生物专业英文术语
生物专业词汇英文
生物专业词汇英文生物专业词汇英文生物篇一：常用生物学英语词汇Aacceptor受体acetate醋酸盐；醋酸根acetyl乙酰基．actin肌动蛋白actinomycinD放线菌素Dactivation活化；激活activesite活性中心adenine腺嘌呤adenosine腺嘌呤核苷adenosyl腺苷的adenovirus腺病毒adheringjunctings粘着连接adhesion粘着；附着adjacent毗邻的adrenal肾上腺的,肾上腺affinity亲和；吸引agar琼脂，洋菜agarose琼脂糖agency媒介agent剂aggregate聚合体albumin白蛋白，清蛋白allelc等位基因allele等位基因突变遗传因子allostericmodification别构修饰allosteric别构的Alzheimer’sdisease阿尔茨海默氏病amino氨基的～acid氨基酸aminopeptidase氨基肽酶amphibian两栖动物amphipathic两亲的两性的amylase淀粉酶anaerobic厌氧的analysis分析，分解analyze 分析anaphase(细胞分裂的)后期anaphase-promotingcomplex,APC 促后期复合物anarogen雄激素anatomy解剖学anionic阴离子的appropriate适当的approximately近似地，大约artificialchromosome人工染色体aspartic天冬氨酸astrocyte星形(神经胶质)，细胞asymmetric不对称的autocatalytic自动催化的autonomouslyreplicating sequenceARS自主复制起序列autophagy自噬作用axon 轴突Bbacteria细菌bacterialartificialchromosome,BAC细菌人工染色体bacteriophage噬菌体basalcellcarcinoma基层细胞癌base碱基basementmembrane基膜bilayer双层binal双重的，两倍的，孪生的binding结合位点blastocoele囊胚腔blastoderm胚盘blastomere卵裂球blastula囊胚Ccancerous癌的capsid(病毒)衣壳carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类carbonate碳酸盐carboxy羧基carboxylation羧化作用carboxypeptidase羧肽酶carcinogen 致癌剂carcinoma癌cardiovascular心血管的cellsecretion细胞分泌centrifuge离心机cholesterol胆固醇chromatid染色单体chromatin染色质chromatography层析cis-actingelement顺式作用元件cis-Golginetwork,CGN高尔基内侧网络cistron顺反子clathrin-coatedvesicle披网格蛋白小泡clone克隆，无性系(Basidiomycetes)coelom体腔coenzyme辅酶coherent粘着的，连贯的competitiveinhibitor竞争性抵制剂complementary互补的，补充的COPIIcoatedvesiclesCOPII被膜小泡COPIcoatedvesiclesCOPI被膜小泡covalence共价covalentbond共价键covalent共价cross-linked交联的culture培养，栽培cushion缓冲缓和cyclin细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependentprotein kinases,CDK细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶cytochrome细胞色素cytomembranesysteme膜系统cytoplasm细胞质cytosine胞嘧啶cytoskeleton细胞骨架cytosol胞液，细胞溶质Ddegrade使降解deletion染色体的缺失denaturation变性dendrite树突deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic脱氧核糖核酸的deoxyribose脱氧核糖dextran葡聚糖dialysis透析，渗析differentialcentrifugation差速离心differentiation分化diffusion扩散，渗滤dilute稀释dimensional维，度，元dimer二聚体Dockingprotein,DP停泊蛋白dodecyl十二烷基donor供体duplicate复制dynamic动力学的，动态的dyneins动力蛋白dysentery痢疾Eedoplasmicreticulum内质网elaborate精细制作的，复杂的elasticconnectivetissue弹力结缔组织electrophoresis电泳embryo胚，胚胎embryogenesis胚胎发生embryology胚胎学embryonic胚胎的encode编码endocrine 内分泌endocytic细胞内吞作用endocytosis胞吞作用endoderm内胚层endomembranesystems内膜系统endoplasmic内质的endoplasmicreticulum内质网envelope包膜，包被enzyme酶epinephrine肾上腺素epithelial上皮的epithelium上皮ERretentionsignal内质网驻留信号estrogen雌激素ethical伦理的，道德的eukaryotic真核生物的evolution进化，进展exonexotron外显子extracellular细胞外的extractv.抽提Fferredoxin铁氧化还原蛋白fibroblast成纤维细胞filtration过滤作用frequency频率，次数fruitfly果蝇function功能，作用fungi 真菌fusion融合，融合体Ggalactose半乳糖galactosidase半乳糖苷酶galactoside半乳糖苷genus属，类germlayer胚层Golgibody高尔基体Golgicomplex高尔基复合体gonad性腺，生殖腺gonadotropin促性腺激素guanine鸟嘌呤Hhaploid单倍体hereditary遗传hereditary遗传的heritable可遗传的heritable可遗传的，被遗传的heterozygote杂合体heterozygous杂合的histone组蛋白homeostasis体内稳态Homo人(学名)homogenizer匀浆器homologous同源的homozygote纯合体homozygous纯合的hormone激素hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的hypertonic 高渗的hypotonic低渗的Iidentical完全相同的，同一的immune免疫的immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白immunology免疫学insulin胰岛素integrate整合integrity完整，完全intermediate中间的，中间产物Intermediatefilaments,IFs中间纤维internal内部的，体内的intracellular细胞内的intricate复杂的.，错综的intrinsic内部的，内在的intron内含子（基因内区）isolation分离isotonic等渗的Kkaryotype核型，染色体组型kidney肾kinesins驱动蛋白kinesis运动Llactose乳糖Lamina核纤层lateral侧面的，横向的lesion损害损毁病变病灶病斑病痕ligases 连接酶lipoprotein脂蛋白luciferase荧光素酶lumen腔luminescence生物发光lymph淋巴lympocyte淋巴细胞lysosome溶酶体lysozyme溶菌酶lytic裂解的Mmacrophage巨噬细胞magnesium镁malignant恶性的marrow髓，骨髓matrix基质mechanism机制meiosis减数分裂membrane-boundorganelles膜细胞器MembraneTrafficking膜运输metabolism新陈代谢metaphase 细胞分裂的中期microfilament微丝microglia小神经胶质细胞micron微米microorganism微生物microplast微原生质体microscope显微镜microtube微管microtubule微管Microtubule organizing centers,MTOC微管组织中心mitosis有丝分裂mitotic有丝分裂的mitoticapparatus纺锤体又称为有丝分裂器modification修饰，修改monomer单体Nnanometer毫微米，纳米naturalselection自然选择nervecord 神经索nerve神经nervous神经的neurilemma神经膜neuroglia神经胶质细胞neuroglial神经胶质细胞的neuron神经元neurotransmitter神经递质neutral中性的neutralize中和nickel 镍nicotinamide烟酰胺nitrate硝酸盐nitric硝酸nitrogen氮noncoding非编码的Nuclearenvelope核膜nuclearexportsignals,NES核输出信号nuclear localizationsignals,NLS核定位信号nuclearporecomplex核孔复合体nucleic核酸nucleolarorganizingregion,(NOR)核仁组织区nucleolus（复数nucleoli）核仁nucleoplasm核基质nucleoprotein核蛋白nucleosome核小体核粒nucleotide核苷酸nucleus细胞核Oobesity肥胖的oligomer寡聚体，低聚体oligosaccharide寡糖oncogene癌基因operon操纵子optimal最适宜的，最理想的organelle细胞器，类器官organism生物体，有机体organize使成有机体organogenesis器官发生ovary子房，卵巢Ppaternal父方的父系的Phagocytosis吞噬作用phagocytize吞噬pivotal中枢的，关键的prolong延长prosthetic辅基protease蛋白酶Rregulatorgene调节基因resin树脂ribonucleic核糖核酸ribose核糖ribosomalRNA核糖体RNAribosome核糖体rotational旋转的Ssarcoma肉瘤semiconserevative半保留的sickle-cell镰状细胞smooth endoplasmic reticulum滑面内质网sodiumdodecylsulfate十二烷基硫酸钠solubility溶解度，可溶性soluble可溶的somatic体细胞的sonication超声处理spiral螺旋的splice剪接spontaneous自发的steroid类固醇stroma间质structuralgene结构基因supercoil超螺旋supernatant上清液susceptible敏感的synapse突触synergistic协作的Ttelomere端粒termination终止terminator终止子thrombin凝血酶thromboplastin促凝血酶原激酶thylakoid类囊体thymine胸腺嘧啶thymus胸腺thyroid甲状腺的，甲状腺thyroid-stimulatinghormone甲状腺刺激素thyroxine甲状腺素tick蜱tightjunctions紧密连接topography地形torsion扭转toxicity 毒性toxin毒素traceelement超微量元素tracer示踪物tranposon转座子trans-actingfactor反式作用因子transacetylase转乙酰基酶transcript转录物转录本transcription转录transferRNA转移RNAtransfer传递，传输，变换transform改变，转化transformation转化transGoljinetwork,TGN 高尔基外侧网络translation翻译，平移translocation易位，转位，转运translocators易位子transmission传送，遗传transportbyvesicles膜泡运输trigger触发物，引发剂，触发triglyceride甘油三酯tumor肿瘤，瘤tumorigenicity致瘤性Uultracentrifuge超速离心机ultraviolet紫外线Vvaccine疫苗viruses病毒YYAC酵母人工染色体Zzinc锌zygote合子，受精卵接种环inoculatingloop灭菌器syringefilters保鲜膜clingfilm 烧杯beaker容量瓶volumetricflask量筒graduatedcylinder漏斗funnel称量纸weighingpaper磁力搅拌器magneticstirring生物就英语篇二：生物英文术语第一章细胞遗传学基础细胞（cell）质膜（plasmamembrane，plasmalemma）细胞器（organelle）线粒体（mitochondria）粗面内质网（roughreticulum，rER）高尔基体（Golgibody）核糖体（ribosome）游离核糖体（freeribosomes）核基质（nuclearmatrix）核仁（nucleolus）常染色质（euchromatin）结构异染色质（constitutiveheterochromatin）染色体（chromosome）主缢痕（primaryconstriction）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentricchromosome端着丝粒（telocentricchromosome））随体（satellite）核小体（nucleosome）单倍体（haploidy）异源多倍体（allopolyploid）双精受精（dispermy）组成型多倍体（constitutionalpolyploid）非整倍性（aneuploidy）单体性（monosomy）超二倍体（hyperploid）双三体性（ditrisomy）染色体不分离（nondisjunction）后期延迟运动（delayedmovement，lagging）镶嵌型（mosaicism）细胞（cell）质膜（plasmamembrane，plasmalemma）细胞器（organelle）线粒体（mitochondria）粗面内质网（roughreticulum，rER）高尔基体（Golgibody）核糖体（ribosome）游离核糖体（freeribosomes）细胞膜（cellmembrane）细胞质（cytoplasm）基质（cytoplasmicmatrix）内质网（endoplasimic，ER）滑面内质网（smoothendoplasmicreticulum，sER中心体（）centrosome）附着核糖体（attachedribosomes）核膜（nuclearmembrane）核液（nuclearsap）染色质（chromatin）异染色质（heterochromatin）兼性异染色质（facultativeheterochromatin）着丝粒（centromere）中着丝粒染色体（metacentricchromosome）近端着丝粒染色体（subtelocentricchromosome次缢痕（secondaryconstriction））端粒（telomere）螺线体（solenoid）多倍体（polyploid）同源多倍体（autopolyploid）合子（zygote）缺倍体（nulliploid）亚倍体（hypoploid）缺对性（nullisomy）三体性（trisomy）四体性（tetrasomy），后期延迟（anaphaselag）混倍性（mixoploidy）嵌合型（chimerism）细胞膜（cellmembrane）细胞质（cytoplasm）基质（cytoplasmicmatrix）内质网（endoplasimic，ER）滑面内质网（smoothendoplasmicreticulum，sER中心体（centrosome）附着核糖体（attachedribosomes）核膜（nuclearmembrane）核基质（nuclearmatrix）核仁（nucleolus）常染色质（euchromatin）染色体（chromosome）主缢痕（primaryconstriction）核液（nuclearsap）染色质（chromatin）异染色质（heterochromatin）着丝粒（centromere）中着丝粒染色体（metacentricchromosome）结构异染色质（constitutiveheterochromatin）兼性异染色质（facultativeheterochromatin）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentric近端着丝粒染色体（subtelocentricchromosome端着丝粒（telocentricchromosome））随体（satellite）核小体（nucleosome）超螺线体（supersolenoid）核型分析（karyotypeanalysis）C分带（centromerebanding）G分带（Giemsabanding）N分带（Nbanding）细胞周期（cellcycle）有丝分裂（mitosis）有丝分裂期（Mphase）凝线期（synizesis）联会（synapsis）粗线期（pachynema）双线期（diplonema）终变期（diakinesis）染色体重建（chromosomereconstruction）重复（duplication）易位（translocation）假显性现象（pseudodominance）反接重复（reverseduplication）剂量效应（dosageeffect）臂间倒位（pericentricinversion）相互易位（reciprocaltranslocation）复合易位（complextranslocation）第二章分子遗传学基础chromosome次缢痕（secondaryconstriction））端粒（telomere）螺线体（solenoid）核型（karyotype）核型模式图（idiogram）Q分带（quinacrinebanding）R分带（reversebanding）高分辨显带（high-resolutionbanding）间期（interphase）减数分裂（meiosis）细线期（leptonema）偶线期（zygonema）联会复合体（synaptonemalcomplex，SC）双价体（bivalent）交叉端化（terminalizationofchiasmata）浓缩期（diakinesis）缺失（deletion）倒位（inversion）中间缺失（interstitialdeletion）顺接重复（tandemduplication）不等交换（unequalcrossingover）臂内倒位（paracentricinversion）简单易位（simpletranslocation）移位易位（shifttranslocation）等臂染色体（isochromosome）基因gene外显子exon内含子intron基因组genome密码子codon起始密码子initiator同义密码子synonym多义密码子ambiguouscodon核糖体ibosome表观基因组学epigenomics启动子promoter增强子enhancer沉默子silencer化学修饰chemicalmodification基因突变genemutation)碱基base回复突变reversion)暗修复darkrepair)切除修复excisionrepair)缺口修复gaprepair错配修复mismatchrepair重组recombination 同源重组homologousrecombination转座transposition限制性核酸内切酶restrictionendonuclease载体vector第三章免疫遗传学基础免疫力immunity免疫防immunologicdefence自我稳定homeostasis自身免疫病autoimmunedisease非特异性免疫non-specialimmunity特异性免疫specialimmunity免疫应答immuneresponse细胞免疫应答cellularimmunerespons免疫系统immunesystem免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin(Ig)抗体antibody(Ab)结构域domain型群phenogroup调理作用opsonization基因簇genecluster重组信号序列recombinationsignalsequence(RSS)类别转换classswitch同种型转换isotypeswitch第四章质量性状的遗传质量性状qualititativecharacter遗传descendiblityheredityinherit染色体chromosome性染色体sexchromosome常染色体euchromosome伴性遗传sex-linkedinheritance限性遗传sex—limitedinheritance从性遗传sex—influencedinheritance 血型bloodgroup显性上位作用dominantepistasis隐性上位作用recessiveepistasis重叠作用duplicateeffect基因座位genelocus等位基因allele复等位基因multiplealleles上位基因epistaticgene性连锁基因sex-linkedgene显性性状dominantcharacters隐性性状recessivecharacters育种breeding杂交育种crossbreeding伴性基因sex-linkedgenes隐性纯合子allozygote杂合子heterozygote显性基因dominantgene隐性基因recessivegene就巢性broodiness自别雌雄auto-sexing骡鸭muleduck测交testcross隐性致死recessivelethal半致死基因semi-lethalgene标记基因markergene父本maleparent母本femaleparent繁殖力fecundity遗传效应gencticeffect杂交优势heteroticvigor经济性状practicalcharacters碱基对basepair遗传缺陷geneticdefects下位基因hypostaticgene基因文库genelibrary 完全显性completedominance不完全显性incompletedominance共显性codominance连锁遗传linkageinheritance第五章数量性状的遗传数量性状quantitativetrait表型值phenotypicvalue基因型值genotypicvalue数量性状基因座quantitativetraitlocus主效基因majorgene上位效应epistaticeffect 系统环境效应systimaticevirenmentaleffect随机环境效应randomaticenvirenmentaleffect加性效应additiveeffect显性效应dominanceeffect育种值breedingvalue重复力repeatability 遗传力heritability遗传相关geneticcorrelation表型相关phenotypiccorrelation环境相关environmentalcorrelation 广义遗传力heritabilityinthebroadsense狭义遗传力heritabilityinthenarrowsense实现遗传力realizedhabitability 最大可能生产力mostProbableProducingAbility(MPPA)持久性环境效应permanentenvironmenteffect暂时性环境效应temporaryenvironmentalcoefficient组内相关系数intra-classcorrelationcoefficient最大似然法maximumLikelihood(ML)约束最大似然法restrictedMaximumlikelihood(REML)最小范数二次无偏估计法minimumnormquadraticunbiasedestimation(INQUE) 最小方差二次无偏估计法minimumvariancequadraticunbiasedestimation,(MIVQUE)最佳线性无偏预测bestLinearunbiasedprediction(BLUP)最佳线性无偏估计bestlinearunbiasedestimation(BLUP)混合模型方程mixedmodelequation(ME)方差分析analysisofvariance(ANOVA)类方差分析法ANOVA-likemethod第六章动物生长发育的规律生长growth生长中心growthcenter发育development胚胎期termofembryo生后期termofbirthafter累积生长accumulationgrowth相对生长relativegrowth绝对生长absolutegrowth生长波growthwave第七章性别决定与性别控制雄异配型maleheterogamety雌异配型femaleheterogamety异配性别heterogameticsex同配性别homogameticsex性反转sex-reversal半合基因hemizygousgene从性遗传sex-conditionedinheritance限性遗传sex-limitedinheritanc伴性遗传或性连锁遗传sex-linkedinheritance睾丸决定因子(TDF)testisdeterminingfactor拟（伪）常染色体区域(PAR)pseudoautosomal-regionY染色体性别决定区sex-determiningregionofYchromosome第二性征（副性征）secondarysexualcharacter第八章遗传病与遗传病控制染色体病chromosomaldisease线粒体遗传病mitochondrialdisease单基因遗传病monogeneticdisease多基因遗传病polygeneticormultigenedisorder失显nonpenetrance不完全外显incompletedominance不规则外显irrequlardominance 并蹄syndactylism多趾polydactylism性连锁遗传病sex-linkeddisorder抗病育种breedingfordiseaseresistance性转变sexreversal诱变剂mutagen 断裂剂clastogen致畸剂teratogen猪的应激综合征porcinestresssyndrome(PSS)恶性高热综合症milignanthyperthermiasyndrome(MHS)常染色体显性遗传autosomaldominantdisorder常染色体隐性遗传病autosomalrecessivedisorder第九章畜禽品种物种species品种breed品系strain,line专用品种special-purposebreed兼用品种dual-purposebreed 海福特牛Hereford夏洛莱牛charolais利木赞牛limousine安格斯牛angus阿伯丁-安格斯牛aberdeen-angus契安尼娜牛chianina荷斯坦牛Holstein中国荷斯坦牛chinaholstein西门塔尔牛Simmental尼里-拉维水牛nili-ravi世界西门塔尔牛联合会WSF澳洲美利奴羊australianmerino丹麦红牛danishred摩拉水牛murrah婆罗门牛Brahman圣格鲁迪牛santagertrudis肉牛王beefmaster婆朗格斯牛brangus婆罗福特牛braford西门婆罗牛simbrah夏白雷charbray辛地红牛redsindhi纯血马thoroughbred 阿尔登马ardennes超细毛型superfinemerino细毛型finemerino 中毛型mediumwoolmerino强毛型strongwoolmerino罗姆尼羊romneymarsh无角陶赛特羊polldorset萨福克羊Suffolk诺福克羊norfolk考力代羊corriedale夏洛莱羊charollais萨能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angoragoat努比亚山羊Nubian波尔山羊boergoat生物就英语篇三：生物英文术语2生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
生物学英文术语
必须掌握的术语Nucleus 细胞核Cytoplasm 细胞质Mitochondria 线粒体Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网（可简写为ER）Lysosome 溶酶体Vesicle 囊泡Cell membrane 细胞膜Ribosome 核糖体Modify 修饰，加工（用于描述蛋白质）Golgi body 高尔基体Adenosine triphosphate 即atp 三磷酸腺苷Biochemical reactions 生化反应Enzyme 酶Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Molecule 分子Blood/skin/nerve/ cell 血、皮肤、神经细胞multiply 繁殖cytoskeleton 细胞骨架kinesin proein 驱动蛋白（在细胞骨架上运输囊泡到细胞膜外的蛋白质）organelle 细胞器unicellular organism 单细胞生物multicellular organism 多细胞生物eukaryotic cell 真核细胞prokaryotic cell 原核细胞chloroplast 叶绿体chromosome 染色体chromotin 染色质nucleoplasm 核质membrane 膜smooth ER 光面内质网rough ER 粗面内质网polypeptide 多肽（注意这个跟蛋白质的区别）fold 折叠（肽链折叠后才能成蛋白质）lipid 脂质exocytosis 细胞外泌（胞吐）vacuole 液泡peroxisome 过氧化物酶体（里头有双氧水，可以杀菌）capsule 荚膜说DNA复制可以用COPY 也可以用duplicate 后者更专业Endosymbiotic theory 细胞共生理论Microscope 显微镜Magnify 放大Len 透镜Eye len 目镜Objective len 物镜Light source 光源Slide 载玻片Coverslip 盖玻片Electron microscope 电子显微镜Magnet 磁铁Soluble 可溶解的Genetic engineering 基因工程Characteristic 性状Hormone 激素Insulin 胰岛素Mutation 变异Radiation 辐射Microorganisms 微生物Clone 克隆Plasmid 质粒Vector DNA 特指基因工程中的转运基因的载体Sequence 序列分裂出的子细胞，叫daughter cell（老外怎么重女轻男）Parent cell 母体细胞Fertilise 受精Mitosis 有丝分裂Tissue 组织Cell cycle 细胞周期Interphase 分裂间期Prophase 分裂前期Metaphase 分裂中期Anaphase 分裂后期Telophase 分裂末期Flexiable 可流动的（细胞膜是可流动的膜结构）、Phospholipid 磷脂Cholesterol 固醇Lipid bilayer 磷脂双分子层Selective barrier 选择性通透结构Osmosis 渗透（简单扩散）Facilitated diffusion 协助扩散Active transport 主动运输Glucose 葡萄糖Chromatid 染色单体Centromere 着丝粒Fibre 纺锤丝Centriole 中心体Tumor 肿瘤Histamine 组胺Macrophage 巨噬细胞别偷懒，这些个词我大一时候全部背下来会拼的，而且一年过去了还记得百分之90。
construct生物专业术语
构建（Construct）是生物学和生物技术领域中的一个重要专业术语，它指的是通过合成DNA技术或遗传工程技术来创造新的DNA序列或对已有的DNA序列进行修改和重组的过程。
在现代生物学和生物技术领域，构建技术已经成为一项重要的工具，它为科学家们研究生物体的基因功能、调控机制以及生物进化过程提供了强大的支持。
构建技术也为生物医药领域的基因治疗、基因编辑和疫苗研发等方面的研究和应用提供了重要的手段。
在构建技术中，常用的生物学术语包括：1. 合成DNA（Synthetic DNA）：通过化学合成的方法，在实验室中人工合成的DNA序列。
合成DNA的技术已经非常成熟，可以生产任意长度和序列的DNA片段。
2. 基因克隆（Gene Cloning）：将感兴趣的DNA序列插入到载体DNA（如质粒）中，通过细菌或酵母等微生物的复制机制进行扩增，从而获得大量相同的DNA分子的过程。
基因克隆技术是构建技术中的基础方法。
3. 重组DNA（Rbinant DNA）：在体外将来自不同来源的DNA片段进行组合，形成新的DNA分子的过程。
重组DNA技术是构建技术中的关键方法，也是基因工程和生物技术的基础。
4. 穿梭载体（Shuttle Vector）：一种可以在不同宿主细胞中复制的载体DNA，常用于在细菌和真核生物细胞中进行基因克隆和表达的研究。
5. 基因编辑（Gene Editing）：利用CRISPR/Cas9等技术对生物体的基因组进行特定的修改和编辑的过程。
基因编辑技术已经成为构建技术中的热点研究领域，具有重要的生物医学和生物学研究应用价值。
6. 转基因（Transgenic）：指植物或动物体细胞中引入外源基因的现象。
通过构建技术可以实现转基因生物的创建，从而为农业、医学和生物学研究提供了重要的资源和工具。
构建技术的发展对于推动生物学和生物技术领域的进步具有重要意义，同时也引发了诸多伦理和安全问题。
科学家和社会大众需要共同关注构建技术的发展，促进其在生物医学和农业生产等领域的良性应用，同时也要合理规范其在生物安全和伦理道德方面的应用。
生物专业术语英语翻译
生物专业术语英语翻译导语：生物专业主要培养学生学习生物科学技术方面的基本理论、基本知识，下面YJBYS 小编分享生物专业术语英语词汇，欢迎参考!一、表示动物不同器官和组织的词素 1 cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅2 cyte 细胞3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉，肌肉4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血5 soma,corp 体，身体6 some,plast 体，颗粒7 hepa,hepat 肝heparin 肝素hepatopancreas 肝胰腺hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatoma 肝癌8 ren,nephr 肾adrnal 肾上腺的nephridia 肾管nephron 肾单位9 card,cord 心cardiotoxin 心脏毒素cardiovascular center 心血管中枢electrocardiogram 心电图concord 一致，和谐10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼ophthalmology 眼科学ophthalmia 眼炎ophthalmologist 眼科专家11 branchi 鳃filibranch 丝鳃lamellibrnch 瓣鳃sencondary branchium 次生鳃12 brac ,brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin 臂粘连蛋白bracelet 手镯13 dent,odont 牙齿dentin 牙质odontphora 齿舌odontoblast 成牙质细胞14 plum 羽plumatus 羽状的plumule 绒毛plumage (鸟的)羽毛15 foli,foil 叶follicle 滤泡foiling 叶形foliage 叶子foliose 多。
生物学英语名词
生物学英语名词在学习生物学英语时，会涉及到许多专业名词和词汇。
以下是一些常见的生物学英语名词及其解释：1. Cell（细胞）-生物体的基本结构和功能单位。
2. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）-存储和传递遗传信息的分子。
3. Gene（基因）-决定生物特征和遗传信息的DNA片段。
4. Protein（蛋白质）-生物体内重要的分子，承担许多功能。
5. Mitosis（有丝分裂）-细胞分裂的过程，产生两个完全相同的子细胞。
6. Meiosis（减数分裂）-产生具有不同遗传信息的生殖细胞的过程。
7. Evolution（进化）-物种随时间的演化和改变。
8. Photosynthesis（光合作用）-植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为能量和氧气的过程。
9. Respiration（呼吸作用）-细胞利用氧气将食物分解为能量的过程。
10. Ecology（生态学）-研究生物与环境之间相互作用的学科。
在学习生物学英语时，可以采取以下策略和技巧来加强学习：1. 词汇记忆：使用生物学术语词汇表，并通过制作闪卡、词汇练习等方式来记忆。
2. 阅读原文：阅读生物学期刊、教科书等原文，以提高对专业术语的理解和运用能力。
3. 听力练习：听英语生物学演讲、讲座或录音，并尝试理解和记录所听到的内容。
4. 写作练习：尝试写生物学相关的文章、论文摘要或实验报告，以提高写作能力和词汇运用。
5. 参加讨论和辩论：参与生物学讨论组或辩论会，提高口头表达和专业术语运用能力。
6. 利用多媒体资源：观看生物学相关的视频、演示文稿或在线教学资源，以加深理解和记忆。
7. 寻找学习伙伴：与其他对生物学英语感兴趣的学生或专业人士一起学习和讨论，互相帮助。
通过持续的学习和练习，逐渐掌握生物学英语的专业名词和相关知识，提高英语水平和专业能力。
生物专业英文术语
