部分参考文献及译文：

(完整版)_毕业设计参考文献译文

毕业设计参考文献译文题目：PID控制器PID controller院（系）计算机科学与信息工程学院专业年级 09自动化 2 班学生姓名周文龙学号日期2013年3月7日PID控制器摘要：比例积分微分控制器（PID调节器）是一个控制环，广泛地应用于工业控制系统里的反馈机制。

PID控制器通过调节给定值与测量值之间的偏差，给出正确的调整，从而有规律地纠正控制过程。

PID控制器算法涉及到三个部分：比例，积分，微分。

比例控制是对当前偏差的反应，积分控制是基于新近错误总数的反应，而微分控制则是基于错误变化率的反应。

这三种控制的结合可用来调节过程系统，例如调节阀的位置，或者加热系统的电源调节。

根据具体的工艺要求，通过PID 控制器的参数整定，从而提供调节作用。

控制器的响应可以被认为是对系统偏差的响应。

注意一点的是，PID算法不一定就是系统或系统稳定性的最佳控制。

一些应用可能只需要运用一到两种方法来提供适当的系统控制。

这是通过把不想要的控制输出置零取得。

在控制系统中存在P,PI,PD,PID调节器。

PI调节器很普遍，因为微分控制对测量噪音非常敏感。

积分作用的缺乏可以防止系统根据控制目标而达到它的目标值。

关键字：PID 最佳控制反馈1.控制环基础一个关于控制环类似的例子就是保持水在理想温度，涉及到两个过程，冷、热水的混合。

人可以凭触觉估测水的温度。

基于此他们设计一个控制行为：用冷水龙头调整过程。

重复这个过程，调节热水流直到温度处于期望的稳定值。

感觉水温就是对过程值或变量的测量。

期望得到的温度称为给定值。

控制器的输出对象和过程的输入对象称为控制参数。

测量值与给定值之间的差就是偏差值，太高、太低或正常。

作为一个控制器，在确定温度给定值后，就可以粗略决定改变阀门位置多少，以及怎样改变偏差值。

首次估计即是PID 控制器的比例度的确定。

当它几乎正确时，PID控制器的积分作用就是起着逐渐调整温度的作用。

微分作用就是根据水温变得更热、更冷，以及变化速率来决定什么时候、怎样调整那些阀门。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。

