《病理学》英文课件：09 Diseases of Immunity
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病理学 免疫性疾病ppt演示课件
. 7
Autoimmune Disease
• 概念：指机体免疫系统对自身成分发 生免疫应答而导致的疾病状态.
• 这一过程取决于取决于免疫系统基因的 改变和环境的作用.
Ⅰ. 自身免疫性疾病
.
8
一, 发生的机制 mechanism
1, 免疫细胞自身耐受的丧失.
自身耐受：免疫系统对机体自身组织抗 原的不反应性，具有特异性和记忆性的特点。 中枢耐受
Disease of Immunity 免疫性疾病
.
1
Basics of immunopathology
复习：免疫病理学基础
一,免疫系统的细胞构成 Cellular constitute of immune system B lymphocytes B淋巴细胞 T lymphocytes T淋巴细胞 Natural killer (NK) cells 自然杀伤细胞 Macrophages Dendritic cells
LE bodies in bone marrow
LE cell in SLE： peripheral blood smear. Wright-Giemsa.
.
19
系统性红斑狼疮 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• 慢性炎症性疾患
• 多系统病变，常累及皮肤、关节和内脏 器官； • 亚洲人常见，女性多见(男/女=1:9)
. 20
SLE主要特点
▲累及多器官的系统性疾
病.
▲抗核抗体—Ⅱ、III 超敏
反应：细胞、内皮损伤
▲ LE bodies & LE Cells
▲主要死因:肾衰,继发感
.
染,21 神经系统受累。
Autoimmune Disease
• 概念：指机体免疫系统对自身成分发 生免疫应答而导致的疾病状态.
• 这一过程取决于取决于免疫系统基因的 改变和环境的作用.
Ⅰ. 自身免疫性疾病
.
8
一, 发生的机制 mechanism
1, 免疫细胞自身耐受的丧失.
自身耐受：免疫系统对机体自身组织抗 原的不反应性，具有特异性和记忆性的特点。 中枢耐受
Disease of Immunity 免疫性疾病
.
1
Basics of immunopathology
复习：免疫病理学基础
一,免疫系统的细胞构成 Cellular constitute of immune system B lymphocytes B淋巴细胞 T lymphocytes T淋巴细胞 Natural killer (NK) cells 自然杀伤细胞 Macrophages Dendritic cells
LE bodies in bone marrow
LE cell in SLE： peripheral blood smear. Wright-Giemsa.
.
19
系统性红斑狼疮 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• 慢性炎症性疾患
• 多系统病变，常累及皮肤、关节和内脏 器官； • 亚洲人常见，女性多见(男/女=1:9)
. 20
SLE主要特点
▲累及多器官的系统性疾
病.
▲抗核抗体—Ⅱ、III 超敏
反应：细胞、内皮损伤
▲ LE bodies & LE Cells
▲主要死因:肾衰,继发感
.
染,21 神经系统受累。
病理绪论(英文版)课件
Oxygen deprivation ( hypoxia, ischemia) Nutritional imbalances Physical agents Chemical agents and drugs Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic derangements
1. Etiology
1. Etiology
Knowledge of etiology remains the backbone:
Disease diagnoses Understanding the nature of diseases Treatment of diseases.
While much still needs to be uncovered to link abnormal genes and the expression of disease, gone are the time when the mechanisms of most diseases were unknown? or obscure? or mysterious?
Depleted glycogen. Reduced intracellular pH: Lactic acid and
inorganic phosphate. Mitochondrial damage Clumping of nuclear chromatin.
Four biochemical themes
in cell and tissues. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES:
Functional consequences of the morphologic changes, as observed clinically (clinico-pathological correlation, CPC ).
1. Etiology
1. Etiology
Knowledge of etiology remains the backbone:
Disease diagnoses Understanding the nature of diseases Treatment of diseases.
While much still needs to be uncovered to link abnormal genes and the expression of disease, gone are the time when the mechanisms of most diseases were unknown? or obscure? or mysterious?
Depleted glycogen. Reduced intracellular pH: Lactic acid and
inorganic phosphate. Mitochondrial damage Clumping of nuclear chromatin.
