govern vt.统治,治理;支配 governor n.州长;主管人员 grab v.抓取 grace n.优美,文雅;雅致 graceful a.优美的,优雅的 gradual a.逐渐的;渐进的 graduate n.毕业生 vi.毕业 grain n.谷物,谷粒;颗粒gramme n.克(重量单位)grammar n.语法;语法书 grand a.宏伟的;重大的 grant n.授给物 vt.授予 grape n.葡萄;葡萄藤 graph n.(曲线)图,图表 grasp vt.抓紧;掌握 n.抓 grateful a.感激的;令人愉快的 gratitude n.感激,感谢,感恩 grave n.坟墓 a.严重的 gravity n.重力,引力;严重性 greedy a.贪吃的;贪婪的 greenhouse n.温室,玻璃暖房 grind vt.磨(碎);磨快 grip vt.握紧,抓牢 n.紧握 grocer n.食品商;杂货商 gross a.总的;严重的 guarantee n.保证;担保物 guidance n.引导,指导,领导 guideline n.指导方针 guilty a.内疚的;有罪的 guitar n.吉他 gulf n.海湾 gum n.口香糖,牙龈 guy n.家伙,伙计gymnasium n.体育馆,健身房 H halt vi.停止;立定 n.停住 ham n. 火腿 hammer n.锤,榔头 vt.锤击 handbag n.手提包 handful n.一把;少数,一小撮 handle v.处理 handwriting n.笔迹,书法 harbour n.海港,港口 vt.庇护 harden vt.使变硬 vi.变硬 hardship n.艰难,困苦 hardware n.五金器具;硬件 harm v. 伤害 harmony n.调合,协调,和谐14harness n.马具,挽具 harsh a.严厉的;刺耳的 haste n.急速,急忙;草率 hatred n.憎恶,憎恨,仇恨 hay n.干草 hazard n.危险;公害 heading n.标题,题词,题名 headline n.大字标题 headquarters n.总部 heal vt.治愈;使和解 heap n.(一)堆;大量 hearing n. 听力 heave v. 提起 hedge n.篱笆,树篱;障碍物 heel n.脚后跟,踵,后跟 helicopter n.直升机 hell n.地狱;极大的痛苦 helpful a.有益的 helpless a.无助的 hen n.母鸡 hence ad.因此,所以;今后 herd n.兽群,牧群 vt.放牧 heroic a.英雄的;英勇的 hesitate vi.犹豫,踌躇;含糊 highlight v.强调 highly ad.高度地; 极,非常 highway n.公路;大路 hint n.暗示,示意;建议 hip n.臀部 historic a.历史上著名的 historical a.历史的 hollow a.空的;空洞的 holy a.神圣的;圣洁的 honey n.蜜,蜂蜜;甜,甜蜜 honourable a.诚实的;光荣的 hook n.钩,挂钩 vt.钩住 hopeful a.有希望的 hopeless a.没有希望的 horizon n.地平线;眼界,见识 horizontal a.地平的;水平的horn n.号角;警报器;角horrible a.可怕的 horror n.恐怖 horsepower n.马力 host n.主人;东道主 hostile a.敌对的;不友善的 household n.家庭,户;家务 housewife n.家庭主妇 housing n. 房屋 humble a.谦逊的;地位低下的 humorous a.富于幽默的 humour n.幽默,诙谐,幽默感 hunt n.打猎;搜寻 vt.追猎 hut n.小屋,棚屋 hydrogen n.氢 Iice-cream n.冰淇淋 ideal a.理想的;观念的 identical a.完全相同的 identify vt.认出,识别,鉴定 identity n. 身份 idle a.空闲的;懒散的 ignorant a.不知道的;无知的 illegal a.不合法的,非法的 illustrate vt.(用图等)说明 illustration n.图解;例证 image n.像;形象;映象 imaginary a.想象中的,假想的 imagination n.想象;想象力; imitate vt.模仿,仿效;仿制 immense a.巨大的;极好的 immigrant n.移民 a.移民的 impact n.影响,作用;冲击 impatient a.不耐烦的,急躁的 implement v. 实施,执行 n. 工具 implication n.含义,暗示 imply vt.暗示,意指 import vt.&n.输入,进口 impose vt.把…强加;征(税) impress vt.给…深刻印象15impression n.印象;印记 impressive a.给人印象深刻的 improvement n.改进,改善 incident n.发生的事;事件 incline n.斜坡 vt.使倾斜 increasingly ad.日益 incredible a.难以置信的 independence n.独立,自主 independent a.独立的;自主的 index n.索引;指数;指标 indicate vt.标示,表示;表明 indication n.指示;表示;表明 indifferent a.冷漠的;不积极的 indirect a.间接的;不坦率的 indispensable a.必不可少的 individual a.个别的;独特的 indoor a.室内的 industrial a.工业的;产业的 industrialize vt.使工业化 inevitable a.不可避免的,必然的 infant n.婴儿 a.婴儿的 infect vt.传染;感染 infer vt.推论,推断;猜想 inference n.结论,推断结果 inferior a.下等的;劣等的 infinite a.无限的;无数的 inflation n.通货膨胀 influence n.影响;势力 vt.影响 influential a.有影响的;有权势的 inform vt.通知,向…报告 ingredient n. 