外文参考文献译文及原文【范本模板】

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。

简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。

.。

标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密。

决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。

..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。

外文文献及翻译

（（英文参考文献及译文）二〇一六年六月本科毕业论文题目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED INTHE AUDIT学生姓名：王雪琴学院：管理学院系别：会计系专业：财务管理班级：财管12-2班学校代码： 10128 学号： 201210707016Statistics and AuditRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, fi ndingsPhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANUAbstractThe rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the earlytwentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selectionof a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, tocharacterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes oftransactions. Sampling is not used only in audit – is used in sampling surveys,market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach aconclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of thesedata. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, iethat set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling appliesonly to certain types of audit procedures.Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests ofcontrols, substantive procedures.Statistical samplingCommittee statistical sampling of American Institute of CertifiedPublic Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled“Statistical sampling and independent auditors’ which allowed the use ofstatistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted AuditingStandards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of paperson statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, foruse in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974,the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’sApproach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional educationof accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “AuditSampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods,statistical and non-statistical.Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period coveredby the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not givenparticular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures programprinted in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” includedseveral references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.Statistics and Audit The program was developed by a special committee, which later became the AICPA, that of Certified Public Accountants American Institute.In the first decades of last century, the auditors often applied sampling, but sample size was not in related to the efficiency of internal control of the entity. In 1955, American Institute of Accountants has published a study case of extending the audit sampling, summarizing audit program developed by certified public accountants, to show why sampling is necessary to extend the audit. The study was important because is one of the leading journal on sampling which recognize a relationship of dependency between detail and reliability testing of internal control.In 1964, the AICPA’s Auditing Standards Board has issued a report entitled “The relationship between statistical sampling and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)” which illustrated the relationship between the accuracy and reliability in sampling and provisions of GAAS.In 1978, the AICPA published the work of Donald M. Roberts,“Statistical Auditing”which explains the underlying theory of statistical sampling in auditing.In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, named “Audit Sampling”, which provides guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical.An auditor does not rely solely on the results of a single procedure to reach a conclusion on an account balance, class of transactions or operational effectiveness of the controls. Rather, the audit findings are based on combined evidence from several sources, as a consequence of a number of different audit procedures. When an auditor selects a sample of a population, his objective is to obtain a representative sample, ie sample whose characteristics are identical with the population’s characteristics. This means that selected items are identical with those remaining outside the sample.In practice, auditors do not know for sure if a sample is representative, even after completion the test, but they “may increase the probability that a sample is representative by accuracy of activities made related to design, sample selection and evaluation” [1]. Lack of specificity of the sample results may be given by observation errors and sampling errors. Risks to produce these errors can be controlled.Observation error (risk of observation) appears when the audit test did not identify existing deviations in the sample or using an inadequate audit technique or by negligence of the auditor.Sampling error (sampling risk) is an inherent characteristic of the survey, which results from the fact that they tested only a fraction of the total population. Sampling error occurs due to the fact that it is possible for Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthe auditor to reach a conclusion, based on a sample that is different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would have been subject to audit procedures identical. Sampling risk can be reduced by adjusting the sample size, depending on the size and population characteristics and using an appropriate method of selection. Increasing sample size will reduce the risk of sampling; a sample of the all population will present a null risk of sampling.Audit Sampling is a method of testing for gather sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, for the purposes of audit. The auditor may decide to apply audit sampling on an account balance or class of transactions. Sampling audit includes audit procedures to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions, so all the sample able to be selected. Auditor is required to determine appropriate ways of selecting items for testing. Audit sampling can be used as a statistical approach and a non- statistical.Statistical sampling is a method by which the sample is made so that each unit consists of the total population has an equal probability of being included in the sample, method of sample selection is random, allowed to assess the results based on probability theory and risk quantification of sampling. Choosing the appropriate population make that auditor’ findings can be extended to the entire population.Non-statistical sampling is a method of sampling, when the auditor uses professional judgment to select elements of a sample. Since the purpose of sampling is to draw conclusions about the entire population, the auditor should select a representative sample by choosing sample units which have characteristics typical of that population. Results will not extrapolate the entire population as the sample selected is representative.Audit tests can be applied on the all elements of the population, where is a small population or on an unrepresentative sample, where the auditor knows the particularities of the population to be tested and is able to identify a small number of items of interest to audit. If the sample has not similar characteristics for the elements of the entire population, the errors found in the tested sample can not extrapolate.Decision of statistical or non-statistical approach depends on the auditor’s professional judgment which seeking sufficient appropriate audits evidence on which to completion its findings about the audit opinion.As a statistical sampling method refer to the random selection that any possible combination of elements of the community is equally likely to enter the sample. Simple random sampling is used when stratification was not to audit. Using random selection involves using random numbers generated byRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit a computer. After selecting a random starting point, the auditor found the first random number that falls within the test document numbers. Only when the approach has the characteristics of statistical sampling, statistical assessments of risk are valid sampling.In another variant of the sampling probability, namely the systematic selection (also called random mechanical) elements naturally succeed in office space or time; the auditor has a preliminary listing of the population and made the decision on sample size. “The auditor calculated a counting step, and selects the sample element method based on step size. Step counting is determined by dividing the volume of the community to sample the number of units desired. Advantages of systematic screening are its usability. In most cases, a systematic sample can be extracted quickly and method automatically arranges numbers in successive series.”[2].Selection by probability proportional to size - is a method which emphasizes those population units’recorded higher values. The sample is constituted so that the probability of selecting any given element of the population is equal to the recorded value of the item;Stratifi ed selection - is a method of emphasis of units with higher values and is registered in the stratification of the population in subpopulations. Stratification provides a complete picture of the auditor, when population (data table to be analyzed) is not homogeneous. In this case, the auditor stratifies a population by dividing them into distinct subpopulations, which have common characteristics, pre-defined. “The objective of stratification is to reduce the variability of elements in each layer and therefore allow a reduction in sample size without a proportionate increase in the risk of sampling.” [3] If population stratification is done properly, the amount of sample size to come layers will be less than the sample size that would be obtained at the same level of risk given sample with a sample extracted from the entire population. Audit results applied to a layer can be designed only on items that are part of that layer.I appreciated as useful some views on non-statistical sampling methods, which implies that guided the selection of the sample selecting each element according to certain criteria determined by the auditor. The method is subjective; because the auditor selects intentionally items containing set features him.The selection of the series is done by selecting multiple elements series (successive). Using sampling the series is recommended only if a reasonable number of sets used. Using just a few series there is a risk that the sample is not representative. This type of sampling can be used in addition to other samples, where there is a high probability of occurrence of errors. At the arbitrary selection, no items are selected preferably from the auditor, Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthat regardless of size or source or characteristics. Is not the recommended method, because is not objective.That sampling is based on the auditor’s professional judgment, which may decide which items can be part or not sampled. Because is not a statistical method, it can not calculate the standard error. Although the sample structure can be constructed to reproduce the population, there is no guarantee that the sample is representative. If omitted a feature that would be relevant in a particular situation, the sample is not representative.Sampling applies when the auditor plans to make conclusions about population, based on a selection. The auditor considers the audit program and determines audit procedures which may apply random research. Sampling is used by auditors an internal control systems testing, and substantive testing of operations. The general objectives of tests of control system and operations substantive tests are to verify the application of pre-defined control procedures, and to determine whether operations contain material errors.Control tests are intended to provide evidence of operational efficiency and controls design or operation of a control system to prevent or detect material misstatements in financial statements. Control tests are necessary if the auditor plans to assess control risk for assertions of management.Controls are generally expected to be similarly applied to all transactions covered by the records, regardless of transaction value. Therefore, if the auditor uses sampling, it is not advisable to select only high value transactions. Samples must be chosen so as to be representative population sample.An auditor must be aware that an entity may change a special control during the course of the audit. If the control is replaced by another, which is designed to achieve the same specific objective, the auditor must decide whether to design a sample of all transactions made during or just a sample of transactions controlled again. Appropriate decision depends on the overall objective of the audit test.Verification of internal control system of an entity is intended to provide guidance on the identification of relevant controls and design evaluation tests of controls.Other tests:In testing internal control system and testing operations, audit sample is used to estimate the proportion of elements of a population containing a characteristic or attribute analysis. This proportion is called the frequency of occurrence or percentage of deviation and is equal to the ratio of elements containing attribute specific and total number of population elements. WeightRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit deviations in a sample are determined to calculate an estimate of the proportion of the total population deviations.Risk associated with sampling - refers to a sample selection which can not be representative of the population tested. In other words, the sample itself may contain material errors or deviations from the line. However, issuing a conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would be subject to audit.Types of risk associated with sampling:Controls are more effective than they actually are or that there are not significant errors when they exist - which means an inappropriate audit opinion. Controls are less effective than they actually are that there are significant errors when in fact they are not - this calls for additional activities to establish that initial conclusions were incorrect.Attributes testing - the auditor should be defining the characteristics to test and conditions for misconduct. Attributes testing will make when required objective statistical projections on various characteristics of the population. The auditor may decide to select items from a population based on its knowledge about the entity and its environment control based on risk analysis and the specific characteristics of the population to be tested.Population is the mass of data on which the auditor wishes to generalize the findings obtained on a sample. Population will be defined compliance audit objectives and will be complete and consistent, because results of the sample can be designed only for the population from which the sample was selected.Sampling unit - a unit of sampling may be, for example, an invoice, an entry or a line item. Each sample unit is an element of the population. The auditor will define the sampling unit based on its compliance with the objectives of audit tests.Sample size - to determine the sample size should be considered whether sampling risk is reduced to an acceptable minimum level. Sample size is affected by the risk associated with sampling that the auditor is willing to accept it. The risk that the auditor is willing to accept lower, the sample will be higher.Error - for detailed testing, the auditor should project monetary errors found in the sample population and should take into account the projected error on the specific objective of the audit and other audit areas. The auditor projects the total error on the population to get a broad perspective on the size of the error and comparing it with tolerable error.For detailed testing, tolerable error is tolerable and misrepresentations Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditwill be a value less than or equal to materiality used by the auditor for the individual classes of transactions or balances audited. If a class of transactions or account balances has been divided into layers error is designed separately for each layer. Design errors and inconsistent errors for each stratum are then combined when considering the possible effect on the total classes of transactions and account balances.Evaluation of sample results - the auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether assessing relevant characteristics of the population is confirmed or needs to be revised.When testing controls, an unexpectedly high rate of sample error may lead to an increase in the risk assessment of significant misrepresentation unless it obtained additional audit evidence to support the initial assessment. For control tests, an error is a deviation from the performance of control procedures prescribed. The auditor should obtain evidence about the nature and extent of any significant changes in internal control system, including the staff establishment.If significant changes occur, the auditor should review the understanding of internal control environment and consider testing the controls changed. Alternatively, the auditor may consider performing substantive analytical procedures or tests of details covering the audit period.In some cases, the auditor might not need to wait until the end audit to form a conclusion about the effectiveness of operational control, to support the control risk assessment. In this case, the auditor might decide to modify the planned substantive tests accordingly.If testing details, an unexpectedly large amount of error in a sample may cause the auditor to believe that a class of transactions or account balances is given significantly wrong in the absence of additional audit evidence to show that there are not material misrepresentations.When the best estimate of error is very close to the tolerable error, the auditor recognizes the risk that another sample have different best estimate that could exceed the tolerable error.ConclusionsFollowing analysis of sampling methods conclude that all methods have advantages and disadvantages. But the auditor is important in choosing the sampling method is based on professional judgment and take into account the cost / benefit ratio. Thus, if a sampling method proves to be costly auditor should seek the most efficient method in view of the main and specific objectives of the audit.Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit The auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether the preliminary assessment of relevant characteristics of the population must be confirmed or revised. If the evaluation sample results indicate that the relevant characteristics of the population needs assessment review, the auditor may: require management to investigate identified errors and likelihood of future errors and make necessary adjustments to change the nature, timing and extent of further procedures to take into account the effect on the audit report.Selective bibliography:[1] Law no. 672/2002 updated, on public internal audit[2] Arens, A şi Loebbecke J - Controve …Audit– An integrate approach”, 8th edition, Arc Publishing House[3] ISA 530 - Financial Audit 2008 - International Standards on Auditing, IRECSON Publishing House, 2009- Dictionary of macroeconomics, Ed C.H. Beck, Bucharest, 2008Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit摘要美国公司的规模迅速增加，从第二十世纪初创造了必要的审计程序，根据选定的部分总人口的审计，以获得可靠的审计证据，以描述整个人口组成的帐户余额或类别的交易。

