1英语科技论文写作解析
如何写一篇英文科技论文
如 何写 一篇英 文科技论文
◆尹小军 康健 刘永立 赵福 军 陈海 波
摘
要 根 据形 成 英文科 技 论文 的模 式 Ｉ Ｍ Ａ Ｒ Ｄ（ 即引 言 、材 料和
件很 困难 的事 ，即便是对 英语 国家 的人，很 多时候 他们 的
论文 也 因为语 言 问题被 退稿 。即便英 语不 是母 语，科技 论
文也应符合标准英 语语 言的习惯 （ 句型 、语法 、拼写等 ）。
英文科技论文 的句 子应该是完整 的，读者容 易理解 的。
英 文 科 技 论 文 的 撰 写 有 一 个 基 本 模 式 Ｍ Ａ Ｒ Ｄ法
研 究有 多 好，都不会 产生 很大 的影响 英文 论文写 作是一
该 研 究领 域有 一个深 刻、全面 的理解 ，能够 给读 者 阐明研
究 是 多 么 重 要 。 引 言 部 分 应 该 说 明 的 一 些 基 本 问题 ： 这 是
一
个什 么 问题 ？存在 一些解 决的方 法吗 ？哪个方 法 是最好 的？它 的主要 不足 是什么 ？期 待解 决哪些 问题 ？方 案是否 已经完 成 ？引言部 分的时态 应是一 般过 去时 （ 一般 的背景 内容 ，本 文 中将要 完成 的描述 ）、现在 完成时 （ 过 去到现
一
定 的 专 业 知 识 ， 尽 可 能 地 用 参 考 文 献 的 形 式 ， 用 图 和 表
该 问题 是否新 颖 ，是 否有研 究价值 。引 言是反 映作者 对该
研 究领 域 熟 悉 程 度 的 一 个 标 志 。
来描 述和 分析 实验方 法。在该 部分 需要提 及研 究 的地 点和
英语科技论文写作(一)
作业
• 结合你导师给定的课题查文献，列出相关 的文献：中、英文综述文章，中、英文博 士硕士论文、权威书籍、重要杂志文献。 • 查相关的专利、国内外目前开展的项目。
如何写科技学术论文
如何写英语科技学术论文
四川大学制造学院苏真伟教授
Brief CV of Zhenwei Su
• 2004-2009: Sichuan University, professor • 1997-2004: UK Universities visiting scholar,post-doc, research fellow • 1982-1997: Sichuan University, PhD, lecturer, associate professor • 1978-1982: Xian Jiaotong University, Mechanical Engineering Department • 1970-1978: Farmer or worker in Sichuan
如何了解我所在领域最具影响力 的研究人员?
如何选择合适的期刊发表论文？
当我们完成了某项研究之后，通常需要选 择一个合适的途径发表自己的研究成果， 那么怎样找到最合适自己研究领域的期刊 发表发表论文呢？您可以利用Web of Science数据库的检索结果分析功能 (Analyze)来解决这一问题。
眼睛犀利， 才能飞得高！
为什么要阅读文献
我们很多的时候，闷在实验室闭门 造车，实在不如稍抽出一点时间看看 文献。 我的大老板说，要想有成绩，别无 他法，只有读，读，大量的读文献， 尤其国外的。
主要的信息源
• 学术期刊（中文、英文） • 博士、硕士论文（中文、英文） • 学术网站（中文、英文） • 专利网站（中文、英文） • 书籍（中文、英文） 对低级研究人员：中文第一 对高级研究人员：英文第一
英文科技论文的写作
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四、如何评价科研论文
评论研究问题： (1)看提出的问题是否有研究价值，研究内容有无指导意义，研究 结果能否应用到实践中。 (2)论文立意是否有创新，是否有重复别人的工作，即使是同一个 主题也要不断增加新内容、新方法。 (3)看研究问题的发生率是否高，问题是否带有普遍性。 (4)论文标题是否具体、鲜明、确切和具有吸引力。
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3、科学性和准确性 、
所谓科学性，就是要正确地说明研究对象所具有的特殊矛盾， 并且要尊重事实，尊重科学。具体说来，包括论点正确，论据 必要而充分，论证严密，推理符合逻辑，数据可靠，处理合理， 计算精确，实验重复，结论客观，等等。 所谓准确性，是指对客观事物即研究对象的运动规律和性质表 述的接近程度，包括概念、定义、判断、分析和结论要准确， 对自己研究成果的估计要确切、恰当，对他人研究成果(尤其是 在做比较时)的评价要实事求是，切忌片面性和说过头话。
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三、标题的写法
学术文章的标题主要有三种结构： 名词性词组(包括动名词)，介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。 也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域)。 一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。
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1、名词性词组 、
名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。 名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个 名词。 名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。 以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。例如： Latent demand and the browsing shopper (名词词组+名词词组) Cost and productivity (名词+名词)
1、创新性或独创性 、
某一篇论文，其创新程度可能大些，也可能很小，但总要有一 些独到之处。“首次提出”，“首次发现”，当然是具有重大 价值的研究成果，这毕竟为数不很多； 在某一个问题上有新意，对某一点有发展，应属于创新的范围。 在实际研究中，有很多课题是在引进、消化、移植国内外已有 的先进科学技术，以及应用已有的理论来解决本地区、本行业、 本系统的实际问题，只要对丰富理论、促进生产发展、推动技 术进步有效果，有作用，报道这类成果的论文也应视为有一定 程度的创新。
英语科技论文写作
1科技论文：作者对科学领域中的问题进行研究、探讨、总结，
表述研究成果和发表科学技术问题见解，是在科学实验和科学研 究基础上对科学技术领域中的某些现象和问题进行科学的分析和 阐述，从而揭示这些现象和问题的本质及规律的科学技术文献。 凡是运用概念、判断、推理证明和反驳等逻辑思维手段来分析和阐 明科技研究中所取得的创造性成果或见解的文章均属科技论文。
（B）学位论文 （Dissertation[,disə‘teiʃən] ）：表
明作者从事科学研究取得创造性的结果或有了新的见解，并以此 为内容撰写成文，作为提出申请授予相应的学位时评审用的学术 论文。
学士、硕士、博士。在学术水平以及研究的深度和广度有不 同要求。 （ａ）学士论文：应能表明作者确已较好地掌握了本门学科的基 础理论、专门知识和基本技能，并具有从事科学研究工作和担负 专门技术工作的初步能力。
Winds between 15 and 30 mph, when accompanied by snow and temperatrue between 10°F and 30°F, often create unstable slabs in avalanche-starting zones.