A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体（不同于B染色体）] A site[核糖体]A部位ABA脱落酸abasic site脱碱基位点，无碱基位点abaxial远轴的abequose阿比可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing异样剪接aberration象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis自然发生论，无生源论ablastin抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞割裂或生殖的一种抗体）abnormal distrbution非正态散布abnormality异样，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group systemABO血型系统aboriginal mouse原生鼠abortin流产素abortion流产，败育abortive egg败育卵abortive infection流产（性）感染abortive transduction流产（性）转导ABP肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid脱落酸abscission脱落absolute绝对的absolute configuration绝对构型absolute counting绝对测量absolute deviation绝对误差absolute error绝对误差absorbance吸收，吸光度absorbed dose吸收剂量absorbent吸收剂absorptiometer吸光计absorptiometry吸光测定法absorption吸收absorption band吸收谱带absorption cell吸收池absorption coefficient吸收系数absorption spectroscopy吸收光谱法absorption spectrum吸收光谱；吸收谱absorptive endocytosis吸收（型）胞吞（作用）absorptive pinocytosis吸收（型）胞饮（作用）absorptivity吸光系数；吸收性abundance丰度abundant丰硕的，高丰度的abundant mRNAs高丰度mRNAabzyme抗体酶acaricidin杀螨剂accedent variation偶然变异accelerated flow method加速流动法accepting arm[tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor接纳体，（接）受体acceptor site接纳位点，同意位点acceptor splicing site剪同意体acceptor stem[tRNA的]接纳茎accessible可及的accessible promoter可及启动子accessible surface可及表面accessory零件，附件；辅助的accessory cell佐细胞accessory chromosome副染色体accessory factor辅助因子accessory nucleus副核accessory pigment辅助色素accessory protein辅助蛋白（质）accommodation顺应accumulation积存，积存accuracy准确度acenaphthene二氢苊acene并苯acentric无着丝粒的acentric fragment无着丝粒断片acentric ring无着丝粒环acetal缩醛acetaldehyde乙醛acetalresin缩醛树脂acetamidase乙酰胺酶acetamide乙酰胺acetate乙酸盐acetic acid乙酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria乙酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride乙酸酐acetification乙酸化作用，醋化作用acetin乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid乙酰乙酸Acetobacter醋杆菌属acetogen产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria产乙酸菌acetome body酮体acetomepowder丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物]acetomitrile乙腈acetone丙酮acetyl乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene乙炔acetylene reductiontest乙炔还原实验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetyl glutamate synthesize乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate乙酰水杨酸；乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素Ache乙酰胆碱酯酶choral非手性的acholeplasma无胆甾原体AchR乙酰胆碱受体achromatic消色的；消色差的achromatic color无色achromatic lens消色差透镜achromatin非染色质acid catalysis酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin酸性品红acid glycoprotein酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein酸水解酪蛋白acid medium酸性培育基acid mucopolysaccharide酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase酸性磷酸酶acid protease酸性蛋白酶acid solvent酸性溶剂acidic酸性的acidic amino acid酸性氨基酸acidic protein酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白] acidic transactivator酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator酸性转录激活蛋白acidification酸化（作用）acidifying酸化（作用）acidolysis酸解acidophilia嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilous milk酸奶aclacinomycin阿克拉霉素acoelomata无体腔动物acomitic acid乌头酸aconitase顺乌头酸酶aconitate乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine乌头碱aconitum alkaloid乌头属生物碱ACP酰基载体蛋白acquired character取得性状acquired immunity取得性免疫acridine吖啶acridine alkaloid吖啶（类）生物碱acridine dye吖啶燃料acridine orange吖啶橙acridine yellow吖啶黄acriflavine吖啶黄素acroblast原顶体acrocentric chromosome近端着丝染色体acrolein丙烯醛acrolein polymer丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation向顶运输acrosin顶体蛋白acrosomal protease顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction顶体反映acrosome顶体acrosome reaction顶体反映acrosomic granule原顶体acrosyndesis端部联会acrylamide丙烯酰胺acrylate丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid丙烯酸acrylic polymer丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物acrylic resin丙烯酸（酯）类树脂acrylketone丙烯酮acrylonitrile丙烯腈actidione放线（菌）酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin肌动蛋白actin filament肌动蛋白丝actinin辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白] actinmicrofilament肌动蛋白微丝actinometer化学光度计actinomorphy辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes放线菌actinomycin D放线菌素Dactinospectacin放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素action作用action current动作电流action potential动作电位action spectrum动作光谱activated sludge活性污泥activated support活化支持体activating group活化基团activating transcription factor转录激活因子activation激活；活化activation analysis活化分析activation energy活化能activator激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白activator protein激活蛋白active absorption主动吸收active biomass活生物质active carbon活性碳active center活性中心active chromatin活性染色质active dry yeast活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen活性氢active immunity主动免疫active oxygen活性氧active site活性部位，活性中心active transport主动转运active uptake主动吸收activin活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素] activity活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin肌动球蛋白actophorin载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute急性的acute infection急性感染acute phase急性期acute phase protein急性期蛋白，急相蛋白acute phasereaction急性期反映，急相反映[炎症反映急性期机体的防御反映] acute phase reactiveprotein急性期反映蛋白，急相反映蛋白acute phase response急性期反映，急相反映acute toxicity急性毒性ACV无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide无环核苷酸acycloguanosine无环鸟苷，9-（2-羟乙氧甲基）鸟嘌呤acyclovir无环鸟苷acyl酰基acyl carrier protein酰基载体蛋白acyl cation酰（基）正离子acyl chloride酰氯acyl CoA脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride酰氟acyl halide酰卤acylamino acid酰基氨基酸acylase酰基转移酶acylating agent酰化剂acylation酰化acylazide酰叠氮acylbromide酰溴acyloin偶姻acyltransferase酰基转移酶adamantanamine金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane金刚烷adaptability适应性adaptation适应adapter衔接头；衔接子adapter protein衔接蛋白质adaptin衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior适应性行为adaptive enzyme适应酶adaptive molecule衔接分子adaptive response适应反映[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor衔接头；衔接子adaxial近轴的addition加成addition compound加成化合物addition haploid附加单倍体addition line附加系additive添加物，添加剂additive effect加性效应additive genetic variance加性遗传方差additiverecombination插入重组，加插重组[因DNA插入而引发的基因重组] addressin地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白，可与钙调蛋白结合] adduct加合物，加成化合物adduct ion加合离子adenine腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma腺瘤adenosine腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷adenosine deaminase腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate腺苷（一磷）酸adenosine phosphosulfate腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate腺苷三磷酸adenovirus腺病毒adenylate腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation腺苷酰化adherence粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁adherent cell贴壁细胞；粘着（性）细胞，粘附（性）细胞adherent culture贴壁培育adhering junction粘着连接adhesin粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion吸附，结合，粘合；粘着，粘附，粘连adhesion factor粘着因子，粘附因子adhesion molecule粘着分子，粘附分子adhesion plaque粘着斑adhesion protein粘着蛋白，吸附蛋白adhesion receptor粘着受体adhesion zone粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive粘合剂，胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein粘着糖蛋白adipic acid己二酸，肥酸adipocyte脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone脂动激素[见于昆虫] adipose tissue脂肪组织adjust[动]调剂，调整；修正adjustable可调的adjustable miropipettor可调微量移液管adjustable spanner活动扳手adjusted retention time调整保留时刻adjusted retention volume调整保留体积adjuvant佐剂adjuvant cytokine佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide佐剂肽adjuvanticity佐剂（活）性adoptive immunity过继免疫adoptive transfer过继转移ADP ribosylationADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factorADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferaseADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline肾上腺素adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin阿霉素，亚德里亚霉素adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附adsorption catalysis吸附催化adsorption center吸附中心adsorption chromatography吸附层析adsorption film吸附膜adsorption isobar吸附等压线adsorption isotherm吸附等温线adsorption layer吸附层adsorption potential吸附电势adsorption precipitation吸附沉淀adsorption quantity吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product高级糖基化终产物adventitious不定的，无定形的adverse effect反成效，副作用aecidiospore锈孢子，春孢子aeciospore锈孢子，春孢子aequorin水母蛋白，水母素aeration通气aerator加气仪，加气装置aerial mycelium气生菌丝体aerobe需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁衍的细菌] aerobic需氧的aerobic bacteria需氧（细）菌aerobic cultivation需氧培育aerobic glycolysis有氧酵解aerobic metabolism有氧代谢aerobic respiration需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment需氧废物处置aerobiosis需氧生活aerogel气凝胶aerogen产气菌aerolysin气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas气单胞菌属aerosol气溶胶aerosol gene delivery气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis趋氧性[（细胞）随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动] aerotolerant bacteria耐氧菌[不受氧迫害的厌氧菌] aerotropism向氧性aesculin七叶苷，七叶灵aetiology病原学afferent nerve传入神经affinity亲和，亲和性affinity adsorbent亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography亲和层析affinitycoelectrophoresis亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白] affinity column亲和柱affinity coupling亲和偶联affinity electronmicroscopy亲和电镜（术）[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction亲和提取，亲和萃取affinity filtration亲和过滤affinity labeling亲和标记affinity ligand亲和配体affinity maturation亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育] affinity partitioning亲和分派affinity precipitation亲和沉淀affinity purification亲和纯化（法）affinity tag（附加）亲和标记物aflatoxin黄曲酶毒素agar琼脂agar diffusion test琼脂扩散实验agar gel琼脂胶agar plate琼脂平板agarslant琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的，装有固体培育基的一种试管培育基；也指斜面培育基上生长出的菌苔]agarase琼脂糖酶agarfitine伞菌氨酸agaricin蘑菇素agaricinic acid蘑菇酸agaropectin琼脂胶agarose琼脂糖agarose gel琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate琼脂糖平板age pigment老年色素agent剂；介质agglutination凝集（作用）agglutinin凝集素agglutinogen凝集原aggrecan聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate聚集体；凝聚体aggregation聚集（作用）aggressin解决素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity解决力aging衰老，老化，陈化agitation振荡，振摇，搅拌agitator振荡器，搅拌器aglycone苷元，糖苷配基agonist兴奋剂，兴奋剂，刺激物；竞争剂；拮抗剂agranulocyte无粒细胞agravitropism无向重力性agretope[抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类要紧组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol农产品（制）酒精agricultural waste农业废物，农业垃圾agrin集聚蛋白，集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin农杆菌素，土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium农杆菌属，土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes毛根农杆菌，毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems根癌农杆菌，根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical农用化学品[如除草剂，杀虫剂等]agrocin农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素（不是蛋白质）] agrocinopine农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection农杆菌感染（法）agropine农杆氨酸，农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid农杆鸟氨酸，鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble气泡air drying风干air filter空气滤器air monitering空气监测air peak空气峰，气泡峰air sterilization空气除菌airflow气流airflow meter气流计airflow moniter气流显示器，气流监控仪airlift bioreactor气升式生物反映器airlift fermentation气升式发酵airlift fermentor气升式发酵罐airlock气锁akaryote无核细胞akinetic chromosome无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion无着丝粒倒位alamethicin丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽，富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase丙氨酸转氨酶alarm警报器，按时钟albinism白化病albizziin合欢氨酸，脲基丙氨酸albumin白蛋白，清蛋白alcohol醇；乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase醇脱氢酶；乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation生醇发酵aldehyde醛；乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase醛氧化酶aldimine醛亚胺alditol糖醛aldol羟醛aldol condensation羟醛缩合aldolase醛缩酶aldonic acid醛糖酸aldose醛糖aldosterome醛固醇alduronic acid糖醛酸aleurome糊粉aleurome grain糊粉粒aleurome layer糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus苜蓿花叶病毒alga藻类（单）algae藻类algicide杀藻剂algin藻胶alginate藻酸盐alginic acid藻酸algocyan藻蓝素algorithm算法，公式alicyclic amine脂肪胺alicyclic compound脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon脂环烃alignment顺序；排列；[序列]对照alimentary canal消化管aliphatic脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid脂（肪）族胺（类）生物碱aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物aliquot小份，等份，等分部份alizarin茜素alkali碱，强碱alkali metal碱金属alkaline碱的，强碱的alkaline amino acid碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation碱变性法alkaline earth metal碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis碱水解（作用）alkaline lysis碱裂解（法）alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve碱储蓄[如血液中的碳酸氢钠]alkalization碱化alkaloid生物碱alkane烷alkene烯alkyl烷基alkylating agent烷化剂alkylation烷（基）化alkyne炔all or none全或无all or nothing全或无all transconfiguration全反构型allantoic acid尿囊酸allantoin尿囊素allatostatin咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌]allatotropin促咽侧体素[增进保幼激素的分泌]allele等位基因allele linkage analysis等位基因连锁反映allelic complement等位（基因）互补allelic diversity等位（基因）多样化allelicexclusion等位（基因）排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象，有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation等位（基因）失活allelic inclusion等位（基因）相容allelic replacement等位（基因）置换allelic variation等位（基因）变异allelism等位性allelomorph等位基因allelomorphism等位性allelopathic substance异柱克生物质，异种克生物质allelopathy异柱克生（现象），异种克生（现象）allergen变应原allergic变应性的allergic disease变应性疾病allergy变态反映alloantibody同种抗体alloantigen同种抗原allodiploid异源二倍体allodiploidy异源二倍性allodiplomonosome异源二倍单体allogenic antigen同种异型抗原，同种异体抗原allograft同种异体移植allograft rejection同种异体移植排斥allogroup同种异型组allohaploid异源单倍体alloheteroploid异源异倍体allophycocyanin别藻蓝蛋白，别藻蓝素alloploid异源倍体alloploidy异源倍性allopolyhaploid异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid异源多倍体allopurinol别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity同种异体反映性allorecognition同种（异体）识别allose阿洛糖allosome异染色体allosteric activation别构激活，别构活化allosteric activator别构激活剂，别构活化剂allosteric control别构调剂allosteric effect别构效应allosteric effector别构剂allosteric enzyme别构酶allosteric inbibition别构抑制allosteric inbibitor别构抑制剂allosteric interaction别构作用allosteric ligand别构配体allosteric protein别构蛋白allosteric regulation别构调剂allosteric site别构部位allosterictransition别构转换[由别构剂所引发的蛋白质构象转变] allosterism别构，变构allostery别构性allosynapsis异源联会allotope同种异型位allotrope同素异形体allotrtraploid异源四倍体allotype同种异型allotypic antigen同种异型抗原allotypic determinant同种异型决定簇allotypic marker同种异型标记allotypy同种异型性alloxan四氧嘧啶allozyme同种异型酶allyl烯丙基allyl resin烯丙基树脂allysine醛（基）赖氨酸alphavirus甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation相间分离alternating copolymer交替共聚物alternating copolymerization交替共聚合alternation of generations世代交替alternative另一种的，交替的，备择的alternative complement pathway补体旁路alternative pathway of complement补体旁路（途径）alternative polyadenylation可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing可变RNA剪接，旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing可变剪接，旁路剪接alternative splicing factor可变剪接因子alternative transcription可变转录alternative transcription initiation可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA可变剪接的mRNAaltrose阿卓糖Alu familyAlu家族alum矾，明矾aluminia氧化铝，矾土alveolar gas exchange肺泡气体互换alveolar surfactant肺泡表面活性物质alytensin产婆蟾（紧张）肽Alzheimer disease阿尔茨海默病，老年性痴呆amaerobic厌氧的amalgam汞齐amalgam electrode汞齐电极amanin鹅膏素amanitine鹅膏毒环肽amantadine金刚胺amanullin鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid石蒜科生物碱amastatin氨肽酶抑制剂，抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin鹅膏毒素amber codon琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant琥珀突变体，琥珀突变型amber mutation琥珀突变amber suppression琥珀抑制ambersuppressor琥珀（突变）抑制基因，琥珀（突变）抑制因子Amberliteresin[商]Amberlite树脂，琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子互换树脂的商品名] ambident两可的ambident ion两可离子ambient周围的ambient temperature环境温度，室温ambiguous codon多义密码子ambisense双义ambisense genome双义基因组ambisenseRNA双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体] ambutyrosin氨丁苷菌素amensalism偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection美国模式培育物保藏所amerol杀草强，氨基三唑Ames test埃姆斯实验amethopterin氨甲蝶呤amicetin友菌素amicillin resistance氨苄青霉素抗性amidase酰胺酶amidated peptide酰胺（化）肽amide酰胺amidine脒amidoblack酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond酰胺键amido link酰胺键amido linkage酰胺键amidomycin胺霉素amidotrizoate3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination氨基化amine胺amine bormones胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylationsystem胺前体摄取（和）脱羧系统，APUD系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter胺转运蛋白Aminexresin[商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子互换树脂的商品名，一类HPLC级球形介质，是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino氨基amino acid arm氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency氨基酸（利用）频率amino acid preference氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact氨基酸残基接触（面）amino acid transport氨基酸转运amino acid transporter氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage氨基酸利用amino alkyl indole氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen氨基氮aminoacyl氨酰基aminoacyl esterase氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA氨酰tRNAaminoacylation氨酰化aminobenzoic acid氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan氨乙基硫醇，巯基乙胺aminoglucose氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics氨基糖苷（类）抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine氨基胍aminolink氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端，便于与其他配体偶联] aminolysis氨解aminomycin氨基霉素，缬氨霉素aminooimidazole氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase氨肽酶aminophylline氨茶碱aminopterin氨基蝶呤aminopurine氨基嘌呤aminotransferase氨基转移酶，转氨酶aminotriazole氨基三唑，杀草强amiodarone乙胺碘呋酮amitosis无丝割裂amixis无融合ammonia氨ammonification氨化（作用）ammonio铵基ammonium铵ammonium acetate乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide氢氧化铵，氨水ammonium persulfate过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism排氨型代谢amniocentesis羊膜穿刺（术）amnion羊膜amniota羊膜动物amoeba变形虫，阿米巴amoeboid movement变形运动amorphous material无定形物，非晶态amphi position远位amphiastral mitosis双星有丝割裂amphibia两栖纲amphibivalent双二价体amphibolicpathway两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成] amphidiploid双二倍体amphidiploidy双二倍性amphigenesis两性生殖amphiglycan双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞] amphihaploidy双倍体amphimixix两性融合amphion两性离子amphipathic两亲的amphipathicity两亲性amphipathy两亲性amphiphilic两亲的amphiphilicity两亲性[一个分子中一部份亲水，另一部份疏水]amphipolyploid双多倍体amphipolyploidy双多倍性amphiprotic两性的amphiregulin双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调剂蛋白]amphitrophy兼性营养amphivalency异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine[商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品，可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte两性物，两性电解质ampholytoid两性胶体amphoteric character兼性性质amphotericcharacteristics兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier兼性乳化剂，两性乳化剂amphoteric ion兼性离子amphotericin两性霉素amphoterics兼性表面活性剂amphotropicretrovirus兼嗜性逆转录病毒，双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引发产毒性感染]ampicillin氨苄青霉素amplicon扩增子amplification扩增amplimer扩增引物ampoule安瓿瓶amycin阿霉素amygdalin扁桃苷，苦杏仁苷amylase淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin糊精amyloprocess阿明露法，淀粉发酵法，霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化，发酵生产酒精] amylodextrin极限糊精amyloglucosidase淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring淀粉质环amylolytic activity淀粉分解活性amylopectin支链淀粉amyloplast造粉（质）体amyloplastid造粉粒amylose直链淀粉anabolism合成代谢anaerobe厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶，须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁衍的微生物]anaerobic bacteria厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber厌氧培育室anaerobic contact digestor厌氧接触（型）消化器anaerobic cultivation厌氧培育anaerobic digestion厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor厌氧膜生物反映器anaerobiosis厌氧生活，无氧生活anaerogen不产气菌anaeroic digestor厌氧消化器analgesic止痛药analgesis镇痛analog类似物analogous类似的，模拟的analogous organ同功器官analogousprotein类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白] analogue类似物analogy模拟，类似analogy model模拟模型analyte分析物analytical分析的analytical chromatography分析型层析analytical column分析柱analytical reagent分析纯试剂anaphase[细胞割裂]后期anaphylactic过敏性的anaphylactic reaction过敏反映anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anaphylaxis过敏性，过敏（反映）anaplerotic reaction添补反映anastral mitosis无星有丝割裂ancestor先人，始祖ancestry先人，始祖anchimeric assistance邻助作用anchor锚anchor catalyst锚定催化剂anchor primer锚定引物anchorage固着，锚定anchored PCR锚式聚合酶链（式）反映，锚式PCR anchorin锚定蛋白anchoring锚着，锚定ancovenin血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte雄（母）细胞androecium雄蕊群androgamete雄配子androgen雄激素androgen binding protein雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis孤雄发育，单雄生殖，雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis产雄孤雌生殖androgonium雄原细胞androgynism雌雄同柱，雌雄同体andromedotoxin梫木毒素andrometoxin雄核卵块发育androplasm雄质androsome限雄染色体androspore产雄孢子；小孢子androsterone雄酮anemia贫血anemoentomophily风虫媒anemophilous flower风媒花anemophilous plant风媒植物anemophilous pollination风媒传粉anemophily风媒anergy无反映性[用于细胞免疫学]anesthesia麻醉aneucentric chromosome非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy非整倍单倍性aneuploid非整倍性aneuploid cell line非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy非整倍性angiogenesis factor血管生成因子angiogenin血管生成素angioplasty血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm被子植物angiotensin血管紧张肽angiotensinase血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen血管紧张肽原angle rotor角转头angstrom埃anguidin蛇形毒素angular methyl角甲基anhydrase脱水酶anhydride酸酐anhydrous无水的anhydrous acetonitrile无水乙腈aniline苯胺aniline blue苯胺蓝animal cell line动物细胞系anion阴离子anion base阴离子碱anion channel阴离子通道anion respiration阴离子呼吸anionic acid阴离子酸anionic detergent阴离子（型）去污剂anisodamine山莨菪anisodine樟柳碱anisogamete异型配子anisogamy异配生殖anisol苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA异形DNAanisomycin茴香霉素anisopolyploid奇（数）多倍体anisospore异形孢子anisotropic各向异性的anisotropic membrane各向异性膜anisotropy各向异性[物理参数随方向的转变而转变]anitbacterial immunization抗（细）菌免疫ankyrin锚蛋白ankyrin repeat锚蛋白重复序列anlage原基annealing退火Annelita环节动物门annexin膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白，参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依托于钙调蛋白的活动，分为IIIIII等多种。