外文参考文献译文及原文

目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。

尤其是，关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。

第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。

第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。

一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。

最后，在第.8章作总结。

2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法，以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。

此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。

但是，它可能是麻烦的初学者，因此只对有经验的用户推荐。

(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本，是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。

模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法，TCP，UDP)使用NS2，可以完成。

一般来说，NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。

光伏发电中英对照文献

外文参考文献译文及原文目录外文文献译文 (1)1.中国光伏发电的战略地位 (1)2.世界光伏产业现状和发展预测 (2)3.中国光伏发电市场和产业现状 (3)4.中国光复发电的市场预测和规划建议 (5)5.结论 (6)外文文献原文 (7)1.China's strategic position PV (7)2.The world's current situation and development of photovoltaic industryforecast (9)3.The Chinese PV market and industry statu s (10)4.China's PV market forecasting and planning proposals (13)5.Conclusions (15)外文文献译文1、中国光伏发电的战略地位1.1 中国的能源资源和可再生能源现状和预测；无论从世界还是从中国来看，常规能源都是很有限的，中国的一次能源储量远远低于世界的平均水平，大约只有世界总储量的10％。

从长远来看，可再生能源将是未来人类的主要能源来源，因此世界上多数发达国家和部分发展中国家都十分重视可再生能源对未来能源供应的重要作用。

在新的可再生能源中，光伏发电和风力发电是发展最快的,世界各国都把太阳能光伏发电的商业化开发和利用作为重要的发展方向。

根据欧洲JRC 的预测，到2030年太阳能发电将在世界电力的供应中显现其重要作用，达到10%以上，可再生能源在总能源结构中占到30％；2050 年太阳能发电将占总能耗的20%，可再生能源占到50％以上，到本世纪末太阳能发电将在能源结构中起到主导作用。

我国政府重视可再生能源技术的发展，主要有水能、风能、生物质能、太阳能、地热能和海洋能等。

我国目前可再生能源的发展现状如下：水能：我国经济可开发的水能资源量为3.9 亿千瓦，年发电量1.7 万亿千瓦时，其中5 万千瓦及以下的小水电资源量为1.25 亿千瓦。

以中译版书作为参考文献

以中译版书作为参考文献参考文献：1. 马克·吐温著，严志宏译，《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》，上海译文出版社，2013年。

2. 奥斯卡·王尔德著，徐远译，《道林·格雷的画像》，江苏文艺出版社，2011年。

3. 查尔斯·狄更斯著，钱冬译，《雾都孤儿》，人民文学出版社，2015年。

4. 简·奥斯汀著，谢潇译，《傲慢与偏见》，上海译文出版社，2007年。

5. 基思·格雷厄姆著，李维康译，《垂死的爱情》，中信出版社，2018年。

6. 约翰·史坦贝克著，刘绍唯译，《人鼠之间》，中国青年出版社，2014年。

7. 夏洛特·勃朗特著，梁咏翠译，《简爱》，上海译文出版社，2012年。

8. 维克多·雨果著，张其颖译，《悲惨世界》，人民文学出版社，2011年。

9. 托马斯·哈代著，沈煜皎译，《德伯家的苔丝》，上海译文出版社，2009年。

10. 夏洛蒂·勃朗特著，李丽华译，《呼啸山庄》，重庆出版社，2013年。

11. 乔治·艾略特著，廖梦麟译，《米德尔马契》，南海出版公司，2016年。

12. 朱利叶斯·凯撒著，邹黎译，《野性的呼唤》，北岳文艺出版社，2018年。

13. 纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔著，王道培译，《月亮与六便士》，湖南文艺出版社，2017年。

14. 罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森著，《金银岛》，严兰译，上海译文出版社，2009年。

15. 夏洛特·勃朗特著，《简·爱》，梁咏汀译，上海译文出版社，2012年。

16. 伊丽莎白·加斯凯尔著，《肖申克的救赎》，姚传华译，南海出版公司，2015年。

17. 本杰明·富兰克林著，《富爸爸，穷爸爸》，张凡译，江苏凤凰文艺出版社，2010年。

18. 罗伯特·勒梅斯尼乌著，《双城记》，李铁译，人民文学出版社，2014年。

外文参考文献译文及原文

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。

1.简介调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。

2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。

4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化--在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。

