基础英语1课文翻译
研究生英语基础版英语课文课后翻译
第1课A1、因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
2、他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
3、总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
我们这样的态度，没有什么不妥，因为那些语言现在都不构成严重威胁。
4、但许多人认为英语是有益的。
我这里暂不讨论任何世界语言具有的明显优势，例如：交流网络庞大、文学与传媒体系发达、文化与教育机构强大。
5、说英语的、英国裔的南非人不是非常积极反对种族隔离制度。
黑人的反对力量中，成员使用多种语言，他们起初缺少力量与组织。
6、这种象征意义说明，使用世界通用语言的人应该努力尽可能用其利而避其弊。
第2课A1、苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫没有改变这一点，一点也没有。
我被炒了鱿鱼，但是我仍然钟爱我做的事情。
2、作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感所重新代替，一切都还不确定。
这让我觉得如此自由的进入了我生命中最有创造力的阶段。
3、良药苦口，但是我想病人是需要它的。
有时，生活就会想一块砖头一样砸向你的脑袋，但不要失去你的信心。
4、“记住你即将死去”是我知道的避免你陷入“我还有什么会失去”这类陷阱的最好方法。
如果你已经什么都没有了，你就没有理由不去跟随你内心深处的想法。
5、你的时间很有限，所以就不要把时间浪费在重复别人生活上。
英语必修一课文翻译
晓东
第二单元 世界上的英语
Reading
通向
通向现代英语之路
16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。在17世纪英国人开始往世界其它地区迁移。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。如今说英语的人比以往任何时候更多了，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。中国也许是把英语作为外语来说的人数最多的国家。
不是所有的希望都破灭了。部队派了15万名战士到唐山来协助救援人员，数十万的人得到了援助。救援人员组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。在唐山市的北边，有一个万名矿工的煤矿，其中多数人得救了。援救人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所，用火车、卡车和飞机向市内运来了水。慢慢地、慢慢地，这座城市又开始出现了生机。
Using Language
Reading and talking
什么是标准英语？是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语，这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。然而，即使在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。
幸存的人们又怎么能相信这是自然现象呢？人们无论朝哪里看，哪里的一切都几乎被毁了。所有的市内医院、75%的工厂和建筑物、90%的家园都消失了。残砖就像秋天的红叶覆盖着大地，然而它们是不可能被风刮走的。两座大坝垮了，多数桥梁不是塌了就是无法安全通行了。铁轨如今成了一条条废钢。好几万头牛再也挤不出奶来。50万头猪和几百万只鸡全都死了。井里满是沙子，而不是水。人们惊呆了。接着，在下午晚些时候，又一次强烈的地震震撼着唐山。有些医生和救援人员被困在废墟下面。更多的房屋倒塌了。水、电和食物都很难弄到。人们开始纳闷，这场灾难还会持续多久。
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课文翻译UNIT1-2
仅供学习参考：工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课文翻译UNIT1-2UNIT-1我的第一份工作两位美国名人解释为什么不是你所挣的而是你所学的更重要汽车清洁工我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。
他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。
我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔维斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元。
“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。
我把父母的工作道德观带人了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。
那时我16岁。
学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。
我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗、擦亮新车，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。
还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毅盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。
这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约七英亩地的汽车。
一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。
我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。
他当场就解雇了我。
我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。
大约有两周的时间。
我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作十得很愉快。
走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。
我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。
最后，汽车专营店的店主给我打来了电话。
“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话。
这工作就归你了。
”后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯莱斯(罗尔斯一罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。
即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。
当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。
他雇了我。
成功需要毅力。
态度也很重要。
我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。
出纳员第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我10岁。
不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。
很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢’的重要性。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文01及其翻译
World English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141) Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently (at the present/ at the moment) works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably (especially) the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably (perhaps) too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately (objectively), as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment. [warn sb. of sth.][5] It certainly isn't hard(difficult) to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently (Obviously/ Apparently) no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition(besides), in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless (from then on)—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced (substituted) by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat (a little) different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely (negatively) affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense (meaning) that any large language is likely (possible) to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue (problem) of politics, justice, and equality. My object (target) lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased (stopped) to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose (occurred) because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous (native) people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime (rule), and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained (obtained/ got) strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular (especially/ specifically) they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times (often) a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities (society), for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve (illustrate) well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance (case) within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985—). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are c ommonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtua lly a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however”(paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably(especially)C. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty (property).A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusive(<->exclusive)D. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewarding [a gifted / talented person]A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign (kind)4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticated (tamed)C. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (=i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because that "the facts" are notof the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life. [worn-out]7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us factors such as education, career structure, pay and9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants. (habitat)10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [(criterion) criteria: (1)semantic/(2)grammatical]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
高职高专新职业英语基础篇课文翻译
An Overview of International Business NegotiationsMany economic reviewers assume that international business deals will happen naturally if only the correct governmental policies and structures are in place. Corporate leaders assume that they can simply extend their successful domestic strategies to the international setting. Both of these assumptions are mistaken. Policies alone do not create business dea1s; companies do. Business executives will need to be much better educated about international negotiations in order to make successful deals. International business negotiations are fundamentally different from domestic negotiations, and require a different set of skills and knowledge.There are three factors which are common to all international business negotiations, and which distinguish international business negotiations from domestic ones. The first is that in international negotiations the parties must deal with the laws, policies and political authorities of more than one nation. These laws and policies may be inconsistent, or even directly opposed.A second factor unique to international business negotiations is the presence of different currencies. Different currencies give rise to two problems. Since the relative value of different currencies varies over time, the actual value of the prices or payments set by the contract may vary and result in unexpected losses or gains. The other problem is that each government generally seeks to control the flow of domestic and foreign currencies across their national borders. And unexpected changes in such governmental currency policies can have dramatic effects on international business deals. 国际商务谈判概览许多经济评论家认为，只要政府政策正确，结构合理，国际商务交易就会自然发生。
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级版）课文及其翻译
Whupping (whipping/Beating) Fat AlbertBy Rudolph Giuliani[1] My father was an excellent (perfect, wonderful) boxer. His poor eyesight prevented him from becoming the prizefighter (warrior/ knight) he wanted to be, but at 6 feet and a lean 150 pounds, he was fast and tough. He understood the sport and would describe fights to me in great detail, explaining the strategies and techniques of the great fighters, men like (such as) Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Rocky Marciano, and Jersey Joe Walcott.[2] In boxing, he said, the most important skill was to stay (be) calm. This was the best lesson my father ever taught me—stay calm, especially when those (people) around you are uneasy or troubled (upset). The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool (calmness) the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. If he remains calm, even while he's being hit, he can look for opportunities to hit back. (knock down->out knock out)[3] The lesson came in handy (turned out/ proved to be useful). My Uncle Willie was a New Y ork City police officer. Long after he retired, he always wore a jacket and, usually, a tie. He was a shy (silent/ timid) man who kept to himself (silent), and he'd spend his off hours reading the paper under the tree in front of our house. Next door lived another family, and the father was also a cop. For some reason, my uncle disliked him—perhaps he'd been nasty or unfair to Uncle Willie. Anyway, this guy (man/ fellow) had a son named Albert, a big fat kid, two years older than me—I was about 5 and he was 7. Albert took advantage of his size to intimidate (frighten) the other kids. He'd knock them down and roll (sit) on them.[4] My uncle used to read Spring 3100, the in-house police magazine. I loved looking at it—still do, in fact. I would pore over (study sth. carefully) Uncle Willie's copy, but only for so long—my uncle would always take the magazine back. One day he was sitting alone under the tree and my mother was nowhere in sight. He called me over. A copy of Spring 3100 was by his side.[5] "Y ou want this magazine, right?"[6] "Y es," I replied.[7] "Y ou want it to keep?"[8] "Sure!'[9] "Beat up Albert, and I'll give you the magazine."