2.2句子结构对文体具有影响，因而有一些要求：
一般：We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problem.
具体和专门的：On October 10 we shall present a proposal covering cost, materials, methodology, and personnel. 根据读者的水平： 一般：Moderate winds, when accompanied by new snow and nearly-thawing temperatrue, often create avalanche['æ vəlɑ:ntʃ] condition. 具体和专门的：
英文科技专业论文写作与学术报告(2019年度秋)作业任务答案解析
英文科技论文写作与学术报告(2019秋)作业答案第一章1. Which one is NOT included in “logics in writing paper”?A Logical presentation in writing paperB Good language flowC Good structure and clarity in the paperD Good theoretical analysis2. Which is the CORRECT statement in the following?A If the reader want to know the result of the paper, they can read the introduction.B If the reader want to intuitively know the key ideas behind the paper, they shouldread the introduction.C It's optional that we summarize the contribution of the paper in the "abstract".D If the readers want to know all the glory details, they can read the introduction.3. Which of the following practice we should follow when writing scientific paper in English?A Modesty is a good characteristic in Chinese culture.B When writing scientific paper, we should point out the shortcomings of our research using a specific section.C We should confidently show the contributions of our research.D The English culture is so similar to Chinese that Chinese readers can just follow their culture when writing an English scientific paper.4. What does “delivery”means in the context of writing an Engligh scientific paper?A The meaning of “delivery”is similar to the concept of those delivery companies.B “Delivery”means the contributions of your research.C “Delivery”means how much do the writers know the background of the readers.D The “responsibility of delivery”is on the writer rather than on the reader.5. Which one is the CORRECT expression of “博士后流动站”?A Postdoctoral program.B Post-doctor mobile station.C Post-doctor flow station.D Postdoctoral moving station.6. Which of the following translation is authentic?A 注意安全---- take care.B 第一教学楼---- No.1 teaching building.C 小心落水---- fall into water carefully.D 投诉电话---- law suit phone number.7. What should we do in writing a scientific paper?A In order to emphasize our views, we should put our strong emotions into the text.B Slightly present our political comments is allowed.C We should follow the mainstream ideas of general public.D We should present facts, theories, proofs, experiments, testing results objectively.8. Which of the following is WRONG about the title of scientific paper?A It normally is not a sentence.B It is better to use the fewest possible words to adequately describes the contents of the paper.C The order of the words in the title is very important.D It is better to use a complete sentence.9. Which of the following is WRONG about the abstract of scientific paper?A It is the summary of the paper.B It is better to use abbreviation to make the abstract shorter.C It describes the key ideas of the paper.D It gives the results of the paper.10. Which is NOT advised in the introduction section?A Clearly explain the background of our research.B Clearly explain the problem we do.C Explain the academic and/or impact.D Using mathematical functions to explain our model.11. Which of the following is RIGHT regarding the literature review?A It is better to comment on the existing work positively.B It is better to comment on the existing work objectively.C It is better to comment on the existing work negatively.D It is better to criticize the results obtained by other researchers to highlight our contributions.12. Which of the following is RIGHT about the references of introduction of scientific paper?A It is better to cite as many foreign references as possible.B It is better to cite many your own previously published papers.C It is better to cite as many domestic references as possible.D Recent references should be cited13. What may the reviewer thinks if you cite too many your own publications?A You really contribute a lot to the community.B Other researchers are not interested in the subject.C You have a say in this research area.D They will think you have sufficient references.14. If the a reference has 5 authors, how many authors should you include in the reference list?A Only the first author.B Only the first and second author.C Only the first and corresponding author.D All five authors.15. What should you do in the “Problem description and formulation”?A If you clearly know the meaning of a variable, it’s ok that it is not defined.B You should present the problem you are trying to solve.C Usually you should describe your system configuration, environment and so on.D You should put the organization of your paper here.16. Which of the following statement is NOT correct?A If you have a theorem, you should put the proof in the section of “methodology.”B In the section of “simulation/numerical result”, you should present the description of the practical or experiment system, description of the data and the associated system.C In the section of “simulation/numerical result”, you can use tables, figures and graph to better present your contribution.D In the conclusion remark or the conclusion, you can just repeat your conclusion remark as the abstract.17. What you can do if you want to show acknowledgment?A It’s not appropriate to put acknowledgment in the front page.B You can put a separate section of acknowledgment in your paper.C If you acknowledge Albert Einstein, you should thank him based on the fact.D The length of acknowledgment should be strictly constrained.18. Which is CORRECT when you list the references?A It’s ok if you put as many references as you can.B To enrich your paper, you should can list something that is not referred to in your paper.C Every reference you list must be referred in the main text.D It’s proper for you to list many home made references.19. What does “proof reading”mean?A 证明阅读.B 校对.C 证明读物.D 证明在读.20. What is TRUE if at the procedure to submit a paper?A Usually we submit the entire manuscript to a conference or journal.B All conferences require you to submit the abstract first, from which the organizer will determine whether you need to submit the whole text.C We should submit a hard copy to the publisher with your signature.D The reviewers’comments are not very important when you modify your paper.21. If the publisher sends the proof to you, when should you give a reply?A In about 2 days.B In about 2 weeks.C In about 2 months.D In about 2 years.22. Which of the following may not be the reason to reject a scientific paper?A There are many grammatical mistakes in the paper.B There are many simple sentences in the paper.C There are many direct translations in the paper.D There are some spelling mistakes of authors' names in references.23. Which of the following is TRUE?A Font size should keep consistency only in each paragraph.B Font size should keep consistency only in each part of the paper.C Font size should keep consistency in the entire paper.D It doesn't matter how the font size used.24. Which of the following is TRUE about use of mathematical equations?A It is better to use as many equations as possible.B It is better