《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照
《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipase D，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质protein简单蛋白质simple protein氨基酸amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽polypeptide肽peptide肽键peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力van der waals force层析法chromatography吸附层析法adsorption chromatography分配系数partition or distribution confficient活性肽active peptide二硫键disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构primary structure疏水效应hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析ion exchange chromatography 同源蛋白homologous protein构象conformation构象角conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体antibody亲和层析法affinity chromatography 盐溶salting in盐析salting out二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structureα-螺旋α-helix超二级结构super-secondaery structure 结构域structure domain氢键hydrogen bend疏水相互作用hydrophoblic interaction 肌红蛋白myoglobin寡聚蛋白质oligomeric protein无规则卷曲randon coil复性renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anermia 酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）α-淀粉酶（α-amylase）β-淀粉酶（β-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGA T）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction）钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）。
生物类中英文术语对照
生物类中英文术语对照生物类中英文术语对照生物学是研究生命的科学领域，涉及到许多专业术语。
以下是一些常见的生物类中英文术语对照：1.细胞 - Cell2.细胞膜 - Cell membrane3.细胞核 - Cell nucleus4.细胞质 - Cytoplasm5.基因 - Gene6.DNA - DNA7.RNA - RNA8.蛋白质 - Protein9.酶 - Enzyme10.组织 - Tissue11.器官 - Organ12.系统 - System13.呼吸系统 - Respiratory system14.消化系统 - Digestive system15.循环系统 - Circulatory system16.神经系统 - Nervous system17.免疫系统 - Immune system18.感觉器官 - Sense organs19.植物 - Plant20.动物 - Animal21.真核生物 - Eukaryote22.原核生物 - Prokaryote23.进化 - Evolution24.自然选择 - Natural selection25.种群 - Population26.种 - Species27.物种多样性 - Biodiversity28.生态系统 - Ecosystem29.食物链 - Food chain30.生态位 - Ecological niche31.水生生物 - Aquatic organisms32.陆生生物 - Terrestrial organisms33.哺乳动物 - Mammal34.鸟类 - Bird35.爬行动物 - Reptile36.鱼类 - Fish37.節肢動物 - Arthropod38.昆虫 - Insect39.线虫 - Nematode40.软体动物 - Mollusk41.硬壳动物 - Crustacean42.植物分类 - Plant taxonomy43.界 - Kingdom44.门 - Phylum45.纲 - Class46.目 - Order47.科 - Family48.属 - Genus49.种 - Species50.进化论 - Theory of evolution51.遗传学 - Genetics52.基因组 - Genome53.遗传变异 - Genetic variation54.基因突变 - Gene mutation55.基因表达 - Gene expression56.遗传工程 - Genetic engineering57.克隆 - Cloning58.基因编辑 - Gene editing59.生物技术 - Biotechnology60.生物多样性保护 - Conservation of biodiversity61.细胞分裂 - Cell division62.有丝分裂 - Mitosis63.减数分裂 - Meiosis64.受精 - Fertilization65.胚胎 - Embryo66.胚胎发育 - Embryonic development67.遗传 - Heredity68.基因型 - Genotype69.表现型 - Phenotype70.遗传显性 - Dominant inheritance71.遗传隐性 - Recessive inheritance72.基因型比例 - Genotypic ratio73.表现型比例 - Phenotypic ratio74.自交 - Self-fertilization75.杂交 - Cross-fertilization76.光合作用 - Photosynthesis77.呼吸作用 - Respiration78.发酵 - Fermentation79.光合细菌 - Photosynthetic bacteria80.蓝藻 - Cyanobacteria81.植物生长 - Plant growth82.营养 - Nutrition83.吸收 - Absorption84.植物激素 - Plant hormones85.光周期 - Photoperiodism86.花期 - Flowering period87.叶绿素 - Chlorophyll88.光合作用速率 - Rate of photosynthesis89.光合产物 - Photosynthetic products90.光合产氧 - Oxygen production in photosynthesis91.繁殖 - Reproduction92.雄性 - Male93.雌性 - Female94.配子 - Gamete95.授粉 - Pollination96.传粉 - Pollination by animals97.结实 - Fruiting98.种子 - Seed99.胚 - Embryo100.发芽 - Germination这只是一小部分生物类中英文术语的对照，生物学领域的术语非常广泛。
生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册
绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry 无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular 糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme 激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid 葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide 双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖类（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complex saccharide 链状结构chain structure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism 对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ring structure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetric carbon atom 投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chain form船式构象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation变旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid还原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone 糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN—乙酰葡糖胺NAGN-乙酰—胞壁酸NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖（几丁质）chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoic acid软骨素4-或6—硫chondroitin 4—or6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronic acid，HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protein连接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide胞壁酸muramic acid神经氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptide linkag脂质(lipid）单脂simple lipid复脂compound lipid 衍生脂质derived lipid 脂肪酸fatty acid，FA 饱和脂肪酸saturated FA不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA 多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂（乳化剂）ionic detergent 三脂triester甘油glycerolSn命名法Stereospecific Numbering酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylation value酸值/酸价acid value加成反应addition reaction碘值/碘价iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle 磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇）磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin 双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin 萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质（protein)化学蛋白质protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme 蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin 氨基酸amino acid，AA等电点isoelectric point,pI标准氨基酸standard amino acid 甘氨酸glycine，Gly，G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine，Leu,L异亮氨酸isoleucine，Ile,I丝氨酸serine,Ser,S苏氨酸threonine，Thr，T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine，Met，M 谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine，Gln，Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid，Asp,D天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn，N赖氨酸lysine，Lys,K精氨酸arginine，Arg,R组氨酸histidine，His，H脯氨酸proline，Pro，P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine，Phe，F 色氨酸tryptophan，Trp，W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2，4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB （Ellman试剂) 谷胱甘肽（GSH ,Glu-Cys—Gly)肽（链）peptide chain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分双键的性质partial double—bond character一级结构primary structure二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structure四级结构quaternary structure二级结构元件secondary structrue element螺旋helixα—螺旋α-Helix氢键hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德华力van der Waals forceβ—折叠β—pleated sheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲random coil结构域structural domain次级键(非共价键）noncovalent bond 肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式)Super-secondary structure肽链peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptideα-角蛋白α—keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allosteric interaction别构效应allosteric effect别构蛋白allosteric protein协同效应cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNaseβ-转角β—turn（β-弯曲β-bend，β-回折或发夹结构hairpin structure）纸层析filter—paper chromatography离子交换层析ion—exchange column chromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein缀合蛋白质conjugated protein纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein球状蛋白质globular protein二硫键disulfide bond对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸残基amino acid residues同源蛋白质homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheral protein膜内在蛋白antegral protein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein变性denaturation变性剂denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle—cell anemia 免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S凝胶过滤gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel水化层hydration mantle亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid 双电层electric double layer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient盐溶salting in盐析salting out电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectric focusing亲和层析affinity chromatography酶（enzyme)化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple enzyme结合酶conjugated enzyme 全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prosthetic group 金属离子metal ion多酶复合体multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme单体酶monomeric enzyme习惯命名法recommended name国际系统命名法systematic name酶的专一性/特异性enzyme specificity 诱导契合学说induced—fit hypothesis氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固体化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme—catalyzed reactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimum temperature，Tm最适pHoptimum pH 活性部位active site必需基团essential group抑制剂inhibitor激活剂activator效应物effector别构酶allosteric enzyme别构调节allosteric regulation同促效应homotropic effect异促效应heterotropic effect天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶单位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共价调节（修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脱氢酶LDH可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素(vitamin)与辅酶（coenzyme)视紫红质visual purple 视黄醇retinolβ-胡萝卜素β-carotine 夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolV E（生育酚/抗不育维生素)tocopherol 麦角钙化醇(Vitamin D2）ergotcalciferol 凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/脚气病维生素,硫胺（素）Vitamin B1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate，TPP尼克酸（烟酸）nicotinic acid尼克酰胺（烟酰胺) nicotinamide转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2( VB2)/核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ，flavin mononucleotide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3(遍多酸）pantothenic acid辅酶A CoA-SH，coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein 维生素B6（吡哆素)Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal—5—phosphate醛亚胺Schiff碱维生素B12（钴胺素）cobalamine维生素B7/H(生物素）biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸（辅酶F）FH4/CoF/THF，tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素C （抗坏血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶Ⅰ）nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶Ⅱ)nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate，NADP+核酸(nucleic acid）化学DNA序列分析DNA Sequencing脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid，DNA 核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA转运RNA（tRNA) transfer RNA核糖体RNA （rRNA）ribosome RNA 小RNA sRNA反义RNA asRNA胞质小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核内小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人类基因组计划Human Gene Project 质粒plasmid染色体chromosome染色质chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷(腺二磷）ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷）ATP,adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription 核苷酸nucleotide核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine，A鸟嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine，T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU3’，5’-环化鸟苷酸cGMP3’，5’—环化腺苷酸cAMP顺反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA双螺旋结构DNA double-helical structure碱基对base pair，bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking 组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/螺线圈coil 氨基酸臂amino acid armD环(二氢尿嘧啶环）diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环(额外环）extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease，DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseⅡ熔解温度melting temperature, Tm 变性denaturation 复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ激素(hormone）激素hormone生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone 促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin 催产素oxytocin加压素vasopressin促黑素细胞激素malanophore—stimulating hormone 胸腺素thymosin甲状腺激素thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine降钙素calcitonin甲状旁腺激素parathormone肾上腺素adrenaline去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰岛素insulin促肠液激素enterocrinin肠促胰液素secretin肠抑胃素enterogastrone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin耻骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮质酮corticosterone肾上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone 原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase 抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睾酮testosterone雄酮androsterone钙调蛋白calmodulin钙传感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol靶蛋白质target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生长素auxin赤霉素gibberellin细胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激动素kinetin脱落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蜕皮激素molting hormone生物膜（biomembrane）的组成与结构间体mesosome区域化compartmentation 鞘氨醇sphingosine 鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid，PA多态性polymorphism双层bilayer溶血磷脂lysophospholipid两亲性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振NMR脂质体liposome半乳糖脑苷脂galactocerebroside去垢剂detergent微团micelle非双层脂non—bilayer lipid非双层脂结构non—bilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine，PE磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine，PC 磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol，PG 磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine，PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton 血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白质复合物glycocalyx细胞外壳cell coat单葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG运动性mobility胞吞/内吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏转gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein肌动蛋白actin单位膜unit membrance微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂(双磷脂酰甘油）cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol）光致漂白荧光恢复法Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery ，FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation）肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofat e生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸链respiratory chainNADH-Q还原酶NADH-Q reductase 琥珀酸—Q还原酶succinate-Q reductase细胞还原酶cytochrome reductase细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 鱼藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase电动势electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶联剂uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase 过氧化氢酶catalase过氧化物酶peroxidase 高能键high—energy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1,3-2磷酸甘油1，3—bisphosphoglycerate氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸aminoacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate 酰基辅酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate辅酶Qcoenzyme-Q腺苷三磷酸adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3—Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden MeyerhofParnas葡糖—6-磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose—5—diphophate葡糖—6-磷酸脱氢酶6—phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6—phosphogluconate脱支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer发酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖( uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG ）磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase 乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛—3—磷酸glyceraldehyde-3—phosphate3-磷酸甘油酸3—phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate果糖—2,6-二磷酸fructose2，6-bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1-磷酸醛缩酶fructose-1—phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate 硫辛酰胺lipoamide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase乌头酸酶aconitase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinyl—CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase 延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase 丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle 磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose—5—phosphate 核糖—5-磷酸ribose-5—phosphate木酮糖—5—磷酸xylulose—5—phosphate转醛酶transaldolase葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP—glucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase苹果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glycogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase 糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase 糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme 丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenaseα—酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢（lipometabolism)硫酯键thioester link脂酰辅酶A合酶acyl—CoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰转移酶Ιcaunitine acyltransferaseΙ肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acid N—苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acidβ-羟酰—ACP脱水酶β—hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydraseβ-氧化β-oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰—CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase β—酮硫解酶β-keto—thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron—transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰—CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase单加氧酶monooxygenase酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG—CoA裂解酶HMG—CoA lyase 丙二酰—CoA malonyl-CoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase转羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine 硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy—ACP thioesteraseβ-酮酰—ACP合酶β-ACP—ketoacyl-ACP synthase缩合condensation还原reductionβ-酮酰ACP还原酶β—toacylACP reductase 脱水dehydration烯酰—ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase 软脂酰-ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰—CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed—function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油—3-磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerol CDP—二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol 5’—胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate 尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid缩醛磷脂plasmalogen胆固醇cholesterol类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid hormines胆汁酸bile acids 麦角固醇ergosterol甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸转运体系tricarboxylate transport systemD—β-羟丁酸脱氢酶D-β—hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸单酰-CoA-ACP转酰酶malonyl—CoA—ACP transacetylase蛋白质代谢（protein metabolism)细胞溶胶cytosolically组织蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽-蛋白连接酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase丝氨酸脱氢酶serine dehydrogenase色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase 酪氨酸氨基转移酶tyrosin aminotransferase 氨基转移酶aminotrandferase氧化脱氨基作用oxidative deamination 吡哆醛—5’-磷酸pyridoxal—5'—phosphate吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate 醛亚胺aldimine腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate转氨酶transaminase联合脱氨基作用transdeamination神经递质neurotransmitter酪胺tyramine谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase 尿素循环urea cycle鸟氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate SynthetaseN-乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase丝氨酸转羟甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase丝氨酸—苏氨酸脱水酶serine-threonine dehydratase苏氨酸醛缩酶threonine aldolase乙醛acetaldehyde氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脱巯基酶cysteine desulfhydrase 苯丙氨酸氢化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine组氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase谷氨酸转甲亚氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids亚氨甲酰谷氨酸N—formimino glutamate酪氨酸酶tyrosinase多巴胺dopamine核糖体ribosome遗传密码genetic code三联体triplet染色体外基因extrachromosomal gene转录初产物primary transcript添加appending修饰modification异构化isomerization拼接splicing编辑editing再编码recoding断裂基因interrupted gene选择性拼接alternative splicing同源体isoform错义突变missense mutation无义突变mimsense mutation核糖体移码ribosomal frame shifting 移码突变frame—shift mutation重叠基因overlapping genes同义密码子syninymous codon反密码子anticodon密码子coden简并性degeneracy变偶性wobble蛋白质生物合成protein biosynthesis 无细胞体系cell-free system多聚核糖体polysome读码框架reading frame 起始密码start codon终止密码stop codon核糖体结合位点ribosome-binding site 核糖体进入部位ribosome entry site胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine校正基因suppressor gene回复突变reverse mutation起始因子initiation factor延长因子dlongation factor肽酰转移酶peptidyl transferse转肽transpeptidation移位translocation释放因子release factors核糖体释放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting翻译跳跃translational jumping信号肽序列signal or leader sequence 信号肽signal sequence信号肽酶signal peptidase信号识别体signa recognition particle，SRP停泊蛋白docking protein翻译后运输posttranslationlal transport 多肽链结合蛋白polypeptide binding proteins 终止因子termination factor磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase核酸代谢（nucleic acid metabolism）核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase腺嘌呤脱氨酶adenine deaminase腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase鸟嘌呤脱氨酶guanine deaminase尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5—磷酸核糖焦磷酸5—phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷酸核糖焦磷激酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase5-磷酸核糖胺5—phosphoribosylamine 5-氨基咪唑核苷酸5—aminoimidazole ribotide 磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰氨酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transamidase甘氨酰胺核苷酸glycinamide ribotide 甘氨酰胺核苷酸合成酶glycinamide rihotide synthetase甘氨酰胺核苷酸转甲酰基酶glycinamide ribotide transformylas甲酰甘氨脒核苷酸合成酶formylglycinamidine ribotide synthetase 氨基咪唑核苷酸合成酶aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶adenylosuccinate lyase氨基咪唑核苷酸羧化酶aminoinidazole ribotide carboixylase腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶adenylosuccinate synthetase次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶inosine—5—phosphate dehydrogenase 鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成酶guanylate synthetase磷酸核糖转移酶phosphoribosyl transferase乳清苷酸orotidine—5’-phoshate氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl phosphate synthetase全酶holoenzyme天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶aspartate carbamyl transferase二氢乳清酸酶dihydroorotase二氢乳清酸脱氢酶dihydroorotate dehydrogenase乳清苷酸焦磷酸化酶orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase乳清苷酸脱羧酶orotidylic acid decarboxylase尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶uridine-5'—phosphate kinase核苷二磷酸激酶mucleoside diphosphokinase复制replication转录transcription 翻译translation三联体密码triplet code模板template逆转录reverse transcription逆转录酶reverse transcriptase逆转录病毒retrovirus自我复制self—replication半保留复制semiconservative replication拓扑学topology复制子replicon起点origin终点terminus转化子transformant反向重复inverted repeatsDNA聚合酶DNA polymerase取代环displacement loop核小体nucleosome信息大分子informational macromolecule指令instruction促突变因子mutator抗突变因子antimutator修复机制reair mechanism复制酶replicase核心酶core enzymeDNA连接酶DNA ligase冈崎片断Okazaki fragment顺反子cistron半不连续复制semidisontinuous replication前导链leading strand滞后链lagging strand引物合成酶primase拓扑异构体topological isomers拓扑异构酶topoisomerase切口封闭酶nick—closing enzyme旋转酶gyrase连锁体catenane解螺旋酶helicase解链蛋白unwinding protein复制体replisome引发体primosome前引发体preprimosome终止区terminus region 自主复制序列autonomously replicating sequence起点识别复合物origin recognition complex端粒telomere端粒酶telomerase复制许可因子replication licensing factor错配修复mismatch repair直接修复direct repair切除修复excision repair易错修复error—prone repair光复活修复photoreactivation repair暗修复dark repair光复活修复酶photoreactivating enzyme碱基切除修复base-excision repair核苷酸切除修复mucleotide—excision repair切除酶excinuclease辅蛋白酶coprotease性导sexduction转导transduction接合conjugation转化transformation细胞融合cell fusion受体细胞recipient cell附加体episome转座因子transposable element 转座子transposon转座酶transposase解离酶resolvaseRNA聚合酶RNA polymerase 全保留方式conservative mode 时序调控temporal regulation 适应调控adaptive regulation 操纵子结构模型operon structural model调节基因regulatory gene操纵基因operator阻遏蛋白repressor protein内含子intron外显子extron调节子regulon协同调节cooperative regulation激活蛋白activator整合酶integrase增强子enhanser终止子terminator多聚腺苷酸聚合酶polyadenylation细胞代谢调节和基因表达调控(cellular metabolism regulation and gene expression regulation and control）构造单元buliding block前馈feedforward反馈feedback一价/单价反馈抑制monovalent feedback inhibition 二价或多价反馈抑制divalent or multivalent feedback inhibition管家基因housekeeping genes组成型表达constitutive expression可调型表达regulated expression乳糖操纵子模型lac operon model启动子premotor操纵基因operator酶诱导enzyme induction酶阻遏enzyme repression辅阻遏物corepressor阻遏物蛋白aporepressor降解物基因活化蛋白catabolite gene activation protein衰减子attenuator上游控制元件upstream control静默子silencer锌指zinc finger亮氨酸拉链leucine zipper重组体recombinant分子克隆molecular cloning蛋白质工程protein engineering限制性核酸内切酶restricton endonuclease同尾酶isocaudamers 同裂酶isoschizomers回文结构palindrome质粒plasmid载体vector分子重排rearrangement基因文库genomic library多联体concatemer脂质体liposome可调基因regulated genes基因枪gene gun菌落形成单位colony forming unit筛选screening原位杂交in situ bybridization基因组测序genomic sequencing基因定位诱变site—directed mutagenesis包涵体inclusion body整合质粒yeast integrating plasmid基因治疗gene therapy聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR。
微生物专业术语(英语)
杂色曲霉素 A versicolorin A[孢子]切落abjunction抑殖素ablastin流产菌素abortin[孢子]缢断abstriction分生孢子盘acervulus醋化作用acetification产乙酸菌acetogen消色差透镜achromatic lens抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining 酸化作用acidification嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria拉霉素aclacinomycin顶生孢子acrospore放线酮actidione, cycloheximide 放线菌actinomycetes放线菌素actinomycin活性污泥activated sludge活性干酵母active dry yeast腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus 腺病毒adenovirus粘附素adhesin阿霉素adriamycin 锈孢子aeciospore锈子器aecium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium需氧菌aerobe需氧培养aerobic cultivation需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis产气菌aerogen趋氧性aerotaxis耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria粘菌体aethalium黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin琼脂agar琼脂平板agar plate琼脂斜面agar slant伞菌氨酸agarfitine蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid攻击素aggressin攻击力aggressivity陈酿化aging农业微生物学agricultural microbiology土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin静息孢子akinete阿氏染色Albert‘s staining侧生孢子aleuriospore藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan腊肠形孢子allantospore异株克生物质allelopathic substances 异种克生[现象] allelopathy别藻蓝素allophycocyanin虫道真菌ambrosia fungi氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin偏害共栖amensalism美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC无隔孢子amerospore埃姆斯试验Ames test氨化作用ammonification两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate兼性营养amphitrophy两性霉素amphotericin阿明露法amylo process厌氧菌anaerobe厌氧培养室anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养anaerobic cultivation 厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 厌氧生活anaerobiosis不产气菌anaerogen无性型anamorph[菌丝]融合anastomosis雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis雄器柄androphore产雄器孢子androspore环痕孢子annellospore菌环annulus无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria 安丝菌素ansamitocin拮抗作用antagonism抗蠕霉素anthelmycin雄器antheridium抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗生素antibiotic抗生谱antibiotic spectrum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum 消泡剂antifoam agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift抗溶[菌]素antilysin抗代谢物antimetabolites抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗霉素antimycin防腐antisepsis防腐剂antiseptic抗血清antiserum抗毒素antitoxin[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere 顶体apicle除疟霉素aplasmomycin全消色差透镜apochromatic lens 无融合生殖apomixis囊托apophysis子囊盘apothecium[菌体]附器appendage阿泊拉霉素apramycin水生微生物学aquatic microbiology虫媒病毒arbovirus古细菌archaebacteria古始生物界archetista流通蒸汽灭菌器Arnold steam sterilizor 节分生孢子arthroconidium节孢子arthrospore子囊果ascocarp产囊丝ascogenous hypha子囊菌ascomycetes子囊孢子ascospore子囊孢子形成ascosporulation子囊座ascostroma子囊ascus无菌操作aseptic technique曲霉菌素aspergillin曲霉毒素aspertoxin无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts[病毒]装配assembly同化作用assimilation伴随病毒associated virus非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation减毒株attenuated strain减毒作用attenuation高压灭菌器autoclave高压灭菌autoclaving自身接种autoinoculation 自溶素autolysin自溶[现象] autolysis自动气锁automatic airlock自养菌autotrophic bacteria自养演替autotrophic succession 自养autotrophy自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine生长谱auxanogram生长谱测定[法] auxanography营养缺陷型auxotroph除虫菌素avermectin纯性培养axenic cultivation纯性培养物axenic culture轴丝axial filament固氮菌剂azotogen拟接合孢子azygospore单性合子azygote葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA杆菌肽bacitracin菌血症bacteremia细菌bacteria菌落计数器bacterial colony counter菌苗bacterial vaccine细菌毒力bacterial virulence杀细菌剂bactericide杀[细]菌素bactericidin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll细菌素bacteriocin菌红素bacterioerythrin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein细菌学bacteriology溶菌作用bacteriolysis溶[细]菌反应bacteriolytic reaction 噬菌体bacteriophage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing 噬菌体学bacteriophagology菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin 细菌小体bacteriosome抑菌作用bacteriostasis抑菌剂bacteriostat细菌毒素bacteriotoxin亲菌素bacteriotropin类菌体bacteroid掷孢子ballistospore嗜压菌barophilic bacteria[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril [噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge 基础培养基basic medium担子果basidiocarp担子菌basidiomycetes担子体basidiophore担孢子basidiospore担子basidium分批培养batch cultivation[罐]批发酵batch fermentation卡介苗BCG vaccine豆芽汁培养基bean sprouts medium 牛肉汁beef broth牛肉膏beef extract双环霉素bicyclomycin二分分裂binary fission双目显微镜binocular microscope 生物测定bioassay生化培养基biochemical medium 生物转化bioconversion沼气biogas生物防治biological control生物制品biological products生物质biomass生物量biomass生物圈biosphere生物型biotype生物变型biovar双相培养biphasic cultivation两极染色bipolar staining双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus杀稻瘟素blasticidin芽分生孢子blastoconidium芽生孢子blastospore盲传blind passage水华blooms下面发酵bottom fermentation下面酵母bottom yeast麸曲bran koji酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique明视野显微镜bright field microscope 肉汤培养broth cultivation肉汤培养物broth culture布氏菌素brucellin芽殖budding[噬菌体]裂解量burst size丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin 烛罐candle jar孢丝capillitium卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin[病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere荚膜capsule石炭酸品红carbol fuchsin碳平衡carbon balance一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria洋红霉素carminomycin类葫萝卜素carotenoids带菌者carrier带[病]毒者carrier载体噬菌体carrier phage[水解]酪蛋白氨基酸casamino acids柄细菌caulobacteria香柏油cedar oil天青菌素celesticetin细胞系cell line细胞株cell strain纤维素酶cellulase中生芽孢central spore壳心centrum头孢菌素cephalosporin单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria 化能自养chemoautotrophy化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy恒化器chemostat趋化性chemotaxis化学疗法chemotherapy化能营养chemotrophy向化性chemotropism化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM衣原体chlamydia厚壁孢子chlamydospore氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 载色体chromatophore产色细菌chromogenic bacteria色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor壶菌chytrid孢子角cirrus锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection棒酸clavulanic acid闭囊果cleistocarp闭囊壳cleistothecium顶极群落climax community氯林肯霉素clindamycin 杯伞素clitocybine克隆clone封闭生长系统closed growth system 聚簇cluster盾状体clypeus凝固酶coagulase凝固酶因子coagulase factor球杆菌coccobacillus球菌coccus半透明型突变噬斑cococarde协同培养co-cultivation多核细胞coenocyte多核配子coenogamete多核孢子囊coenosporangium多核合子coenozygote共固定化作用co-immobilization大肠菌素colicin, colicine大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor 大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index粘菌素colistin大肠[杆]菌值colititre噬菌体]颈部collar囊领collarette菌落colony菌落形成单位colony forming units, CFU囊轴columella联合疫苗combined vaccine偏利共栖commensalism伴生种companions相容性compatibility 感受态competence兢争[共栖] competition互补complementation完全培养基complete medium复合对称complex symmetry[噬菌体]串联体concatemer凹玻片concave slide条件致死conditional lethal条件突变株conditional mutant条件致病菌conditioned pathogen分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子梗conidiophore分生孢子conidium[噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division 接合[作用] conjugation[噬菌体]颈圈connector聚生体consortium缢缩[作用] constriction污染物contaminant污染contamination连续培养continuous cultivation连续发酵continuous fermentation 连续灭菌continuous sterilization 庖肉培养基cooked meat medium鬼伞菌素coprinin索状因子cord factor蛹虫草菌素cordycepin[噬菌体]髓部core核心core菌丝束coremium[芽孢]皮层cortex香菇菌素cortinellin棒状菌corynebacteria粘粒cosmid对染[法] counterstaining盖玻片cover glass临界杀菌浓度critical killing dilution 交叉复活cross reactivation深低温保藏[法] cryopreservation隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage隐生现象cryptobiosis立体对称cubical symmetry培养cultivation培养物culture 培养瓶culture flask移种culture transfering盘菌cup fungi[噬菌体]自愈curing蓝细菌cyanobacteria藻青素cyanophycin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule环丝氨酸cycloserine环孢菌素cyclosporin杯碟法cylinder plate method囊状体cystidium松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor)暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy子菌落daughter colony道诺霉素daunomycin衰亡期decline phase分解者decomposer深层菌落deep colony干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant缺损病毒defective virus确定成分培养基defined medium干燥培养基dehydrated medium反硝化作用denitrification 反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria浓核病毒densovirus,DNV皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin越霉素destomycin生物致劣deterioration鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology 诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology 透析培养dialysis cultivation乳品微生物学diary microbiology双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve砖格孢子dictyospore双胞孢子didymospore[分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM鉴别培养基differential medium鉴别染色法differential staining稀释法dilution method稀释平板分离法dilution-plate method 双态性真菌dimorphic fungi双态现象dimorphism白喉毒素diphtheria toxin2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA 双杆菌diplobacillus双球菌diplococcus盘状子囊果discocarp消毒剂disinfectant消毒disinfection双孢担孢子dispore异化作用dissimilation偏端霉素distamycin 供体donor休眠dormancy倍增时间doubling time抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain药物敏感性drug susceptibility抗药性drug-resistance干热灭菌dry heat sterilization杜氏发酵管Durham‘s fermentation tube侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌群失调dysbacteriosis[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]早期蛋白early protein齿孔酸eburicoic acid艾柯病毒ECHO virus隐蔽期eclipse period内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza外生菌根ectomycorrhiza毛外癣菌ectothrix成斑效率efficiency of plating弹丝elater电[子显微]镜electron microscope 原[生小]体elementary body伊红甲烯蓝琼脂EMB agar远藤培养基Endo‘s medium内生担子endobasidium内分生孢子endoconidium内源变量endogenenous variable 内源病毒endogenous virus内生菌根endomycorrhiza内生孢子endospore内共生endosymbiosis毛内癣菌endothrix内毒素endotoxin 滋养培养基enriched medium富集培养基enrichment medium 肠球菌素enterococcin肠毒素enterotoxin肠道病毒enterovirus虫生真菌entomogenous fungi昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen 昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV [病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen 包膜envelope, peplos上担子epibasidium表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin 囊层被epithecium红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin病原学etiology真细菌eubacteria真核生物eukaryote广温微生物eurythermal microorganism真病毒euvirus扁枝衣霉素everninomicin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin外壁exine芽孢外膜exitine外生孢子exospore[孢子]外壁exosporium外毒素exotoxin指数生长exponential growth胞外酶extracellular enzyme极端细菌extreme bacteria乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg420 因子factor 420兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe 苛求菌fastidious microorganism黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 反馈抑制feed back inhibition可发酵性fermentability发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity发酵罐fermenter硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes冯巴赫瓶Fernbach