成分 inhabitant n.居民,住户 inherit vt.继承(传统等) initial a.最初的;词首的 initiative n.主动性 injection n.注射,注入;充满 injure vt.伤害,损害,损伤 injury n.损害,伤害;受伤处 inn n.小旅店;小酒店 inner a.内部的;内心的innocent a.清白的,幼稚的input n.输入 inquire vt.打听,询问;调查 inquiry n.询问,打听;调查 insect n.昆虫,虫 insert vt.插入; 嵌入; 登载 insight n.洞悉,深刻见解 inspect vt.检查,审查;检阅 inspire vt.鼓舞;给…以灵感 install vt.安装,设置 installation n.安装;装置;设施 instance n.例子,实例,事例 instant n.瞬间 a.立即的 instinct n.本能;直觉;生性 institute n.研究所;学院 institution n.协会;制度,习俗 instrument n.仪器;工具;乐器 insult vt.&n.侮辱,凌辱 insurance n.保险;保险费 insure vt.给…保险;确保 integrate v.使合并 intellectual n.知识分子 a.智力的 intelligence n.智力;理解力 intelligent a.聪明的;理智的 intend vt.想要,打算;意指 intense a.强烈的;紧张的 intensity n.剧烈intensive a.加强的;精耕细作的 intention n.意图,意向,目的 interaction n.相互作用;干扰 interfere vi.干涉,干预;妨碍 interference n.干涉,干预;阻碍 interior a.内的;内地的n.内部 intermediate a.中间的;中级的 internal a.内的;国内的 internet n. 互联网 interpret vt.解释,说明;口译 interpretation n.解释;口译 interrupt vt.打断,打扰;中止 interval n.间隔;休息;间距。
alternative pathway 名词解释
alternative pathway 名词解释嘿,你知道啥是 alternative pathway 不?咱就说,这就好比你在走一条路,突然发现旁边还有一条路也能到目的地,这另外的路就是alternative pathway 呀!
比如说,你平常都是走大道去学校,这就是常规的路。
但有一天,你发现有条小巷子也能通到学校,而且还更快更有意思,那这条小巷子不就是个 alternative pathway 嘛!
再想想,工作中也有这样的情况啊!大家都按部就班地做事,可突然有人发现了一种新的方法,能更高效地完成任务,这新方法不就是工作中的 alternative pathway 嘛!
生活里到处都是这样的例子呀!你想啊,平时大家都习惯去大超市买东西,可某天你发现了家附近的小便利店,东西也挺全,价格还实惠,这小便利店不也是你购物的一个 alternative pathway 嘛!
咱再类比一下,就像你玩游戏,一直按照一种策略玩,突然发现了另一种策略能让你更容易赢,这新策略不就是游戏里的 alternative pathway 嘛!
所以啊,alternative pathway 就是给我们提供了更多的选择,更多的可能性呀!它能让我们的生活、工作变得更加丰富多彩,更加有趣!不是吗?
我的观点就是,alternative pathway 真的很重要,它能让我们突破常规,发现新的机遇和乐趣,我们应该积极去寻找和利用这些 alternative pathway 呀!。
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Taxable Income Class 125K 100K 70K 120K No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes
Divorced 95K Married 60K
Divorced 220K Single Married Single 85K 75K 90K
(Status=Single) → No Coverage = 40%, Accuracy = 50%
¾ 基于类的排序
¾ 属于同一个类 的规则在规则 集中一起出现
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
15
如何建立分类规则
¾ 直接方法
¾ 直接从数据中提取分类规则 ¾ 如:RIPPER, CN2, Holte’s 1R
¾ 间接方法
¾ 从其他分类模型中(决策树,神经网络等)提取分类规 则 ¾ 如:C4.5规则
R1: (Give Birth = no) ∧ (Can Fly = yes) → Birds R2: (Give Birth = no) ∧ (Live in Water = yes) → Fishes R3: (Give Birth = yes) ∧ (Blood Type = warm) → Mammals R4: (Give Birth = no) ∧ (Can Fly = no) → Reptiles R5: (Live in Water = sometimes) → Amphibians
mammals reptiles fishes mammals amphibians reptiles mammals birds mammals fishes reptiles birds mammals fishes amphibians reptiles mammals birds mammals birds
规则集是互斥且穷举的 规则集包含了决策树中所有的信息
10
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
规则可进行简化
Tid Refund Marital Status Taxable Income Cheat 125K 100K 70K 120K No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
8
规则简化的影响
¾ 规则不再穷举
¾ 一条记录可能无法触发任何规则 ¾ 如何解决?