Four biochemical themes
in cell and tissues. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES:
Functional consequences of the morphologic changes, as observed clinically (clinico-pathological correlation, CPC ).
病理学(英文)全套课件
department of pathology
immunopathology—
the study of disease through analysis of immune function
department of pathology
total of to say, Pathology: • clinical pathology --diagnosis of disease • experimental pathology --animal models • molecular pathology --gene and gene product
department of pathology
Clinical pathology
department of pathology
The animal experiments
department of pathology
Pathology?
is the scientific study of disease
the metabolism the functional the morphological
changes
occur during the course of the disease
Pathology
（第六版教材-第四版课件）
课件目录
Introduction pathology
department of pathology
to
disease?
• disease can be define as any condition • that the presence of an abnormality of the body cause a loss of normal health
immunopathology—
the study of disease through analysis of immune function
department of pathology
total of to say, Pathology: • clinical pathology --diagnosis of disease • experimental pathology --animal models • molecular pathology --gene and gene product
department of pathology
Clinical pathology
department of pathology
The animal experiments
department of pathology
Pathology?
is the scientific study of disease
the metabolism the functional the morphological
changes
occur during the course of the disease
Pathology
（第六版教材-第四版课件）
课件目录
Introduction pathology
department of pathology
to
disease?
• disease can be define as any condition • that the presence of an abnormality of the body cause a loss of normal health
【英文课件-病理生理学】_病理学Pathology-上海交通大学医学院学习
l Increase in the size of cells resulting in
increase in the size of the organ l No new cells, just bigger cells l Occurs in cells that cannot divide l Physiologic – weight lifter l Pathologic - cardiac enlargement –
活组织检查(biopsy) 对活体组织采用局部切除、钳取、针吸、
搔刮等方法，进行取材检查
意义：在活体情况下对患者作出诊断；术中诊断，协助选择
术式和手术范围；随诊观察病情，判断疗效；组织化学和细胞化
学等方法进一步诊断
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
1.特点：实质细胞、组织或器官的体积缩小，细胞数 量的减少。
2.类型：（1） 生理性萎缩:老年子宫的萎缩,青春期 的胸腺萎缩
（2）病理性萎缩：
①营养不良性萎缩（inadequate nutrition） 脑缺血→脑萎缩
②压迫性萎缩（pressure） 肾盂积水 → 肾萎缩
③废用性萎缩（decreased workload) 长期卧床 → 肌肉萎缩
中国医科大学病理学英文课件9教案资料
2020/5/14
Tumor (neoplasm):
under the stimulation of tumorgenic agents a single cell of local tissue loss the controlling to its growth at the gene level excessive proliferation to form
2020/n5/14eoplasm
Distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic hyperplasia
Neoplastic
Monoclonality Abnormal morphology
and function Abnormal differentiation
But many problems still need to be solved!
2020/5/14
Section 1. Definition and morphology
Two question:
• What is tumor?
Definition
• What are tumors look like? Morphology
differentiation Persistent, autonomous Harmful
2020/5/14
Non-neoplastic
Polyclonality Normal morphology
and function Matured
Limited Beneficial
※Morphology and structure
2020/5/14
※Definition
Tumor (neoplasm):
under the stimulation of tumorgenic agents a single cell of local tissue loss the controlling to its growth at the gene level excessive proliferation to form
2020/n5/14eoplasm
Distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic hyperplasia
Neoplastic
Monoclonality Abnormal morphology
and function Abnormal differentiation
But many problems still need to be solved!
2020/5/14
Section 1. Definition and morphology
Two question:
• What is tumor?