flask致育因子fertility factor富尔根染色Feulgen staining[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 过滤除菌filtration sterilization[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen鞭毛基体flagellar basal body鞭毛蛋白flagellin鞭毛flagellum平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage亚麻浸渍flax retting菌群flora区系flora荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope 食品微生物学food microbiology食物中毒food poisoning足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell前芽孢forespore间型霉素formycin 健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood分部培养[法] fractional cultivation断裂fragmentation弗氏[细胞]压碎器French cell press子实体fruiting body真菌fungi抑真菌剂fungistat菌丝索funiculus镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid顶生厚壁孢子fuseau配囊交配gametangial copulation配子囊gametangium配子gamete配子母细胞gametocyte气泡gas vacuoleGC值GC values明胶液化gelatine liquefication基因簇gene cluster基因转移gene transfer普通微生物学general microbilogy 遗传转化genetic transformation 基因型genotype艮他霉素gentamicin[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins芽孔germ pore芽缝germ slit芽管germ tube无菌动物germ-free animal无菌植物germ-free plant杀菌剂germicides菌蜕ghost巨大菌落giant colony产孢体gleba滑行gliding 滑行细菌gliding bacteria胶霉毒素gliotoxin葡萄糖效应glucose effect多糖包被glycocalyx悉生生物学gnotobiology悉生生物gnotobiote微生子gonidium谷氏菌素gougerotin薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes梯度平板gradient plate革兰氏染色Gram staining短杆菌肽gramicidin革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin细菌淀粉粒granulose颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin生长因子growth factor顾氏小体Guarnieri‘s bodies溶血[作用] haemolysis嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria囊间丝hamathecium悬滴法hanging drop method乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg[噬菌体]头部head热固定heat fixation螺旋对称helical symmetry卷旋孢子helicospore辅助病毒helper virus血细胞吸附hemadsorption, HD血凝抑制hemagglutination inhibition 血细胞凝集hemagglutination, HA 血凝素hemagglutinin半担子hemibasidium溶血素hemolysin溶血试验hemolytic test除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin隔担子heterobasidium异形[囊]胞heterocyst异型发酵heterofermentation异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria异形配子heterogamete异配生殖heterogamy异源性heterology异宗配合heterothallism异养菌heterotrophic bacteria异养潜能heterotrophic potential 异养演替heterotrophic succession 异养heterotrophy杂合[现象] heterozygosis异形合子heterozygote[病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr高倍物镜high power objective变异H-O variation H-O固着器holdfast无隔担子holobasidium全型holomorph全霉素holomycin 同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria同担子homobasidium同型发酵homofermentation同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage同源性homology同宗配合homothallism[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium宿主范围突变株host range mutant透明质酸酶hyaluronidase硫化氢试验hydrogen sulfide production test产氢菌hydrogenogens氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria潮霉素hygromycin子实层hymenium子实层体hymenophore菌丝hypha虫菌体hyphal body菌丝段hyphal fragment溶菌丝作用hypholytic action附着枝hyphopodium休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium休眠孢子hypnospore下担子hypobasidium地下真菌hypogeal fungi下子座hypostroma囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium缝裂壳hyste二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 鉴定identification 特需营养要求型idiotroph岛霉素ilamycin固定化细胞immobilized cell免疫粘连血凝测定immune adherence hemagglutination assay, IAHA半知菌imperfect fungi原位培养in situ cultivation体外in vitro体内in vivo烧灼灭菌incineration rothecium包含体inclusion body内含颗粒inclusion granule培养箱incubator墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining指示菌indicator土著区系indigenous flora土著菌群indigenous flora吲哚试验indole test诱发变异induced variation[可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage菌裙indusium工业微生物学industrial microbiology传染infection感染infection侵染infection感染中心infectious center侵染中心infectious center半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50 侵染剂量infective dose, ID 感染剂量infective dose, ID侵染性infectivity感染性infectivity[衣原体]始体initial body接种环inoculating loop接种针inoculating needle接种箱inoculation hood接种inoculation, inoculating, inoculate接种物inoculum无囊盖类inoperculatae干扰[现象] interference干扰素interferon国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer肠道细菌intestinal bacteria 芽孢内膜intine胞内酶intracellular enzyme 侵袭力invasiveness倒置显微镜invert microscope 衰老型involution form虹彩病毒irido virus铁细菌iron bacteria同形配子囊isogametangium 同形配子isogamete同配生殖isogamy分离isolation分离培养基isolation medium 同形孢子isospore 天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin致死颗粒killer particle柯斯特染料Koester‘s stain日本酒曲koji曲酸kojic acid克氏瓶Kolle flask科氏试验Kolmer test柯氏氧化酶试剂Kovac‘s oxidase reagent柯氏试剂Kovac‘s reagent延滞期lag phaseλ噬菌体lambda particles phage蓝氏链球菌分群试验Lancefield‘sstreptococcal grouping test兔化法lapinization兔化毒lapinized virus[病毒]晚期基因late genes[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein潜伏病毒latent virus菌苔lawn渗漏突变体leaky mutant豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson‘s flagella staining透镜lens麻风菌素lepromin杀白细胞素leucocidin白细胞溶素leucolysin 柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides液体曲liquid koji液体培养基liquid medium液氮保藏[法] liquid nitrogen cryopreservation液态发酵liquid state fermentation无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria石蕊牛奶litmus milk活菌苗live bacterial vaccine活疫苗live vaccine子囊腔locule吕氏甲烯蓝Lo effler‘s methylene blue吕氏血清培养基Loeffler‘s serum medium对数期log phase丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha低倍物镜low power objective弱毒株low virulent strain鲁戈氏碘液Lugol‘s iodine solution 发光细菌luminous bacteria冻干[保藏]法lyophilization[噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition溶原现象lysogenesis溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria溶原性转换lysogenic conversion 溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin溶菌酶lysozyme 裂解周期lytic cycle细菌L-型L-form of bacterium辅酶M coenzyme M麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello‘s staining麦氏培养基MacConkey medium大分生孢子macroconidium放大率magnification主发酵main fermentation孔雀石绿溶液malachite green solution[马]鼻疽菌素试验mallein test麦芽汁malt wort曼德勒尔滤器Mandler filter手动气锁manual airlock海洋微生物学marine microbiology醪液mash异染粒matachromatic granules交配型mating type美登素maytenin肉膏meat extract医学微生物学medical microbiology 培养基medium薄膜滤器membrane filter疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes柱孢子囊merosporangium中温菌mesophilic bacteria间体mesosome半自养mesotrophy代谢共栖metabiosis甲烷粒体methanochondria 产甲烷菌methanogen产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis甲基红试验methyl red test甲烯蓝还原试验methylene blue reduction test甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria甲基营养methylotrophy酒霉素methymycin梗基metulae微需氧菌microaerobe微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry 微生物生态学microbial ecology微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide微生物生理学microbial physiology 微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微体microbody微荚膜microcapsule小分生孢子microconidium微包囊microcyst微生物区系microflora显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator微量营养micronutrient微生物microorganism显微镜microscope显微镜集光器microscope condenser 镜检microscopic examination显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test微孔滤器millipore filter最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD 光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin混合培养mixed cultivation混合培养物mixed culture霉菌mold, mould柔膜细菌mollicutes莫能菌素monensin单形现象monomorphism单鞭毛菌monotricha[噬菌体]畸形体monster形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar最大机率法most probable number method, MPNM最大机率数most probable number, MPN粘液型菌落mucoid colony多分体病毒multicomponent virus多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus复分裂multiple fission胞壁酸muramic acid毒蝇碱muscarine蘑菇mushrooms 诱变剂mutagen诱变mutagenesis突变体mutant突变mutation互利共栖mutualism菌丝酰胺mycelianamide菌丝体mycelium菌丝球mycelium pellet真菌中毒mycetism含菌细胞mycetosome杀真菌剂mycocide[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle 分枝菌酸mycolic acid真菌学mycology菌霉素mycomycin真菌噬菌体mycophage霉酚酸mycophenolic acid菌根mycorrhiza菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi真菌毒素mycotoxin真菌病毒mycovirus麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin 真菌醇mykol粘孢子myxospore裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion天然培养基natural medium暗霉素nebramycin致坏死寄生物necroparsite坏死病毒necrosis virus负染[色法] negative staining 负链negative strand内氏小体Negri‘s body新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin神经氨酸酶neuraminidase神经毒性neurotoxicity神经毒素neurotoxin神经毒力neurovirulence无关共栖neutralism中和试验neutralization test根瘤菌剂nitragin硝酸盐还原试验nitrate reduction test 硝化作用nitrification硝化细菌nitrobacteria氮平衡nitrogen balance固氮作用nitrogen fixation固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria诺卡菌素nocardin结节状菌丝nodular mycelium无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha正常菌群normal flora新生霉素novobiocin核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV核壳nucleocapsid类核nucleoid数值分类法numerical taxonomy营养琼脂nutrient agar营养肉汤nutrient broth制霉菌素nystatin 菌体抗原O antigen物镜objective专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe赭曲毒素ochratoxin目镜ocular目镜测微计ocular micrometer[流感病毒] O-D相变异O-D variation 粉孢子梗oidiophore粉孢子oidium油浸物镜oil immersion objective老培养物old culture旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT竹桃霉素oleandomycin微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action 微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria 肿瘤病毒oncovirus一步生长[曲线] one step growth卵配子oogamete藏卵器oogonium卵菌oomycetes卵质ooplasm卵球oosphere卵孢子oospore敞口发酵open fermentation开放生长系统open growth system 操纵子operon蛇孢菌素ophiobollin机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen 有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria 嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria 孔口ostiole牛津杯Oxford cup氧化酶试验oxidase test需氧量oxygen requirement生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria向氧性oxytropism古微生物学paleomicrobiology 泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus侧丝paraphysis类侧丝paraphysoid准性生殖parasexuality寄生parasitism伴胞晶体parasporal crystal巴龙霉素paromomycin过客病毒passenger virus巴氏效应Pasteur effect巴氏消毒法pasteurization病原体pathogen致病性pathogenicity致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar展青霉素patulin梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium 果胶酶pectinase菌膜pellicle[病毒]侵入penetration青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin青霉素酶penicillinase 帚状枝penicillus[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons包膜突起peplomerbody肽聚糖peptidoglycan[蛋白]胨peptone[蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium完全真菌perfect fungi产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin包被peridium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella壁膜间隙periplasmic space子囊壳perithecium周[鞭]毛菌peritricha通透酶permease鼠疫菌素pesticin培养皿Petri dish石油微生物学petroleum microbiology 费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer‘s phenomenon 噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin相差显微镜phase contrast microscope 噬粒phasmid石炭酸系数phenol coefficient表型phenotype表型混杂phenotypic mixing瓶梗phialide 瓶梗孢子phialospore磷平衡phosphorus balance光同化作用photo-assimilation光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria 光能自养photoautotrophy光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria光能有机营养photoorganotrophy光复活作用photoreactivation光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria 趋光性phototaxis光养菌phototrophic bacteria 光营养phototrophy向光性phototropism有隔担子phragmobasidium 多隔孢子phragmospore藻胆素phycobilin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin 噬藻体phycophage叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism 植物杀菌素phytocidin毒植物素phytotoxin菌盖pileus菌毛蛋白pilin[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein菌毛pilus游动合子planozygote蚀斑plaque噬斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU 噬斑突变株plaque mutants质粒plasmid质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility 平板plate平板培养plate cultivation平板培养物plate culture平板划线plate streaking平板接种plating肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin 肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin痘疱试验pock assay毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph [噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead多角体蛋白polyhedrin多角体polyhedron多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus 多形现象polymorphism多态[现象] polymorphism多粘菌素polymyxin 多氧菌素polyoxin[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath聚硅酸盐平板polysilicate plate多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine 多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate混合分型血清pooled typing serum孔出孢子porospore正链positive strand马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂potato dextrose agar, PDA倾注培养[法] pour plate method捕食真菌predacious fungi捕食作用predation前原噬菌体preprophage原始培养物primary culture前发酵primary fermentation 原发性感染原primary invader 原生演替primary succession 灵菌红素prodigiosin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection原配子囊progametangium原配子progamete始祖生物progenote原核生物prokaryote启动子promotor原噬菌体prophage原孢子囊prosporangium 蛋白质包膜protein envelope原生生物protista原生生物学protistology原担子protobasidium初级合作protocooperation原生植物protophyte原生质体protoplast原生质体融合protoplast fusion原生质体再生protoplast regeneration 原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus原生动物protozoan原生动物学protozoology原病毒provirus假菌丝体pseudomycelium拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan拟包被pseudoperidium假隔膜pseudoseptum假型病毒pseudotype virus假病毒体pseudovirion嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria纯培养pure cultivation纯培养物pure culture纯化purification纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD紫膜purple membrane紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 腐败putrefaction器孢子pycnidiospore分生孢子器pycnidium[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium器菌核pycnosclerotium绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein核菌pyrenomycetes致热原pyrogen曲Qu(raw starter)荚膜膨胀试验quellung test球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE受体recipient重组体recombinant重组recombination重组子recon重分配redistribution再接种reinoculation影印培养法replica plating复制replication病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle复制子replicon生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor抗药因子resistance factor 耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF分辨率resolving power静息细胞resting cell局限转导restricted transduction逆[转]录病毒retro virus沤麻retting疫苗再接种revaccination逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase 制反转录酶素revistin根霉促进素rhizopin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin立克次氏体rickettsia利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin环状染色体ring chromosome瑞斯托菌素ristocetin杆菌rod滚管培养法rolling tube cultivation 滚管技术rolling tube technique根瘤root nodule根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria蔷薇霉素rosamicin粗糙型菌落rough colony粗糙型rough type红比霉素rubidomycin瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology 锈病rust disease锈菌rust fungi沙氏葡萄糖琼脂Sabouraud‘s dextrose agar糖化剂sacchariferous agents糖化作用saccharification相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin沙门-志贺氏琼脂Salmonella-Shigella agar, S.S.agar腐生菌saprophytic bacteria腐生营养saprophytic nutrition腐生现象saprophytism八叠球菌sarcina肉瘤霉素sarkomycin卫星病毒satellite virus卫星现象satellitism扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM裂殖schizogenesis裂殖植物schizophyte菌核sclerotium线形孢子scolecospore暗细菌scotobacteria次生菌落secondary colony后发酵secondary fermentation继发性感染原secondary invader次生菌丝体secondary mycelium次生演替secondary succession扇形突变secter mutation种子罐seeding tank 酒母seeding yeast赛氏[细菌]滤器Seitz filter选择性培养基selective medium半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation半固体培养基semisolid medium半合成培养基semisynthetic medium 敏化细菌sensitized bacteria有隔菌丝septate hypha隔膜septum血清学鉴定serological identification 血清学特异性serological specificity 血清型serotype血清变型serovar刚毛seta性因子sex factor性丝sex pilus摇合培养shake cultivation振荡培养shake cultivation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation 鞘sheath鞘细菌sheathed bacteria制唾酸酶素siastatin嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria青贮饲料silage单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus 紫苏霉素sisomicin斜面培养slant cultivation斜面培养物slant culture载玻片slide 玻片培养slide cultivation玻片培养物slide culture粘细菌slime bacteria粘液层slime layer粘菌slime mold, slime mould慢病毒slow virus涂片smear光滑型菌落smooth colony光滑型smooth type黑粉病smut disease黑粉菌smut fungi土壤微生物学soil microbiology固体培养基solid medium固态发酵solid state fermentation 比生长速率specific growth rate无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin精子团spermatium精子器spermogonium球状胞sphaerocyst原生质球spheroplast刺突spike螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium螺旋霉素spiramycin螺[旋]菌spirilla酸败spoilage自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis孢囊果sporangiocarp 小孢子囊sporangiole孢囊柄sporangiophore孢囊孢子sporangiospore孢[子]囊sporangium孢子spore芽孢spore孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print杀芽孢剂sporicide分生孢子座sporodochium有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 孢子梗sporophore孢原质sporoplasm孢子形成sporulation芽孢形成sporulation。
生物专业术语
生物专业术语Activate 激活Adaptation 适应性Aerobic 需氧的Amino acid 氨基酸Anaerobic 厌氧的Anatomy 解剖学Atom 原子Biology 生物学Blood 血液Boil煮沸Bone 骨骼Carnivore 食肉动物Catalyst 催化剂Cell 细胞Charge 电荷Chemical bond 化学键Chromosome 染色体Clamp 夹钳Concentration 浓缩Concept 概念Conservation 保存Consumer 消费者Cycle 循环Data 数据Decay 腐烂Dehydrate 脱水Derive 起源于Derivation DNA 脱氧核糖核酸Dominant 主导的Ecosystem 生态系统Egg 卵子Electron 电子Embryo 胚胎Energy 能量Enlarge 增大Evolution 进化Experiment 实验Extinct 灭绝Extract 提取Fertilization 受精Formula 公式，准则Friction 摩擦Gauge 计量器Genes 基因Graph 图表Habitat 栖息地Herbivore 食草动物Hereditary 遗传的Heterogeneous 异种的Homogeneous 同种的Hypothesis 假设Invertebrate 无脊椎动物Mass 质量Matter 物质Meiosis （细胞）成熟分裂Melt 熔化Dissolve 溶解Microscope 显微镜Mitosis （细胞）有丝分裂Neutron 中子Nucleus 细胞核Omnivore 杂食动物Organism 有机体Parasite 寄生虫PH scale 酸碱度比例Phenotype 显性Photosynthesis 光合作用Pigment 色素Pollination 授粉作用Pressure 压力Probability 几率Proportion 比例Protein 蛋白质Proton 质子Radiate 放射Reaction 反应/反作用Recessive 隐性性状Recycle 再循环Reproduction 生殖/再生Shell 剥皮Skeleton 骨架Solid 固体的。
AP Biology 生物学术语(中英对照)
homeostasis 稳态 organisms regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival; a characteristic of all living things. process of maintaing equilibrium in cells internal environments
technology 科技 application of scientific research to societys needs and problems
ecology 生态学 scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments
environment 环境 biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust; includes air, water, weather, temperature, other organisms and many other factors.
The Dynamics of Life
Chapter 1&2 1. biology 生物学 The study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.
2. organism 生物 Anything that possesses all the characteristics of life; all organisms have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow, develop, and adjust to changes in the environment.