¾ 使用默认规则rd:() Æ yd
¾ 规则不再互斥
¾ 一条记录有可能被多条规则触发 ¾ 如何解决?
¾ 有序规则集 ¾ 无序规则集—投票机制
Name Blood Type Give Birth Can Fly Live in Water Class
turtle
2010-11-02
cold
no
no
sometimes
?
13
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
无序规则集
¾ 记录触发的每条规则看作是对相应类的一次投票
Refund Yes NO {Single, Divorced} Taxable Income < 80K NO > 80K YES No Marita l Status {Married} NO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No
34
从决策树到规则
Classification Rules
Refund Yes NO {Single, Divorced} Taxable Income < 80K NO > 80K YES No Marita l Status {Married} NO
(Refund=Yes) ==> No (Refund=No, Marital Status={Single,Divorced}, Taxable Income<80K) ==> No (Refund=No, Marital Status={Single,Divorced}, Taxable Income>80K) ==> Yes (Refund=No, Marital Status={Married}) ==> No
Single Married Single Married
Divorced 95K Married 60K
Divorced 220K Single Married Single 85K 75K 90K
2010-11-02
Data : Concepts and Techniques
16
直接方法:顺序覆盖
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
17
顺序覆盖的例子
(ii) Step 1
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
¾ 可以用规则的准确率加权
¾ 不容易受到不合适的规则顺序影响 ¾ 建立模型开销较小
¾ 不需要维护规则的顺序
¾ 分类记录计算量大
¾ 记录的属性要与规则集中的每一条规则比较
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
14
规则排序的方案
¾ 基于规则的排序
¾ 根据规则质量的“度量”对规则排序
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
12
基于规则的分类器
¾ 习题1 ¾ 考虑一个二值分类问题,属性集和属性值为
¾ 空调={可用,不可用} ¾ 引擎={好,差} ¾ 行车里程={高,中,低} ¾ 生锈={是,否}
行车里程=高 Æ 价值=低 行车里程=低 Æ 价值=高 空调=可用,引擎=好 Æ 价值=高 空调=可用,引擎=差 Æ 价值=低 空调=不可用Æ价值=低
warm cold cold warm cold cold warm warm warm cold cold warm warm cold cold cold warm warm warm warm
yes no no yes no no yes no yes yes no no yes no no no no no yes no
18
顺序覆盖的例子
R1
R1
R2
(iii) Step 2 (iv) Step 3
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
19
间接方法
¾ 决策树从根节点到叶节点的每一条路径都可以表示为一个 分类规则
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
2010-11-02 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
5
工作原理
R1: R2: R3: R4: R5:
Name
(胎生= 否) ∧ (飞行动物= 是) → 鸟类 (胎生=否) ∧ (水生动物= 是) → 鱼类 (胎生= 是) ∧ (体温= 恒温) → 哺乳类 (胎生=否) ∧ (飞行动物= 否) → 爬行类 (水生动物= 半) → 两栖类
2010-11-02 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
6
基于规则的分类器的性质
¾ 互斥规则
¾ 如果规则集R中不存在两条规则被同一条记录触发,则称 规则集R中的规则是互斥的 ¾ 每条记录至多被R中的一条规则覆盖
¾ 穷举规则
¾ 如果对属性值的任一组合,R中都存在一条规则加以覆 盖,则称规则集R具有穷举覆盖 ¾ 每条记录至少被一条规则覆盖
4
覆盖率和准确度
¾ 覆盖率 ¾ 满足规则前件的比例 ¾ |A|/|D| ¾ 准确度 ¾ 满足规则前件和后件的 比例 ¾ |A∩ y|/|A|
10
Tid Refund Marital Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No Single Married Single Married
2010-11-02
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
2
基于规则的分类器
Name Blood Type Give Birth Can Fly Live in Water Class
human python salmon whale frog komodo bat pigeon cat leopard shark turtle penguin porcupine eel salamander gila monster platypus owl dolphin eagle
Blood Type Give Birth Can Fly Live in Water Class
lemur turtle dogfish shark
warm cold cold
yes no yes
no no no
no sometimes yes
? ? ?
狐猴触发规则R3, 因此归为哺乳类 海龟触发规则R4 和R5,如何解决? 角鲛鲨没有触发任何规则,如何解决?
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
3
基于规则的分类器
¾ 如果规则r的前件和记录x的属性匹配,则称r覆盖x