to use as few equations as possible.C It is better not to use any equations at all.D It is better to have a balanced use of equations.25. Which statement is NOT true?A You should keep consistence in equations and reference format.B You should keep consistence in format of authors of all references.C The format between different paragraphs should be kept the same.D You should not use synonyms in order to keep consistence.26. What is NOT necessary when you want to better write your paper?A Use spelling check to make sure all the words are spelled correctly.B Use grammar check to find out inconsistency.C Carefully check the spellings of the names in references.D Use many hard and complicated sentences to polish your expressions.27. Which of the following author names may NOT be the right format of the reference?A X. Guan, S. Zhang, S. Li, W. WangB Guan, X., Zhang, S., Li, S., Wang, W.C Xiaohong Guan, San Zhang, Si Li, Wu WangD Guan Xiaohong, Zhang, S., S. Li, W. Wang28. Which is NOT the general style of the reviewers?A FrankB BrutalC SarcasticD Implicit29. If the reviewer gives a lot of critical comments and requests for modification, what are the correct attitudes we should have?A The reviewers are giving us hard time on my paper.B The reviewer is incompetent because he cannot understand what I write.C We should modify our paper according to the reviewers’comments to get our paper published.D The reviewer is biased on me.30. Which one is NOT the good advices on responding to reviewers?A We need to examine carefully all the comments made by the reviewers and the Associate Editor.B We have to differentiate those comments that must be fully addressed from those that are desirable to be addressed.C We only need to address the comments that they are correct as we believe.D We need to respond to EACH and EVERY point raised by the reviewer and the referee.31. In order to help the reviewers save time, we shouldA List our original reviews and the response side by side.B Tell the reviewers that we have modified the paper carefully.C Send back a paper with enough modification to the reviewers.D Just select some critical comments to response.32. Which is the WRONG response to reviewers if we don’t agree with their comments?A We had better not to argue with the reviewer.B Show the reviewers that the main text is revised according to their comments.C If we must disagree with their comments, we should do it very professionally with no rancor or sarcasm.D Ignore those comments or explain what we originally meant.33. Which one is the good action in responding to reviewers?A We explain to the reviews what we have revised to addressed their comments.B If the criticism of the reviewers makes us uncomfortable, we should ignore and try to feel better.C If the reviewers think that the contributions are not enough, we should request the Associate Editor to have other reviewers review our paper.D If the reviewers think that the contributions are not enough, we should have patience, waiting they change mind.34. Which description of the review system is CORRECT?A The author knows the reviewer, but the reviewer doesn’t know the author.B The authors do not know the reviewer, but the reviewer knows the authors.C The reviewers know each other.D The author knows the reviewer, and the reviewer know the author, too.第二章1. What are the CORRECT statements in the following?A Making presentations in English is only important for scholars.B Making presentations in English is only important for businessmen.C Making presentations in English is only important for scholars and businessmen.D Making presentations in English is important for many careers.2. Which of the following is WRONG about making presentations in English?A It can make a good impression.B It can show how smart you are.C It is only necessary when you attend an academic conference.D It may be the turning point in many cases.3. Which is NOT the correct statement in the following?A You should overestimate the audience's capability to show smart they are.B You should assume responsibility of delivery.C You should make a lot of efforts to prepare your slide.D You should make a lot of efforts to practice your presentation.4. Which of the following is WRONG about using Powerpoint to make presentations?A It uses audio and visual channels of communications and more information transfer in the same amount of time.B You cannot make the last minute change under any condition.C Preparing the slides forces you to organize and rehearse you talk and help you uncover weak spots.D You can synchronize with sound recording and presenting without physical presence.5. Which statement is NOT the correct one in the following?A It is better to use multiple slides or the animation feature to control the display of information on your slide.B It is better not to make a slide crowded.C It is better not to copy texts form your thesis to the slide directly.D It is better to put many words in the slide to make your audience get the information clearly.6. Which statement about the font size in the slide is NOT mentioned in the video?A Usually the minimal font size for text is 18 points.B Occasionally in graphics 14 points can be used.C Very rarely the minimal font size for text can be 12 points.D Very rarely in detail graphs you can use 12 points.7. Which is the main function of a road map in your presentation?A To beatify your slides.B To increase the number of your slides.C To tell the audience where your talk is.D To concretely show conclusions of your research.8. Which is NOT the correct statements in the following?A It is OK to change notations half way through a talk by copying those in another talk to save efforts.B When using a graphic notation, make the graphics distinctive and use it repeatedly.C Use one consistent name or label to denote one thing throughout the talk.D Always define things, your problem statement, mathematical symbol, your goal, etc.9. Which of the following may NOT be a necessary part of presenting experimental results?A Conditionals defined.B Procedures detailed.C Diagram labeled.D Conclusions stated.10. For a 30 minutes talk, what is the appropriate number of slides?A No more than 15.B No less than 15.C No more than 10.D No less than 20.11. What is a good presentation?A Use many beautiful animations, but the content is not fulfilled.B The topic of your presentation is interesting in your aspect.C The subject of your presentation is welcomed by the audience.D The words in your slide are of large size to make the audience look clearly.12. Which is the appropriate time of preparing slides according to Prof. Ho of Harvard University?A About 5 minutes per slide with graphics.B About 15 minutes per slide with graphics.C At least 5 minutes to make one slide in presentation.D At least 15 minutes to make one slide in presentation.13. Which is NOT the correct statements in the following?A You can prepare some slides for some expected question.B You can take the questions in the rehearsal as pre-reviews.C You cannot say I don't know even if you don’t have an answer.D You can offer the approach to finding the answer if necessary.14. Which statement is NOT correct about preparing