Definition
• What are tumors look like? Morphology
differentiation Persistent, autonomous Harmful
2020/5/14
Non-neoplastic
Polyclonality Normal morphology
and function Matured
Limited Beneficial
※Morphology and structure
2020/5/14
※Definition
《病理学免疫性疾病》课件
发病机制
与遗传、环境、免疫调节异常 等多种因素有关。
临床表现
多表现为多系统受累，如关节 疼痛、皮疹、内脏器官损伤等
。
免疫缺陷性疾病
免疫缺陷性疾病定义
由于免疫系统发育不全或免疫功能缺陷而引 起的疾病。
发病机制
与基因突变、感染、药物等多种因素有关。
常见类型
先天性免疫缺陷病、获得性免疫缺陷综合征 （艾滋病）等。
者器官损伤的现象。
发病机制
与供受者免疫差异、移植物损伤等 多种因素有关。
临床表现
多表现为移植物功能丧失、受者器 官自身免疫性疾病的病理学特征
自身免疫性疾病是指机体对自身抗原 发生免疫反应而导致自身组织损害所 引起的疾病。
炎症反应是自身免疫性疾病的主要病 理过程，涉及多种免疫细胞的激活和 细胞因子的释放。
血管炎是指移植物血管受到攻击 和破坏，导致血管壁水肿、炎症 细胞浸润和内皮细胞损伤。
淋巴细胞浸润是指淋巴细胞在移 植物中浸润，对移植物进行攻击 和破坏。
移植排斥反应是指接受器官或组 织移植的患者，由于免疫系统对 移植物产生攻击和破坏所引起的 反应。
移植物损伤是指移植物受到攻击 和破坏，导致移植物功能丧失和 结构破坏。
免疫缺陷性疾病的诊断与治疗
1 2 3
免疫缺陷性疾病概述
免疫缺陷性疾病是由于免疫系统发育不全或遭受 损害所致的免疫功能缺陷引起的疾病。
诊断方法
通过体格检查、实验室检查和免疫功能检测等方 法进行诊断，其中基因检测有助于确定遗传性免 疫缺陷病的病因。
治疗方法
针对不同类型的免疫缺陷疾病，治疗方法有所不 同，包括药物治疗、免疫替代疗法、基因治疗等 。
免疫分子
抗体、补体、细胞因子等 。
病理学 英文版ppt课件
Reperfusion
Neutrophil activation
ROS
Inflammatory Injury of mediators Micro-vessels
Cell injury
; No-reflow phenome2n5 on
Structural and Functional Changes
? Balloon angioplasty tachycardia
;
9
Mechanisms of Reperfusion Injury
↑Free radicals ↑Ca2+i
Neutrophil activation and Others
;
10
Free radical
Any atom or molecule possessing unpaired electrons
O2
;
Uric acid
14
Endothelial cell
Mechanism 3
Ischemia
Pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines)
Reperfusion
O2
NO
O2-
ONOO-
;
15
(Respiration burst)
Biochemical Impacts of ROS
;
incubation medium4
;
5
Ischemic Injury of Neurons
0 hr
1 hr
6
Injury Windows
Ischemia
Injury Death
Time
Reperfusion
Neutrophil activation
ROS
Inflammatory Injury of mediators Micro-vessels
Cell injury
; No-reflow phenome2n5 on
Structural and Functional Changes
? Balloon angioplasty tachycardia
;
9
Mechanisms of Reperfusion Injury
↑Free radicals ↑Ca2+i
Neutrophil activation and Others
;
10
Free radical
Any atom or molecule possessing unpaired electrons
O2
;
Uric acid
14
Endothelial cell
Mechanism 3
Ischemia
Pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines)
Reperfusion
O2
NO
O2-
ONOO-
;
15
(Respiration burst)
Biochemical Impacts of ROS
;
incubation medium4
;
5
Ischemic Injury of Neurons
0 hr
1 hr
6
Injury Windows
Ischemia
Injury Death
Time
Reperfusion
《病理学》英文课件：01 Introduction
北京协和医学院 1915年 胡正祥 广州中山大学医学院 1926年 梁伯强 国立上海医学院 1927年 谷镜汧
1922 德国海岱山大学,柏林大学 1925 北京协和 1927 上海医学院
1929 中华医学会第七次大会 胡正祥 心的先天性畸形一例报告 谷镜汧 中国人动脉之病理的研究
1951 主编<病理学总论><实用病理学提纲>
肝炎病毒
癌基因突变
肝癌
▪ 肝癌大体和镜下细胞改变
Category of Pathology
• Clinical Pathology
– Surgical pathology (biopsy and organ resection) – Autopsy – cytology – Molecular pathology
medical service qualities • Provide most definitive evidence of the
disease process
How to study well?