英文参考文献及译文

Investment Real Estate Accounting and corporate income tax treatment comparisonFirst, investment real estate with the initial measurement to confirm the accounting treatment and comparison of corporate income tax treatment(A) the provisions of the new Accounting Standards for Enterprises Investment real estate, refers to earn rent or capital appreciation, or both holding real estate. Including (1) has leased the land use rights; (2) holds and is prepared to add value to the land use right transfer; (3) has been leased buildings.(B) The enterprise income tax provisions of relevant laws and regulationsThe taxpayer's fixed assets, is the use for a period exceeding one year houses, buildings, machines, machinery, transportation and other production and business-related equipment, appliances, tools, etc.. Intangible assets refer to the taxpayer but there is no long-term use physical forms of assets, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, land use rights, non-patent technology and goodwill.(C) investment real estate in the corporate income tax on fixed assets and intangible assets recognized asRecognition in accounting for investment in real estate land use rights, in the corporate income tax on the recognized as intangible assets, intangible assets should be the relevant provisions of the tax treatment.Second, invest in real estate took place follow-up of accounting and corporate income tax expenses in handling more(A) Investment in real estate up spending the provisions of the new accounting standardsEnterprise Accounting Guidelines, investment real estate took place follow-up expenses, if the spending will cause the associated economic benefits are likely flow to the enterprise, and the costs incurred can be reliably measured, it should be capitalized and included in investment real estate costs; if you can not meet the above conditions, it should be included in the event of a direct current when the profit and loss.(B) The enterprise income tax provisions of relevant laws and regulations Corporate income tax-related laws and regulations, one of the following conditions are met fixed asset repairs, improvements should be considered as fixed expenses: (1) place the repair expenditures reached more than 20% ofthe original value of fixed assets; (2) after repair of the assets of the economic to extend the service life of more than 2 years; (3) after repair of fixed assets be used for new or different purposes.The taxpayer's fixed asset repair expenses can be deducted in the event of a direct current. Improvement of the taxpayer's fixed expenses, such as the not yet fully depreciated fixed assets, increase the value of fixed assets; if the fixed assets have been fully depreciated, can be used as deferred charges, in a period of not less than five years, the average amortized .(C) the provisions of accounting standards and corporate income tax comparisonRight as an investment real estate management, building occurred in the follow-up expenditures, accounting standards and corporate income tax laws and regulations have made the required need to be capitalized according to different circumstances or costs of treatment. But as an investment real estate management, building occurred in the follow-up expenses, capital costs of handling and processing of the judging criteria, accounting standards and corporate income tax provisions of the different.Third, follow-up to measure the real estate investment accounting and corporate income tax treatment comparison and variance analysis(A) using the fair value measurement model of the accounting treatment is not recognized in the corporate income tax on theAccounting standards provide for the use of fair value measurement model of investment real estate, usually did not depreciation, nor does amortization of assets and liabilities should be based on the fair value of investment real estate based on adjust its book value, fair value and book value The man asked the difference between the current profit and loss account.Use of fair value measurement model in the corporate income tax on the accounting treatment is not recognized.(B) the introduction of cost accounting measurement model to deal with corporate income tax address some of the same1. There is no indication of impairment, measured using the cost accounting model are basically consistent with the corporate income tax treatment Accounting rules, the cost model, it should be in accordance with 'Accounting Standards for Enterprises No. 4 - Fixed Assets' and 'Accounting Standards for Enterprises No. 6 - Intangible Assets' requirements, to invest in real estate for measurement, depreciation or amortization. If there is no indication of impairment measured using the cost model of corporate income tax accounting to deal with basically the same deal.2. There is indication of impairment, measured using the cost model accounting treatment is inconsistent with the corporate income tax treatmentIndication of impairment exists, it should be in accordance with 'Accounting Standards for Enterprises No. 8 - Impairment of assets' provisions for processing. The need to conduct a review of their book value and the need to provision for impairment in accordance with the specific practices and guidelines for fixed assets and intangible criteria consistent with the provisions. Corporate income tax provisions of relevant laws and regulations: the provision for impairment of fixed assets and intangible assets not allowed to deduct the loss.Fourth, invest in real estate and corporate income tax accounting treatment of conversion processing comparison and variance analysis(A) Investment in real estate is converted to a general fixed assets or intangible assets, accounting and tax treatment of comparison1. Enterprises measured using the cost model of the original valuation of the investment real estate (no extract impairment), converted to a general fixed assets or intangible assets, the accounting and corporate income tax valuation of assets are basically the same.2. Enterprises measured using the cost model of the original valuation of the investment real estate (impairment has been extracted), converted to a general fixed assets or intangible assets, the accounting and corporate income tax asset valuation inconsistencies.3. Enterprise adoption of fair value measurement model of the original valuation of the investment real estate, converted to a general fixed assets or intangible assets, the accounting and corporate income tax asset valuation inconsistencies. New Accounting Guidelines, the conversion before the adoption of fair value measurement model of investment in real estate is converted to personal use real estate, it should be converted on the fair value of its own use, the book value of real estate.(B) own real estate or stock is converted to investment real estate accounting and tax treatment of comparison1. Accounting GuidelinesThe new accounting rules, in the self-use real estate or inventory control and so is converted to investment real estate should be based on investment in real estate converted the measurement model used to be handled separately. After the introduction of a cost measurement conversion measurement mode, will be converted before the asset's carrying value of direct investment as a converted value of real estate recorded. Be used after the conversion measured at fair value model, according to the date of the fair value valuation conversion, conversion date of the fair value is less than its book value, and its people the difference between current profit and loss account; conversion date is greater than the fair value of the original book value, and the difference as a capital reserve included in equity.2. Corporate income tax provisions of relevant laws and regulationsCorporate income tax-related laws and regulations, development companies will develop products should be regarded as transferred to fixed assets, sales, in product development, when the transfer of ownership or right to use the recognition of income (or profit) implementation.3. The accounting treatment and tax treatment of a comparisonWhen the real estate development companies will develop products transferred to fixed assets (investment property), regardless of the cost modeling of enterprises to adopt the fair value measurement is to take the form of real estate for investment valuation, corporate income tax treated as: (1), as recognized in the period with the sale; (2) by developing products for the corporate income tax recognized at fair value of fixed assets of the original valuation.5, investment in real estate accounting treatment and disposal of corporate income tax treatment comparison and variance analysisThe new accounting rules, when the investment property has been disposed of, or permanent withdrawal from use and disposal can not be expected to achieve economic benefits, it should be to confirm the termination of the investment real estate. Corporate sale, transfer, retirement or investment real estate investment property damage occurred, it should be to dispose of income and related net book value of its post-tax amount of current profit and loss account of people.Corporate income tax laws and regulations on disposal of investment property is recognized as the transfer of fixed assets or intangible assets, according to access to income and tax costs and related taxes for the difference between the proportions of recognized gains and losses included in current taxable income. Accounting firms to increase investment in real estate recognized as the beginning of corporate income tax should be recorded fixed assets and intangible assets recognized as the original tax costs; in the investment real estate holding period, the records of corporate income tax can be deducted before the land use rights The amortization amount and the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, while recording the accounting and tax treatment differences.投资性房地产会计与企业所得税处理的比较一、投资性房地产确认与初始计量会计处理和企业所得税处理的比较(一)新企业会计准则的规定投资性房地产，是指为赚取租金或资本增值，或两者兼有而持有的房地产。