slides for expected questions?A It will impress the audience that how much efforts you made to make this presentation.B From this way you can improve your presentation in the rehearsal.C It may make the audiences difficult to raise new questions.D It can help you answer the questions better.15. What would most probably happen if you read the slides in your presentation?A It seems that you have prepared a lot.B It will make the audience easily to get bored.C It seems that you are not confident enough.D The time you spend in presentation is easily to over the limitation.16. When should you mention your main goal in making presentations?A Mention your main goal early to capture attention of the audience.B Mention your main goal at any time is Ok.C Mention your main goal late to keep audience in suspense.D Never mention your main goal at all.17. Which is NOT the correct statements in the following?A Watch where you stand when you speak.B Keep the laser pointer on all the time to attract the attention of audience.C Don't keep your hands in the pocket.D Record your talk and listen to and view it.18. Which of the following expression is proper for the speaker/audience?A What you are talking about is nothing, but general theory of relativity.B It is a stupid question, my first-year graduate student can answer that.C I have just talked about that, why did you ask such a question again.D It is really a good question, thanks for your asking.19. Which is the CORRECT statement in the following?A The speaker should answer the question before the audience finishes it to save time.B The speaker should not be polite, because it may make others feel that you are not knowledgeable.C The speaker should listen carefully before answering the question.D The speaker should say directly that your question is irrelevant.第三章1. Which statement is WRONG about sharing credit in writing scientific paper?A If your work is built on somebody else’s work, you should state clearly.B There is a harsh punishment for plagiarism.C It is acceptable to write a couple of paragraphs rephrasing other people’s words and provide a simple numbered reference.D If you list the references at the end of the paper, you should cite all the references your listed in the text.2. What should you do if you want to cite a general theory of relativity of Albert Einstein?A Just copy the original words of the theory.B Put quotations on the original words of the theory.C Using your own words to express meaning of the theory without reference.D Simply providing a numbered reference after copying the original words.3. Which of the following is NOT appropriate when you acknowledge others in your paper?A You thank someone sincerely and properly in the acknowledge section of the paper.B A scientist is not related to your paper, but you put his name in your paper because he is very famous worldwide.C If the idea is from other people, you should acknowledge them.D Before you use somebody else’s document, you should ask for permission.4. Which of the following is unacceptable in terms of sharing credit?A If I want to reuse the graph and picture of my paper that has been previously published, I still ask for the permission and copyright from the publisher.B I have to make sure that it is really my work before I claim my contribution in the paper.C I am generous to collaborators in some cases that their contributions are not very clear cut.D I claim in my paper that the idea is just from myself and has nothing to do other discussants so that all the contributions are owing to me.5. What does “take credit”means in the video?A Take your credit card.B Claim your contributions.C Guarantee that your results are credible.D Be honest while discussing with others scholars.6. What do the IEEE journals rely on to determine the order of authorship?A Authors’contributions.B The alphabet of authors’names.C Seniority.D Radom.7. What should you do if you don’t know the reference format?A Simply follow the reference format in one of your referenced paper.B Just use your custom reference format.C Follow the instructions of the conference or the journal.D Try a variety of formats in your reference list.8. Which format for citing references is not right?A [10] studies the strategic implications of forward contracting in commodity markets that exhibit an oligopolistic structure.B The strategic implications of forward contracting in commodity markets that exhibit an oligopolistic structure have been studied [10].C Liski and Montero studied the strategic implications of forward contracting in commodity markets that exhibit an oligopolistic structure [10].D Reference [10] studies the dynamic vehicle routing problem.9. Which statement of the following is NOT right about the importance of attending academic conferences?A Academic conference is very important for professors, but it is unworthy for students.B Academic conference is a place where we can exchange ideas and acquire the most up-to-date information and ideas.C We are able to meet colleagues and join the research networks of the academic conference.D There is a career opportunity in attending the conference for students.10. What activities can you choose to participate in during an academic conference?A Plenary and keynote speech.B Panel discussion session.C Paper presentation session.D All the above.11. Which statement in an academic conference is NOT correct?A Panel discussion often discusses the important issues on a specific topic and invites the panelists to sit in front of the stage.B Plenary and keynote speech often discusses the future development and research directions.C Attendants are advised to the plenary and keynote speeches.D Paper presentation requires an author of the paper to present the paper as long as one likes.12. What’s the poster session?A The authors of the paper make a poster in the specified area.B A session with many posters which aim to promote the conference.C If the attendees are interested in your poster, they will buy the poster.D The authors show their contributions using a poster without oral presentation or discussion with others.13. What should you NOT do if you want to meet the session chair?A Submit my bio information before the session starts.B Meet the session chair at authors’breakfast.C Chat with the session chair during others’presentation.D Locate my session and be aware of the arrangement ahead of time.14. Which one is not necessary for the authors before making presentations?A Read the program carefully.B Locate your session.C Take part in other sessions.D Be aware of the time and the slot for your presentation.15. What should you NOT do in the session of an academic conference?A Prepare the slides strictly according to the time limit of the schedule.B Answer questions at the session.C Do not show up in the arranged session and others can communicate with me by E-mail.D Meet session chair before the session starts.16. What main benefits you will get if you volunteer to serve the academic community?A Earn money.B No benefits but simply for personal interest.C Build a good relation with the colleagues in your field.D Get offers from famous professors who attend the conference.17. Which