[10] "What do you mean?"[11] Uncle Willie said, "Look, your father's been teaching you to box. Throw a couple of jabs like your old man showed you and Albert will start crying—he's a fat slob and bullies are never as tough (strong/ powerful) as they seem."[12] I was reluctant, because Albert was much heavier than I was. But Uncle Willie showed me the magazine and let me hold it, before taking it back and repeating that it would be mine as soon asI got (made) Albert to cry uncle.[13] A little while (moment) later, Uncle Willie was sitting in his usual chair, when (suddenly) I saw Albert up to his usual tricks, pushing some kids around, all of them smaller than he. I don't remember exactly how it (fighting) started. All I know is that I found myself in a fight with him, just the two of us.[14] I started jabbing at his face—boom, boom, boom, exactly as I'd been taught—and they (jabs) were landing, nearly all of them. Albert never laid a hand on me—or if he did, I didn't notice.His nose started bleeding, a shiner was rising (swelling) nicely (noticeably), and finally he started to cry. Then he turned and ran home (ad.).[15] I went home, too, and told my mother. She slapped me hard (heavily) across the face. "Apologize right now, and I'm going to tell your father tonight. He's going to give you a real beating."[16] "I don't want to apologize," I mumbled. "He started it." For that I got a second slap.[17] Albert was still crying, and I begrudgingly (reluctantly) said, "I'm sorry, Albert." My mother made (forced) us (to) shake hands and ordered me to stay in for the rest of the day. I glanced at my uncle, and thought, at least he could give me the darn magazine. But I didn't give him up. I just went slowly up to my room. About 20 minutes later, his daughter, my cousin (/=nephew/ niece) Evangeline, came up. She was carrying his copy of Spring 3100. "My dad wanted you to have this," she said. "Since you have to stay in all day." I looked out the window. Uncle Willie was still there, under his tree, and he gave me a nod—as much for keeping my mouth shut, I knew, as for whipping Albert.[18] My father came home that evening, and my mother told him what had happened. I could hear them (talk) talking in the room next door. It was his fault, my mother said, for teaching me to box. He should give me a licking (beating) I'd never forget. My father came up to me, but before he could adopt (~ed child) a suitable face (expression) of disapproval, he blurted, "You whipped Albert? God almighty (mighty=powerful)! He's two years older than you, and 25 pounds heavier!" (mighty=powerful)[19] Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho (brave), but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down (withdraw/ retreat) from a fight is so (difficult) that it doesn't get to (express) that point (meaning). That's not just a theory—there were many times (cases/ often) in my administration when an early confrontation led to far less fighting (struggle) down the road (in the direction). Here's an example. At about 8:40 p. m. on Wednesday, July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just off (away from) Long Island. All 230 on board the Paris-bound 747, which had taken off from Kennedy International Airport, were killed. My community response team and I got to the scene (site)(scenery) within an hour and set up an assistance (help) center at the Ramada Plaza Hotel near the airport to provide aid (help) and counseling (comfort) to family members. [boarding school][20] When we got (arrived) there, the first thing we tried to do was (to) obtain (get) the manifest so (that) we could be sure who had been on the plane. Airlines are required by law to compile a complete list of passengers on international flights, including full names, passport information, and emergency phone contact numbers. This information is supposed (thought to (=should) be made available within three hours of any crash. In this case, by 11:30 p. m., TWA said 229 people were aboard. By noon the next day, they were saying the number was 228. Later in the afternoon, they put the number at 230. I repeatedly demanded an accurate passenger list from TWA but was given every excuse why the airline couldn't produce one. I sensed (felt) something was up (was happening) when I received a call about 4 a. m. from the CEO of the airline, Jeffrey Erickson, from a plane heading for Kennedy. I told him that I needed the manifest. He said we would talk when he got to New Y ork, that he wanted to "liaise" (contact) with me. I don't agree to liaise with people I haven't met. But then I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't be so judgmental (subjunctive) based on the use of one word.[21] By the next day, I was exasperated. I felt we were getting the runaround. When Ericksonfinally showed up (appeared), he addressed the families and the press at Kennedy Airport, and spoke for under (less than) a minute. He refused to take a single question. He added nothing to what we already knew; there was certainly nothing to liaise about.[22] On behalf of the families of the passengers—and with an eye toward future disasters—I decided to make my anger known. On several national shows and on all the local channels, I criticized TWA for caring more about covering (hiding) itself than promptly notifying (informing) suffering family members. On Friday, I recorded my weekly WABC radio show from the Ramada and said, "The upper management of TWA incompetently handled (delt with) the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated (worse) by their not telling the truth about what happened."