参考范文：世说新语之《陶公性检厉》原文及译文

世说新语之《陶公性检厉》原文及译文世说新语之《陶公性检厉》原文及翻译刘义庆原文陶公性检厉，勤于事。

作荆州时，敕船官悉录锯木屑，不限多少。

咸不解此意。

后正会，值积雪始晴，听事前除雪后犹湿，于是悉用木屑覆之，都无所妨。

官用竹，皆令录厚头，积之如山。

后桓宣武伐蜀，装船，悉以作钉。

又云，尝发所在竹篙，有一官长连根取之，仍当足。

乃超两阶用之。

译文陶公（侃）办事认真严格，日常工作非常勤勉。

做荆州刺史时，命令造船官收集锯木屑，有多少收多少。

大家都不明白他的用意。

后来正月初一集会，正遇上久雪初晴，厅堂前的台阶下雪之后一片泥泞。

于是用锯木屑铺在上面，人来人往，丝毫不受阻碍。

凡公家用竹，（陶侃）都命令把锯下的竹头收集起来，堆积如山#from 本文来自九象，全国最大的免费范文网 end#。

后来桓宣武（温）征伐四川，修造船只时，用来做竹钉。

又听说陶公曾经就地征用竹篙，有一个官吏把竹子连根拔出，用根部来代替镶嵌的铁箍。

他就让这个官吏连升两级，加以重用注释陶公：陶侃的敬称。

检厉：认真，严肃。

勤：勤勉。

荆州：荆州刺史。

敕：命令咸：都。

正会：农历正月初一集会。

值：正赶上，正遇上听事：处理政事的厅堂。

除：台阶。

都无所妨：行人上下完全没有妨碍。

录：收集厚头：近根部的竹头桓宣武：即桓温。

发：征用仍：因而，于是。

当足：用竹篼当作竹嵩的铁足。

超：超过。

两阶：两个等级（阶：官级。

）悉：全部正会：正月初一集会听事：处理政事的厅堂除：台阶尝：曾经。

参考文献

（一）中文部分中文著作类1.陈友松主编，《当代西方教育哲学》，北京：教育科学出版社1982年版，第135页。

2.刘梦溪主编，《中国现代学术经典（方东美卷）》，石家庄：河北教育出版社1996年版，第376页。

3. 朱小蔓主编，《道德教育论丛（第2辑）》，南京：南京师范大学出版社2003年版，第218页。

4. 世界联合国组织，《世界文化报告——文化、创新与市场（1998）》，北京：北京大学出版社，2000年版。

5. 王葎著，《价值观教育的合法性》，北京：北京师范大学出版社，2009年版。

6. 李振纲，方国根主编，《和合之境》，上海：华东师范大学出版社，2002年版。

7. 孙彩平著，《道德教育的伦理谱系》，北京：人民出版社，2005年版。

8. 钟启泉著，《现代课程论》，上海：上海教育出版社，1989年版。

9. 吴康宁著，《教育社会学》，北京：人民教育出版社，1998年版。

10.吴永军著，《课程社会学》，南京：南京师范大学出版社，1999年版。

11.楚江亭著，《真理的终结》，北京：北京师范大学出版社，2005年版。

12.石中英著，《知识转型与教育改革》，北京：教育科学出版社，2001年版。

13.《马克思恩格斯选集》第3卷，北京：人民出版社，1995年版。

14.邓志伟著，《多元文化•课程开发》，合肥：安徽教育出版社，2007年版。

15.联合国教科文组织关于保护语言与文化多样性文件汇编》（范俊军译），北京：民族出版社，2006年版。

16.金生鈜著，《德性与教化》，长沙：湖南大学出版社，2003年版。

17.《论语》（杨伯峻著，《论语译注》，北京：中华书局2006年）。

18.《孟子》（杨伯峻著，《孟子译注》，北京：中华书局2008年）。

19.《荀子》（梁启雄著，《荀子简释》，北京：中华书局1983年）。

20.《老子》（陈鼓应著，《老子注释及其评价》，北京：中华书局1984年）。

21.《庄子》（曹楚基著，《庄子浅著》，北京：中华书局1982年）。

建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献

建筑施⼯质量控制外⽂翻译参考⽂献建筑施⼯质量控制外⽂翻译参考⽂献(⽂档含中英⽂对照即英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)译⽂：建筑施⼯过程中质量管理的动机分析和控制⽅法的研究摘要在建筑施⼯过程中实施质量管理可以有效地防⽌在后续建筑产品使⽤过程中安全事故的发⽣。

与此同时可以减少建设供应链的总成本，这也有利于增强建筑施⼯企业的品牌知名度和声誉。

在建筑施⼯过程中结合质量管理过程和当前建筑施⼯阶段的主要质量问题，分析了建设过程中的管理动机，将供应链管理与⽬标管理理念和⽅法应⽤到质量管理中，最后提出了具体的质量控制措施。

这些都是为了在建筑施⼯过程中提⾼建筑产品的总体质量。

关键字——建筑施⼯、质量管理、质量动机、控制1.引⾔调查显⽰建筑施⼯企业主要采⽤现场控制的质量管理模式是预先控制。

⼤多企业常常使得建筑施⼯过程中与建设管理中的质量管理相同，他们通常忽略了施⼯准备阶段质量问题的预防，如供应商的选择、道路的规划和临时设施，这些因素在建筑施⼯过程中的质量管理上起着⾄关重要的作⽤。

建设质量事故频繁发⽣，引起了许多领域的⾼度关注，如各级政府部门、施⼯企业和业主，特别是重庆綦江虹桥的坍塌、五龙的滑坡和洪湖湿地路基施⼯中的⼀系列质量安全事故，⼈们开始对施⼯质量问题做全⽅位的思考。

通过研究李秀峰总结归纳了造成⼯程的质量问题并引⼊项⽬质量控制分析⽅法，Low Sui Pheng 和Jasmine Ann Teo[2] 建⽴了施⼯中的质量管理框架来通过经验分析实现项⽬的质量控制，SangHyun Lee and others[3] 利⽤系统质量动态结构和变更管理模型的编程⽅法和控制⽅法，最终实现了⼤规模的并⾏设计和施⼯项⽬的管理和控制。

⽅唐分析了建设项⽬质量管理的整个过程和控制⽅法，她认为应该实现对影响建设单位质量的⼈、材料、机械、⽅法和环境的完全控制；吴天翔研究出管理因素是影响建设项⽬质量控制的重要因素，强调了施⼯过程中需要严格控制的各个⽅⾯和整体实现加强管理的需要。

