英美国家概况个人论文作业
英美国家概况—Early Writing
British LiteratureEarly WritingⅠ.The Anglo-Saxon Period(450—1066)Historical backgroundAbout 450 A.D.,waves of the Angles,Saxons,and Jutes invaded the British Isles. The Angles and Saxons were Germanic tribes occupying parts of the coast of modern Denmark and modern Germany on both sides of the Elbe and the difference between their languages was very slight.Their language---Anglo-Saxon was called Old English.The Anglo-Saxons were heathens upon their arrival in Britain.In 597 St.Augustine was sent to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons.Wthin a century all England was Christianized.Heathen mythology was gradually replaced by Christian religion.Representatives and WorksThe Northumbrian School--------Caedmon turned the stories in the Bible into verse form (7th century) The title of the work is Paraphrase.The first Anglo-Saxon poet.Venerable Bede a monk, wrote in Latin(673—735) The Ecclesiatical History of the English People“Father of English History”Wessex literature-----------King Alfred a. a number of Latin books of educative value were translated into West Saxon dialect; b. the was responsible for the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle;c. he created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.Anglo-Saxon poetry---------One of the oldest “Old English” literary works is l long epic poetry Beowulf.There are also a number of religious poems and heroic poems,and some elegies.The earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon(a poem about the battle of Maldon).Ⅱ. The Norman Period(1066—1350)Historical backgroundWith the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages,and the language of the royal court became French.So literature of that period was written in French or Latin.A feudal system of hierarchy was formed during the reign of Williamthe Conqueror.In the three centuries after 1066 the religious literature was voluminous.Most of them were addressed to Christ or the Virgin Mary.Representatives and WorksRomance and the influence of French literature-------The life and adventures of knights Sir Gawain and the Green Knights (usually about love,chivalry,and religion.)The exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland Chanson de Roland The tales about Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin,the quest for the HolyGrail,and the death of King Arthur.Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain Ⅲ.The Age of Chaucer(1350—1400)Historical backgroundThe Hundred Years’War between England and France.With the awakening of national consciousness which as the result of the Hundred Years’War,the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.The peasant uprising of 1381.Representatives and WorksJohn Wycliff translated the Bible into standard English.Wrote many pamphlets in Latin to attack thefeudal lords and the church for their abuse of power.“Father of English prose”William Langland The Vision of Piers the Plowman(influenced thepeasant uprising in 1381)Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)In his life Chaucer underwent a great variety of occupations,as courtier,soldier,ambassador,legislator,and burgher of London and was thus familiar with the lives of various classes.From 1360 to 1372, he imitated French poetry and even translated French literature poems himself.”The Book of the Duchess” It has much of the conventional romance elements in it.From 1372 to 1386, he wrote under the influence of the Italian literature. ”Troilus and Cryseyde”is adapted from a long poem by Boccacio.Other poems : The Parliament of Fowls, The House of Fame.In the last 15 years of his life, The Canterbury Tales was written in the years between 1387 and 1400. The significance of The Canterbury Tales-----a. It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. b. The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. c.Chaucer’s humour, gentle satire and mild irony. d. Chaucer’s contribution to the English language(he proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled express different moods.He greatly increased the prestige of the English language.).Ⅳ.The Fifteenth Century(1400—1550)Historical backgroundThe Hundred Years’ WarThe War of the RoseThe discovery of America and the new sea routesReformation of the churchRepresentatives and WorksIn the field of literature during that period, folk literature,especially Ballads, became an important feature in the 15th century.Other forms are Lyrics and Folk tales. The stories is often told through dialogue and action.Sir Thomas Malory Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of the Arthur)The stories of King Arthur and the Knights of theRound Table which were scattered in a number ofFrench romances and made great contributionthe development of English prose.Famous folk tales The Owl and the NightingaleThe Geste of Robin HoodEarly English plays Mystery Play Morality Play (about religion)。
英美概况论文2
If Y ou Are Tired of London, Y ou Are Tired of Life.Y es, I think so.At first, London was in a depression in the chalk north of the weald. It is surrounded by richer clay soil which produced food for the citizens of London. two thousand years ago, Roman built this city, from that time, London has been owing a maximum influence in the world, and from 1801 to 20 century, as a empire of the world-the capital of British empire, London become the biggest city of the world for acquiring a outstanding achievement in politics, economy, humanity culture, science and technology invention.T hat’s the history of London, but now London is still the biggest city of Europe a nd meanwhile it also a city which is worthwhile to visit.London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds of chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment the avowedly working class and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged with traffic. Even though you probably won’t know where the hell you are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar.London has many famous places, such as River Thames, Tower Bridge, Swiss Re Towe r, Palace of Westminster, Big Ben, Millennium Bridge, London Eye, St Paul’s Cathedral, and Tower of London and so on. At the same time, as we known, it is one of the most important economic centre of the world and the maximum economic centre of Europe as well.London is a year-round tourist center, with few of its attractions closing or significantly reducing their opening hours in winter. Y our best chance of good weather is, of course, at the height of summer in July and August, but there’s certainly no gu arantee of sun even in those months and that is when you can expect the biggest crowds and highest prices. Besides when it rains hard, the weather gets a little cold in the later, afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of day. And then, London fog is the obviously characteristic.With so many beautiful places and the amazing history, anyone who didn’t visit it before is really a pity. No other area of Britain is as rich in history tradition and cultural associations as London. Throughout the capital there are great mansion, venerable old buildings, houses, unrivalled collections of art treasure and colorful ceremonies to suit every possible taste and mood. History is from there and, of course, it is worthwhile visiting London. So, if you are tired of London, you are tired of life. I think that’s true.。
英语国家概况论文
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain.班级：学号：姓名：教授：分数：______On the Rise and Fall ofGreat Britain.中文摘要：英国，又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。
它曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻，人口不过数百万，国土资源也很有限，却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门，从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心，一跃成为西方强国的领头人，并独领风骚数百年，给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。
然而到了十九世纪末期，由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因，英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤，大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立，大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。
这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落。
不过，英国仍然是一个在世界范围内拥有巨大影响力的政治、经济、文化和军事强国。
关键词: 英国；世界工厂；日不落帝国；衰落Abstract in English：Great Britain, also known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. It was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one afteranother. The Great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "Workshop of the World" and "the Sun-Never-Setting Empire" began declining gradually. Nevertheless, Britain is still a political, economical, cultural and military great power which has great influence on the world.Key words: the Great Britain; the Workshop of the World; the Sun-Never-Setting Empire; fall1. IntroductionBritain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression, she completed the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. She began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it, but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power that is always at the America's command in international affairs.2. The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times, how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.2.1 The Industrial RevolutionThe British Industrial Revolution was a great result of the socialdevelopment in Britain. In political power, Bourgeois had more say on national affairs; in economy ,they accomplished their "primitive accumulation of capital";in ideology, they are more open; besides ,Britain was gaining the upper hand in the contest to reign supreme on the sea ,which expanded foreign market.All the factors combined to make Britain the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution. In first, it began in the textile industry. With the expansion of market, the demand for cloth also increased. The old instrument could not meet the need o the massive production. Therefore, before long, new and large machines which could increase productivity by hundreds of times appeared. The invention of the steam engine was used to furnish power. With the new source of power, iron, steel and coal industries began to a fast development. Productions needs were largely met by a series of refinements of existing techniques in the major industries and the extensions of mechanization to the other fields, as in sewing and the marketing of boots, cutlery and nails. The expansion of production and trade promoted the transportation revolution. The convenient transport made Britain products flood the world market. The Britain bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match Britain in the 19th century. Britain raced ahead of all the other countries.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind. Since the 18th century that rate of growth had been revolutionized, as one country that after another had embarked upon an industrialization which to this day was regarded as the key to the future development of new nations. It led on a much broader expansion. The major markets, however, lay overseas, where the more advanced economies were now moving into an intensive period of industrialization. Ultimately, of course, this was to create many powerful competitors for Great Britain, but at the time her superior technology made her the workshop o the world.2.2 Foreign Plunder, Expansion and AggressionOn the 7th July, 1588, the Spanish’s Armada, the Invincible Fleet was defeated by English which made a big difference to England’s getting sea supremacy as well as paving the way for her expansion. And Elizabeth was regarded as the foundation-layer-of the British Empire. During her reign, she encouraged her citizens to sail to trade, even plunder as much as they can. If they were accused of the international crime, the Queen would deny that she had nothing to do with it, in order to avoid stigma from other nations. But if they succeed to return in triumph like respectable soldiers, she might even grant an interview to these gainers, which was considered as a noble glory. In this way, ordinary people were all inspired to voyage, bringing about the prospect of England: nearly every one became rich and the society simultaneously made big change.With flourishing economy and proficient navigation base, the expansion and aggression enjoyed an unprecedented foundation. If the land was sparsely populated, they just drove away or killed off the natives to make room for Britain colonies. In other countries, they first knocked the door open with commerce, often backed by gunboats, and then, on a certain pretext, followed it up with armed occupied about 33million square kilometers, taking one fifth of the world's total dry land. These areas ever provided raw materials or became her market. Among them, the most famous one was East India Company. All these factors enabled Britain to be the “workshop of the world”and London became the financial center of the world trade. The British Empire had climbed to her peak.2.3The Great EmpireWhen the British Empire was in its prime of life, it occupied 33million square kilometers, taking up one fifth of the world dry land. The area was about 135 times as large as Great Britain. It ruled over a population of 560 million, which was more than 10 times as large as that of Britain. What’s more, the Britain fleet controlled the main sea routes and the strategic spots along them. The British Empire was on its crest and became the most powerful andimportant country in the world. That’s “the sun never setting”Great Empire-Britain.3. The fall of Great BritainTowards the end of the 19th century, the British began to go downhill.3.1 The Two World WarsUnder the two Industrial Revolutions’ pushing, more and more countries wanted to pursuit foreign markets and raw materials. Therefore, the competition became fiercer, so did the struggle between repartition and anti-repartition. So many factors combined, the First World War broke out in 1914 and had lasted a little more than four years. As we all know, nearly every country had suffered from it except America.Although Britain was one of the victorious nations and won many new colonies from the Germans in Africa and the Pacific, she could not continue to undertake the great expenses which were used to maintain an empire huge financial expenditure. Millions