• Put a high value of pathological practice • Make connections between general and
• General Pathology
Study of Mechanisms of Disease
• Systemic (special organ system) Pathology
Study of Diseases by Organ System
Brief history 3 stages:
一. Organ pathology (器官病理学）
1954年12月 中华医学会病理学会成立
1922 德国海岱山大学,柏林大学 1925 北京协和 1927 上海医学院
1929 中华医学会第七次大会 胡正祥 心的先天性畸形一例报告 谷镜汧 中国人动脉之病理的研究
1951 主编<病理学总论><实用病理学提纲>
肝炎病毒
癌基因突变
肝癌
▪ 肝癌大体和镜下细胞改变
Category of Pathology
• Clinical Pathology
– Surgical pathology (biopsy and organ resection) – Autopsy – cytology – Molecular pathology
medical service qualities • Provide most definitive evidence of the
disease process
How to study well?
• Put a high value of pathological practice • Make connections between general and
• General Pathology
Study of Mechanisms of Disease
• Systemic (special organ system) Pathology
Study of Diseases by Organ System
Brief history 3 stages:
一. Organ pathology (器官病理学）
1954年12月 中华医学会病理学会成立
《病理学》英文课件 09 Genital System
Chronic Cervicitis
Chronic Cervicitis
疱疹病毒
乳酸杆菌
Squamous metaplasia at the transition zone. Mature squamous epithelium is seen to the right of the arrow, and squamous metaplasia is seen to the left. In squamous metaplasia, theቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnuclei may be larger and more immature appearing and the cytoplasm more dense.
CINⅠ: Mild dysplasia CINⅡ: Moderate dysplasia CIN Ⅲ: Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ
* begin as lower grade CIN and progress to higher-grade or begin as high-grade CIN * only a fraction of cases progress to invasive carcinoma
The diseases of Genital System
(生殖系统疾病）
曾文姣
Pathology Department, Basic Medical collage, Fudan University
2015 Jun
Female Genital System
Male Genital System
Normal cervix
Schematic of the development of the cervical transformation zone
病理学PPT课件
.
15
.
16
Diagnosis and research methods
• Autopsy:
The purposes of autopsy:
Significance:
1. Confirmation diagnosis and major cause of the death
2. Discover some new diseases.
3. Accumulation experience of clinical treatment
4. Accumulation specimens
“盖棺定论”
.
17
Diagnosis and research methods
Human pathology
Biopsy: a procedure where diseased tissue is
Disease–—loss of ease to the body (dis-ease) An entity with a cause
Illness—is the reaction of the individual to disease in the form of symptoms and physical signs
.
23
Diagnosis and research methods
Experimental pathology 动物实验（animal experiment） 组织和细胞培养（tissue and cell culture）
.
24
Basic techniques in the study and diagnosis of pathology
病理学诊断“金标准”
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4. Variant clinical manifestation: Acute or insidious onset that may involve virtually any organ in the body, affects principally the skin, kidneys, serosal membranes, joints, and heart
1. Transplant Rejection 2. Hyperactive immunity：
Diseases of Autoimmunity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3. Immunodeficiency: Immunodeficiency syndrom acquired Immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS)
5. A fairly common disease, a strong (approximately 9 : 1) female preponderance, affecting 1 in 700 women of childbearing age.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
3. Immunologic Factors Intrinsic B-cell hyperactivity was considered a central feature of SLE pathogenesis.
Mostly type III hypersensitivity reaction
Morphology
Diseases of Immunity
（免疫性疾病）
朱荣
Office ：Rm. 207, East No.1 Building E-mail: zhurongss@
Overview
Immune system: A Two-edged sword: responsible for defending us against
The fundamental defect in SLE is a failure to maintain self-tolerance.
A large number of autoantibodies is produced that can damage tissues either directly or in the form of immune complex deposits
Diseases of Autoimmunity
Tolerance (unresponsiveness) to self-antigens is a fundamental property of the immune system, breakdown is the basis of autoimmune diseases
Etiology and Pathogenesis
2. Nongenetic Factors (1) Most patients treated with procainamide (普鲁 卡因胺) for more than 6 months develop ANAs (抗 核抗体）and 20% appear SLE. (2) Sex hormones, especially estrogens. (3) Exposure to ultraviolet light.