翻译理论与实践研究参考文献

翻译理论与实践研究参考文献一、外语教学与研究出版社：1. Baker, M. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation 换言之：翻译教程2. Bell, R. T. Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice译文与翻译：理论与实践3.申雨平、戴宁、范仲英实用翻译教程4. 王克非从翻译史看文化差异5. 王佐良、丁往道英语文体学引论二、上海外语教育出版社：1. 王克非翻译文化史论2. 谢天振翻译的理论建构与文化透视3. Newmark, Peter: Approaches to Translation翻译问题探讨4. Steiner, George: After Babel—Aspects of Language and Translation(3rd ed. )通天塔之后――语言与翻译面面观5. Toury, Gideon: Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyon 描述翻译学及其它6. Hatin, Basil and Ian Mason: Discourse and the Translator语篇与译者7. Newmark, Peter: textbook of Translation 翻译教程8. Nord, Christiane: Translating as a Purposeful Activity—Functionalist Approaches Explained目的性行为――析功能翻译理论9. Bassnett, Susan and Andre Lefevere: Constructing Cultures—Essays on Literary Translation文化构建――文学翻译论集10. Hickey, Leo (ed.): The Pragmatics of Translation语用学与翻译11. Hatim, Basil: Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics跨文化交际：翻译理论与对比篇章语言学12. Wilss, Wolfram: The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods 翻译学：问题与方法13. Nida, Eugene A.:Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating语言与文化：翻译中的语境14. SnelI-Hornby, Mary: Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach翻译研究：综合法15. Davis, Kathleen: Deconstruction and Translation 解构主义与翻译16. Hermans, Thee: Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System Oriented Approaches Explained 系统中的翻译：描写和系统理论解说17. Gull, Ernst-August: Translation and Relevance Cognition and Context翻译与关联：认知与语境18. Gentzler, Edwin: Contemporary Translation Theories (revised 2nd editio)当代翻译理论（第二版）19. Baker, Mona (ed.): Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies翻译研究百科全书20. Nida, Eugene A.: Toward a Science of Translating 翻译科学探索21. Nida, Eugene A. & Charles R.:The Theory and Practice of Translation翻译理论与实践22. Lefevere, Andre (ed.): Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook 翻译、历史与文化论集23. Reiss, Katharina: Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations翻译批评：潜力与制约24. Venuti, Lawrence:The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation译者的隐身：一部翻译史25. Bassnett, Susan: Translation Studies (3rd edition) 翻译研究（第三版）26. Williams, Jenny & Andrew Chesterman:The Map: A Beginner's Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies 路线图：翻译研究方法入门27. Shullleworth, Mark & Moira: Dictionary of Translation Studies翻译学词典三、中国对外翻译出版公司：翻译理论与实务丛书（罗进德主编）1. 马祖毅著中国翻译简史——五四以前部分（增订版）2. 金著等效翻译探索 (增订版)3. 刘宓庆著文体与翻译 (增订版)4. 金圣华、黄国彬主编困难见巧——名家翻译经验谈5.周兆祥著翻译与人生6.陈生保编著英汉科技翻译指要7. 冯志杰著汉英科技翻译指要8. 陈忠诚著法窗译话9. 刘重德编著文学翻译十讲10. 陈定安编著英汉比较与翻译11. 谭载喜编著新编奈达论翻译12. 刘宓庆著当代翻译理论13. 郭建中编文化与翻译14. 陈忠诚著词语翻译丛谈15. 陈忠诚、吴幼娟著词语翻译丛谈续编16. 贾文波著汉英时文翻译17. 黄忠廉著翻译变体研究18. 马红军著翻译批评散论19.思果著翻译新究20. 李运兴著语篇翻译引论21. 包惠南著文化语境与语言翻译22. 刘宓庆著翻译与语言哲学23. 萧立明著新译学论稿四、其它：1. 《翻译论集》罗新璋编，商务印书馆，1984年版2. 《中国翻译史》(上卷) 马祖毅著，湖北教育出版社，1999年版3. 《西方翻译简史》谭载喜著，商务印书馆，1991年版4. 《外国翻译理论评介文集》中国对外翻译出版公司编印，1984年版5. 《奈达论翻译》谭载喜编译，中国对外翻译出版公司，1984年版6. 《语言与翻译》[苏]巴尔胡达罗夫著，蔡毅、虞杰、段京华编译，中国对外翻译出版公司，1985年版7. 《文体与翻译》刘宓庆著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1986年版8. 《习语汉译英研究》张培基编，商务印书馆，1979年版9. 《英汉翻译教程》张培基等编著，上海外语教育出版社，1980年版10. 《英汉翻译手册》钟述孔著，商务印书馆，1980年版11. 《翻译的技巧》钱歌川著，台湾开明书店印行，1972年版12. 《翻译漫谈》钱歌川著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1980年版13. 《科技翻译工作手册》李维颐等编，天津科学技术出版社，1986年版14. 《长安译论》王宏印主编，陕西旅游出版社，2000年版15. 《跨语交际》谭载喜编译，漓江出版社，1993年版16. 《语言论——言语研究导论》[美]爱德华·萨丕尔著，陆卓元译，商务印书馆，1997年版17. 《句法理论的若干问题》[美]诺姆·乔姆斯基著，黄长著、林书武、沈家煊译，中国社会科学出版社，1986年版18. 《意义的探究——当代西方释义学》张汝伦著，辽宁人民出版社，1986年版英汉翻译常用工具书（一）英汉类1．《新英汉词典》(增补本) 《新英汉词典》编写组编，上海译文出版社，1986年版2．《英华大辞典》(修订第二版) 郑易里等编并修订，商务印书馆，1984年版3．《英汉大辞典》(缩印本) 陆谷孙主编，上海译文出版社，1993年版4．《远东英汉大辞典》梁实秋主编，远东图书公司印行，1977年版5．《最新高级英汉词典》蔡文萦主编，李赋宁审校，商务印书馆国际有限公司，1994年版（二）汉英类1．《汉英词典》(修订版)、北京外国语大学英语系词典组编，外语教学与研究出版社，l 995年版2．《汉英大辞典》(上、下卷) 吴光华主编，上海交通大学出版社，1993年版3．《远东汉英大辞典》梁实秋原主编，张芳杰主编，新华出版社，远东图书公司，1995年版（三）英语类1．Longman Dicitonary of Contemporary Englis h，Longman Group Limited．19782．Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary，new ed．，Edinburgh & London，1972.3．The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language，New York．19754．Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language，Springfield，Mass．，1961(Addenda 1966)，19715．6,000 words：A Supplement to Webster’s Third New International Dictionary，Springfield，Mass．，19766．ORIGINS An Etymological Dictionary of Modern Englis h，by Eric Partridge，London，1990（四）汉语类1．《现代汉语词典》商务印书馆，1970年版2．《现代汉语词林》(正反序编排) 福建人民出版社，1986年版3．《汉语大字典》（缩印本）《汉语大字典》编委会，四川辞书出版社、湖北辞书出版社，1993年版4．《古代汉语词典》《古代汉语词典》编写组，商务印书馆，1998年版（五）专名类1．《英语姓名译名手册》(第二次修订本) 新华通讯社译名资料组编，商务印书馆，1985年版2．《世界姓名译名手册》《世界姓名译名手册》编译组编，化学工业出版社，1987年版3．《外国地名译名手册》中国地名委员会编，商务印书馆，1983年版4．《世界地名译名手册》辛华编，商务印书馆，1978年版5．《世界报刊、通讯社、电台译名手册》(修订本) 辛华编，商务印书馆；1978年版（六）略语类1．《英汉缩略语词典》西安外国语学院英语系《英汉缩略语词典》编写组，陕西人民出版社，1980年版2．《英语缩略词词典》史群编，商务印书馆，1979年版（七）科技类1．《英汉技术词典》清华大学《英汉技术词典》编写组编，国防工业出版社，1978年版2．《英汉科技缩写词汇》阎庆甲编，冶金工业出版社，1981年版3．《科技翻译工作手册》李维颐等编，天津科学技术出版社，1986年版（八）史地类1．《世界历史词典》勒文翰、郭圣铭、孙道天主编，上海辞书出版社，1985年版2．《外国历史大事年表》(公元前4500年一公元1945年) 王治邦、曲培洛、唐承运、于庆和、王永本编，辽宁人民出版社，1985年版3．《世界现代史大事记》吴成平编著，知识出版社，1984年版4．《美国两百年大事记》[美]加尔文·D·林顿编著，谢延光、储复耘、容再光、李祥荣译，上海译文出版社，1984年版5．《各国概况》(1979年版) 《各国概况》编辑组编，世界知识出版社，1979年版（九）百科类1．《辞海》(缩印本) 《辞海》编辑委员会编，上海辞书出版社，1989年版2．《辞源》(修订本) (1—4合订本)商务印书馆，1989年版3．《简明不列颠百科全书》(十卷本) 《简明不列颠百科全书》编辑部译编，中国大百科全书出版社，1986年版4．《中国大百科全书》(多卷本) 中国大百科全书出版社，1982年版。