of people died, and many assets were destroyed, and caused mounting debt, capital market turmoil. At the same time, nationalism in the new and old colonies are high, and the Empire and the white soldiers fought in the war that felt in strong racial discrimination were much contributed to this kind of nationalism.Economically, Britain became debtor instead of creditor country and the economy postwar suffered depression, and the most important one was that the international financial center also transferred from British London to New York. On international influence, although Britain in Paris Peace Conference kept being a leader, her economic, military strength was retrogressing. Eventually, Britain could no longer maintain her hegemonic position. The most typical sign was the Washington Naval conference, limiting Britain’s naval power, which showed that the British had to admit that she was no longer the global hegemony. On the colony, although territory increased, her control became weaker on account of large death and losses. Then independence movements of colonies had affected British profoundlyAbout ten years later, in 1929, a serious crisis started in America and soon spread to other countries. Large unemployment caused endless demonstrations and strikes which shocked the whole capitalist world. Hitler’s constant thirst for power led Europe into the Second World War from 1939 to 1945. And the Second World War witnessed the disintegration of the British Empire.Though Britain and her allies won the war with Germany being invaded and Japan being hit by two atomic bombs, Britain suffered heavy losses. Repeated bombed, her financial position was greatly weakened and had to rely on America. The independence movement of colonies caused the British lose all her colonies except Hong Kong by the year 1970.As a result, the British Empire gave way to the British Commonwealth after 1931; her membership in European Community was endorsed by a national referendum in 1975; Britain’s defence policy is now based on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Nowadays, the British Empire doesn’t exist and is replaced by the strong America, and then Britain is a second-class developed country.3.2 Postwar BritainAfter the two World Wars, much burden was laid on her and the Great Empire had gone downhill. Britain was no longer in the leading class in the world’s economy and underwent enormous economic difficulties. She lost the privilege in the industrial technology. Its financial was greatly weakened and it had to rely on America aid for its economic reconstruction. On the other, awakened and tempered by the war, consequently, most of its colonies in the world swept a large scale of independence movement. By the year 1970, Britain had lost all its former colonies except Hong Kong. Because its economy relied heavily on foreign markets and imports of raw materials, the losses of its colonies impose a great influence on Britain. She lost expansive lands and a large amount of British population, which weakened its power and was out-competed by other countries.4. ConclusionLooking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the worl d” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of two wars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.From the process of Great Britain, we can sum up the experience and make China develop soundly and quickly. We should attach the importance to science, innovation and education. And the policy and society system should keep pace with the time. Last but not least, one nation's rise is based on science and technology, the competition between countries is in the contest of national quality, and talent competition. In addition, every country should keep in mind to be prepared for danger in the ties of safety.Bibliography：A.C.W., Winchester. Nineteenth Century Britain 1815-1914, Harlow, Essex, UK:Longman House, 1982, PP175-181Alderman Geoffrey. Modern Britain 1700-1983, Burrell Row: Provident House, 1986, PP1-15陈德新编英美概况，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2008来安方英美概况, 河南：大象出版社，2004年, PP1-212张奎武英美概况(上)，吉林，吉林科技大学出版社，1984,PP115-129/view/3565.htm/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_ Ireland//question/122668056.html。
英美国家概况作文
英美国家概况作文一、英国概况。
英国，那可是个充满了各种奇妙元素的国家呢。
它的天气就像个调皮的孩子，说变就变。
早上出门的时候可能还是阳光明媚，等你走到半路，说不定就乌云密布，下起淅淅沥沥的小雨了。
这也难怪英国人出门总是带着伞，那可是他们应对多变天气的“魔法武器”。
说到英国的建筑，那可真是一大看点。
那些古老的城堡就像从童话故事里走出来的一样。
像爱丁堡城堡，高高地矗立在山上，远远望去，既雄伟又神秘。
城堡里的石头似乎都在诉说着过去的故事，有战争的热血，也有贵族们的传奇。
还有伦敦的大本钟，那是伦敦的标志性建筑。
每当整点的时候，大本钟就会“当当当”地敲响，那声音在伦敦的上空回荡，仿佛是在提醒人们时间的脚步。
英国人的性格也很有趣。
他们大多都很绅士和淑女，礼貌用语那是不离口。
“Please”“Thank you”“Excuse me”就像他们的口头禅一样。
不过呢，他们也有那种含蓄到让人捉摸不透的时候。
有时候你和一个英国人聊天，你觉得他说的是一回事，可实际上他可能有另一层意思。
这就像一场微妙的文字游戏，需要你好好琢磨。
在饮食方面，英国传统食物可不像法国菜或者意大利菜那么花哨。
炸鱼和薯条可是英国的国民美食。
简单的炸鱼，外酥里嫩，再配上一大份薯条，虽然看起来没那么精致，但吃起来却别有一番风味。
不过可别吃太多，毕竟这是高热量的食物。
而且英国的下午茶那也是相当有名。
精致的点心，搭配着香浓的茶，在一个悠闲的午后，坐在花园或者温馨的茶室里慢慢品尝，这可真是一种享受。
二、美国概况。
美国就像是一个超级大的大熔炉，各种文化在这里碰撞融合。
从东海岸到西海岸，那是一片广袤而充满活力的土地。
美国的城市各具特色。
纽约就像一个永不眠的巨人，高楼大厦林立，时代广场上的大屏幕闪烁着各种广告和灯光秀，让人眼花缭乱。
华尔街则是金融的中心，那些西装革履的人们在那里忙碌地穿梭，每一个决策都可能影响到世界的经济。
而洛杉矶呢，那是好莱坞的所在地，是电影爱好者的天堂。
英语国家概况论文FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THE COMMONWEALTH
FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THECOMMONWEALTHI.Introduction.Great Britain, also known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, had once been the center of world for centuries and made great contributionto human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise ofother countries, Britain began to fall in the fierce competition among capitalist countries. Afterwards, suffering great loss in the two world wars, Britain became less powerful and thecolonies won independence one after another. The Great Britain Empire gradually transformed itself to a friendly and harmonious Commonwealth. II.Background: The Rise of The British Empire.a)Industrial Revolution and ExpansionThe British Industrial Revolution, which took place in 1700s, resulted in great development of the British society.Hand production methods could no longer meet the need of products.The newly-invented machines simplified the process of production and greatly increased the productivity.And the well-known steam engine provided new source of power, thanks to which, fast development also took place in other important fields such as transportation, steel industry and coal industry.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind.In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the Great Britain, which marked Great Britain’s gaining of sea supremacy, and paved the way for the expansion.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, British citizens were encouraged to trade abroad,or even plunder and colonize through sailing. Weaker countries’ door s were first knocked open with commerce, and it was often followed by occupation and colonization backed withstrong military force.With advanced technology and broad market, bourgeoisie of Britain started their accumulation of capital, and the country started to lead theworld.b)The Sun-never-set EmpireThe British Empire became the “workshop of the world”, and London became the financial center. For over a century, it was the principal naval and imperial power, and almost unchallenged at seaand in territory. In the early 1900s, it ruled a population of over 500 million and occupied more than one fifth of the Earth’s total land ar ea.Because of its expanse around the globe, the sun could shine on at least one of its territories at any time. P eople call it “the empire on which the sun never sets”.III.Transformation to the Commonwealth.a)The Proposal of CommonwealthQueen Elizabeth II once declared that the confederation of Canada on 1st July 1867 marked “the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations".In 1884, Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, described the changing British Empireas some of its colonies became moreindependentas a "Commonwealth of Nations".In 1917, a specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts,at that time a member of the British Imperial War Cabinet, when he brought up the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations". The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which concluded the Irish War of Independence, when the term “British Commonwealth of Nations” was substituted for “British Empire” in the wording of the oath taken by the parliament of the Irish Free State.b)Falling EmpireThe two Industrial Revolutions pushed more countries to develop bourgeoisie and look for foreign markets and raw materials.Therefore, the competition became fiercer. Newly-emerging powers, especially Germany, struggled for a repartition of market and land, while the British Empire had to fight to defend the acquired benefits.The First World War broke out in 1914 and lasted about four years, during which nearly every country suffered from it except America.Although Britain was one of the victorious nations and won many new colonies from the Germans, it could n’t afford to the great expenses for maintainingsuch a huge lions of people died, economy suffered, and Britain became a debtor, rather than creditor. At the same time, independence movements in thecolonies were running high.The empire was losing its control of the colonies. The international financial center transferred to New York. All of these deprived the Empire of its hegemonic position.c)TransformationThe Balfour Declaration, issued by the 1926 Imperial Conference, declared that the United Kingdom and the Dominions are...autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. ...The declaration accepted the fact that the dominions were having growing independence in internal and external affairs in the years after World War I, and became the basis of the Statute of Westminster 1931.The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed Statute of Westminster in 1931. It is a statutory embodiment and formalization of the principles of equality and allegiance to the Crown, which were brought up in the Balfour Declaration. Until today, the Statute of Westminster still serves as a basis of the relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.d)Postwar ChangesAfter World War II, the situation of the world changed profoundly. Europe, a continent that had dominated the whole world for several centuries, was in ruins. The United States and Soviet Union held the super power, while Britain was left bankrupt.In this period, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations.The London Declaration was issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. It is considered a milestone in the history of the modern Commonwealth.The declaration allowed the Commonwealth to admit and retain members that were not Dominions, and it changed the name of the organization from the “British Commonwealth of Nations”to the “Commonwealth of Nations”. The dropping of the word “British” reflects the major changes.After London Declaration, the colonies gained their independence and new members from different continents joined the Commonwealth.Finally, the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 marked the end of the long decolonization process, as well as the empire.monwealth Today.The Commonwealth of Nations is an voluntary intergovernmental organization of52 independent member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.Although they acknowledge the British Monarch as the symbolic head of the Commonwealth, they have no obligation to each other and have full autonomy on their own internal and external affairs. They are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.Commonwealth countries interact with each other outside governmentwith various non-governmental organizations of different fields, such as sport, culture, education, law and charity.The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organization, resourced by Commonwealth governments. It aims to strengthen civil society in theachievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication, people-centered and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.The Commonwealth games is the third largest multi-sport event in the world.Being held every four years, the games include sports particularly popular in Commonwealth countries, such as netball and rugby sevens. The games were designed with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.V.Conclusion.History witnessed the rise and fall of the British Empire and its transformation to the Commonwealth of Nations.From the history, there’s much we can learn.The rise of the British Empire from the Industrial Revolution can help us realize the importance of science and technology. With advanced technology, a little effort can produce great achievement.The lack of ability and power to control the large area of colonies can remind us that we should pre-estimate the situation, in order that what we wouldn’t cause results that we cannot control.The self-transformation to a loose commonwealth can also enlighten us that we should always follow the historical trend and that being against the trend is not a wise option.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美国家概况 A brief introduction to the United Kingdom
Before
1AD. British people were made of Celtic people （凯尔特人， tribal people)
in 43 AD, British was invaded by the Roman Empire, English and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire
next invaders were the Normans from Northern France
legend of Robin Hood (罗宾 汉带领绿林好汉) ，rob from the rich to give to the poor
The
It
was independent from the UK for a long time, so still imagine themselves as independent
Many
people who think of Britain think of the English gentleman But most of the British people are not like that For example, a Scottish woman would not be like to be called an English gentleman Actually Scottish people and English people do not like each other
Immigration
was encouraged in the 1950s and 1960s 1/20 are not of European origin Some from India(印度) or Pakistan(巴基斯坦) Some from Caribbean(地中海国 家)
英语国家概况期末论文1