[23] Three months later, Erickson resigned (sign + nature->signature). But that wasn't the point (key). In a city the size of New Y ork, disasters are inevitable (=unavoidable). I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure (granter) the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood. (1, 388 words).OUT THE AUTHORRudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New Y ork from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001.EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. Rudolph Giuliani's father was _____.A. a successful boxing prizefighterB. able to win fights with techniquesC. very tall and strongD. well informed of boxing2. The strategies and techniques of a great fighter that Rudolph Giuliani learned from his father _____.A. were soon practicedB. were later used when he grew upC. didn't work for GiulianiD. were made into theory by Giuliani3. Uncle Willie didn't like their neighboring policeman probably because _____.A. he often abused childrenB. he was unfair while executing the lawC. he had treated Uncle Willie unfairlyD. he was a crazy and unreasonable man4. What made Giuliani decide to beat Albert?A. Albert took advantage of his size to bully other kids.B. Albert used to intimidate Giuliani.C. Giuliani didn't like him.D. Giuliani wanted to keep a police magazine.5. In the fighting between Giuliani and Albert, Albert _____.A. lost his control the first time he was hitB. missed almost all his targetsC. ended up flat on his backD. never had any chance to use his hands6. After Giuliani's father was told about the fighting he _____.A. was very excitedB. gave Giuliani a real beatingC. didn't believe itD. kissed his son as an encouragement7. The theory of standing up to bullies _____.A. took a heavy toll in Giuliani's later lifeB. became a very useful strategy in Giuliani's lifeC. led to far less fighting in Giuliani's later lifeD. helped him win in his running for the mayor8. Giuliani criticized TWA company for _____.A. being unable to provide an accurate passenger listB. planning to liaise with GiulianiC. its covering of itselfD. its CEO's be lated showing up9. The most important reason for Erickson's resignation is that _____.A. he lied to the public about the truth of his companyB. as a CEO he didn't live up to the expectations of the publicC. his company was involved in a disaster in which too many people were killedD. as a CEO he was incompetent in dealing with their business partners10. Giuliani disclosed the TWA's misconduct because he wanted to tell the companies that _____.A. they must pay price if they care about their company' interests more than human injuries and lossB. they will lose in the competition with their rivals if they put their needs ahead of human sufferingC. serious consequences will follow if they don't corporate with the city's government in a disasterD. companies will suffer a lot if they don't communicate with the public honestly and timelyII. VocabularyRead the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.A. calmB. braveC. politeD. mild (climate<->weather)3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.A. betrayedB. frightenedC. gatheredD. cheated (deceive)4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.A. presently (timely/ in time/ promptly)B. reasonablyC. willinglyD. reluctantly5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into thestreet without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.A. utter (->utterance)B. conductC. makeD. crush6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless, aren't we?" [(1)vt.: attend a meeting/ a class; (2)vi.: attend to sb.; flight attendant]A. claimedB. acknowledgedC. proposed (suggest)D. muttered7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program (project), but his efforts hurt his cause (事业) more than they helped. This exasperated him into heated (激烈) and undignified arguments. (congress->Capitol)A. hitB. beatC. angeredD. stirred8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation. (well-informed<->ill-informed; inform sb of sth.)A. negotiateB. contactC. imposeD. stimulate (stimuli and response)9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.A. deterioratedB. (alter<->)changedC. (go to sb’s relief/ relieve sb./ rescue sb./ relief->relievedD. solved (a problem; answer a question)10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.A. verifiedB. sortedC. extractedD. (A is ~ of B and C. ) composedB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.take a toll on end up pore over slap bullylose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly1. Human-made structures also take a toll (bring heavy losses) on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. (migrate->migrant; emigrate<->immigrate)2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool (n.).3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.4. We should remember from Mayhew's account (description) that the boots also come in handy (prove to/ turn out to be useful) for kicking policemen and other traditional foes (夙敌) of the costers.5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off (start out) alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis (base) of his life's work.6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really (fury->)furious, I'd just love to slap him on (the) his nasty face."7. I could tell by the look (expression) on his face that something was up (was happening).8. Essential (important) information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly (timely/ in time).9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed (used) in communication.10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice (good) boy, a bully and rather stupid.