姚鼐《李斯论》原文及译文

姚鼐?李斯论?原文(yuánwén)及翻译姚鼐李斯论〔1〕苏子瞻谓李斯以荀卿(xún qīnɡ)之学乱天下〔2〕，是不然。

秦之乱天下之法，无待于李斯，斯亦未尝以其学事秦。

当秦之中叶，孝公即位〔3〕，得商鞅任之〔4〕。

商鞅教孝公燔?诗?、?书?，明法令〔5〕，设告坐之过〔6〕，而禁游宦之民〔7〕。

因秦国地形便利〔8〕，用其法，富强数世，兼并诸侯，迄至始皇。

始皇之时，一用商鞅成法而已，虽李斯助之，言其便利，益成秦乱，然使李斯不言其便，始皇固自为之而不厌。

何也？秦之甘于(gānyú)刻薄而便于严法久矣，其后世所习以为善者也〔9〕。

斯逆探始皇、二世(èr shì)之心〔10〕，非是缺乏以中侈君张吾之宠〔11〕。

是以尽舍其师荀卿之学，而为商鞅之学；扫去三代先王仁政〔12〕，而一切取自恣肆以为治，焚?诗?、?书?，禁学士〔13〕，灭三代法而尚督责〔14〕，斯非行其学也，趋时而已。

设所遭值非始皇、二世，斯之术将不出于此，非为仁也，亦以趋时而已〔15〕。

君子之仕也，进不隐贤；小人之仕也，无论所学识非也，即有学识甚当，见其君国行事，悖谬无义，疾首颦蹙于私家之居〔16〕，而矜夸导誉于朝庭之上，知其不义而劝为之者，谓天下将谅我之无可奈何于吾君，而不吾罪也；知其将丧国家而为之者，谓当吾身容可以免也〔17〕。

且夫小人虽明知世之将乱，而终不以易目前之富贵，而以富贵之谋，贻天下之乱，固有终身安享荣乐，祸遗后人，而彼宴然无与者矣〔18〕。

嗟乎！秦未亡而斯先被五刑夷三族也，其天之诛恶人(è rén)，亦有时而信也邪！?易?曰：“眇能视，跛能履；履虎尾，咥人凶。

〞〔19〕其能视且履者幸也，而卒于凶者，益其自取邪！且夫人有为善而受教于人者矣，未闻为恶而必受教于人者也。

荀卿述先王而颂言儒效〔20〕，虽间有得失，而大体得治世之要。

而苏氏以李斯之害天下罪及于卿，不亦远乎？行其学而害秦者，商鞅也；舍其学而害秦者，李斯也。

《日知录·文须有益于天下》原文及译文【精品文档】

《日知录·文须有益于天下》原文及译文
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《日知录·文须有益于天下》原文及翻译
顾炎武
原文：
文之不可绝于天地者，曰明道也，纪政事也，察民隐也，乐道人之善也。

若此者，有益于天下，有益于将来。

多一篇，多一篇之益矣。

若天怪力乱神之事，无稽之言，剿袭之说，谀佞之文，若此者，有损于己，无益于人，多一篇，多一篇之损矣。

注释：
词类活用：明：形容词作动词，阐明。

善：形容词作名词，善行。

句式特点：
1、绝于天地者：“于天地者绝”，状语后置。

2、文之不可#from 本文来自九象，全国最大的免费范文网 end#绝于天地者：判断句。

3、有益于天下，有益于将来：均是状语后置。

4、有损于己，无益于人：均是状语后置。

翻译：
文章不能在天地之间断绝，是因为它可以阐明道理，记述政事、体察百姓困苦、乐于称道别人的善行啊。

像这样，有益于天下，有益于将来。

多一篇，就多一篇的好处啊。

如果涉及那些怪异、斗恨、悖乱、鬼神之事，写无从考察的话，抄袭别人的观点，作奉承谄媚的文字，像这样，对自己有害，对别人无益，多一篇，就多一篇的损害啊。

毕业设计参考文献译文封面

毕业设计参考文献译文
题目：（中文译名）
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院（系）计算机科学与信息工程学院
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附录:外文参考文献
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1。

参考范文：《旧唐书·高适传》原文及译文

《旧唐书·高适传》原文及译文《旧唐书·高适传》原文及翻译原文：高适者，渤海蓚人也。

少家贫，客于梁、宋，以求丐自给。

其性傲于权贵，窥察洞明。

及冠始留意诗什，以气质自高，每吟一篇，喜为好诗者称诵。

宋州刺史张九皋深奇之，荐举有道科。

时右相李林甫擅权，薄于文雅，唯以举子待之，适拂袖而去，客游河右。

河西节度哥舒翰见而异之，表为左骁卫兵曹，充翰府掌书记，从翰入朝，盛称之于上前，已而又去。

会禄山之乱，征于翰讨禄山，拜适左拾遗兼监察御史，仍佐翰守南阳。

及翰兵败，适自骆谷西驰，谒见玄宗，因陈败亡之势曰：“监军李大宜不恤军卒，食仓米饭且犹不足，欲其勇战，安可得乎？且南阳之帅各皆持节，宁有是，战而能必拔哉？陛下因此西幸蜀中，避其虿毒，未足为耻也。