英语国家概况期末论文1American and British educationThe number of people holds view that the future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of the children. Each country has its own education system. Most of countries try to put the national education in the first place. And most families consider the home education as part of their life. What are the country education systems? What are their purposes? How do parents do at ho me for their children’s education? The following I will talk about the formal education and family education among the United States and the United Kingdom.American Education1. Formal EducationIn the United States, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. There are three ideals of American education. Firstly, education is governed by state and local governments, not by the national government. Each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education, but some laws are similar, for example, all states require young people to attend school until the age of either 16 or 18. Secondly, receive an equal education. In the other words, many people are possible to have access to as much as education as they want. This ideal is an outcome of the American’s assertions about equality among people. Thirdly, American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than acquiring quantities of facts. And American students are encouraged to express their own opinion in class and to think for themselves, and goal of American education is to teach c hildren how to learn and helpthem reach their maximum potential. In addition, formal education in United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary education, which are the basis of public education, are compulsory. Classes of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Before attend the first academic institution,many parents choose to enroll their children in kindergarten and, even earlier, nursery school or daycare center. After high school, part of students will go to further education—university. There are some famous universities in the United States, such as Harvard University, a comprehensive university; Yale University with a high academic standard and great prestige; Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, an institute famous for its scientific and technological training and research.2. Family EducationIt is a general perspective that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. And some are tutoring at home by their parents, instead of school teachers. American parents suggest that little children are not just a process of memorizing knowledge that already exists in books, but work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. In addition, parents pay much attention to children’s independence. They think that children should do many things all by themselves. If parents do that for them, they would become lazy and dependent on others. When children make mistakes, American parents would punish them, let them realize their faults and warn them not to do that again. They would not pay much attention to children’s ability to learn or to read, but teach them to understand the world.The United Kingdom Education1. Formal EducationIn the history, education in British was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the church. Now education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary, secondary, further education and higher education. The compulsory education for all children is between the ages of 5 and 16. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, the state system and the independent system. The education in the state system is provided free of charge while the independent system requires fees.Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. Children begin primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 and stay there until 16. Free compulsory education is available for all children up to the age of 16. After that, they can choose to study for two more years in preparation for higher education and they start their university education around the age of 18. And some choose to comprehensive schools, which provide a general education. Most British universities are partially funded by central government grant. Students from poor families can receive the maintenance grant from the central government grant. Like the united states, the united kingdom has its famous universities, for instance, Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; Cambridge, which is well-known by its reputation for outstanding academic achievement. King’s College Lond on, which has a multicultural student body and an academic reputation that goes from strength to strength.2. Family EducationIn the United Kingdom, parents also pay much attention to tutor their children to be well controlled by themselves. Whenthe children do something wrong, parents would take action to correct their behavior or even punish them. There is no reason for them to get their parents’ overindulgence. Both the United States and the United Kingdom emphasize independence on Family education. Th e United Kingdom’s parents think that if they Over Indulgent their children, their children will never know what independence means. They also have a prospect that they should be responsible for the children’s future. The parents seem not to be competent a s their children couldn’t adapt the community or make contributions to the society; the common response is that parents should feel guilty as incapable of educating their children.As far as I am concerned, different countries have their own educational ways. But one in common is that all the national education systems and family education want to make the children out of boys and turn them into useful person in society. People believe that future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of children. The only thing we can do is to respect for cultural differences and take the essence and discard the dregs. Only in this way, children can grow up more happily and independent so that they can make great contributions to their society.。
英美概况论文
My view on social transformation in the United Kingdom Abstract:The seventeenth century to the eighteenth century has witnessed the great changes in the United Kingdom ,ranging from economic and social transformation to the change of value orientation.As fas as the various ways of historical research are concerned, the economic and social history study has become a new direction in the historical research.So today I will maily base on the reform of economy and discuss some economic and social problems in the transformation era in the United Kingdom.At the same time, I hope it will provide us some experiences towards the transformation in ChinaKey words:transformation,economy,social problems.It is universally ackowledge that the United Kingdom has undergone the Industrial Revolution since eighteenth century.What we should attach importance on is the profound impacts of the economic reforms.Economic activities’ change s in pattern,scale, benefit, and structure are the motivation of the development and the changes of human society. Therefore, the transformation from the medieval feudal society to modern capitalism is mainly based on the variations from traditional natural economy to the highly developed industrial and commercial economy.1We attribute the great reforms in the United Kingdom of this period to the profound and comprehensive changes in economy.Now,let us have a deep look at the transifomation.1、Economic reforms1)Commerilization of the agriculture: There was a change from the relativelyquiescent state in the Middle Ages to the currency market and commercial exchange with more freedom and liquidity .iiThere are many reasons for this kind of changes,such as the rapid increase in the population, the process of the civilization and the expansion of the international trade so on and so forth.The commercialization has interrelated with the capitalist production in agriculture,for it has provided the foudation of the production and the circulation in the future,which has promoted the process of manufature.2)Great-leap-forward development in industry:Coal exploiting and primitiveaccumulation of capital have contributed to the process of the large-scale machine industry,which is the epitome of the developmental of capitalist industry. The capitalist estancia and manual workshop have also deepened the development of it.At that time, the United Kingdom enjoyed ever increasing rate of economy growth,making it the most properous country in the world and she was regarded as the workshop of the world.3)Expansion of the maket demand:Dealing with the contradiction between thesupply and demand rightly is significant to the development of a country.The market demand has demonstrated diversification in the United Kingdom inseventeenth century.The jump of the national requirment has become an obvious feature in Britain,which provided the mass production with foundation and opportunities.The growth in the supply also met the demand of the people and the country in turn,thus making a virtuous circle between the supply and demand.2、Social transformationIn fact,sociology derived from the 18th century, and it appered as an independent discipline in the 1930s.It is the outcome of the modern capitalism,for the meaning of its existence is solving the social problems which comes hand in hand with the rapid development of the economy in the transformation time.We all know that the reforms had changed the society in various ways,and today I will select two topics which are mistaken by someone in the past to discuss as follows.1)Class differentiationThe Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.Industrial capitalist class and industrial proletariat class have turned to be the two main opposed classes in the society.There is several climaxes of labour movements in Britain.But today I would like to talk about the differentiation among the working class.⏹Labours on the farm land:We all know a typical phenomenon in England thatthere lied an aristicracy and gentry----farmer------labour structure.It wasaristicracy and gentry who own the land,farmers who lend the land andlabours who work on the land.⏹Domestic servants:With a long history,domestic servants are a bigemployment department,especially for women.They lived together with theirmasters and have a comlex identification. But we have to admit that theirsocial standards were quite low to some extent.Industrial workers:In this period of time,workers in factories have differentiated in two ways,one is the propotion of population,the other one iseconomic status.For the industry where workers can be repalced bymachineries,it is evitably that the population of the labours decreased andtheir economic status descends.Textile industry is a typical example for thesekinds.2)PovertyThe poor in the seventeenth century can be divided into two different kinds,the first kind is people who lose all or part of the capital goods,such as sevants and hire labours,and the other one is people who need government subsidy to keep body and soul together.But based on the data1600-1720 the propotion of the expense on food by labours in the United KingdomActually,based on the Engel's Coefficient,the labours in England nearly have adequate food and clothing.But the data did lie some defect,for it assumed that thelabours worked everday of the year without enjoying the weekends.So the real propotion may come to 70%3However,the problem of starving is not so serious in the seventeenth in England when comparing with other European countries,like France.In a word,on one hand,the labours did go through their life with their slender wages,on the hand,they did not live with distress and darkness as some historians exaggerated before.The purpose of this paper is not only just analysing the phenomena in the economic and social transformation in England,but also offering us some expericences towards the reforms in China. It is believed that China had come to the era of social transformation in the late 1980s. At home,from the sociology scholars’point of view, social transformation was defined the meaning of three aspects:first is system transformation, namely system from planned economy to market economy system.the second refers to the social structure.Scholars who hold this idea maintain that social structure is the main part of social transformation, It consists of people's behavior, the way of life ,value system etc.The third one refers to the social form changes, namely refers to the variatation from traditional society to modem society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from closed society to open society.4We can easily sense the big changes in the society as well as some economic andsocial problems.However,what we should keep in mind is that these problems can not be avoided and all countries have undergone them in the history as we can see in the United Kingdom.But they can be solved by the development of the economics and sociology,by the adjustments of the policy,by the endeavor of the people of the whole country.1<经济社会史> 商务印书馆侯建新2002<The England of Elizabeth:A structure of Society> A.L.Rowse 1951 3John Komlos “The Food Budgt of England Workers Acomment on Shammas”Iournay of Economic History 19884/view/633149.htm?fr=ala0_1。
英语国家概况期末论文