one of the following is NOT the reason for a scholar to provide academic service?A Academic service is a way to integrate into the world of science and technology.B Academic service is a way to have an influence in international academic community.C Academic service is paid much.D Academic service proves that you play an important role in academic community.18. What is the benefit from serving as a reviewer for a journal or conference?A Keep one up in the field.B Maintain critical skill.C Enhance curriculum vitae for students.D All the above.19. Which one is NOT included in the reviewing tasks?A Provide rating scales on quality and publishability.B Provide rating scales on the originality or creativity.C Help the authors to modify the paper.D Give comments on the correctness of the method.20. Which statement about reviewer is NOT true?A The reviewer may encourage the author to improve the paper.B If you are a reviewer, you should keep confidentiality.C You are responsible to give comments to the author whether the paper is accepted or rejected.D You only need to be specific and constructive to the beginning authors.21. Which one is not essential to be a good reviewer?A You have to volunteer to be a reviewer first.B You should provide a good review.C You need to have the experience of reviewing papers from all regions.D You should have credibility on reviewing papers.22. What should you do if you want to become an associate editor?A Publish at least five papers in the journal to know the standard and practice.B Have a reputation to provide good reviews in a timely fashion.C Be a leading researcher in a variety of areas with a good list of publications.D Find a good advocate to speak for you, usually a primary editor is enough.23. Which statement about accepting or declining to handle papers is NOT true?A You cannot handle papers only in your narrow areas of expertise.B You cannot accept all the papers in all areas.C You need to handle papers in our primary and secondary areas of expertise.D Once you accept the paper to handle, the first task is to tell the author about this.24. Which statement about securing reviewers is NOT true?A Usually you should assign the review task to the reviewers four to six days ahead.B You should glance over the paper to roughly understand what the paper is about.C In choosing the reviewers, one of the important principle is that we should align the interest of the reviewers with ours.D If you actually need minimum 3 reviewers, you need to properly find five or even six candidate reviewers.25. In order to avoid conflict of interest and preserve confidentiality, what should you do?A Ask the advisor the review students’paper because the advisor clearly know the paper.B If Reviewer A has total different view to Author B, you should not ask Reviewer A toreview Author B’s paper to avoid conflict.C You should let the reviewers and author know each other for better communication.D Send emails to all the reviewers simultaneously for saving effort.26. When you handle the paper and find it interesting, which behavior is correct?A You can just directly use the information.B You should communicate with the author as an associate editor or editor.C You should communicate with the author as a researcher to request to share some information.D You should tell the author that you are handling his paper.27. What should you NOT do to prepare a recommendation or decision letter?A Combine reviewers' comments and your own reading of the paper to provide an appropriate, impartial, and constructive recommendation.B Provide a general comment, and also the specifics of the recommendation, the analysis of the reviews, and justification for your recommendation.C Tell which part to cut, how the paper should be reorganized, how the paper should be revised.D If you recommend to reject the paper, you can simply do it without explanation.28. What is NOT allowed in the recommendation of an associated editor?A Provide a general comment.B Provide the specifics of the recommendation.C Provide the analysis of the reviewer.D Provide the information of all reviewers.29. Which statement about handling the resubmitted paper is NOT true?A We only need to ask the reviewers with critical comments previously on the revised version for conditionally accepted papers.B For revise and resubmit papers, have a mix of new and old reviewers to do a thorough and complete reviews.C We need to ask all the reviewers to handle the conditionally accepted papers.D The reviewers should be provided with the document detailing how the previous comments were addressed.30. As an associate editor or editor, when you suffer some difficulties, what should you do?A Report the difficulties early.B It’s our duty to handle the papers, so we should solve the difficulties by ourselves.C If you are busy, delay the task of handling papers and do it when you are free.D Simply ask another editor to take place of you.31. Which one is true according to the communication protocol?A Once you receive a request on paper handling, you need to response as soon as。
英文科技文章写作方法总结
英文文章阅读总结1、题目（title）题目主要包含目的或者信息，吸引读者，不能太长。
例如：Evaluation of the Miscibility and Contribution of Flue Gas to Oil Recovery Under High Pressure Air Injection. 这个题目首先说明了文章的目的- Evaluation of the Miscibility and Contribution of Flue Gas to Oil Recovery，而High Pressure Air Injection既告诉读者研究的范围，又起到吸引读者的作用。
2、摘要（abstract）摘要主要包含四部分：研究工作的目的，方法，结果，结论。
摘要中不出现“本文”，“我们”“作者”等字眼，也不一般不出现“首次”，“最后”，“简单”，“主要”和“次要”等修饰词。
摘要中一般不出现的缩写词，出现的话需要解释一下。
摘要最大的特点就是简单、直接并且可以概括统领全文。
下面这个例子很好的说明了英文摘要写作特点：An experimental study was carried out to investigate the mechanism and contribution of miscible displacement, by in situ generated flue gases, to the recovery of light oil in reservoirs undergoing HPAI. The flue gas displacements were carried out on recombined reservoir oil in a slim tube apparatus at a reservoir temperature of 116˚ C and pressures ranging from 27.77 MPa(4,028 psi) to 46.06 MPa(6,680 psi).Results show that miscibility could not be achieved between the test oil and flue gases under the test conditions. Experiments conducted between 41.28 MPa(5,987 psi) and 45.04 MPa(6,532 psi), however, gave an indication of near-miscible displacement of the test oil. The flue gases displaced the oil in a forward contacting extraction process, resembling amechanism and contribution of miscible displacement，这部分必须简洁明了，一句话即可。
英文科技论文的写作格式与特点
1.4 写摘要的注意事项
1、规范 2、精练 3、具体 4、完整 5、全面
（1）规范
摘要虽然通常摆在正文前面， 但往往是在最后写作。
写摘要应使用正规英语、标准 术语，避免使用缩写字。
最好用第三人称，避免把各种时 态混在一起使用，也避免把陈述式和命令 式混合使用。
（2）精练
文章摘要要精练，不宜列举例证， 不宜与其他研究工作对比。用词必须确切，文 句简明扼要：且忌言之无物，衍文赘语连篇。 要去掉无关紧要的段落、句子、词组及单词， 力求做到字斟句酌，言简意赅，惜墨如金，文 章精练，以节省书写、打印、阅读的精力和时 间。
精简英语摘要，要注意如下几个方面：
A、不用开场白
各国最有影响的材料、物理和电子科学等杂志对文摘 写作有写共同要求。归纳起来有三条：
（1）要说明实验或论证中新观察的事实、结论。如有可能， 还要说明新的理论、处理、仪器、技术等的要点。
（2）要说明新材料名称，新数据，包括物理常数等。如不 能说明，也要提到这些。提到新的项目和新的观察是很重要 的，哪怕它们对本论文的主旨来说仅仅是附带而已。
早年习惯用的开场白为： This is a report on… In this paper the author presents… The purpose of this article is to … 这类套话，应简写成： The paper/author suggests /presents …
D、少用主语形式
有些作者不主张多用，认为多用存在下列问题： • 占去句首醒目的强调位置，平添一个that主语从句，
使重要概念和事实不能及早人目，先睹为快。 • 主句用平淡无力的存在动词be，而有表现力的行为动
英语科技论文写作—论文分析
正文
4
正文分析
应用于齿轮故障诊断
5 6
正文分析
8 9 7
正文分析
Fig.10.