”玄宗深纳之，后禄山兵恙果弗及，玄宗嘉之，寻迁侍御史。

镏荨二年，永王璘起兵于江东，欲据扬州。

初，上皇以诸王分镇，适切谏不可。

及是永王叛，肃宗闻其论谏有素，召而谋之。

适因陈江东利害，永王必败。

上奇其对，以适兼御史大夫、扬州大都督府长史、淮南节度使平江淮之乱。

兵罢，宰相李辅国恶适敢言，短于上前，乃左授太子少詹事。

未几，蜀中乱，出为蜀州刺史，剑南自玄宗还京后，于梓、益二州各置一节度，吏制繁冗，百姓劳敝，适论之曰：“蜀地位在邈远，垂于险绝，以国家言之，不足以厄其势。

奈何以险阻弹丸之地，而困全蜀太平之人哉？”疏奏不纳。

后梓州副使段子璋反，以兵攻东川节度使李奂，适率州兵从西川节度使崔光远攻于璋，斩之。

玄宗感其洞明，以黄门侍郎严武代之还，用为刑部侍郎，转散骑常侍，加银青光禄大夫，进封渤海县侯，食邑七百户。

适止轻车诣任，食邑皆封还。

永泰元年正月卒，赠礼部尚书，谥曰忠。

（旧唐书·高适传）译文：高适，是渤海郡蓚县人。

小时候家里贫困，客居梁、宋，以乞讨为生。

他性格对权贵十分傲气，观察事物有先见之明。

等到二十岁时才关注诗歌，凭借气质自我欣赏，每吟诵一篇，喜欢被爱好诗歌的人传诵。

参考范文：《旧唐书·杜甫传》原文及译文

《旧唐书·杜甫传》原文及译文《旧唐书·杜甫传》原文及翻译原文：杜甫，字子美，本襄阳人，后徙河南巩县。

曾祖依艺，位终巩令。

祖审言，位终膳部员外郎，自有传。

父闲，终奉天令。

甫天宝初应进士不第。

天宝末，献《三大礼赋》。

玄宗奇之，召试文章，授京兆府兵曹参军。

十五载，禄山陷京师，肃宗征兵灵武。

甫自京师宵遁赴河西，谒肃宗于彭原郡，拜右拾遗。

房琯布衣时与甫善，时琯为宰相，请自帅师讨贼，帝许之。

其年十月，琯兵败于陈涛斜。

明年春，琯罢相。

甫上疏言琯有才，不宜罢免。

肃宗怒，贬琯为刺史，出甫为华州司功参军。

时关畿乱离，谷食踊贵，甫寓居成州同谷县，自负薪采梠，儿女饿殍者数人。

久之，召补京兆府功曹。

上元二年冬，黄门侍郎、郑国公严武镇成都，奏为节度参谋、检校尚书工部员外郎，赐绯鱼袋。

武与甫世旧，待遇甚隆。

甫性褊躁，无器度，恃恩放恣。

尝凭醉登武之床，瞪视武曰：“严挺之乃有此儿！”武虽急暴，不以为忤。

甫于成都浣花里种竹植树，结庐枕江，纵酒啸咏，与田畯野老相狎荡，无拘检。

严武过之，有时不冠，其傲诞如此。

永泰元年夏，武卒，甫无所依。

及郭英乂代武镇成都，英乂武人粗暴，无能刺谒，乃游东蜀依高适。

既至而适卒。

是岁，崔宁杀英乂，杨子琳攻西川，蜀中大乱。

甫以其家避乱荆、楚，扁舟下峡，未维舟而江陵乱，乃溯沿湘流，游衡山，寓居耒阳。

甫尝游岳庙，为暴水所阻，旬日不得食。

耒阳聂令知之，自棹舟迎甫而还。

永泰二年，啖牛肉白酒，一夕而卒于耒阳，时年五十九。

子宗武，流落湖、湘而卒。

元和中，宗武子嗣业，自耒阳迁甫之柩，归葬于偃师县西北首阳山之前。

（节选自《旧唐书?杜甫传》）译文：杜甫，字子美，本是襄阳人，后来搬迁到河南巩县。

曾祖父杜依艺，官位最终到巩县县令。

祖父杜审言，官位最终到膳部员外郎，另有传记。

父亲杜闲，官位最终到奉天县县令。

杜甫天宝初年应考进士没有考中。

天宝末年，献上自己写的《三大礼赋》。

玄宗认为这赋写得很奇妙，就召唤他来考作文，并授给他京兆府兵曹参#from 本文来自九象，全国最大的免费范文网 end#军一职。

参考范文：桑悦《独坐轩记》原文及译文

桑悦《独坐轩记》原文及译文桑悦《独坐轩记》原文及翻译原文：予为西昌校官，学圃中筑一轩，大如斗，仅容台、椅各一。

台仅可置经、史数卷，宾至无可升降，弗肃以入，因名之曰“独坐”。

予训课暇，辄憩其中，上求尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武、周公、孔子之道，次窥关、闽、濂、洛数君子之心，又次则咀嚼《左传》、荀卿、班固、司马迁、扬雄、刘向、韩、柳、欧、苏、曾、王之文，更暇则取秦、汉以下古人行事之迹，少加褒贬，以定万世之是非，悠哉悠哉，以永终日。

轩前有池半亩，隙地数丈。

池种芰荷，地杂植松、桧、竹、柏。

予坐是轩，尘坌不入，胸次日拓；又若左临太行，右抉东海，而荫万间之广厦也。

且坐惟酬酢千古。

遇圣人，则为弟子之位，若亲闻训诲；遇贤人，则为交游之位，若亲投膝而语；遇乱臣贼子，则为士师之位，若亲降诛罚于前。

坐无常位，接无常人，日觉纷挐纠错。

坐安得独？虽然，予之所纷挐纠错者，皆世之寂寞者也。

而天壤之间坐予坐者寥寥不谓之独亦勿予同。

作《独坐轩记》。

译文：我在西昌担任学官，在学堂里建起一座小屋，像斗(一种盛粮食的容器)一样大，只放得下一张桌子、一把椅子，桌子上只放得下几卷经史书籍。

客人来了不能行礼，只好不严肃的进来，因此给它起名叫做“#from 本文来自九象，全国最大的免费范文网 end#独坐轩”。

我在教课的空闲，就在里边休息，首先学习尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武、周公、孔子的治世之道，其次学习宋代理学的主要学派(关闽濂洛：指宋代理学的主要学派，其代表人物为关中张载，闽中朱熹，濂溪周敦颐，洛阳程颢、程颐)的思想，再次就品味《左传》、荀卿、班固、司马迁、扬雄、刘向、韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏轼、曾巩、王安石的文章，再有空闲就浏览秦汉以来的古人的事迹，稍加以评论，来论定万世的是非，悠哉悠哉，以此度日。

屋前有半亩水池，几丈的空地，池塘里种了荷花，土地上错杂的种植着松树、桧树、竹子、柏树。

我坐在这屋子里，凡俗的事不想，胸怀更加开阔，又像左边临着太行山，右边临着东海，而遮掩着万间的大房子。