A GUIDE TO ENGLISH-SPEAKINGCOUNTRIESWhen English jumps to life, it displays a starting quality. Nowadays, the connections among countries are increasing frequently, English is becoming more significant. After learning this course, I know more about some English-speaking countries, like Canada, Australia and New Zealand, especially the UK and America.Britain, the whole is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in ancient Britain is known as the "day not fall", includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is the largest part of Great Britain.There are many rivers in Great Britain. Among the most important rivers is the Thames, which flows into the North Sea. Its length is 336 km and it is the deepest rive in Britain. It is navigable as far as the capital of Great Britain –London. The longest river in Britain is the Severn. Its length is 354 km. London is also called foggy London as the climate of Britain is classified as temperate, with warm summer, cool winters and plentiful precipitation throughout the year.Britain also has a long history. The earliest setters include Iberians (3000BC) , the Beaker folk and Celts. But the recorded history dates from 55BC, when Julius Caesar and his roman troops invaded the island. And then through the medieval period, the industrial revolution, the colonial expansion, and the World War II, the history has been in the present day.Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. Although the Queen is the head of state, their power is largely symbolic. The government is elected by people and governs according to British constitutional principles, and that election is held every five years. However, parliament is the law-making body of Britain. Strictly speaking, it consists of the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. TheHouse of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament. It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. Britain is divided 651constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labor Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General election commands a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and shadow cabinet. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy criticizing the Government and debate with the Government. However, the monarchy is usually regarded as a separate institution because even though the Queen must consent to pass a law, that consent is given as a matter of course. Additionally, it is a capitalist country in Western Europe. Agriculture, energy production, manufacturing industry, service industry and foreign trade are current British economic characters. Since the end of WWII, service industry has a spectacular growth.Britain has a rich culture. Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between ages of 5 and 17. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, which includes the state system, where education is provided free of charge, and the independent system where fees are required. Britain’s education and academic research level is currently in the world's leading position. The world-famous education has a holy land at the university of Cambridge and Oxford University. British especially like reading newspapers, like the Times, the Guardian and the Daily Telegraph and so on.The United States is located in the central part of North America, expect Alaska and Hawaii. The country is bordered by Canada to the north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean t the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The coastline is 22680 kilometers. Unlike UK, major area belongs to temperate continental climate, the southern subtropical climate, while western coastal area distribution has a temperate climate with Mediterranean climate.The US is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bounded on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific.After Christopher Columns has discovered American, this nation was founded by thirteen colonies declaring their independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776. It adopted the current constitution, which has been amended several times subsequently on September 17, 1787. When the War of Independence was over, the US was not one unified nation as it is today. Each new state had its own government and was organized very much like an independent nation. One of the most events in America is the Civil War. American slavery existed after the first immigrants from Europe founded their settlements. In certain circumstances, slaves were treated with occasional dignity by their owners, but for the most part they were neglected and treated with severe harshness.Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America. But the south feared that the north would abolish slavery, and the north was afraid it would spread westward into the newly established states. Soon, anti-slavery leaders were becoming active and loud. Slavery effectively ended in the U.S. in the spring of 1865 when theConfederate armies surrendered. The victory can also be attributed in part to failures of Confederate transportation, materiel, and political leadership. And then the country greatly expanded in territory throughout the 19th century, acquiring further territory from the United Kingdom, as well as lands from France, Mexico, Spain, and Russia. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it became the world's sole remaining superpower, and is a declared nuclear weapons state. The United States continues to exert dominant economic, political, cultural and military influence around the globe.The United States is a federal constitutional republic with Washington DC its federal capital. The Constitution of the United States is the basic law of the land. There are two obvious characteristics in the Constituti on. One is “check and balance”, consisted of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by other branch. Another characteristic is that the Constitution specifies the respective powers of federal government and of the state government. Congress is the legislature branch of the federal government. It is law-making and the supreme legislative body of the nation. It consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, while the executive branch consists of 15 departments and many independent agencies. According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the US shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 Court of appeals, 91 district courts and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. Us judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.As in Britain, a two-party system has been dominant in the United States. Today, the two major parties in America are the Democratic Party which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson’s party, formed before 1800 and the Republican Party which was formed in the 1850s by people in the states of the North and West.Curre nt American economical forms are the same as Britain’s.American society is the product of large-scale immigration and is home to a complex social structure as well as a wide array of household arrangements. The U.S. is one of the world's most ethnically and socially diverse nations.In America, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. It is a general view that every American should have the right and obligation to become educated. They hold the view that the future of the nation depends largely on education. Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary educations, the basis of public education, are compulsory and are divided into 12 grades. Higher education in the US began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. As a undergraduate student, he has to earn a certain number of credits In order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college, which is similar to Chinese students. The culture of the United States is a Western culture, and has been developing since long before the United States became a country. Its chief early influence was British culture, due to colonial ties with the British that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances. Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially countries from which large numbers immigrated such as Ireland, Germany, Poland, and Italy; the Native American peoples; Africa, especially the western part, from which came the ancestors of most African Americans; and young groups of immigrants. American culture also has shared influence on the cultures of its neighbors in the New World.Although American history is not so long, but it still is the super country. Let’s find out the cause together. It is said that American active, confident and brave, while British diffident, gentle andreliable. British and American detest each other, British think there is no history in America, but American think British cannot understand what future is.According to this term’s study, I know more about Britain and American. In addition, this course arise my interests in Britain and America. Nowadays, more and more people like traveling abroad. So do I. I try to find something more about these two counties.People in Britain and America are different in greeting and introduction. For British people, a handshake is the most common way of greeting, and it is customary when being introduced to someone new. When one wants to introduce oneself, one extends his or her hand for a shake and says “hello, I am…” and it is proper to say “pleases to meet you…’ as a response. For friends, the British will also hug. And if the friends have not seen each for a long time, they would kiss the cheek of the opposite sex. For America people, they greet total strangers by saying “hello’ and it is thought polite to reply. They say “have a nice day when parting” and “you are welcome” when thanked. British people are punctual persons, so it is polite to arrive on time for appointments. Being late for even a few minutes would be considered impolite.In social settings, people always say “come to see me soon’ and “drop in anytime”. But it is often necessary to call before visiting others. If one does not plan to go, it is better to accept the invitation. It is often considered polite to bring gifts like flowers, chocolate or a small thing for the host. It is an appropriate way to express ones appreciation for being invited by writing a thankful note or giving a telephone call after the visit.In most parts of Britain, the evening meal is the main meal. When one is invited for dinner, it is better for one to tell the hosthis or her dietary restrictions. Food may be served in the following ways: family style, buffet style or serving style. But in America, some families express grace before meals.In the USA, everyone takes pride in doing things by themselves, which is a spirit from their forefathers. And it is also a call of the whole society to do things like gardening, carpentry, upholstering and interior decorating all by oneself.But both British and American people love privacy. It is their right to have privacy and personal freedom. When we communicate with British or American people, don’t ask some private questions. We should remember it.At last, I want to say that this course is quite interesting and practical. I do learn something through the study. Although this course is going to end, I think we should not stop the study of western country cultures because it is useful for our other study as well. if we come to a foreign enterprise after graduation, we could know how to talk with our foreign interviewers or our bosses. When we travel aboard, we could experience local culture in a better way. To some extent, no matter what you are learning now, it must be useful in your future. Thus, I am happy I have learned something in this course.。
美国国家概况论文
美国国家概况论文《主要英语国家概况》学期论文American Immigrants教师姓名：学生姓名：专业年级: 商务英语学号：摘要本文论述了美国移民的历史。
美国移民的历史可以被视为在四个时代：殖民时期，十九世纪中期，到了二十之交，及后1965年。
每一个时代带来了鲜明的民族群体和种族到美国。
在十七世纪，英国人约175,000迁移到美国殖民地时期。
在美国半数移民所有欧洲殖民时期和18世纪的到来为17日的契约仆人。
在十九世纪中叶，主要来自北部一看到涌入欧洲，二十世纪初，主要来自南欧和东欧世纪后的1965年拉丁美洲和亚洲居多。
关键词：免签证社会福利保障体系教育体系创业环境AbstractThis article narrated the history of American immigrants. American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs: the colonial period, the mid-nineteenth century, the turn of the twentieth, and post-1965. Each epoch brought distinct national groups, races, and ethnicities to the United States. During the seventeenth century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen migrated to Colonial America. Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants. The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe; the early twentieth-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe; post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia.Key words：Visa-free Social welfare Security system Education system Business environmentAmerican Immigrants1. IntroductionTens of millions of immigrants over four centuries have made the United States what it is today. They came to make new lives and livelihoods in the New World; their hard work benefited themselves and their new home country.Discoveries made by various anthropologists of human remains over the past few decades provide evidence that long before Ellis Island opened its doors to welcome those seeking political and religious freedom as well as the "adventurer, the wanderer, the persecuted, the fortune seekers, and others" America was a kaleidoscope of ethnic and cultural groups! Thus, the history of US immigration spans a long period of migration of many different peoples from various parts of the world. One common belief is that America was originally peopled by wanderers from Northeast Asia about 20,000 years ago. These wanderers were believed by some to be the founding population of today's Native Americans. Others believe that the first Americans came from Polynesia, South Asia or even Europe.错误！未找到引用源。
英美概况结课论文
从奥巴马看美国的种族歧视—浅谈美国种族歧视消弱的原因【摘要】美国是一个多民族国家。
种族歧视是美国历史上的一个长期问题，它困扰了美国几百年。
终于，在美国黑人们的长期抵抗和奋斗下，种族歧视在美国逐渐被消弱。
更甚之，2008年，第一位非洲裔总统奥巴马在美国出现，这更加表明黑人在美国社会中的地位显著提高，黑人将会过上更加美好的生活，并且美国的种族歧视也将最终走向消亡。
【关键词】美国种族歧视消弱原因众所周知，2008年，奥巴马当选为美国总统，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统，从而创造了美国乃至世界上的一大奇迹。
看到奥巴马在就职仪式上那激情澎湃的演说，我不禁想起几百年来在美国历史上那惨不忍睹的种族歧视。
当时，美国黑人处于极其卑微的地位，这与现在黑人成为美国总统形成鲜明对比，这不仅表明美国黑人的社会地位不断提高，更加表明美国的种族歧视正在被消弱，这是一种积极的社会现象，也是全世界人民所乐意见到的。
可是，是什么原因引起了美国社会种族歧视的消弱呢？一、美国黑人奴隶制的废除在北美殖民地时期，由于殖民地急需大批劳动力，所以在此时期对非洲黑人奴隶的贩卖和奴役十分猖獗。
从1686—1786年的100年间，约有25万非洲黑人被贩卖到英属北美殖民地。
黑人奴隶在北美殖民地的地位极其悲惨，特别是那些在田间终日劳动的黑奴，被当作“耕畜”使用，每天被迫劳动18—19个小时。
美利坚合众国成立后，制定了联邦宪法。
但宪法保留了奴隶制，维护了奴隶贸易。
到1860年，美国黑人奴隶已达到400万。
19世纪上半期，美国人民开展了广泛的反对奴隶制运动。
30年代起，废奴主义在美国广为流行。
废奴主义者加里森创建了新英格兰反对奴隶制协会，并领导成立了全国性废奴主义组织——美国反对奴隶制协会。
到40年代，废奴团体已达2000个，形成了声势浩大的群众运动。
虽然反动势力多方压制和迫害，但废奴主义者仍坚持开展多种活动。
他们出版书籍、报刊并散发传单，到各地宣传演讲，控诉奴隶主的罪行，揭露和抨击奴隶制的罪恶。
英美概况论文：on the Rise of the United States
课程论文论文题目：On the Rise of the United States 主修学校：武汉理工大学学生姓名：侯伟龙学号： 0121011360606指导教师：邓绪新成绩：On the Rise of the United States中文摘要：美国位于北美的南方，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。
大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部属亚热带气候，西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。
拥有98,300,000平方公里的土地和3120,000,000的人口数量，是世界第三大国家。
它由50个州所组成，其中有两个海外州阿拉斯加和夏威夷。
美国诞生于1776年7月4日。
美国是个多文化和多民族的国家，全国有100个种族超过了一百万人。
主要的民族有美利坚民族、拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔。
美国的自然资源非常的丰富，煤、石油、天然气等矿物储量均居世界前列。
美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。
当今美国仍在全世界的经济、政治、军事、科技等众多领域有着庞大影响力，这是他国不能与之相媲美的。