生物类中英文术语对照
第一章细胞遗传学基础细胞（cell）细胞膜（cell membrane）质膜（plasma membrane，plasmalemma）细胞质（cytoplasm）细胞器（organelle）基质（cytoplasmic matrix）线粒体（mitochondria）内质网（endoplasimic，ER）粗面内质网（rough reticulum，rER）滑面内质网（smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）高尔基体（Golgi body）中心体（centrosome）核糖体（ribosome）附着核糖体（attached ribosomes）游离核糖体（free ribosomes）核膜（nuclear membrane）核基质（nuclear matrix）核液（nuclear sap）核仁（nucleolus）染色质（chromatin）常染色质（euchromatin）异染色质（heterochromatin）结构异染色质（constitutive heterochromatin）兼性异染色质（facultative heterochromatin）染色体（chromosome）着丝粒（centromere）主缢痕（primary constriction）中着丝粒染色体（metacentric chromosome）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentric 近端着丝粒染色体（subtelocentric 端着丝粒（te locentric chromosome）次缢痕（secondary constriction）随体（satellite）端粒（telomere）核小体（nucleosome）螺线体（solenoid）单倍体（haploidy）多倍体（polyploid）异源多倍体（allopolyploid）同源多倍体（autopolyploid）双精受精（disperm y）合子（zygote）组成型多倍体（constitutional polyploid）缺倍体（nulliploid）非整倍性（aneuploi dy）亚倍体（hypoploid）单体性（monosomy）缺对性（nullisomy）超二倍体（hyperploid）三体性（trisomy）双三体性（ditrisomy）四体性（tetrasomy），染色体不分离（nondisjunction）后期延迟（anaphase lag）后期延迟运动（delayed movement，lagging）混倍性（mixoploidy）镶嵌型（mosaicism）嵌合型（chimerism）细胞（cell）细胞膜（cell membrane）质膜（plasma membrane，plasmalemma）细胞质（cytoplasm）细胞器（organelle）基质（cytoplasmic matrix）线粒体（mitochondria）内质网（endoplasimic，ER）粗面内质网（rough reticulum，rER）滑面内质网（smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）高尔基体（Golgi body）中心体（centrosome）核糖体（ribosome）附着核糖体（attached ribosomes）游离核糖体（free ribosomes）核膜（nuclear membrane）核基质（nuclear matrix）核液（nuclear sap）核仁（nucleolus）染色质（chromatin）常染色质（euchromatin）异染色质（heterochromatin）结构异染色质（constitutive heterochromatin）兼性异染色质（facultative heterochromatin）染色体（chromosome）着丝粒（centromere）主缢痕（primary constriction）中着丝粒染色体（metacentric chromosome）近中着丝粒染色体（submetacentric 近端着丝粒染色体（subtelocentric 端着丝粒（te locentric chromosome）次缢痕（secondary constriction）随体（satellite）端粒（telomere）核小体（nucleosome）螺线体（solenoid）超螺线体（super solenoid）核型（karyotype）核型分析（karyotype analysis）核型模式图（idiogram）C分带（centromere banding）Q分带（quinacrine banding）G分带（Giemsa banding）R分带（reverse banding）N分带（N banding）高分辨显带（high-resolution banding）细胞周期（cell cycle）间期（interphase）有丝分裂（mitosis）减数分裂（meiosis）有丝分裂期（M phase）细线期（leptonema）凝线期（synizesis）偶线期（zygonema）联会（synapsis）联会复合体（synapt onemal complex，SC）粗线期（pachynema）双价体（bivalent）双线期（diplonema）交叉端化（terminalization of chiasmata）终变期（diakinesis）浓缩期（diakinesis）染色体重建（chromosome reconstruction）缺失（deletion）重复（duplication）倒位（inversion）易位（translocation）中间缺失（interstitial deletion）假显性现象（pseudo dominance）顺接重复（tandem duplication）反接重复（reverse duplication）不等交换（unequal crossing over）剂量效应（dosage effect）臂内倒位（paracentric inversion）臂间倒位（pericentric inversion）简单易位（simple translocation）相互易位（reciprocal transloca tion）移位易位（shift translocation）复合易位（complex translocation）等臂染色体（isochromosome）第二章分子遗传学基础基因gene 外显子exon内含子intron 基因组genome密码子codon 起始密码子initiator同义密码子synonym 多义密码子ambiguous codon核糖体ibosome 表观基因组学epigenomics启动子promoter 增强子enhancer沉默子silencer 化学修饰chemical modification基因突变gene mutation) 碱基base回复突变reversion) 暗修复dark repair)切除修复excision repair) 缺口修复gap repair错配修复mismatch repair 重组recombination同源重组homologous recombination 转座transposition限制性核酸内切酶restriction endonuclease 载体vector第三章免疫遗传学基础免疫力immunity 免疫防immunologic defence自我稳定homeostasis 自身免疫病autoimmune disease非特异性免疫non-special immunity 特异性免疫special immunity免疫应答immune response 细胞免疫应答cellular immune respons 免疫系统immune system 免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin (Ig)抗体antibody (Ab) 结构域domain型群phenogroup 调理作用opsonization基因簇gene cluster 重组信号序列recombination signal sequence (RSS) 类别转换class switch 同种型转换isotype switch质量性状qualititative character 遗传descendiblity heredity inherit 染色体chromosome 性染色体sex chromosome常染色体euchromosome 伴性遗传sex-linked inheritance限性遗传sex—limited inheritance 从性遗传sex—influenced inheritance 血型blood group 显性上位作用dominant epistasis隐性上位作用recessive epistasis 重叠作用duplicate effect基因座位gene locus 等位基因allele复等位基因multiple alleles 上位基因epistatic gene性连锁基因sex-linked gene 显性性状dominant characters隐性性状recessive characters 育种breeding杂交育种cross breeding 伴性基因sex-linked genes隐性纯合子allozygote 杂合子heterozygote显性基因dominant gene 隐性基因recessive gene就巢性broodiness自别雌雄auto-sexing 骡鸭mule duck测交test cross 隐性致死recessive lethal半致死基因semi-lethal gene 标记基因marker gene父本male parent 母本female parent繁殖力fecundity 遗传效应genctic effect杂交优势heterotic vigor 经济性状practical characters碱基对base pair 遗传缺陷genetic defects下位基因hypostatic gene 基因文库gene library完全显性complete dominance 不完全显性incomplete dominance共显性codominance 连锁遗传linkage inheritance数量性状quantitative trait 表型值phenotypic value基因型值genotypic value 数量性状基因座quantitative trait locus主效基因major gene 上位效应epistatic effect系统环境效应systimatic evirenmental effect 随机环境效应randomatic envirenmental effect 加性效应additive effect 显性效应dominance effect育种值breeding value 重复力repeatability遗传力heritability 遗传相关g enetic correlation表型相关phenotypic correlation 环境相关environmental correlation广义遗传力heritability in the broad sense 狭义遗传力heritability in the narrow sense实现遗传力realized habitability最大可能生产力most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)持久性环境效应permanent environment effect暂时性环境效应temporary environmental coefficient组内相关系数intra-class correlation coefficient最大似然法maximum Likelihood ( ML)约束最大似然法restricted Maximum likelihood (REML)最小范数二次无偏估计法minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (INQUE)最小方差二次无偏估计法minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation, (MIVQUE)最佳线性无偏预测best Linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)最佳线性无偏估计best linear unbiased estimation (BLUP)混合模型方程mixed model equation (ME)方差分析analysis of variance (ANOV A) 类方差分析法ANOV A-like method第六章动物生长发育的规律生长growth 生长中心growth center 发育development胚胎期term of embryo 生后期term of birth after累积生长accumulation growth 相对生长relative growth绝对生长absolute growth 生长波growth wave第七章性别决定与性别控制雄异配型male heterogamety 雌异配型female heterogamety异配性别heterogametic sex 同配性别homogametic sex性反转sex-reversal 半合基因hemizygous gene从性遗传sex-conditioned inheritance 限性遗传sex-limited inheritanc伴性遗传或性连锁遗传sex-linked inheritance睾丸决定因子(TDF) testis determining factor拟（伪）常染色体区域( PAR) pseudoautosomal-regionY染色体性别决定区sex-determiningregion of Y chromosome第二性征（副性征）secondary sexual character第八章遗传病与遗传病控制染色体病chromosomal disease 线粒体遗传病mitochondrial disease单基因遗传病monogenetic disease 多基因遗传病polygenetic or multigene disorder 失显non penetrance 不完全外显incomplete dominance不规则外显irreqular dominance并蹄syndactylism 多趾polydactylism性连锁遗传病sex-linked disorder 抗病育种breeding for disease resistance性转变sex reversal 诱变剂mutagen断裂剂clastogen 致畸剂teratogen猪的应激综合征porcine stress syndrome (PSS)恶性高热综合症milignant hyperthermia syndrome (MHS)常染色体显性遗传autosomal dominant disorder常染色体隐性遗传病autosomal recessive disorder第九章畜禽品种物种species 品种breed 品系strain, line专用品种special-purpose breed 兼用品种dual-purpose breed海福特牛Hereford 夏洛莱牛charolais利木赞牛limousine 安格斯牛angus阿伯丁-安格斯牛aberdeen-angus 契安尼娜牛chianina荷斯坦牛Holstein 中国荷斯坦牛china holstein西门塔尔牛Simmental 尼里-拉维水牛nili-ravi世界西门塔尔牛联合会WSF 澳洲美利奴羊australian merino丹麦红牛danish red 摩拉水牛murrah婆罗门牛Brahman 圣格鲁迪牛santa gertrudis肉牛王beefmaster 婆朗格斯牛brangus婆罗福特牛braford 西门婆罗牛simbrah夏白雷ch arbray辛地红牛red sindhi纯血马thoroughbred 阿尔登马ardennes超细毛型super fine merino 细毛型fine merino中毛型medium wool merino 强毛型strong wool merino罗姆尼羊romney marsh 无角陶赛特羊poll dorset萨福克羊Suffolk 诺福克羊norfolk考力代羊corriedale 夏洛莱羊charollais萨能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angora goat努比亚山羊Nubian 波尔山羊boer goat大白猪large white 长白猪landrace杜洛克猪duroc 汉普夏猪hampshire皮特兰猪pietrain隐性白羽鸡recessive white来航鸡leghorn 罗斯褐蛋鸡ross brown layer海波罗肉鸡hybro broilers 咔叽·康贝尔鸭khaki campbell ducks 枫叶鸭maple ducks 樱桃谷肉鸭cherry valley meat ducks 莱茵鹅rhine geese 郎德鹅landoise geese王鸽king pigeons 非洲鸵鸟african ostriches美国七彩雉鸡american seven-colour common pheasants第十章动物生产性能测定生产性能测定performance testing猪应激综合征porcine stress syndrome （PSS）测定站测定station test 场内测定on-farm test肉用家畜butcher’s beast肉嫩度meat tenderness体尺测量body measurement 线性外貌评定linear classification system 产奶量milk yield 排乳速度milking rate产蛋性能egg laying performance 蛋品质egg quality羊毛品质wool quality 繁殖性能breeding performance第十一章质量性状选择原理与方法质量性状qualitative trait 选择selection显性基因dominant gene 隐性基因recessive gene伴性遗传sex-linked inheritance 测交test cross随机交配群体mendelian population or randomized mating population检验概率probability of detection第十二章数量性状的选择原理与方法多性状的选择multiple-trait selection 单性状的选择single trait selection间接选择indirect selection 直接选择direct selection表型值phenotypic value 选择差selection differential选择反应selection response 选择强度selection intensity选择指数selection index 顺序选择tandem selection独立淘汰independent Culling （level）家系family家系内选择intra-family selection 家系选择family selection遗传进展genetic gain 数量遗传学quantitative genetics阈模型threshold model 阈性状threshold trait阈值threshold value 遗传同化genetic assimilation第十三章个体遗传评定分子血缘相关阵numerator relationship matrix估计育种值estimated breeding value （EBV）估计传递力estimated transmitting ability （ETA）相对育种值relative breeding value （RBV）最佳线性无偏预测best linear unbiased prediction （BLUP）混合模型方程组法mixed model equations （MME）综合育种值total breeding value 经济加权值economic weight系谱测定pedigree testing 同胞测定sib testing后裔测定progeny testing 顺序选择法tandem selection独立淘汰法independent culling 综合选择指数selection index动物模型animal model 公畜模型sire model公畜-母畜模型sire-dam model 外祖父模型maternal grandsire model 孟德尔抽样Mendelian sampling 对数据迭代iteration on data生产质量quality of production第十四章交配系统交配体制mating system 交配系统mating system选型交配ssortative mating 同型交配positive assorrtative mating异型交配negative assortative mating 近交衰退inbreeding depression近交inbreeding 远交outbreeding生长growth 繁殖reproduce适应性adaptability 活力vigor敏感susceptible 遗传致死因子hereditary lethals近交系数inbreeding coefficient 亲缘系数coefficient of relationship畸形abnormalities 环境条件critical environmental conditions第十五章杂交体系与杂种优势的利用级进杂交grading crossing 导入杂交Introduction crossing育成杂交rearing crossing 简单经济杂交simple corssing三元杂交three—way crossing 轮回杂交rotational crossing顶交top crossing 生产性双杂交double cross近交系inbred line 专门化品系specialized strain合成系synthetic strain 杂种优势heterosis一般配合力general combining ability 特殊配合力specific combining ability 双列杂交（diallel crossing）合成群体synthetic population相互轮回选择reciprocal recurrent selection第十六章品种与品系培育艾维因avian 单系monooringinator line迪卡delcalb 地方品系local line，local strain地方品种local breed 父系sire line近交系inbred line 母系dam line品系strain，line 品系繁育1ine breeding品种breed 群系polygenesic line通用品系general purpose line 物种species育成杂交crossbreeding for formation a new breed正反交反复选择法reciprocal Recurrent Selection中国荷斯坦牛chinese Holstein 专门化品系specialized line群体遗传学population genetics 基因频率gene frequency基因库gene pool 随机交配random mating遗传漂变genetic drift 群体有效含量population effective size 保种breeds conservation 平均数mean质量性状qualitative character 数量性状quantitative character数量遗传学quantitative genetics 标准差standard deviation加性效应additive effect 显性效应dominant effect变异系数coefficient of variation 相关系数correlation coefficient纯合子homozygote 杂合子heterozygote表型值phenotype value 育种值breeding value遗传力heritability 遗传相关genetic correlation育种breeding 繁育体系breeding & multiplication system纯种purebred 品种退化degeneration品群variety population 群体继代选育法systematic breeding家系family 纯种繁育pure breeding杂交繁育cross breeding 系谱pedigree后裔测验progeny test 种畜breeding stock选种selection 世代间隔generation interval遗传进展genetic progress, genetic advance 个体选择individual selection家系选择family selection 综合指数选择法comprehensive index method 选配mating system 近交inbreeding同质选配mating like to like 异质选配mating unlike to unlike近交系数inbreeding coefficient 杂交crossing杂种crossbred, hybrid 杂种优势heterosis, hybrid vigor配合力combining ability第十七章动物遗传资源保护与利用遗传资源genetic resources 生物多样性genetic diversity物种入侵species invade 形态学morphological平均数mean 变异系数variation coefficient基因频率gene frequency 基因型频率genotype frequency参数parameter 平均杂合度average heterozygosity核苷酸多态性nucleotide polymorphism 系统发育phylogeny数据库database 生态系统ecosystem生物群落biopopulation 基因组genome数据库管理系统database management system 地理信息系geography information system 图象分析系统imaging analysis system 远程登陆Telnet internet家畜livestock 迁徙migration细胞库cell bank 细胞系cell line扩增片段长度多态性amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP）随机扩增多态DNA random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD）单位点微卫星多态性single locus microsatellite polymorphism序列标记微卫星sequence marker polymorphic遗传多样性保护genetic diversity conservationDNA单链构象多态性DNA single strand conformational polymorphism核苷酸替代平均数目nucleotide substitution average number第十八章现代生物技术与动物育种生物技术biotechnology 基因工程gene engineering蛋白质工程protein engineering 细胞工程cell engineering发酵工程fermentation engineering 人工授精artificial insemination (AI)胚胎移植embryo transfer ( ET) 核移植nuclear transplantation遗传标记genetic marker 免疫遗传标记immunogenetical marker型群phenogroup生化遗传标记biochemical genetic marker基因组genomics 基因芯片gene chip动物转基因技术transgenic technology or transgenesis第十九章动物育种规划与繁育体系育种规划breeding scheme 育种目标性状breeding goal traits育种目标breeding goal 经济加权系数economic weighting coefficients 遗传差距genetic lag 综合育种值total breeding value时间差距time lag 主动育种群active breeding herd贴现discount 基因流动法gene flow method边际效益marginal profit 传递矩阵transmission matrix育种效益breeding returns 育种投入量breeding costs选择周期cycle of selection 选择通径paths of selection第二十章动物育种数据管理与软件应用育种数据Breeding data 育种记录Breeding records校正因子Adjustment factors 加性校正因子Additive adjustment factors 乘性校正因子Multiplicative adjustment factors 遗传组模型Genetic group model Bartlett’s检验Bartlett’s test Levene's 检验Levene's test计量数据Quantitative data 计数数据Count data无序分类数据Unordered Categorical Data 有序分类数据Ordered Categorical Data方差组分V ariance components 非求导算法Derivative-free algorithmR法Method R 公畜模型Sire model协方差函数Covariance functions 随机回归模型Random regression model动物模型Animal model 重复力模型Repeatability model传递力Transmitting ability 遗传趋势Genetic trend母体效应模型Maternal effect model 母体遗传效应Maternal genetic effect母体永久环境效应Maternal permanent environmental effect最佳线性无偏估计Best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE)最佳线性无偏预测Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)约束最大似然法Restricted maximum likelihood期望最大化算法Expectation maximum algorithm平均信息算法A verage information algorithm马尔克夫链蒙特卡洛Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)Newton-Raphson（NR）算法Newton-Raphson（NR）algorithmFisher判分法（MSC）Method of scoring (MSC)Choleskey分解Choleskey decomposition数据库管理系统Database management system系统环境因素Systematic environmental factors。
关于生物及医学的英语术语
关于生物及医学的英语术语关于生物及医学的英语术语专业术语—生物及医学英语术语应用生物学 Applied Biology医学技术 Medical Technology细胞生物学 Cell Biology医学 Medicine生物学 Biology护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology口腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋生物学 Marine Biology口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences微生物学 Microbiology骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine分子生物学 Molecular Biology耳科学 Otology医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology理疗学 Physical Therapy口腔生物学 Oral Biology足病医学 Podiatric Medicine寄生物学 Parasitology眼科学 Ophthalmology植物生物学 Plant Physiology预防医学 Preventive Medicine心理生物学 Psychobiology放射学 Radiology放射生物学 Radiation Biology康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing野生生物学 Wildlife Biology外科护理学 Surgical Nursing环境生物学 Environmental Biology治疗学 Therapeutics运动生物学 Exercise Physiology畸形学 Teratology有机体生物学 Organismal Biology兽医学 Veterinary Sciences生物统计学 Biometrics牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences生物物理学 Biophysics牙科科学 Dentistry生物心理学 Biopsychology皮肤学 Dermatology生物统计学 Biostatistics内分泌学 Endocrinology生物工艺学 Biotechnology遗传学 Genetics生物化学 Biological Chemistry解剖学 Anatomy生物工程学 Biological Engineering麻醉学 Anesthesia生物数学 Biomathematics临床科学 Clinical Science生物医学科学 Biomedical Science临床心理学 Clinical Psychology细胞生物学和分子生物学 Cell and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing医学英语：生物及医学英语术语医学英语：生物及医学英语术语导语：医学英语又称医用英语，是主要针对医学、医药、病理方面的专业英语。
生物英文术语
Nucleus 细胞核Cytoplasm 细胞质Mitochondria 线粒体Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网（可简写为ER）Lysosome 溶酶体Vesicle 囊泡Cell membrane 细胞膜Ribosome 核糖体Modify 修饰，加工（用于描述蛋白质）Golgi body 高尔基体Adenosine triphosphate 即atp 三磷酸腺苷Biochemical reactions 生化反应Enzyme 酶Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Molecule 分子Blood/skin/nerve/ cell 血、皮肤、神经细胞multiply 繁殖cytoskeleton 细胞骨架kinesin proein 驱动蛋白（在细胞骨架上运输囊泡到细胞膜外的蛋白质）organelle 细胞器unicellular organism 单细胞生物multicellular organism 多细胞生物eukaryotic cell 真核细胞prokaryotic cell 原核细胞chloroplast 叶绿体chromosome 染色体chromotin 染色质nucleoplasm 核质membrane 膜smooth ER 光面内质网rough ER 粗面内质网polypeptide 多肽（注意这个跟蛋白质的区别）fold 折叠（肽链折叠后才能成蛋白质）lipid 脂质exocytosis 细胞外泌（胞吐）vacuole 液泡peroxisome 过氧化物酶体（里头有双氧水，可以杀菌）capsule 荚膜说DNA复制可以用COPY 也可以用duplicate 后者更专业Endosymbiotic theory 细胞共生理论Microscope 显微镜Magnify 放大Len 透镜Eye len 目镜Objective len 物镜Light source 光源Slide 载玻片Coverslip 盖玻片Electron microscope 电子显微镜Magnet 磁铁Soluble 可溶解的Genetic engineering 基因工程Characteristic 性状Hormone 激素Insulin 胰岛素Mutation 变异Radiation 辐射Microorganisms 微生物Clone 克隆Plasmid 质粒Vector DNA 特指基因工程中的转运基因的载体Sequence 序列分裂出的子细胞，叫daughter cell（老外怎么重女轻男）Parent cell 母体细胞Fertilise 受精Mitosis 有丝分裂Tissue 组织Cell cycle 细胞周期Interphase 分裂间期Prophase 分裂前期Metaphase 分裂中期Anaphase 分裂后期Telophase 分裂末期Flexiable 可流动的（细胞膜是可流动的膜结构）、Phospholipid 磷脂Cholesterol 固醇Lipid bilayer 磷脂双分子层Selective barrier 选择性通透结构Osmosis 渗透（简单扩散）Facilitated diffusion 协助扩散Active transport 主动运输Glucose 葡萄糖Chromatid 染色单体Centromere 着丝粒Fibre 纺锤丝Centriole 中心体Tumor 肿瘤Histamine 组胺Macrophage 巨噬细胞别偷懒，这些个词我大一时候全部背下来会拼的，而且一年过去了还记得百分之90。
生物化学专业术语英文解释
Active center. 活性中心A specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. Many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.Adenylyl cyclase. 腺苷酸环化酶An enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic AMP from ATP in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.Alanine-glucose cycle. 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环A cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.albumin. 清蛋白Albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. Another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.Allosteric enzyme. 变构酶Allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of all osteric effectors at an allosteric site. Allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an effect on enzymes.Allosteric regulation. 变构调节A type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. Allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. 氨基酰tRNA合成酶The enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific tRNA.Anticodon. 反密码子The template-recognition site on tRNA is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mRNA.Apoprotein. 载脂蛋白The protein moiety of a lipoprotein. They mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.Apoptosis. 细胞凋亡Programmed cell death. The programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. Typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. One or more endonucleases degrade DNA, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete DNA fragment on electrophoresis.Bile salts. 胆汁酸盐Salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. Since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the pH is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”Biotin. 生物素A cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. Most enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent addition of CO2 to a substrate (like acetyl-CoA carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.Calcitonin. 降钙素A 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. The dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. The hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of PTH-mediated calcium resorption.Calcium-binding protein. 钙结合蛋白1,25(OH)2-D3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mRNA that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “Calbindin”. Three distinct vitamin D-induced “Calbindin” have been isolated. Two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.Calmodulin. 钙调蛋白A ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. The binding of Ca2+ to multiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. Activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.cAMP. 环化腺苷一磷酸Second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Increased cAMP levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. Increases in the cAMP concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.cAMP-dependent protein kinase，PKA. 依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶Most effects of cyclic AMP in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. This key enzyme is called protein kinase A or cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.Capping. 帽子生成Putting a 7-methylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mRNA molecule. Capping is involved in the recognition of mRNA and may increase the stability of the RNA by preventing the attack of 5’exonuc leases.Carnitine shuttle. 肉碱穿梭Gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. Fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to makefatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. Once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to CoA and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.Catabolic pathway.分解代谢途径Degradative metabolism. Catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.Catabolic repression. 分解代谢阻遏Catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.Catabolite gene activator protein, CAP. 分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白A cAMP-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. It consists of two subunits, each of which contains a DNA-binding domain and a cAMP binding domain.cDNA library. cDNA文库A library is a collection of recombinant clones. cDNA library represents the population of mRNA in a tissue. See also cDNA.cDNA. 互补DNAComplementary DNA. cDNA copies from a population of cytoplasmic mRNA using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cDNA single strands to double-stranded DNA. The reverse transcriptase copies RNA templates into DNA-RNA hybrids. After the RNA in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded DNA may be produced by DNA polymerase. cDNA is a copy of an mRNA so that it contains only the exon sequences.cis-acting element. 顺式作用元件This word described the regulatory interactions between two DNA sequences on the same gene. An enhancer or repressor sequence in the DNA is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.cistron. 顺反子A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.Clone. 克隆Group of cells or sequences of DNA that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.Coding strand. 编码链The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as that of the RNA transcript except for T in place of U. It is so-called because it matches the RNA transcript that encodes the protein. The coding strand is also known as the sense strand.codon. 密码子Each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mRNA sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.Coenzyme. 辅酶A molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. The coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groups that are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.Competitive inhibition. 竞争性抑制Substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and result in raising the apparent Km for the substrate.. In competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.Configuration. 构型The stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.Conformation. 