Fig.11.
Fig.13.
正文分析
应用于轴承故障诊断
Fig.12.
Fig.14.
外圈故障
Fig.16.
正文分析
Fig.15.
Fig.17.
内圈故障
正文分析
正文分析
本文逻辑性较强，脉络清晰，层次分明。首先引出问题，提出解决方 法，进一步通过仿真分析和实测数据验证，最后得出结论，有力的证明了 所提方法的准确性和有效性。
决 思
approach, namely, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and the 路
results show the superiority of the LMD method; finally, the LMD method
is applied to the gear and roller bearing fault diagnosis. The analysis results
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
引言
常用分 析方法
缺陷
引言分析
引出问 题
加窗的傅 里叶变换
小波分析
引言
缺陷
缺陷
引言分析
经验模态 分解
局部均值 分解
引言
优势 优势
引言分析
局部均值 分解
引言
引言分析
提出推 测
全文结构
正文
正文分析
LMD分析方法
方法实施 步骤
正文
正文分析
应用于仿真信号
如何看待科技的英文作文
如何看待科技的英文作文英文：As for my view on technology, I believe that it has had a profound impact on our lives, both positively and negatively. On the positive side, technology has greatly improved our efficiency and convenience in various aspects of life. For example, the invention of smartphones has allowed us to easily communicate with people from all over the world, access information instantly, and even manage our daily tasks through various apps. This level of connectivity and accessibility was unimaginable just a few decades ago.However, on the negative side, the overreliance on technology has led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions and a rise in sedentary lifestyles. Many people, especially the younger generation, are spending more time in front of screens and less time engaging in physical activities or socializing in person. This hasresulted in various health issues such as obesity, poor posture, and even mental health problems.Despite these drawbacks, I still believe that the benefits of technology outweigh the negatives. It's all about finding a balance and using technology in a mindful way. For instance, instead of mindlessly scrolling through social media for hours, I try to limit my screen time and engage in outdoor activities or have real conversations with friends and family. Technology should enhance our lives, not consume them.中文：对于科技的看法，我认为它在积极和消极方面都对我们的生活产生了深远的影响。
科技英语论文写作(一)PPT课件
Research on a New Kind of Diesel Flow Improver
2020/10/13
6
标题_书写格式(3)
3. 全部字母大写
RUNAWAY PHENOMENON FOR PARALLEL REACTIONS IN FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTORS
2020/10/13
11
标题_注意事项(3)
如果一个短标题不足以概括文章的内容，可考虑增加副标 题，两者之间用冒号分开。
如果是系列文章，可采用多报形式。e.g. Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia
synthesis catalyst. I. Determination of shape factor Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia
2020/10/13
8
标题_书写格式(5)
一般标题多带有“ 研究”、“ 试验”“、初探”、“ 初报”、 “效udy on
Experiments of
Experimental study of
Effect of … on
An preliminary report of
synthesis catalyst. II. Experimental measurement of fixbed heat-transfer parameters
2020/10/13
12
标题_注意事项(4)
2 .一般采用名词短语作标题。不使用一个句子或不定式短语， 一般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。 An exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （繁琐） Introduce the exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （祈使句） Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate
科技现象解释英语作文
科技现象解释英语作文The Phenomenon of Technology。
In the modern world, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives. From the moment we wake up to the moment we go to bed, we are surrounded by technology in various forms. Whether it's the smartphone in our pocket, the computer on our desk, or the smart appliances in our homes, technology has changed the way we live, work, and communicate. This phenomenon of technology has had both positive and negative impacts on society, and it is important to understand and analyze its effects.One of the most significant impacts of technology isits ability to connect people from all over the world. With the advent of the internet and social media, we can now communicate with friends, family, and colleagues regardless of their location. This has made the world a smaller place and has allowed for greater collaboration and exchange of ideas. Additionally, technology has revolutionized the waywe access information. With a few clicks, we can find answers to almost any question, access educational resources, and stay updated on current events. This has led to a more informed and connected global community.On the other hand, the overreliance on technology has also brought about some negative consequences. For example, the constant use of smartphones and social media has led to increased levels of distraction and decreased attention spans. Many people find it difficult to disconnect from their devices, leading to a lack of focus and productivity. Moreover, the rise of automation and artificialintelligence has also led to concerns about job displacement and the future of work. As technology continues to advance, it is important to consider its impact on the economy and the workforce.In addition to its social and economic impacts, technology has also transformed the way we interact with the world around us. For example, the development ofvirtual reality and augmented reality has changed the way we experience entertainment, education, and even travel.These technologies have the potential to create immersive and interactive experiences, but they also raise questions about the blurring of the line between the virtual and the real. Furthermore, the rise of smart devices and the Internet of Things has brought about concerns regarding privacy and security. As more and more of our personal information is stored and shared online, it is important to consider the risks and implications of this technology.In conclusion, the phenomenon of technology has had a profound impact on society, and it is important tocarefully consider its effects. While technology has brought about many positive changes, it has also raised important questions and concerns. As we continue to embrace and develop new technologies, it is crucial to be mindful of their potential consequences and to strive for a balance between innovation and responsibility. Only by understanding and addressing the challenges of technology can we fully harness its benefits for the betterment of society.。
如何看待科技创新英语作文
如何看待科技创新英语作文Technology innovation plays a crucial role in shaping the way we live and work today. It has revolutionized various industries, bringing about significant advancements in science, medicine, communication, and entertainment.科技创新在塑造我们今天生活和工作方式方面起着至关重要的作用。
它已经彻底改变了各个行业，为科学、医学、通信和娱乐领域带来了重大进展。
With the rapid pace of technological advancements, it is importantto consider the ethical implications of these innovations. As technology continues to evolve, there are growing concerns about privacy, security, and the potential misuse of these advancements.随着科技进步的快速步伐，考虑这些创新的伦理影响变得尤为重要。
随着技术的不断进步，人们对于隐私、安全以及这些科技进步的潜在滥用问题越来越担心。
On the other hand, technology innovation has also brought about numerous benefits and opportunities for societal progress. It hasimproved efficiency, productivity, and connectivity, enabling us to access information and resources like never before.另一方面，科技创新也带来了许多社会进步的好处和机会。
英语科技论文写作
英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。
一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。
撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。
最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。
IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题：Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？Results（结果）：发现了什么?Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么?按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。
首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。
你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。
画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。
哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。
如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。
绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。
这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。
采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。
科技利弊的英文作文
科技利弊的英文作文英文：Technology has brought about both benefits and drawbacks to our lives. On the one hand, it has greatly improved our efficiency and convenience. For example, with the development of smartphones and mobile applications, we can now easily communicate with people from all over the world, access information, and even make purchases without leaving our homes. This has made our lives more convenient and connected. Additionally, technology has also revolutionized the way we work, allowing us to complete tasks more quickly and accurately.On the other hand, technology has also brought about some negative impacts. One of the most significant drawbacks is the potential for over-reliance on technology, which can lead to a lack of human interaction and physical activity. For instance, many people spend hours each day on their electronic devices, leading to a sedentary lifestyleand a decline in face-to-face communication. Moreover, the rapid advancement of technology has also raised concerns about privacy and security, as our personal information becomes more vulnerable to hacking and misuse.Overall, while technology has undoubtedly improved our lives in many ways, it is important to recognize andaddress its negative impacts. We should strive to find a balance between utilizing technology for our benefit andnot letting it control our lives.中文：科技给我们的生活带来了很多好处，但也带来了一些不利因素。
如何看待科技的英文作文
如何看待科技的英文作文Technology is everywhere in our lives. From the moment we wake up to the time we go to bed, we are surrounded by technology. Our smartphones, computers, and other electronic devices have become essential tools for communication, work, and entertainment.The rapid advancement of technology has greatly improved our lives in many ways. We can now connect with people from all over the world, access a wealth of information at our fingertips, and accomplish tasks more efficiently. Technology has also revolutionized industries such as healthcare, transportation, and education, making services more accessible and improving overall quality of life.However, the prevalence of technology has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the impact on our mental and physical well-being. With the constant connectivity and instant gratification that technologyprovides, many people find it difficult to disconnect and maintain a healthy work-life balance. Moreover, the increasing reliance on technology has also led to a rise in cybercrimes and data breaches, posing a threat to our personal information and financial security.Despite the drawbacks, it's undeniable that technology has the potential to bring about positive change and innovation. As we continue to embrace and adapt to new technologies, it's important to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits and mitigating the risks. By staying informed, practicing responsible usage, and advocating for ethical and sustainable development, we can ensure that technology continues to enhance our lives without compromising our well-being.。
评判科技的英文作文
评判科技的英文作文英文：When it comes to evaluating technology, there are a few key factors that come to mind. First and foremost, I think it's important to consider the practicality and usefulness of the technology. Is it something that will make our lives easier or more efficient? Will it solve a problem or meet a need that we have?Another important factor is the reliability and durability of the technology. Is it built to last, or will it break down easily? Can we trust it to work consistently and accurately?In addition, I believe it's important to consider the ethical implications of technology. Will it be used in a way that respects people's privacy and autonomy, or couldit be used to exploit or harm individuals or groups?Finally, I think it's important to consider the accessibility and affordability of technology. Is it something that is only available to a select few, or is it accessible to a wider range of people? Is it priced fairly and reasonably?Overall, when evaluating technology, it's important to consider its practicality, reliability, ethics, and accessibility.中文：在评估科技时，有几个关键因素需要考虑。
英语科技长篇文章品析
英语科技长篇文章品析走进科技馆,电子产品、人造卫星、核潜艇、航天飞机,令人目不暇给,应接不暇。
下面小编整理了英语科技长篇文章，希望大家喜欢!英语科技长篇文章品析乔布斯制造的Apple I拍卖 81.5万美元成交A prototype Apple 1, a holy-grail item in electronics memorabilia, has been sold for $815,000.近日，一台Apple I电脑的原型——可称得上是电子产品大事记中的圣杯级产品，拍出了81.5万美元。
Apple co-founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built just 200 of the computers in 1976.1976年，苹果联合创始人史蒂夫.乔布斯和史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克组装了200台苹果电脑。
The model auctioned this week contains tell-tale signs that it is a prototype, probably made prior to its manufacturing run.本周拍卖的这一台，有迹象显示是一台原型机，很可能是在大量生产前的试行版本。
One computer historian says it is "one of the first, if not the first ever" Apple computer.一位电脑史学家表示，如果这不是第一台原型机的话，那它也一定是苹果第一批原型机之一。
This "celebration edition" Apple 1 was expected to make $1m, but auctioneer Charitybuzz told the BBC that the final bid was $815,000.这台“庆典版”的苹果一代电脑预期拍卖价是100万美元，不过拍卖商Charitybuzz告诉BBC，最终成交价是81.5万美元。
如何看待科技的英文作文
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研究生英语科技论文分析
Graduate English
Vocabulary analysis
Vocabulary 1
Titanium dioxide for solar-hydrogen I. Functional properties Example 1:Hydrogen generated from the splitting of water using solar energy, termed solar-hydrogen, represents a sustainable fuel that is environmentally safe. [文献1 introduction 第2段 第1句] “产生 生成” 检索结果如下表所示
文献1introductiongenerated38988generate37334creat31969engender88bringforth1102bringforce4053generation70497creation18286produce46241comebeing6198created30764产生生成检索结果如下表所示generate的近义词createproduce等及其使用频率如表所示titaniumdioxidefunctionalpropertiesgraduateenglishvocabularyanalysisvocabularyveryfastbecausecloseproximityie
英语作业
Titanium dioxide for solar-hydrogen I. Functional properties
张钰栋 S201305024 2013年10月23日
Graduate English
Structure
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插入 竖起 聚集 熄灭
侵蚀 移开
push in put up put together put out; go out
wear away take away
insert; add erect aggregate extinguish
erode remove
派人去请 用完 执行 遭遇 容忍 陪伴 引入 推进 维持 点火 削弱 （使）液化
本文简要介绍了数字计算机的基础知识。 Fundamentals of a digital computer is briefly introduced in this book. A brief introduction is given to fundamentals of a digital computer in this book. 我们通常用热偶来调节温度。 We can normally regulate the temperature by using a thermo-couple. Regulation of the temperature can normally be effected by the use of a thermo-couple. 图2—6说明了一种简单是传输过程 Figure 2—6 illustrates a simple transmission process. Figure 2—6 provides an illustration of a simple transmission process.