美国是资本主义混合经济，是世界第一大经济体系，国民拥有很高的生活水平，人均国民生产总值超过四万美元，居世界前列，是全球最富裕、经济最发达、生活水平最高的国家之一。
美国在1776年以前是英国的殖民地，在短短的200多年间从一个受压迫的国家发展成为了一个世界举世瞩目的国家，不得不为之赞叹。
关键词：美国；经济；发展Abstract:The United States is situated in the south of North America with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Most of the regions belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate and the western coastal areas have temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate. With 9.83 million square kilometers and about 312 million people, the United States is the third largest country in the world. The United States consists of 50 states. Alaska and Hawaii, two of the 50 states are separated from the continental of America. The United States was born on July 4, 1776.The United States, created by immigrants, is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups who have more than one million people. The main nationalities have the united nation, Latinos and African and Asian. America's natural resources are very rich with coal, petroleum and natural gas mineral reserves in the world. The United States is one of the countries which start to attach the importance of environmental protection earliest in the world. In 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone national park to protect the local environment that has become the world's first national park. Nowadays the United States is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. America has a capitalist mixed economy and the largest economic system in the world. The citizens have a very high standard of living. Their per capita GNP can reach over 40 thousand dollars which ranks first in the world. It is the most advanced and well-developed country. The U.S. was British Colony before 1776, but within a short span of two hundred years it has made such significant achievements to become an eye-catching Nation from a Nation that had been oppressed. We have to applaud the Nation for their achievements.Keywords：America；economy；development1.Introduction:It’s well known that America is a very young country with only more than two hundred years history, but during the past two hundred years, it has become the most powerful country in the world. Many sociologists and economists have done a lot of research on it to analyze the contributing factors to the success, but their conclusions often vary greatly because they view the problems from different perspectives. The only indisputable factor is that the United States has a large piece of fertile land and abundant mineral sources between the two large oceans. And the two large oceans also provide a good condition for America to trade with other countries. On the other hand the immigrations have brought a large number of talented people who have made a great contribution to the development of the United States. Then I will share my view on this topic in detail in my essay.2. The Reasons of American risingThe United States has been the biggest industrial country since 1870 in the world. It has ever experienced a rapid development era of the economy. That rapid development results from many factors. First, the geographical location of the US provides a very good condition for its agricultural development and makes it become a strong country gradually. Second, the US is rich in mineral sources and fertile farm soil with moderate climate. Third, as a result of the African immigration, America has enough people to provide the labor for the development of the economy. At last, the US has many skilful workers and excellent scientists, such as Einstein. Now let’s start to analyze the process of its growing in economy step by step.2.1The immigration brought a lot of talented personSome of those immigrations had advanced knowledge in agriculture and political system and belief. These early immigrations were the pioneers for the rising of America. They laid the foundation for church and governmental authority in America. Many of the first immigrants were educated people and their knowledge contributed to their success in the New World. They brought advanced agricultural technology for the America. And they also set up schools to develop education. In summary, the early immigration has laid the foundation for American agriculture and education.2.2 The War had great influence on the country2.2.1 The First War of independenceThe United States started a large-scale independence war which ended European control of both North and South America from 1775 to 1783. The war wonindependence for the 13 states and started a new era in American history. From then on, the United States has become an independent country. American independence inspired American people greatly. Then American economy developed very fast in the 13 colonies. In general the War of Independence made a new beginning of American history.2.2.2 The second war of independenceAfter this war, the U.S. completely got rid of the British control and began a new period of rapid development .This war also made their citizens realize the importance of a strong nation government. It strengthened the feeling of national united and patriotism through this war. And Americans also turned their attentions to the development of the western part of the continent.2.2.3 The Civil WarAmerican slavery or Negro silvery existed in the southern states after the second War of Independence, while the northern states were capitalism. The contradiction between south and north became more and more intense. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the confederate States of America. Then the Civil war broke out on April 12, 1861. After this war, the United States became a unified capitalist country. After that American economy developed much more rapidly in every field. Abolishing slave system helped to establish a unified home market and enlarged the supply of the free labor. Through this war the American people cleared away all the obstacles and determined to develop science and production further. The U.S. led the world in industry 30 years later after the war.2.2.4 The First World War brought a big chanceThe First World War marked another turning point in American history. The First World War broke out in June 1914. For the sake of that it didn’t happen in the United States. So the United States announced the neutrality on August 2, 1914. The American neutral policy was aimed at making a profit by trading arms and war materials with the warring countries. Generally the United States got a lot of benefits through this war. And because of the peaceful domestic environments, its economy also got a very rapid development.2.2.5 The Second World WarAs the First World War, the United States also got a lot of benefits in the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States has benefited a lot from a prolonged period of unprecedented prosperity and became the strongest country in thecapitalist world. At that time, many capitalist countries were deep in debt to America. The U.S. industrial production made up about 60% of the world’s total while its exposition monopolized about 30% of the world market which made it possible for America to enjoy another period of economic prosperity.2.3 The Industrial RevolutionAmerica has taken part in the Industrial Revolution twice. During that period, the American economy developed very rapidly. After the two times Industrial Revolution, the United States has basically realized the realization of urbanization. Science and new inventions played an important role in promoting the economic development. The iron and steel industry was one of America’s basic industries. At the same time, railway construction proceeded rapidly which resulted from the steel industry. By 1920 America had already constructed more than 400000 kilometers of railroads which greatly sped up the development of economy.2.4 President Roosevelt’s “New Deal” saved the America’s economyWhen a country faced with problems, they always need a great leader to save the nation. There were many serious weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “new deal” to get America out of the depression. The new deal increased government interference in the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. It used public fund to finance a lot of government projects in order “to put people to work”. It also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. The “New Deal”has produced far-reaching influence on America’s social welfare program.2.5 Natural causes2.5.1 PositionAmerica has two neighbor countries, Mexico and Canada. Both Mexico and Canada have no threat to America which provides a steady environment to develop own country. It has two long coastlines which are convenient to go on international trade. Now Canada has been America’s most important trading partners and the trade between Mexico is also climbing.2.5.2 TopographyAmerica has a large area of land, ranking No. 4 in the world .And the topography is various from place to place. America has varied geographical features with large mountains, round-topped hills, big plains, dry deserts and low-lying basins. America’srich land resources and varied geographical conditions are important contributing factors in the development of the United States. Few countries enjoy so many geographic advantages.2.5.3 Climate and weatherThe United States is mainly situated in the northern temperate zone. America has different types of climate in different areas. In New England, the temperature rarely rises above the freezing point in winter. But the several states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia in the tropical have a little higher temperature. The south eastern parts of the United States enjoy a warm climate with abundant rainfall. In a word, American climate and weather create a better environment for developing.2.5.4 Rich natural resourcesAbout 47% of America’s land areas can be used for farmland. The large area of arable land makes it easy for America to develop its agriculture and grow enough food grain to feed its people. It’s well known that water resources play an important role in a country’s development. And the United States is a comparatively rich in water resources. It totally has 12 rivers and lakes, which can be used to irrigation fields, transport goods, and furnished power. Generally speaking, America enjoys abundant water resources. The United States is also rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver. All these natural resources have combined to provide a solid material base for American industry.2.6 The political and economic systemAs we all know, the US. Constitution divides the federal government into three outwardly separate but inwardly inter-dependent branches. They work together but check each other. This can greatly deduce the corruption of the government which indirectly promotes the development of the economy. America has a capitalist mixed economy. And there are many large private enterprises which have made a great contribution to the development of the United States.2.7 American diplomatic relations and militaryAs the globalization has begun, foreign relations also play a vital part in a country’s development and it has become more and more important. The United States of America has established diplomatic relations with most of the countries in the world, especially some developed countries. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. and consulates around the country. This greatly strengthened the exchange of America and other countries and promoted the development of the UnitedStates.ConclusionAs we all know America is a very young nation with only 200 years history. But now it has developed from a colony to the strongest country in the world which is worthy of our China to study.There are many reasons for the American’s rising that can be divided into two main parts: internal reasons and external reasons. From my perspective the main reason is the internal reasons. On one hand the American people have tried their best to develop their country in economy, science and technology, education, policy and some other aspects. On the other hand the rich natural resources, fertile farmland and suitable climate also play a great role to the development of the United States. Another important reason is that neither the First nor the Second World War happened in the United States. What’s more, the United States has benefited a lot from the two World War. This provides a stable domestic environment for the development of the United States. And during that period the United States developed very quickly. At last the America attached great importance to the education which has brought a lot of talents. That’s why the science and technology of the United States have developed so rapidly.On the whole, America has set a good example for other countries. We can also learn from the experience of the United States to develop our own country.BibliographyAtkins, Ollie.The White Houses Rears[M]. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1977 (1):102-136. 来安方.英美概况[M].郑州: 大象出版社,1995 (1):143-171.周静琼.当代美国概况[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003 (1):113-153.张奎武.英美概况学习与指导[Z].吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，2001 (1):21-32/wiki/United_States/view/2398.htm。
英语国家概况学期论文