2. Other Autoantibodies
Antibodies against blood cells Antiphospholipid（磷脂） antibodies
Etiology and Pathogenesis
1. Genetic Factors
(1) There is a high rate of concordance (25%) in monozygotic twins versus dizygotic twins (1% to 3%).
the countless pห้องสมุดไป่ตู้thogenic microbes or tumors hypersensitive or abnormal reaction is the cause of some diseases
The Common Types of the Diseases of Immunity
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
(SLE)
Characteristics:
1. Predominantly in young women.
2. Mainly conducted by humoral immunity.
3. Multiple organs damage, multisystem autoimmune disease
Antibodies include:
1. Antinuclear Antibodies
(1) antibodies to DNA
(2) antibodies to histones
(3) antibodies to nonhistone proteins bound to RNA
(4) antibodies to nucleolar antigens
1. LE body: ANAs attack the damaged cell’s nuclear, the cell lost its chromatin pattern, and become homogeneous, to produce so-called LE body (hematoxylin body). The neutrophil or macrophage that has engulfed the LE body is referred as to LE cell
(2) Family members have an increased risk of developing SLE. And up to 20% of clinically unaffected first-degree relatives may reveal autoantibodies.
(3) Positive association between SLE and polymorphism of HLA-DQ locus.
1. Transplant Rejection 2. Hyperactive immunity：
Diseases of Autoimmunity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3. Immunodeficiency: Immunodeficiency syndrom acquired Immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS)
5. A fairly common disease, a strong (approximately 9 : 1) female preponderance, affecting 1 in 700 women of childbearing age.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
3. Immunologic Factors Intrinsic B-cell hyperactivity was considered a central feature of SLE pathogenesis.
Mostly type III hypersensitivity reaction
Morphology
Diseases of Immunity
（免疫性疾病）
朱荣
Office ：Rm. 207, East No.1 Building E-mail: zhurongss@
Overview
Immune system: A Two-edged sword: responsible for defending us against
The fundamental defect in SLE is a failure to maintain self-tolerance.
A large number of autoantibodies is produced that can damage tissues either directly or in the form of immune complex deposits
Diseases of Autoimmunity
Tolerance (unresponsiveness) to self-antigens is a fundamental property of the immune system, breakdown is the basis of autoimmune diseases
Etiology and Pathogenesis
2. Nongenetic Factors (1) Most patients treated with procainamide (普鲁 卡因胺) for more than 6 months develop ANAs (抗 核抗体）and 20% appear SLE. (2) Sex hormones, especially estrogens. (3) Exposure to ultraviolet light.
2. Other Autoantibodies
Antibodies against blood cells Antiphospholipid（磷脂） antibodies
Etiology and Pathogenesis
1. Genetic Factors
(1) There is a high rate of concordance (25%) in monozygotic twins versus dizygotic twins (1% to 3%).
the countless pห้องสมุดไป่ตู้thogenic microbes or tumors hypersensitive or abnormal reaction is the cause of some diseases
The Common Types of the Diseases of Immunity
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
(SLE)
Characteristics:
1. Predominantly in young women.
2. Mainly conducted by humoral immunity.
3. Multiple organs damage, multisystem autoimmune disease
Antibodies include:
1. Antinuclear Antibodies
(1) antibodies to DNA
(2) antibodies to histones
(3) antibodies to nonhistone proteins bound to RNA
(4) antibodies to nucleolar antigens
1. LE body: ANAs attack the damaged cell’s nuclear, the cell lost its chromatin pattern, and become homogeneous, to produce so-called LE body (hematoxylin body). The neutrophil or macrophage that has engulfed the LE body is referred as to LE cell
(2) Family members have an increased risk of developing SLE. And up to 20% of clinically unaffected first-degree relatives may reveal autoantibodies.
(3) Positive association between SLE and polymorphism of HLA-DQ locus.