构象Differences in rotation around bonds. The conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.Conjugated bilirubin. 结合胆红素Adding glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin. Hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.Cosmid vector. 柯斯质粒载体A special class of artificially constructed E.coli plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.Creatine kinase. 肌酸激酶Kinases incorporate phosphate from ATP into the substrate. Creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.de novo synthesis. 从头合成Biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.degenerate. 简并More than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.Denaturation. 变性Destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, DNA, or RNA molecule.DNA damage. DNA损伤DNA damage is that changes in the DNA sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens，which alters one or more nucleotides in DNA.DNA polymerase. DNA聚合酶The principal synthetic enzyme, DNA polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing addition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phos phates to the primer 3’ends. Synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.DNA Replication. DNA复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Domain. 结构域Some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. These compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s structures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.Effector. 效应剂A class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. The binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.Enhancer. 增强子The sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. Enhancers have no promoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.Enterohepatic circulation. 肠肝循环The primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. The secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) . 表皮生长因子Epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Essential amino acid. 必需氨基酸The amino acids that humans can not synthesize. The human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.exon. 外显子Regions that are retained in the mature RNA.FAD. 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. FAD is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions.Fat. 脂肪Mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. The adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. The fatty acids are thentransported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.Feedback inhibition . 反馈抑制Feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.Ferritin. 铁蛋白Intracellular form of iron storage. It stores iron that can be used as condition requires.FH4. 四氢叶酸Tetrahydrofolate. A reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.Gene. 基因A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron. Also see cistron.Genome. 基因组Total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.Genomic DNA library. 基因组DNA文库Fragments of DNA from the genome of some organism. They are prepared from the total DNA of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total DNA with a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA frequently. It contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in DNA.Glucogenic amino acid. 生糖氨基酸The amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.Gluconeogenesis. 糖异生Making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. The term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.Glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle. a-磷酸甘油穿梭Get electron from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 2 ATPs can be made by oxidation of the NADH. The enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chain via a flavoprotein.Glycolysis. 酵解Metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. In the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.Gout. 痛风It is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. Though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), it is not sole cause of the disease.Growth factor. 生长因子Small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. The factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. Examples of secreted cytokines are EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.Guide RNA. 指导RNAGuide RNA is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mRNA.Hairpin structure. 发夹结构A double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of DNA or RNA.Helicase. 解链酶An enzyme whose activity involved in DNA replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.Heme. 血红素A cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. Heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. Heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome P450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site.Hemoglobin. 血红蛋白Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.Hexokinase. 己糖激酶Responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.hnRNA. 不均一核内RNAHeterogeneous nuclear RNA. They are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mRNA, which has both the intron and exon sequences.Hormone response element, HRE. 激素反应元件A specific DNA sequences capable of binding activated receptors. These elements regulate the gene expression. Both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through HREs, but the initial reactions are different.Housekeeping gene. 管家基因The genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.Induction. 诱导Synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. For example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.Intron. 内含子The mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. The primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mRNA. Regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.Isoelectric point. 等电点The pH at which a molecule has a net zero charge.Isomerase. 异构酶An enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.Isozyme. 同工酶Distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. Separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.Jaundice. 黄疸When bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues, which then became yellow. The condition is called jaundice.Ketogenic amino acid. 生酮氨基酸An amino acid that yields only acetyl-CoA. They can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.Ketone bodies. 酮体Acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. At high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. The former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone. Ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.Km. 米氏常数If an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the Km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.Ligase. 连接酶A ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of DNA covalently. DNA ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.Lipids. 脂类Lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth. It is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.Malate-Aspartate shuttle. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭Gets electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 3 ATPs can be produced by oxidation of the NADH.Mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( MAPK). 有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.Messenger RNA (mRNA). 信使RNAThe RNA in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. The primary RNA transcript is processed to mRNA by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.NAD+-NADH. 辅酶INicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADH is an electron carrier. NAD+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three ATPs and H2O.Nicotinic acid. 尼克酸A vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of NAD+ and NADP+. Dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. Humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan.Non-competitive inhibition. 非竞争性抑制In non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal Km.Nucleosides. 核苷A nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose.Nucleotides. 核苷酸A nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. Phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.Okazaki fragment. 冈崎片段The short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by DNA ligase, are called Okazaki fragment after their discoverer.Oncogene. 癌基因Oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. Many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.Operator. 操纵序列The operator is a DNA segment adjacent to the structural genes. The binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.Operon. 操纵子A collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the DNA. This arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed for a common job. It should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.Osteomalacia. 软骨病Osteomalacia is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.Oxidation. 氧化When something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. With removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. So oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.Oxidative phosphorylation. 氧化磷酸化The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) . 甲状旁腺素Parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. The biological actions of PTH are related to regulate calcium metabolism.Pentose phosphate pathway. 磷酸戊糖途径An alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The pathway generates both NADPH for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.Peptide bond. 肽键The bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.Phospholipase C. 磷脂酶CThe activation of the phospholipase C is mediated by G protein. The active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase C. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.Plasmid. 质粒Independently replicating circular pieces of DNA whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.Platelet-derived growth factor. 血小板源生长因子Platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Point mutation. 点突变It is cause by a single base change of DNA gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger RNA, a structural abnormality of gene expression.Polycistronic mRNA. 多顺反子mRNAA single mRNA that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mRNA, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.Polypeptide chain. 多肽链Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, i.e. N-terminal and C-terminal respectively.Polyribosome. 多核糖体An mRNA molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. Many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously.Primary transcript.初级转录本Primary transcript is the original unmodified RNA product corresponding to a transcription unit.Primase. 引物酶Primase catalyzes polymerization of ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form RNA primers. The sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of DNA and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.Promoter. 启动子Promoter is a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.Prosthetic group. 辅基Many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. Such a unit is called a prosthetic group.Protease. 蛋白酶An enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. Most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.Proto-oncogene. 原癌基因Normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. These genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.Pyridoxal phosphate. 磷酸吡多醛All transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The important functional groupsof the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a Schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination.Rate-limiting enzyme. 限速酶Enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.Receptor. 受体All of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.Recombinant DNA. 重组DNAInformation exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal DNA. Recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.Reduction. 还原Chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. It follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.Replication. 复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Residue. 残基In a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.Respiratory chain. 呼吸链Exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. The respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.Restriction endonuclease. 限制性内切核酸酶The classes of endonucleases cut DNA at specific DNA sequences within the molecule.Reverse transcriptase. 反转录酶An RNA-directed DNA polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making DNA complementary to an RNA.Reverse transcription. 反转录RNA-directed synthesis of DNA, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.Ribosomes. 核糖体Complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. Translation of mRNA occurs on it.Ribozyme. 核酶A class of RNAs that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. These catalytic RNAs catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNAs and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mRNA.Rickets. 佝偻病Vitamin D deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.RNA editing. RNA 编辑The information content of some mRNA is altered following transcription by process other than RNA splicing.RNA Polymerase. RNA聚合酶RNA Polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template.rRNA. 核蛋白体rRNARibosomal RNA. Structural components of ribosomes. There are several discrete size classes of rRNA, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and28S in eucaryotic cells.S-adenosyl methionine, SAM. S腺苷蛋氨酸SAM is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-THF and homocysteine by a vitamin B12-dependent reaction.Salting out. 盐析The solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”. It can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.Salvage pathway. 补救合成途径The pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with PRPP and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. Corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using NADPH as the reducing agent.Semiconservative replication. 半保留复制DNA replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, i.e., one of the strands of each daughter DNA molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent DNA molecule.Sigma factor. σ因子Sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase needed for initiation. It is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).Signal transduction. 信号转导The process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response. For example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.snRNA. 小核RNASmall nuclear RNA. They have roles in RNA processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.。
生物化学的英语名词解释
生物化学的英语名词解释生物化学是一门研究生命体内化学反应过程的学科，主要关注生命体内的分子和化学反应，以及它们对生命体结构和功能的影响。
在生物化学领域中，有许多专业术语和名词，下面将对其中一些常见的名词进行解释。
1. Protein（蛋白质）：Proteins are large molecules composed of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds. They play a crucial role in many biological processes, serving as structural components, enzymes, hormones, receptors, and transporters in the body.2. Enzyme（酶）：Enzymes are catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. They accelerate the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are usually proteins, and each enzyme is specific to a particular reaction.3. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）：DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix structure.4. RNA（核糖核酸）：RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that plays multiple roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It is involved in protein synthesis and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.5. Metabolism（代谢）：Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism to maintain life. It can be divided into two main processes: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which synthesizes molecules to build and repair tissues.6. Lipid（脂质）：Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve as a source of energy, insulation, and as structural components of cell membranes.7. Carbohydrate（碳水化合物）：Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are an essential source of energy for living organisms. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides.8. Metabolite（代谢产物）：Metabolites are the small molecules that are intermediates or end products of metabolic reactions. They can serve as signaling molecules, energy sources, or building blocks for complex molecules.9. pH（pH值）：pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) present in the solution. pH values range from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral, values below 7 acidic, and values above 7 alkaline.10. ATP（三磷酸腺苷）：ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for many cellular processes. It is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell, as it stores and releases energy during reactions.这些是生物化学中常见的一些名词和术语的英语解释。
生态学英语名词解释
生态学英语名词解释
生态学是研究生物与环境相互作用的学科，涉及很多专业术语。
本文将为您
介绍一些常用的生态学英语名词，帮助您更好地理解生态学相关的英文文章和研
究成果。
1. Biodiversity - 生物多样性
生物多样性是指地球上所有生物种类、基因和生态系统的多样性。
包括物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性。
2. Habitat - 栖息地
栖息地是指为某种生物提供生存和繁殖条件的自然环境或生态
系统。
3. Community - 群落
群落是指在一定空间内所有生物种群的集合体，包括动物、植物和微生物。
4. Ecosystem - 生态系统
生态系统是指生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的系统，包括生物、土壤、水和气候等环境因素。
5. Biome - 生物群系
生物群系是指在地球上不同地区、具有相似气候和生态条件的生物群落集合体。
6. Endangered species - 濒危物种
濒危物种是指受到威胁、数量锐减、分布范围缩小的物种。
7. Conservation - 保护
保护是指采取措施，保护自然资源和生物多样性，防止生态系统受到破坏或破坏已经发生的生态系统得到修复。
8. Pollution - 污染
污染是指环境中某些物质或能量的浓度或强度超过某种生态系
统或生物种群的容忍限度，而对生态系统或生物种群造成损害的现象。
9. Climate change - 气候变化
气候变化是指地球气候在长期时间尺度上发生的变化，可能是自然因素或人类活动引起的。
生物医学专业术语
生物医学工程专业词汇医用电子学 Electronics for Medicine生物医学信号处理技术Signal Processing for Biology and Medicine人工神经网络及应用Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications环境生物学 Environmental Biology水域生态学 Aquatic Ecology环境工程 Environmental Engineering环境科学研究方法 Study Methodology of Environmental Science 藻类生理生态学 Ecological Physiology in Algae生物医学材料学及实验 Biomaterials and Experiments生物材料结构与性能 Structures and Properties of Biomaterials 医学信息学 Medical Informatics组织工程学 Tissue Engineering生物医学工程概论 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering高等生物化学 Advanced Biochemistry图像分析 Image Treatment数据处理分析与建模 Data Analysis and Constituting Model药物化学 Pharmaceutical Chemistry功能高分子 Functional PolymerInternet/Intranet（英） Internet/Intranet医学电子学 Medical Electronics现代仪器分析 Modern Instrumental Analysis生物医学光子学 Biomedicine Photonics激光医学临床实践 Clinical Practice for Laser Medicine生物电化学 Bioelectrochemistry药物化学研究方法 Pharmaceutical Chemical Research Methods 废水处理工程 Technology of Wastewater Treatment生物与化学传感技术 Biosensors & Chemical Sensors现代分析化学研究方法 Research Methods of Modern Analytical Chemistry神经生物学 Neurobiology动物遗传工程 Animal Genetic Engineering动物免疫学 Animal Immunology动物病害学基础 Basis of Animal Disease受体生物化学 Receptor Biochemistry动物生理与分子生物学Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry分析生物化学 Analytical Biochemistry学科前沿讲座 Lectures on Frontiers of the Discipline微生物学 Microbiology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生理学 Physiology电生理技术基础 Basics of Electricphysiological Technology 生理学 Physiology生物化学 Biochemistry高级水生生物学 Advanced Aquatic Biology藻类生理生态学 Ecological Physiology in Algae水生动物生理生态学 Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal 水域生态学 Aquatic Ecology水生态毒理学 Aquatic Ecotoxicology水生生物学研究进展 Advance on Aquatic Biology水环境生态学模型 Models of Water Quality藻类生态学 Ecology in Algae生物数学 Biological Mathematics植物生理生化 Plant Biochemistry水质分析方法 Water Quality Analysis水产养殖学 Aquaculture环境生物学 Environmental Biology专业文献综述 Review on Special Information分子生物学 Molecular Biology学科前沿讲座 Lectures on Frontiers of the Discipline植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology普通生态学 General Ecology生物统计学 Biological Statistics分子遗传学 Molecular Genetics基因工程原理 Principles of Gene Engineering高级生物化学 Advanced Biochemistry基因工程技术 Technique for Gene Engineering基因诊断 Gene Diagnosis基因组学 Genomics医学遗传学 Medical Genetics免疫遗传学 Immunogenetics基因工程药物学 Pharmacology of Gene Engineering高级生化技术 Advanced Biochemical Technique基因治疗 Gene Therapy肿瘤免疫学 Tumour Immunology免疫学 Immunology免疫化学技术 Methods for Immunological Chemistry毒理遗传学 Toxicological Genetics分子病毒学 Molecular Virology分子生物学技术 Protocols in Molecular Biology神经免疫调节 Neuroimmunology普通生物学 Biology生物化学技术 Biochemic Technique分子生物学 Molecular Biology生殖生理与生殖内分泌 Reproductive Physiology & Reproductive Endocrinology生殖免疫学 Reproductive Immunology发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development免疫学 Immunology蛋白质生物化学技术 Biochemical Technology of Protein受精的分子生物学 Molecular Biology of Fertilization免疫化学技术 Immunochemical Technology低温生物学原理与应用 Principle & Application of Cryobiology 不育症的病因学 Etiology of Infertility分子生物学 Molecular Biology生物化学 Biochemistry分析生物化学 Analytical Biochemistry医学生物化学 Medical Biochemistry医学分子生物学 Medical Molecular Biology医学生物化学技术 Techniques of Medical Biochemistry生化与分子生物学进展Progresses in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级植物生理生化 Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 分子进化工程 Engineering of Molecular Evolution生物工程下游技术 Downstream Technique of Biotechnology仪器分析 Instrumental Analysis临床检验与诊断 Clinical Check-up & Diagnosis药理学 Pharmacology（基因工程专业英语词汇）A腺苷脱氨酶缺乏症 adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA) 腺病毒 adenovirusAlagille综合征 Alagille syndrome等位基因 allele氨基酸 amino acids动物模型 animal model抗体 antibody凋亡 apoptosis路-巴综合征 ataxia-telangiectasia常染色体显性 autosomal dominant常染色体 autosomeB细菌人工染色体 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) 碱基对 base pair先天缺陷 birth defect骨髓移植 bone marrow transplantationC癌 cancer后选基因 candidate gene癌 carcinomacDNA文库 cDNA library细胞 cell染色体 chromosome克隆 cloning密码 codon天生的 congenital重叠群 contig囊性纤维化 cystic fibrosis细胞遗传图 cytogenetic mapD缺失 deletion脱氧核糖核酸 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)糖尿病 diabetes mellitus二倍体 diploidDNA复制 DNA replicationDNA测序 DNA sequencing显性的 dominant双螺旋 double helix复制 duplicationE电泳 electrophoresisEllis - van Creveld syndrome酶 enzyme外显子 exonF家族性地中海热 familial Mediterranean fever荧光原位杂交 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 脆性X染色体综合征 Fragile X syndromeG基因 gene基因扩增 gene amplification基因表达 gene expression基因图谱 gene mapping基因库 gene pool基因治疗 gene therapy基因转移 gene transfer遗传密码 genetic code (ATGC)遗传咨询 genetic counseling遗传图 genetic map遗传标记 genetic marker遗传病筛查 genetic screening基因组 genome基因型 genotype种系 germ lineH单倍体 haploidhaploinsufficiency造血干细胞 hematopoietic stem cell 血友病 hemophilia杂合子 heterozygous高度保守序列 highly conserved sequenceHirschsprung病 Hirschsprung's disease纯合子 homozygous人工染色体 human artificial chromosome (HAC)人类基因组计划 Human Genome Project人类免疫缺陷病毒 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ 获得性免疫缺陷综合征 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)huntington舞蹈病 Huntington's disease杂交 hybridization免疫治疗 immunotherapy原位杂交 in situ hybridization继承的 inherited插入 insertion知识产权 intellectual property rights K敲除 knockoutL白血病 leukemia库 library键、连接 linkage部位、场所 locus优势对数评分 LOD score淋巴细胞 lymphocyte畸形 malformation描图 mapping标记 marker黑色素瘤 melanoma孟德尔 Mendel, Johann (Gregor)孟德尔遗传 Mendelian inheritance信使RNA messenger RNA (mRNA)[分裂]中期 metaphase微阵技术 microarray technology线立体DNA mitochondrial DNA单体性 monosomy小鼠模型 mouse model多发性内分泌瘤病 multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1) 突变 mutationN神经纤维瘤病 neurofibromatosis尼曼-皮克病 Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC)non-directivenessRNA印记 Northern blot核苷酸 nucleotide神经核 nucleus寡核苷酸 oligo癌基因 oncogenePParkinson病 Parkinson's disease专利权 patent血系/谱系 pedigree表型 phenotype物理图谱 physical map多指畸形/多趾畸形 polydactyly聚合酶链反应 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 多态性 polymorphism定位克隆 positional cloning原发性免疫缺陷 primary immunodeficiency引物 primer原核 pronucleus前列腺癌 prostate cancer蛋白 protein隐性 recessive逆转录病毒 retrovirus核糖核酸 ribonucleic acid (RNA)核糖体 ribosomerisk communicationS序列标记位点 sequence-tagged site (STS)联合免疫缺陷 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) 性染色体 sex chromosome伴性的 sex-linked体细胞 somatic cellsDNA印记 Southern blot光谱核型 spectral karyotype (SKY)替代 substitution自杀基因 suicide gene综合征 syndromeT技术转让 technology transfer转基因的 transgenic易位 translocation三体型 trisomy肿瘤抑制基因 tumor suppressor geneV载体 vectorW蛋白质印记 Western blotWolfram综合征 Wolfram syndromeY酵母人工染色体 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC科技英语翻译四组（注：本资料素材和资料部分来自网络，仅供参考。