英语国家概况学期论文The History of Development of British Democracy班级：英语N113班姓名：沈晓学号：201145639303AbstractThe history of the democracy of the United Kingdom is the history that consistsof party politics, monarchy, judicial system, parliamentary system, and cabinet system, the history that parliament gradually replaced King to rule the nation, the history that the principle which cabinet should be responsible to Parliament produced, developed and finally established, the history that party began and grew in its interior, the history that democracy defeated despotism and equality defeated privilege constantly, the history that the United Kingdom society make progress constantly.The whole process of the history is exactly the process that the United Kingdom establishes the constitutional regime and gradually realizes the democratization.In a word, the political democracy of the United Kingdom went through its process of gestation, birth, growth and maturity. And with this process, United Kingdom-style political democracy gave the world its unique nature.Keywords：democracy Knights of Round Table Magna Carta Civil War the Bill of Rights Parliamentary Reform of 1832Britain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years. Other countries also have long political histories but these histories are marked by periods of sudden, and often violent, change. Although Britain too has had its periods of political instability, in contrast to say, France or the United State, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution. This long, unbroken history is still apparent in Britain’s current political institutions and in its political culture.Knights of Round TableRound table is the meaning of "equality" and "solidarity". There was a legend that King Arthur’s knights had reached 150 up. The knights fought on the battlefield and discussed the domestic affairs in round table. When round table was held, King Arthur was around the big round table with the 30 knights, sitting in a circled. At this point, they were equal, no difference of king and knights. They could speak freely, adopting the principle that minority must obey the majority when dealing with national affairs. Though they would form some factions because of opposing political views, only on the round table there were no differences of status and everyone was allowed to speak freely.This kind of democratic institutions was too advanced in the medieval, dark and ignorant Europe. Whether it existed or not, wide and long spread of this thought is enough to surprise. No wonder that Europe ended the feudal era and stepped into the era of the rapid development and modern civilization hundreds of years earlier than Asia.Magna CartaThe oldest institution of government is the monarchy. This dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conquest in 1066. The present Queen, Elizabeth II, is directly descended from King Egbert, who united England under his rule in 829.The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the “divine right of King”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. Because of this diving right, although there were sometimes battles between different families who insisted they were the legitimate heirs to the throne, the actual existence of the monarchy has seldom been questioned. For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of state.While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. Instead, the sovereign should be willing to receive advice from prominent men. The monarch’s willingness to do this led to many battles between the king and other powerful groups like the Church and powerful, land-owning feudal barons.It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John’s (1199-1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, sill known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain’s k ey expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.Civil WarIn 16th century, at the appearance of the enclosure movement, capitalism developed rapidly in the United Kingdom, which was inevitable to conflict with the conservative forces at the time. Thus by the 1560s Puritan appeared, attacking the Church. At the beginning of the 17th century, there was opposition forming in the Parliament during James I and Charles I period. The Parliament adopted petition of right in 1628 to limit the kingship. The following year Charles I announced the dissolution of the Parliament. Then the Parliament was not convened for 11 years.At the end of the 1630s, the Scottish uprose. In order to raise military spending, Charles I convened new congress on April 13, 1640, which met with the resistance from the bourgeoisie and members of the new Aristocrat. They required further limitation of the kingship and to give freedom of developing industry and commerce.But it was rejected by Charles I. therefore, Charles I dissolved the Parliament on May 5. It was known as the short Parliament.As Scottish insurrectionists attacked, Charles I was forced to convene the Parliament again on November 3. The Parliament existed until April 20, 1653, known as the long Parliament. This Parliament was regard as a sign of the revolution beginning.After the long parliament was convened, Parliament adopted Three years of law, providing that parliament shall be convened on a regular basis and shall not be dissolved without parliamentary consent. After many struggles, Charles I were at the end of his wits. Then in January 1642, he left London for Yorkshire in north of the United Kingdom. During August, Royal banner was risen in the Nottingham, declaring the crusade against Congress and provoking a civil war.In Naseby in June 1645, Oliver Cromwell led Congress army to defeat the King's army and achieved a decisive victory. In June 1646 they overcame the King's home in Oxford. Civil war ended with a parliamentary victory for the first time and the King became a prisoner of the parliament.In the spring of 1648, the Restoration rioted in South Wales, Kent, Essex and other places and launched a second civil war with Scotland military alliance. In August, Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scottish army in the battle of Preston, and Scotland was into the United Kingdom. The second civil war was end.After the ending of the civil war, the army went into London for the second time in December 1648, occupying the parliament and washing away the Presbyterian members .The remaining members were about more than 200 people. Since then, the Long Parliament was named as Residual Parliament. The parliament established Supreme Court to bring to trial of Charles I. On January 30, 1649, the Supreme Court courted decision that Charlie Stuart should be beheaded as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and national enemies. Charles I was publicly executed. Subsequently, the parliament adopted the resolution that canceled the House of Lords and abolished the monarchy. On May 19 it was announced that the United Kingdom was Republic and Commonwealth, no King and the House of Lords (Commonwealth of England).On April 20, 1653, Cromwell dissolved the remaining long boards and established another small parliament (Bell States Parliament). Because some of radical members came up with the reform requirement, Little Parliament was forced to disband. Then on December 16, 1653, Cromwell became Lord Protector and republicanism was overthrown.The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1685, Cromwell died and his son succeeded to the throne as Lord Protector. He was cowardly and incompetent, which led to the phenomenon that national affairs were dominated by a small group of military officers. In 1659, Charlie Cromwell resigned. General Monck who was stationed in Scotland led the army marching in London on the pretext of protecting the parliament. After arriving in London, he decided to send someone to the Netherlands to negotiate with Charles I's son for restoration issues. Under the control of Monck, he announced the declaration in Netherlands.In May 1660, Charles succeeded to the throne in London, named Charles II. It is known as the monarchy's restoration in the history.After Charles II's restoration, he receded from his promise and dealt with participants in the revolution by means of terror. In 1685, Charles II died and his brother James II succeeded to the throne. During the reign of James II, he gave the Catholic Church civil rights of religious liberty and equality. Later he published the declaration of indulgence and gave all non-Catholic Church believers freedom of belief, including the Catholic Church believers. It led to the opposition of the whole country. In November, 1688, William, a Protestant, landed with his army. James II fled to France. Parliament plenary was convened in February, 1689. William and Mary (James II's son-in-law and daughter) ruled the country together, and they made up with Declaration of Rights, condemning the James II’s act of sabotage, requesting the King not to levy taxes without the parliament's consent in the future, asking the Catholic not to be King of the United Kingdom, demanding any King of the United Kingdom not to marry Roman Catholics. In October, the parliament adopted the Declaration of Rights and enacted into law. It was known as the Bill of Rights. Sincethen, the United Kingdom gradually began to establish constitutional monarchy and political principle that the parliament is above the monarchy.Parliamentary Reform of 1832The United Kingdom was the first country that realized modernization in the world. In the process of establishing the modern state system, the development of British history experienced a peaceful and gradual process. With distinctive characteristics, parliamentary reform of 1832 reflected the unique historical and cultural tradition of Britain. British parliamentary system is known as “the mother of parliaments". Reform of 1832 is extraordinarily significant for the development of British history, making an outstanding contribution to the development of democratic society.In the conflict of tradition and change, taking the road of integration is notable characteristic of British cultural patterns. Parliamentary reform in 1832 is an important event during the process of British political democratization and an important part that capitalism developed and matured. Because of the civil war and Glorious Revolution, United Kingdom took the first step in the political transition, which finished the transformation from absolute monarchy to multiple oligarchies, realizing the first spread of power.In 1830, July Revolution broke out in France. It greatly encouraged the people of the United Kingdom and pushed forward with the reform movement. In November of this year, Gray form the cabinet. Face with strong calls of reform, Grey believed that concession had to be made now and reform was necessary. To that end, he appointed committee to proceed immediately to draw up a reform scheme and made instructions on the general principles of the reform scheme in order to meet the demands of public opinion as much as possible. Accordingly, committee soon devised a social reform scheme. In March 1831, the scheme came out. Main purpose of the reform was to make the middle class went into parliament because the middle class had formed a real and adequate public opinion group. Without them, there would be no aristocratic power.Despite this, the reform scheme still met with the opposition of conservative Tory. Aiming at the opposition, some solons insisted that if political change had not kept up with social and economic change, revolution would have occurred. So, what they needed to do now was reforming the existing political system. Following the resignation of the cabinet, King William again asked Wellington to form the cabinet. Faced with this situation, Wellington finally made concessions though he had previously strongly opposed reform. But Pierre, his political partner, still opposed reform scheme, otherwise he did not participate in the cabinet. At the same time, people also protested in Wellington on stage. Wellington who was beset with troubles internally and externally cannot form the cabinet so he had to recommend to the King to recall Gray. Then the King did and ensured to canonize a sufficient number of nobles as necessary to make the upper House to pass the Bill. On June 4, the reform scheme was finally submitted to the upper House for consideration. Then it was adopted. On June 7 the King approved it. The bill is 1832 Reform Bill.Parliamentary reform of 1832 was a turning point of British political party. Whig party regained the power and enlarged strengthen with this opportunity, driving Tory that occupied British political scene for a long time out of the Government. Whig party dominated the power of government solidly in decades and thereby created "liberalism" times.The conservation of parliamentary reform of 1832 is also evident. It changed members of House of Commons but did not shake the dominance of nobles. The proletariat and the masses that took charge of major struggle tasks in this fight did not have the right to vote. The reform was like a hoax for them.However, parliamentary reform of 1832 continued to be major historical event of the United Kingdom and an important starting of political reform after the bourgeois revolution in 17th century. The reform temporarily adjusted the internal contradictions of the ruling class, opening the gates of parliament for industrial bourgeoisie. Under the historical condition of that time, parliamentary reform of 1832 was significant.The British Government TodayFrom this brief history we can see that British government today is deeply influenced by its long past. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. While the official head of state is the Queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.Because of Britain’s imperial past, when many other corners of the globe w ere ruled from London, we find similar systems of government in many former colonies. Other countries which are governed according to the principles of British parliamentary democracy are Australia, Canada, New Zealand and India. All but India recognize the Queen as their head of state, and a representative of the Crown, called the Governor-General, is present in such constitutional monarchies in order to fulfill the role of the monarch.。
英美国家概况A comparative study on reserve of natural resources