5、句子特征
1. 表达方式程式化。 文章结构程式化：标题、摘要，正文（引言、论 述、结论）。 介绍某个过程或功能及达到某种目标时，一般利 用动词不定式短语构成目的状语，放在句子的开头。 例： To increase the rate of reaction, a catalyst(催化剂) is used. 简述实验结果时，往往在句首使用引导词 it 作形 式主语，构成被动句， It was found the rate of reaction was improved by increasing the pressure.
2. 大量使用非谓语动词、名词及介词短语 非谓语动词作定语，可明确所描述对象。 利用非谓语动词构成的各种短语代替句子中的从 句或分句，可使句子简练。例： 我们对设备的参数进行了初步分析，其结果令人满 意。 An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made with satisfactory results. 电子和原子的大小大致相同，其直径大约为10-12厘 米。 An electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about 10-12 cm.
Examples:
最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。 Finally, the application of this method is illustrated with an example 本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设计方法。 A new computer-aided design method is presented (in this paper).
“这个解经验证无误”
– The solution checks. “证毕” – This completes the proof. / Q.E.D. / QED (Latin: quod erat demon-strandum )
“这等于是说”
– This amounts to saying... / This is equivalent to saying...
remark
identical contact endeavor
利用
足够的 最终
use
enough in the end
employ; utilize
sufficient eventually
在其中
in which
wherein
用正式动词代替短语动词，力求精炼，避免 冗繁。
汉语释义 结束 吸收 短语动词 end up take in 正式动词 terminate absorb
避免使用生活用语或缩略语
缩略语
phone bike
正式用语
telephone bicycle
lab auto
mike ad
laboratory automobile
microphone advertisement
注意科技英语中的名词化现象（Nominalization）
所谓名词化倾向主要指广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词 或起名词功用的动名词。科技文章的语言特点之一是言简意明， 简化语言结构的有效途径之一便是名词化。 例：applications in data and information processing 计算机在 数据和信息处理中的应用 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自动化 voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备 这种动词的名词化手段能有效地简化叙事的层次和结构，减少 使用句子和使用从句的频率，使行文更直接，紧凑简洁。
2. 以客观陈述为主，较多使用被动句
科技人员在研究和解决科技问题时重视事物本身的客 观规律、主观事实和方法、性能和特征，在讨论科技问题 是力求客观而准确的陈述，因此，在科技文献中通常以非 人称的语气作客观的叙述，从而较多使用被动句。据统计， 被动句在科技英语中约占三分之一，比其在文艺类文章中 多十余倍。
2）保证句子的语法结构正确后，就要进一步熟悉常 用的固定句型。 例如：
“所得结果与计算值相吻合” – The results obtained are in good agreement with the calculated values. “这一点需要进一步考虑” – This point deserves some further consideration.
4. 词汇的使用
使用正式用语（formal words）、大词（big words），以突出科技英语正式、庄重、清晰、准确 的语体特点。
中文词汇 大约
英文普通词汇 about
科技英语中的非 术语词 approximately
询问
开始 变换 便宜的
ask
begin change cheap
inquire
递进式： 前一个名词依次修饰下一个名词，而形成 递加层次 例：水 泵 阀 water pump valve
此外，在科技英语中普遍采取以名词为中心构成的 词组表达动词概念，这些词组中的动词概念实际上 是由其中做宾语的名词来体现的，其中的动词被称 为“空心动词”（ Empty Verbs）, 该动词着重体 现语法功能（ Grammar Function）, 而非主题功 能（Thematic Function）。 例： to make use of 利用 to give no evidence of 不足以说明
commerce transform inexpensive
结束
给 具有
end
give have
conclude
accord possess
可得到的
阻止 迅速的
obtainable
prevent quick
available
circumvent rapid
说
同样的 接触 力图
say
similar touch try
科技英语写作
Scientific Writing
辽宁科技大学 工商管理学院
马佳 2014
科技英语写作的教学内容
科技英语的特点(2) 科技英语的写作技巧(2) 科技英语写作的固定/常用表达(6) 科技英语写作的典型错误(4) 撰写英语学术论文(2)
一、科技英语特点
for use up carry out come across put up with go with bring out drive forward keep up set fire; light to make...weak turn...into liquid
summon consume; exhaust perform encounter tolerate accompany introduce propel maintain ignite weaken liquefy
注意英汉词序差异
在其他情况下，Fn是一组复杂现象的简化表示法。 In other cases Fn is a simplified representation of a complex set of phenomena. 这些产品达到了世界先进水平。 These products have reached the advanced world levels. 这是一组指定的函数。 This is a designated set of functions.
名词化倾向还表现在广泛采用名词连用形式。“名 词连用”是指名词中心词前有许多不变形态的名词， 构成中心词的前置形容词修饰语，也被称为“扩展 的名词前置修饰语”（Expanded Noun Premodifiers） 科技英语中名词连用形式主要有以下几种：
并列式：即中心词前的形容词化名词相互之间无修 饰关系，并列修饰中心词 例：手工 筛网 印花 hand screen printing
用这种方法导出的数学模型经证明是比 较简单的，并且具有实用价值，从而为 进行最佳设计创造了良好条件。 The mathematical model derived by this method proves to be simple and of practical significance, thus creating good conditions for making optimal designs.