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A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体（不同于B染色体）] A site[核糖体]A部位ABA脱落酸abasic site脱碱基位点，无碱基位点abaxial远轴的abequose阿比可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing异常剪接aberration象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis自然发生论，无生源论ablastin抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体）abnormal distrbution非正态分布abnormality异常，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group systemABO血型系统aboriginal mouse原生鼠abortin流产素abortion流产，败育abortive egg败育卵abortive infection流产（性）感染abortive transduction流产（性）转导ABP肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid脱落酸abscission脱落absolute绝对的absolute configuration绝对构型absolute counting绝对测量absolute deviation绝对偏差absolute error绝对误差absorbance吸收，吸光度absorbed dose吸收剂量absorbent吸收剂absorptiometer吸光计absorptiometry吸光测定法absorption吸收absorption band吸收谱带absorption cell吸收池absorption coefficient吸收系数absorption spectroscopy吸收光谱法absorption spectrum吸收光谱；吸收谱absorptive endocytosis吸收（型）胞吞（作用）absorptive pinocytosis吸收（型）胞饮（作用）absorptivity吸光系数；吸收性abundance丰度abundant丰富的，高丰度的abundant mRNAs高丰度mRNA abzyme抗体酶acaricidin杀螨剂accedent variation偶然变异accelerated flow method加速流动法accepting arm[tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor接纳体，（接）受体acceptor site接纳位点，接受位点acceptor splicing site剪接受体acceptor stem[tRNA的]接纳茎accessible可及的accessible promoter可及启动子accessible surface可及表面accessory零件，附件；辅助的accessory cell佐细胞accessory chromosome副染色体accessory factor辅助因子accessory nucleus副核accessory pigment辅助色素accessory protein辅助蛋白（质）accommodation顺应accumulation积累，累积accuracy准确度acenaphthene二氢苊acene并苯acentric无着丝粒的acentric fragment无着丝粒断片acentric ring无着丝粒环acetal缩醛acetaldehyde乙醛acetalresin缩醛树脂acetamidase乙酰胺酶acetamide乙酰胺acetate乙酸盐acetic acid乙酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria乙酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride乙酸酐acetification乙酸化作用，醋化作用acetin乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid乙酰乙酸Acetobacter醋杆菌属acetogen产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria产乙酸菌acetome body酮体acetomepowder丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物] acetomitrile乙腈acetone丙酮acetyl乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene乙炔acetylene reductiontest乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetyl glutamate synthesize乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate乙酰水杨酸；乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素Ache乙酰胆碱酯酶choral非手性的acholeplasma无胆甾原体AchR乙酰胆碱受体achromatic消色的；消色差的achromatic color无色achromatic lens消色差透镜achromatin非染色质acid catalysis酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin酸性品红acid glycoprotein酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein酸水解酪蛋白acid medium酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase酸性磷酸酶acid protease酸性蛋白酶acid solvent酸性溶剂acidic酸性的acidic amino acid酸性氨基酸acidic protein酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]acidic transactivator酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator酸性转录激活蛋白acidification酸化（作用）acidifying酸化（作用）acidolysis酸解acidophilia嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilous milk酸奶aclacinomycin阿克拉霉素acoelomata无体腔动物acomitic acid乌头酸aconitase顺乌头酸酶aconitate乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine乌头碱aconitum alkaloid乌头属生物碱ACP酰基载体蛋白acquired character获得性状acquired immunity获得性免疫acridine吖啶acridine alkaloid吖啶（类）生物碱acridine dye吖啶燃料acridine orange吖啶橙acridine yellow吖啶黄acriflavine吖啶黄素acroblast原顶体acrocentric chromosome近端着丝染色体acrolein丙烯醛acrolein polymer丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation向顶运输acrosin顶体蛋白acrosomal protease顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction顶体反应acrosome顶体acrosome reaction顶体反应acrosomic granule原顶体acrosyndesis端部联会acrylamide丙烯酰胺acrylate丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid丙烯酸acrylic polymer丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物acrylic resin丙烯酸（酯）类树脂acrylketone丙烯酮acrylonitrile丙烯腈actidione放线（菌）酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin肌动蛋白actin filament肌动蛋白丝actinin辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白] actinmicrofilament肌动蛋白微丝actinometer化学光度计actinomorphy辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes放线菌actinomycin D放线菌素Dactinospectacin放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素action作用action current动作电流action potential动作电位action spectrum动作光谱activated sludge活性污泥activated support活化支持体activating group活化基团activating transcription factor转录激活因子activation激活；活化activation analysis活化分析activation energy活化能activator激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白activator protein激活蛋白active absorption主动吸收active biomass活生物质active carbon活性碳active center活性中心active chromatin活性染色质active dry yeast活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen活性氢active immunity主动免疫active oxygen活性氧active site活性部位，活性中心active transport主动转运active uptake主动吸收activin活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素] activity活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin肌动球蛋白actophorin载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute急性的acute infection急性感染acute phase急性期acute phase protein急性期蛋白，急相蛋白acute phasereaction急性期反应，急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactiveprotein急性期反应蛋白，急相反应蛋白acute phase response急性期反应，急相反应acute toxicity急性毒性ACV无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide无环核苷酸acycloguanosine无环鸟苷，9-（2-羟乙氧甲基）鸟嘌呤acyclovir无环鸟苷acyl酰基acyl carrier protein酰基载体蛋白acyl cation酰（基）正离子acyl chloride酰氯acyl CoA脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride酰氟acyl halide酰卤acylamino acid酰基氨基酸acylase酰基转移酶acylating agent酰化剂acylation酰化acylazide酰叠氮acylbromide酰溴acyloin偶姻acyltransferase酰基转移酶adamantanamine金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane金刚烷adaptability适应性adaptation适应adapter衔接头；衔接子adapter protein衔接蛋白质adaptin衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior适应性行为adaptive enzyme适应酶adaptive molecule衔接分子adaptive response适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor衔接头；衔接子adaxial近轴的addition加成addition compound加成化合物addition haploid附加单倍体addition line附加系additive添加物，添加剂additive effect加性效应additive genetic variance加性遗传方差additiverecombination插入重组，加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组]addressin地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白，可与钙调蛋白结合]adduct加合物，加成化合物adduct ion加合离子adenine腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma腺瘤adenosine腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷adenosine deaminase腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate腺苷（一磷）酸adenosine phosphosulfate腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate腺苷三磷酸adenovirus腺病毒adenylate腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation腺苷酰化adherence粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁adherent cell贴壁细胞；粘着（性）细胞，粘附（性）细胞adherent culture贴壁培养adhering junction粘着连接adhesin粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion吸附，结合，粘合；粘着，粘附，粘连adhesion factor粘着因子，粘附因子adhesion molecule粘着分子，粘附分子adhesion plaque粘着斑adhesion protein粘着蛋白，吸附蛋白adhesion receptor粘着受体adhesion zone粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive粘合剂，胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein粘着糖蛋白adipic acid己二酸，肥酸adipocyte脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone脂动激素[见于昆虫]adipose tissue脂肪组织adjust[动]调节，调整；修正adjustable可调的adjustable miropipettor可调微量移液管adjustable spanner活动扳手adjusted retention time调整保留时间adjusted retention volume调整保留体积adjuvant佐剂adjuvant cytokine佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide佐剂肽adjuvanticity佐剂（活）性adoptive immunity过继免疫adoptive transfer过继转移ADP ribosylationADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factorADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferaseADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline肾上腺素adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin阿霉素，亚德里亚霉素adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附adsorption catalysis吸附催化adsorption center吸附中心adsorption chromatography吸附层析adsorption film吸附膜adsorption isobar吸附等压线adsorption isotherm吸附等温线adsorption layer吸附层adsorption potential吸附电势adsorption precipitation吸附沉淀adsorption quantity吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product高级糖基化终产物adventitious不定的，无定形的adverse effect反效果，副作用aecidiospore锈孢子，春孢子aeciospore锈孢子，春孢子aequorin水母蛋白，水母素aeration通气aerator加气仪，加气装置aerial mycelium气生菌丝体aerobe需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁殖的细菌] aerobic需氧的aerobic bacteria需氧（细）菌aerobic cultivation需氧培养aerobic glycolysis有氧酵解aerobic metabolism有氧代谢aerobic respiration需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment需氧废物处理aerobiosis需氧生活aerogel气凝胶aerogen产气菌aerolysin气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas气单胞菌属aerosol气溶胶aerosol gene delivery气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis趋氧性[（细胞）随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动] aerotolerant bacteria耐氧菌[不受氧毒害的厌氧菌] aerotropism向氧性aesculin七叶苷，七叶灵aetiology病原学afferent nerve传入神经affinity亲和，亲和性affinity adsorbent亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography亲和层析affinitycoelectrophoresis亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白] affinity column亲和柱affinity coupling亲和偶联affinity electronmicroscopy亲和电镜（术）[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction亲和提取，亲和萃取affinity filtration亲和过滤affinity labeling亲和标记affinity ligand亲和配体affinity maturation亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育] affinity partitioning亲和分配affinity precipitation亲和沉淀affinity purification亲和纯化（法）affinity tag（附加）亲和标记物aflatoxin黄曲酶毒素agar琼脂agar diffusion test琼脂扩散试验agar gel琼脂胶agar plate琼脂平板agarslant琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的，装有固体培养基的一种试管培养基；也指斜面培养基上生长出的菌苔]agarase琼脂糖酶agarfitine伞菌氨酸agaricin蘑菇素agaricinic acid蘑菇酸agaropectin琼脂胶agarose琼脂糖agarose gel琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate琼脂糖平板age pigment老年色素agent剂；介质agglutination凝集（作用）agglutinin凝集素agglutinogen凝集原aggrecan聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate聚集体；凝聚体aggregation聚集（作用）aggressin攻击素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity攻击力aging衰老，老化，陈化agitation振荡，振摇，搅拌agitator振荡器，搅拌器aglycone苷元，糖苷配基agonist兴奋剂，激动剂，刺激物；竞争剂；拮抗剂agranulocyte无粒细胞agravitropism无向重力性agretope[抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类主要组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol农产品（制）酒精agricultural waste农业废物，农业垃圾agrin集聚蛋白，集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin农杆菌素，土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium农杆菌属，土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes毛根农杆菌，毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems根癌农杆菌，根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical农用化学品[如除草剂，杀虫剂等]agrocin农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素（不是蛋白质）] agrocinopine农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection农杆菌感染（法）agropine农杆氨酸，农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid农杆鸟氨酸，鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble气泡air drying风干air filter空气滤器air monitering空气监测air peak空气峰，气泡峰air sterilization空气除菌airflow气流airflow meter气流计airflow moniter气流显示器，气流监控仪airlift bioreactor气升式生物反应器airlift fermentation气升式发酵airlift fermentor气升式发酵罐airlock气锁akaryote无核细胞akinetic chromosome无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion无着丝粒倒位alamethicin丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽，富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase丙氨酸转氨酶alarm警报器，定时钟albinism白化病albizziin合欢氨酸，脲基丙氨酸albumin白蛋白，清蛋白alcohol醇；乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase醇脱氢酶；乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation生醇发酵aldehyde醛；乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase醛氧化酶aldimine醛亚胺alditol糖醛aldol羟醛aldol condensation羟醛缩合aldolase醛缩酶aldonic acid醛糖酸aldose醛糖aldosterome醛固醇alduronic acid糖醛酸aleurome糊粉aleurome grain糊粉粒aleurome layer糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus苜蓿花叶病毒alga藻类（单）algae藻类algicide杀藻剂algin藻胶alginate藻酸盐alginic acid藻酸algocyan藻蓝素algorithm算法，公式alicyclic amine脂肪胺alicyclic compound脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon脂环烃alignment顺序；排列；[序列]对比alimentary canal消化管aliphatic脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid脂（肪）族胺（类）生物碱aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物aliquot小份，等份，等分部分alizarin茜素alkali碱，强碱alkali metal碱金属alkaline碱的，强碱的alkaline amino acid碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation碱变性法alkaline earth metal碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis碱水解（作用）alkaline lysis碱裂解（法）alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve碱储备[如血液中的碳酸氢钠] alkalization碱化alkaloid生物碱alkane烷alkene烯alkyl烷基alkylating agent烷化剂alkylation烷（基）化alkyne炔all or none全或无all or nothing全或无all transconfiguration全反构型allantoic acid尿囊酸allantoin尿囊素allatostatin咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌] allatotropin促咽侧体素[促进保幼激素的分泌] allele等位基因allele linkage analysis等位基因连锁反应allelic complement等位（基因）互补allelic diversity等位（基因）多样化allelicexclusion等位（基因）排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象，有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation等位（基因）失活allelic inclusion等位（基因）相容allelic replacement等位（基因）置换allelic variation等位（基因）变异allelism等位性allelomorph等位基因allelomorphism等位性allelopathic substance异柱克生物质，异种克生物质allelopathy异柱克生（现象），异种克生（现象）allergen变应原allergic变应性的allergic disease变应性疾病allergy变态反应alloantibody同种抗体alloantigen同种抗原allodiploid异源二倍体allodiploidy异源二倍性allodiplomonosome异源二倍单体allogenic antigen同种异型抗原，同种异体抗原allograft同种异体移植allograft rejection同种异体移植排斥allogroup同种异型组allohaploid异源单倍体alloheteroploid异源异倍体allophycocyanin别藻蓝蛋白，别藻蓝素alloploid异源倍体alloploidy异源倍性allopolyhaploid异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid异源多倍体allopurinol别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity同种异体反应性allorecognition同种（异体）识别allose阿洛糖allosome异染色体allosteric activation别构激活，别构活化allosteric activator别构激活剂，别构活化剂allosteric control别构调节allosteric effect别构效应allosteric effector别构剂allosteric enzyme别构酶allosteric inbibition别构抑制allosteric inbibitor别构抑制剂allosteric interaction别构作用allosteric ligand别构配体allosteric protein别构蛋白allosteric regulation别构调节allosteric site别构部位allosterictransition别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋白质构象变化] allosterism别构，变构allostery别构性allosynapsis异源联会allotope同种异型位allotrope同素异形体allotrtraploid异源四倍体allotype同种异型allotypic antigen同种异型抗原allotypic determinant同种异型决定簇allotypic marker同种异型标记allotypy同种异型性alloxan四氧嘧啶allozyme同种异型酶allyl烯丙基allyl resin烯丙基树脂allysine醛（基）赖氨酸alphavirus甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation相间分离alternating copolymer交替共聚物alternating copolymerization交替共聚合alternation of generations世代交替alternative另一种的，交替的，备择的alternative complement pathway补体旁路alternative pathway of complement补体旁路（途径）alternative polyadenylation可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing可变RNA剪接，旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing可变剪接，旁路剪接alternative splicing factor可变剪接因子alternative transcription可变转录alternative transcription initiation可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA可变剪接的mRNAaltrose阿卓糖Alu familyAlu家族alum矾，明矾aluminia氧化铝，矾土alveolar gas exchange肺泡气体交换alveolar surfactant肺泡表面活性物质alytensin产婆蟾（紧张）肽Alzheimer disease阿尔茨海默病，老年性痴呆amaerobic厌氧的amalgam汞齐amalgam electrode汞齐电极amanin鹅膏素amanitine鹅膏毒环肽amantadine金刚胺amanullin鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid石蒜科生物碱amastatin氨肽酶抑制剂，抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin鹅膏毒素amber codon琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant琥珀突变体，琥珀突变型amber mutation琥珀突变amber suppression琥珀抑制ambersuppressor琥珀（突变）抑制基因，琥珀（突变）抑制因子Amberliteresin[商]Amberlite树脂，琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子交换树脂的商品名] ambident两可的ambident ion两可离子ambient周围的ambient temperature环境温度，室温ambiguous codon多义密码子ambisense双义ambisense genome双义基因组ambisenseRNA双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体] ambutyrosin氨丁苷菌素amensalism偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection美国模式培养物保藏所amerol杀草强，氨基三唑Ames test埃姆斯试验amethopterin氨甲蝶呤amicetin友菌素amicillin resistance氨苄青霉素抗性amidase酰胺酶amidated peptide酰胺（化）肽amide酰胺amidine脒amidoblack酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond酰胺键amido link酰胺键amido linkage酰胺键amidomycin胺霉素amidotrizoate3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination氨基化amine胺amine bormones胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylationsystem胺前体摄取（和）脱羧系统，APUD系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter胺转运蛋白Aminexresin[商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子交换树脂的商品名，一类HPLC级球形介质，是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino氨基amino acid arm氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency氨基酸（使用）频率amino acid preference氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact氨基酸残基接触（面）amino acid transport氨基酸转运amino acid transporter氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage氨基酸使用amino alkyl indole氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen氨基氮aminoacyl氨酰基aminoacyl esterase氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA氨酰tRNAaminoacylation氨酰化aminobenzoic acid氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan氨乙基硫醇，巯基乙胺aminoglucose氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics氨基糖苷（类）抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine氨基胍aminolink氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端，便于与其他配体偶联] aminolysis氨解aminomycin氨基霉素，缬氨霉素aminooimidazole氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase氨肽酶aminophylline氨茶碱aminopterin氨基蝶呤aminopurine氨基嘌呤aminotransferase氨基转移酶，转氨酶aminotriazole氨基三唑，杀草强amiodarone乙胺碘呋酮amitosis无丝分裂amixis无融合ammonia氨ammonification氨化（作用）ammonio铵基ammonium铵ammonium acetate乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide氢氧化铵，氨水ammonium persulfate过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism排氨型代谢amniocentesis羊膜穿刺（术）amnion羊膜amniota羊膜动物amoeba变形虫，阿米巴amoeboid movement变形运动amorphous material无定形物，非晶态amphi position远位amphiastral mitosis双星有丝分裂amphibia两栖纲amphibivalent双二价体amphibolicpathway两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成]amphidiploid双二倍体amphidiploidy双二倍性amphigenesis两性生殖amphiglycan双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞]amphihaploidy双倍体amphimixix两性融合amphion两性离子amphipathic两亲的amphipathicity两亲性amphipathy两亲性amphiphilic两亲的amphiphilicity两亲性[一个分子中一部分亲水，另一部分疏水]amphipolyploid双多倍体amphipolyploidy双多倍性amphiprotic两性的amphiregulin双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调节蛋白]amphitrophy兼性营养amphivalency异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine[商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品，可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte两性物，两性电解质ampholytoid两性胶体amphoteric character兼性性质amphotericcharacteristics兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier兼性乳化剂，两性乳化剂amphoteric ion兼性离子amphotericin两性霉素amphoterics兼性表面活性剂amphotropicretrovirus兼嗜性逆转录病毒，双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引起产毒性感染]ampicillin氨苄青霉素amplicon扩增子amplification扩增amplimer扩增引物ampoule安瓿瓶amycin阿霉素amygdalin扁桃苷，苦杏仁苷amylase淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin糊精amyloprocess阿明露法，淀粉发酵法，霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化，发酵生产酒精] amylodextrin极限糊精amyloglucosidase淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring淀粉质环amylolytic activity淀粉分解活性amylopectin支链淀粉amyloplast造粉（质）体amyloplastid造粉粒amylose直链淀粉anabolism合成代谢anaerobe厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶，须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁殖的微生物]anaerobic bacteria厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber厌氧培养室anaerobic contact digestor厌氧接触（型）消化器anaerobic cultivation厌氧培养anaerobic digestion厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor厌氧膜生物反应器anaerobiosis厌氧生活，无氧生活anaerogen不产气菌anaeroic digestor厌氧消化器analgesic止痛药analgesis镇痛analog类似物analogous类似的，模拟的analogous organ同功器官analogousprotein类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白]analogue类似物analogy模拟，类似analogy model模拟模型analyte分析物analytical分析的analytical chromatography分析型层析analytical column分析柱analytical reagent分析纯试剂anaphase[细胞分裂]后期anaphylactic过敏性的anaphylactic reaction过敏反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anaphylaxis过敏性，过敏（反应）anaplerotic reaction添补反应anastral mitosis无星有丝分裂ancestor祖先，始祖ancestry祖先，始祖anchimeric assistance邻助作用anchor锚anchor catalyst锚定催化剂anchor primer锚定引物anchorage固着，锚定anchored PCR锚式聚合酶链（式）反应，锚式PCR anchorin锚定蛋白anchoring锚着，锚定ancovenin血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte雄（母）细胞androecium雄蕊群androgamete雄配子androgen雄激素androgen binding protein雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis孤雄发育，单雄生殖，雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis产雄孤雌生殖androgonium雄原细胞androgynism雌雄同柱，雌雄同体andromedotoxin梫木毒素andrometoxin雄核卵块发育androplasm雄质androsome限雄染色体androspore产雄孢子；小孢子androsterone雄酮anemia贫血anemoentomophily风虫媒anemophilous flower风媒花anemophilous plant风媒植物anemophilous pollination风媒传粉anemophily风媒anergy无反应性[用于细胞免疫学]anesthesia麻醉aneucentric chromosome非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy非整倍单倍性aneuploid非整倍性aneuploid cell line非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy非整倍性angiogenesis factor血管生成因子angiogenin血管生成素angioplasty血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm被子植物angiotensin血管紧张肽angiotensinase血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen血管紧张肽原angle rotor角转头angstrom埃anguidin蛇形毒素angular methyl角甲基anhydrase脱水酶anhydride酸酐anhydrous无水的anhydrous acetonitrile无水乙腈aniline苯胺aniline blue苯胺蓝animal cell line动物细胞系anion阴离子anion base阴离子碱anion channel阴离子通道anion respiration阴离子呼吸anionic acid阴离子酸anionic detergent阴离子（型）去污剂anisodamine山莨菪anisodine樟柳碱anisogamete异型配子anisogamy异配生殖anisol苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA异形DNAanisomycin茴香霉素anisopolyploid奇（数）多倍体anisospore异形孢子anisotropic各向异性的anisotropic membrane各向异性膜anisotropy各向异性[物理参数随方向的变化而变化]anitbacterial immunization抗（细）菌免疫ankyrin锚蛋白ankyrin repeat锚蛋白重复序列anlage原基annealing退火Annelita环节动物门annexin膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白，参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依赖于钙调蛋白的活动，分为IIIIII等多种。