A Comparative Study on Reserve of Natural ResourcesBoth Britain and the United States are advanced industrial countries. As we all know, natural resources are the gifts that are given by nature and should be cherished by our human beings, because they are raw materials of industry and supply energy to engines and machines or they play an important role in maintaining the balance of ecological system. So we need to make a comparison on reserve of natural resources between two countries in order to know more about how resources contribute to the development of industry and the environmental protection.Both two countries are rich in natural resources. Among so many resources, they both are rich in coal and petroleum. Talking about the coal, many of the coalfields in the UK have been in continuous production since the beginning of the seventeenth century. And the annual coal production output in the UK is over 120 million tons. And both Scotland and W ales have valuable reserves that are used for industry and heating homes. The coal mining area of England is the largest one of the country, which consists about 40% of the total output. For the USA, its coal reserves rank first in the world. There are so many important mining areas, such as, the northern part of the Appalachian Highlands, Pennsylvania, W est Virginia and Alaska.Then as for the petroleum, Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil supply but also can export the oil to other countries now. The biggest oilfield in the United Kingdom is in Dorset. And there are two important oil companies, one is Britain Petroleum Amoco, the other is Shell Transport and Trading Company. And the USA produces more than 370 million tons of petroleum annually, supplying much of the nation’s energy to the household works and industrial operations. The four main oilfields are in the following four states: Texas, Alaska, Louisiana, and California. Now there are so many oil companies in the USA, such as, Exxon Mobil, Chevron Texaco.Concerning about their differences, we can talk about three aspects as follow.Firstly, although they both have so many rivers, the water resources in Britain still can not meet the need of its agriculture and industry because of the severe water pollution. Britain has a diverse pattern of natural vegetation, as the result of its all-year round rainyweather, but the pollution is very serious, which have already affected fishing and drinking. So it is high time that the government should take some measurement and effective methods towards this problem. And so many laws and regulations have been published immediately. While in the USA, water has been a significant part in its growth. Also the water is used for generating electricity power. It is beneficial to industrial development and it can accounts for a large part of supply to household work. And water resources, as we all know, it is the cleanest power. If being made full used of, it can efficiently decrease the air pollution that is caused by fossil fuels and other materials like woods.Secondly, both of them have a large area covered by forests, but woodland in the UK is covering less and less area because of the long-time denudation. According to the report of the forestry ministry in 2008, the area covered by forest is 28,810,000 square kilometers, accounting for the 12% of the total land, which is the lowest among the developing countries. But the USA has taken advantage of rich forestry resources, producing lager amount of paper and other wooden products. The area covered by forests is 3,400,000,000 square kilometers, which accounts for 33% of the land, and it is mainly situated in the east coast and the coast of the Pacific Ocean.Thirdly, the two countries have different kind of resources reserve. The other main resources in the UK are iron ore, limestone, clay, shale, chalk, natural gas and tin. The reserve of iron is estimated about 3,800,000,000, and the reserve of gas is r eported about between 860,000,000,000 and 25,850,000,000,000 per cubic meter. While the USA is rich in mineral resources, such as copper, zinc, silver, gold, and lead. The reserve of copper in the USA accounts for 7.4% of the total reserve in the world, and the zinc accounts for 13.6%, the silver 9.3%, the gold 6.4% , and the lead accounts for 12.1%.In a conclusion, the UK and the USA are all rich in various natural resources. The natural resources reserves are so many. Both of them have taken advantage of resources, to make progress on their economic development. W e also can know the USA has paid more attention than the UK to the valuable resources, to benefit its industry and environmental protection. While in the UK, there are still not enough strategies to regulate the protection of resources to be against the pollution and the overuse. I think itis one of the main reasons of their different level of the industrial development.Reference:中文参考书籍：温洪瑞，李学珍，A Brief Introduction to Britain and America 英文参考报刊：The W ashington Post, Oil & Gas Journal.电子参考文献：Net1 英国能源与自然资源Net2 英国煤炭工业Net3 英国煤炭资源概况Net4 英国石油天然气工业现状及政策/oil/Net5 英国林业概况及发展现状/viewNet6 美国石油状况简介http:// Net7 美国森林经营之谜.。
英美概况unit2论文
A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅡNorthern IrelandNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, both in area and population. It’s capital is Belfast. Though Northern Ireland is small but it is significant because of the political troubles there. There are four aspect to know about Northern Ireland. First, it is about it’s physically. It is mostly rural, with many beautiful views. There are many famous sights such as Giant’s Causeway、Ironbridge Gorge and Broughty Castle and so on.Second, it is about the political problems which are best known about it. The people of Ireland are living an ordinary life. The crime and the murder rate are very low. But in the world, the Ireland is a country which wants to be independent. So it’s international affect is very great.Third, it is about it’s active cultural life. There are many famous people, such as Seamus Heaney、Heaney won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995. Neil Jordan won an Oscar for the “Best Original Screenplay”in 1992. Van Morrison is an internationally famous pop musician. Brian Fried is a playwright whose stageplays are acclaimed in London and Dublin. So Ireland is a cultural.Forth, it is about it’s economy problems. Two parts are the big problem. One is the troubles discouraging investment; another is it’s peripherality in relation to the UK. The cost of people is very low.HistoryThe history of Ireland is the one thing that almost everyone knows about Ireland. Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict. The Queen Elizabeth became the settler from late 1905. The ingrained resentment of the British which is almost endemic in the native Irish culture is evident even today. In the 19th century, British politics became a campaign in parliament called “home--rule”. Irish political control Irish affairs. In 1916, the Easter Rising was the most spectacular event. In 1916, IRA expanded the fright. In 1920, most Catholic didn’t appeal to independent. Because English government, trying to increase it’s control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, so the northeast part of Ireland thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The troublesThere are many trouble of Ireland1、The popular revolt by Roman Catholics.2、Counter—demonstrations by Protestants3、In 1969, British soldiers were asked to help restore order4、A campaign of bombing and shooting5、Internment6、Bloody Sunday in 19727、In 1973, an agreement was reached8、In the late 1970s and the 1980s, the conflict continued and the life went onIn 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. They were shot dead by British soldiers. This was a key event in streagthening Catholic opposition to the Btitish presence. This day has now been my thought as “Bloody Sunday”.Towards a SolutionFirst is The Bullet and the Ballot Box.Second, in 1985, the Anglo—Irish agreement was signed, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.Third, the Downing—Street Declaration said that British had “no selfish or strategic interest” in Northern Ireland.Forth, the IRA declared a ceasefire.The Good Friday AgreementIn January 1974, the British Prime Minister set to a power—sharing executive which involved representatives from both of the Republic and the North of Ireland as well as governance of the North.The next attempt at an all—government solution was known as the Angle—Irish Agreement of 1985. The agreement like the one before it, guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future—either to join with the South, or to remain as they were.Multi—party negotiations aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also as the Belfast Agreement. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so with out the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.On 28th July 2005, the Provisional IRA declared an end to it’s campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of it’s arsenal.The North of Ireland is now a quieter and more civilized place than it has been for the last thirty years.ConclusionThere is still a palpable culture up North of “telling”—that is, trying to guess without asking whether a stranger is Catholic or Protestant, a game that has a large political point, for it is not easy, with this history behind them, for a Northerner to be comfortable with someone not of his own traditions and persuasion.。
英美国家概况小论文-英美政治差异
A Comparative Study on the Election System Between United Kingdom and United StatesBoth United Kingdom and United States are the developed capitalist country,however,the former is constitutional monarchy one while the latter is democratic republican one.As a political practice, election is the foundation of modern democracy.Through the comparative study on the election system between the two typical capitalist countries,we can understand their national conditions and modern democracy better.In a modern democratic system between United Kingdom and United States,a fair,honest and regularly held election is the decisive factor of the quality of democracy. On one hand,they both have set up a relatively perfect system of election monitoring.In particular, the news public opinion also plays the role of the supervisor with voters themselves.On the other hand,election process is open and transparent.The candidates were chosen launched a months-long win votes in the election campaign, and voters to vote is completely voluntary.At the same time,both United Kingdom and United States carry out single-name selection system ,which is only one representative in a district.As far as United Kingdom ,it imposed direct elections at the moment.Its elections is concentrated in the parliament election. Communist party and the conservative by parliamentary elections for seats in the parliamentary majority, is composed of the majority party in parliamentary elections, administrative organs, the majority party leader as the head of government and form in order to exercise the administrative power of the country.Elections in the United States mainly concentrated in the President's election. The President of the United States are indirectly elected , but the foundations of this election is based on direct election voters,and this generally called double election in modern election.Republicans and Democrats through the presidential campaign, winning party obtains the national regime, led by the President of the federal government, are appointed by the President's secretary of state, the exercise of administrative power. In the United States, presidential elections determines the belonging of national leadership.Additionally, the congressional elections in the United States also is very important. Both parties in congressional elections, and strive to become a majority, with control of congress, the supreme power.If the majority is consistent with the President and the congress, the President does not have the exercise of executive power resistance, if appear not consistent, so the President at the time of the exercise of executive power is a variety of resistance from the opposition.Yet elections in the United States, is a "rich man's game", cost is higher, the election procedure is more complicated in the election campaign.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion.Election as a basic political system, must be in conformity with its national conditions.At the same time, we should prevent election from commercialization,continuously develop and improve the system of democratic elections. ReferencesNet1吴月.比较和借鉴:英美两国选举制度探析./view/5daf29c5d5bbfd0a79567375.html,2006-01/2013-6. Net2 叶乃康.英美政治制度比较综述./Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=55179,2013-1-5/2 013-6-6.Net3 付林，荣红霞.英美等国选举制度比较./view/b5725fe1b8f67c1cfad6b8a7.html,2005-11/2013-6.。
英语国家概况的论文
The government intervention in American economic developmentRecently we have discussed either privatization or nationalization is more important. Many students draw the conclusion that nationalization plays a more important role than privatization in the American economic. Next, I want to discuss the influence of the government intervention in American economy further.The first part, the relationship between the government intervention and the history.As we know, the American Presidential election is around the corner, With the U.S. election just days away, it has never been more important to consider what the next President must do to keep America competitive. In this time of crisis, Washington has focused on the immediate and the short term. Lost are the more basic questions we really need to worry about, what is the fundamental competitive position of the U.S. in the global economy? And what must we do to remain strong when other nations are making rapid progress? To find the answers, we should get some knowledge of the American economic history first.The modern American economy traces its roots to the questof European settlers for economic gain in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The New World then progressed from a colonial economy to a small, independent farming economy, and eventually to a highly complex industrial economy. So America starts from a free-market, and it also has been written in the law that every citizen in American has the right to pursuit happiness. In my point of view, wealth, of course, is included in the meaning of happiness. Government intervention can be original tracked back to the beginning of the country.The American economic system seemed worked very well until the economic crisis of 1929 to 1933 in America. For the sake of saving American economy, Franklin D Roosevelt, the new President of 1933, brought a large-scare reform into effect in America. Because these reform measures had characters of capitalistic improvement, this reform was called Franklin D.The New Deal administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a critical watershed in the development of the welfare-warfare state in the United States. Precedents concerning public policy and ideology set during that period are still with us today. However there is much mythology and misunderstanding regarding FDR and the New Deal found in academic and popular historical accounts. We must sift throughthe volume of published works trying to ascertain the truthfulness and accuracy of these studies. Dr. Gary North recently pointed out that there exists no single critical analysis of this history, written on a scholarly academic level, which treats both domestic and foreign policies of Roosevelt’s New Deal and their consequences. While this is indeed true, there in fact exist many volumes in print which undertake to explore and explain this period. This annotated bibliographic guide is an attempt to acquaint attention with this literature regarding Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal.Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal is obviously a good example for the government intervention in American economy. Besides, there is another part to show you.The second part, the relationship between the government intervention and the economic system.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating undercompetitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, both together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. Therefore, there is a high level possibility to cause economic crisis without the government intervention.After the serious economic crisis, the Americans has learned lessons from that，therefore, government intervention plays a very important role in the American economy. Now the American economy has performed remarkably well, but our continued competitiveness has become fragile. Over the last two decades the U.S. has accounted for an incredible one-third of world economic growth. As the financial crisis hit, the rest of the American economy remained quite competitive, with many companies performing strongly in international markets. U.S. productivity growth has continued to be faster than in most other advanced economies, and exports have been the growth driver in the overall economy.In American economy, privately owned and operated businesses, including farms, produce about 85% of the totalfinal output of goods and services. People in independent professional practice, such as doctor lawyers, and accountants, produce about 3% of the total. Government units, including school districts, turn out most of the rest of the country's products and services. Government workers at national, state, and local levels come next, with approximately 21%.In addition, the government intervention has been an obvious feature not only in the socialist countries but also in the capitalist countries like American. The government can still exercise some control over the market economy through taxation, federal banking system or by other means. Generally, the role of government in American economy is to function as an additional part protecting each element of the economy from abuse, or to improve markets when they do not function effectively.外国语学院0903班李娇1801090314。
英美国家概况课程论文
What I Have Learnt in This CourseAs we know,English has become the most popular language in the world nowadays.And as the main countries that use English as the offical language,the UK and the USA both have a long and splendid culture.After the course of Essentials of British and American Cultures,we have got more understanding of the different cultures.After the course, we can make a comparison between the west and the east culture.So much common point and difference can be found in different kind of cultures.At the the same time,it can promote us with a deeper understanding of our own Chinese culture.Now,I will share something useful that I have learnt in this course.1.The basic information of British and AmericaThe full name of British is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom, the unification of the central government and in a head of state. Britain is located beyond continental Europe in Great Britain, surrounded by the North Sea, British Isles, Celtic sea, across the English channel, the Atlantic ocean and the Irish sea.The land area is 24.36 square kilometers and a population of about 60 million. Britain is the world's first industrialised countries and with a culturally diverse and opening-up thoughts of society. Capital London is the largest and most international city in Europe.America is short for The United States of America.The east is coast Atlantic, west near the Pacific, north to Canada, south meets Mexico. The land area of America is more than 962 million square kilometers,third in the world.On July 4, 1776, the continental congress in Philadelphia has officially approved the declaration of independence, declared the U.S. to birth. Since 1870, United States national economy ranks the first in the world.Today's America is one of the five permanent members of the UN security council, in its global politics,the huge influence in economy, military, entertainment and other domain can’t be matched by other nations.2.The history of British and AmericaAlthough the United Kingdom covers only a small area of the earth’s surface,it represents people of many different origins and cultures.The history of human habitation and settlement in Britain goes back to the Stone Age hunters and gatherers who arrived from the European continent about 10,000 years ago.Around 2000 BC these Stone Age people started to erect huge monuments.Work on the henges continued intermittently into the Bronze Age,until about 1500 BC.The clearest historical item in the general knowledge of most British people is the year 1066.Passing quickly over a long period of civil wars,the wars of the Roses,fought between two branches of the English royal family who each claimed the throne,we approach the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period.In the 16th century,Europe as a whole was changing rapidly.During the 17th and the 18th century,Britain was under war for decades.The main enemy was Spain and France.After the battle of Waterloo and the fall of Napoleon,Britain enjoyed a long period of peace.And then time cames to 20th century.Britain is still widely respected.America is a young country,it was first discovered around the year 1000.after that,some English settlements come to this continent,and they captured the land.In the 18th century,a revolution took place,Americans broke away from the control of British,and then a constitution was devised.After sectional conflict and civil war,America came to get a quickly development in the following decades,and America now has become a great nation.3.English as a languageAs we know,English is one of the main offical languages of the United Nations, is a international exchange language as well. English belongs to the indo-european of sino-japanese Germanic branch, and through the British colonial activities,it widely spreads to other part of the world. Because of history and various national language contact, its vocabulary, grammar from a dollar into multiple from "more inflectional" into "little inflectional", voice has also undergone a regular changes.According to the number of English native speakers of English may be calculated, the world's third-largest language, but it is the world's most widely second language. The world is more than 60% of the letters written in English in two centuries, English and American culture, economic, military, political and scientific leadership makes English become a international language.Along with the time changes, China's continuous development and the level of English requirement rise ceaselessly, more and more foreign students go abroad. Oral English gradually developed into a indispensable part in life. Therefore, the prevalence of oral English in expanding the scope constantly too, the importance of spoken English also will be more and more important.In about 1500 years,English has developed from the language of a small,warlike,agrarian people,to the language of a highly developed technological civilization and now has one of the richest vocabularies of any language in the world.It has become the most influential and most international language of modern times,spoke by 275 million native speakers,and the language that so many people in the world want to learn.4.Others beyond the text bookBeyond the text book,I think I have experienced a lot in other aspects.During this course,for instance,we have seven team members,when we made the PPT,we divided our work and then united them together.It improves our team spirit and raises our passion.When we acted as a teacher in class,I think we all have terrific performance because we have prepared it for so a long time.Afterwards,Mr.Tyler,the foreign teacher,give me very deep impression.From the lesson,I realized that my English is so poor.Even though I studied English when I just a child,but I found so many sentences that he said was beyond my comprehension.As a motto puts it,where there is a will,there is a way.As far as I’m concerned,the learning way is still far and I have no alternative but to improve my oral English,spare no effort.。
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A Comparative Study on compulsory education system between UnitedKingdom and United StatesNowadays, people pay more and more attention to children’s education and some parents will sent their children study abroad. Therefore some people become curious about the different system between United Kingdom and United States. And this is one of the purposes of ‘A Comparative Study on compulsory education system between United Kingdom and United States’. Then the second purpose of this topic is to find out the disadvantages and advantages between U.K. /U.S. and china, to figure out why people always think that education abroad is better. The third purpose is to discover the goodness in U.S. and U.K. education system, and improve our own education system. Only the combination of the essence of U.S. / U.K. and China education system, can realize the individual development of the students to the greatest extent.Both U.K. and USA have a long history and both they pay a lot of attentions to their education. So there are many similarities between U.K. and USA education system. Britain and the United States higher education evaluation mechanism has the neutrality, independence, legislative and normative characteristics, development is become well, for the development and improvement of higher education in China has a very good reference assessment agencies.In the same while, there are also many differences in compulsory education system between United Kingdom and United States. In particular, the U.S. universities seem to have some affinities with the British method of education. However, there are particulars that make the two very different and with lots of advantages and disadvantages when compared to the other.The main difference between the two educational systems is that in U.S. universities there is a freedom of choice of workload (i.e. credits to be taken per semester) compared to the heavy and long classes that a student must take over a whole academic year in U.K. institutions. For example, being an American academic year divided into two semesters (plus two short summer sessions) that last each four months, it is possible to choose more or less classes depending on the student necessities.Universities and Colleges are reputedly the hallowed halls of intellectual development, the schools of maturation from where the leaders of our world emerge to set the world ablaze with the fruits of intellectualism. the flexibility of the US university undergraduate system has significant advantages over the UK system for many students – in fact, many of the top students acknowledge that high school is something to be survived to get them into a decent college, and then their education can really begin (this is part of the disconnect between moving between the US and UK when transitioning to University). That said, for students who have some idea of what interests them, there are some fantastic degrees/universities in the U.K..Each system has its strengths and weaknesses. Critics of British education would point towards the enforced learning of unnecessary information, whereas defenders of the British universities may counter by accusations of dumbing down in college classes. My personal perception, based from studying in two small universities/colleges in the U.K. and the U.S., that aside from a divergence between curriculum's, there is a marked difference of ethos between U.K. and U.S. higher education institutions. On American campuses, work is constantly requested from students on a daily basis. In contrast the British university calendar invites extra-intensive work in patches, separated by periods of lulls, thus creating large tracts of downtime betweenassignments.It this downtime that characterises the British university lifestyle where social life is the veritable engine of UK university life, pushing academia into the passenger seat. In contrast academia takes the fore in America colleges, largely due to structured system in American colleges brought by an emphasis upon teaching. Work is definitely more intensive in American colleges, which is to be expected given that American students pay significantly more than their British counterparts, and hence American students tend to be more motivated than their apathetic British counterparts.After I search a lot of materials, I have more knowledge about compulsory education system between United Kingdom and United States. I know every country has their own situation and system, because people and the society need different things. And they do have disadvantages and advantages, and what we can do is to learn their advantages and improve ourselves. What’s more, we should treat different culture in a reasonable mind.References:①Madeleine King, John Widdowson and Richard Brown. Higher Education and Colleges: A comparison between England and the USA [M]，2008②Net 1 UK vs. USA Education System By Sunjit "Sunny" Lalli [A]/study-abroad/guide/uk-usa-education-system/③Net 2英美学制有区别留学莫被忽悠[A] /e/2009-09/03/content_5699401.htm④Net 3 the differences and similarities between American and British education system [A] /p-499187164130.html学生：***外国语言文化学院20**级英师*班二〇**年*月*日。