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.New Y ork City has a highly centralized municipal (urban<->rural) government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal (major) agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character (nature): the Port Authority of New Y ork and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New Y ork and Connecticut.Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker (spokesman), who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition (=besides) D. After all6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. granted7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majorityIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。
中职英语基础模块1期末复习课文翻译6—10单元
中职英语基础模块1期末复习(课文翻译)6-10单元第六单元Would you like to order?Tang Hua: Hi, Sara. Do you want to eat out?Sara, 你想出去吃饭吗？Sara: Yes. Do you like Chinese food or Western food?好啊，你想吃中餐还是西餐？Tang Hua: I’d like some Western food.我想吃西餐。
Sara: What about Y ueguang Restaurant?去月光餐厅吧。
Tang Hua: Well, I think Meiwei Western Restaurant is better.我觉得美味西餐厅更好。
It’s farther away than Yueguang, but the food is more delicious. 它比月光餐厅远一些，但那里的饭菜更好吃。
Sara: OK, let’s go.那好，咱们走吧。
Waiter: Would you like to order now? 你现在可以点餐了吗？Sara: Yes, I’d like beef steak.嗯，我要一份牛排。
Waiter: Well-done or medium? 你想要全熟还是半生的？Sara: Well-done, please. 全熟。
Waiter: Would you like something to drink? 想来点儿饮料吗？Sara: A glass of orange juice, please. 请给我来一杯橙汁。
Waiter: Beef steak well-done and a glass of orange juice.全熟的牛排和一杯橙汁，对吗？Sara: Right. 是的。
Waiter: What about you, Miss? 小姐，您呢？Tang Hua: The same, please. 和她点的一样。
基础英语课文翻译
3. Hip-hop has its roots in the African traditions of percussion and storytelling.
bac k
Unit 1
Section A
Unspoken Love IV. Trying the Translation
Direction: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1. Nervousness hummed in the air as students waited to play.
These cars art being produced on a large scale.
2.这颗炸弹随时都可能引爆。 (at any time)
The bomb could be set off at any time.
3.双方应遵守合同条约。（observe）
Both parts should observe the terms of a contract. The government has recently initiated a massive new house building program.
国家和人民所接受和珍爱。
bac k
Unit 3
Life in Art
Section B Direction: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases in the brackets. 1.这些车正进行大规模生产。（on a large scale）
新一代大学英语基础篇综合教程1 课文翻译
新一代大学英语基础篇综合教程1 课文翻译引言本文翻译为《新一代大学英语基础篇综合教程1》教材中的课文翻译部分。
本篇文章旨在帮助学生理解并学习英语基础知识并提升翻译能力。
课文翻译原文Title: My HometownI come from a small town. It’s called Green Valley. I’ve lived there for almost 20 years. Green Valley is situated in the countryside, surrounded by picturesque hills and fields. It’s a peaceful and beautiful place.The air in Green Valley is fresh and clean, with no pollution, because there are not many factories there. The water in the river is clear, and you can see fish swimming in it. People in Green Valley are very friendly and always ready to help others. The town has a strong sense of community, and people often get together for different activities.Green Valley has a long history and rich culture. There are many historical sites and traditional festivals. The most famousone is the Green Valley Spring Festival, which attracts tourists from all over the country. During the festival, people get dressed in traditional clothes and celebrate with music, dances, and delicious food.I have many beautiful memories of my hometown. I remember playing with my friends by the river, catching dragonflies and butterflies. We used to have picnics on the hills, enjoying the beautiful scenery and fresh air. I miss those days very much.Although I’ve moved to the city for work, Green Valley will always hold a special place in my heart. It’s a place full of love and happiness, and I hope to visit it again soon.译文标题：我的家乡我来自一个小镇，名叫绿谷。
【免费下载】研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版课文01及其翻译
World English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently (at the present/ at the moment) works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably (especially) the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably (perhaps) too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately (objectively), as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment. [warn sb. of sth.][5] It certainly isn't hard(difficult) to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently (Obviously/ Apparently) no one at the timethought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition (besides), in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless (from then on)—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced (substituted) by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat (a little) different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely (negatively) affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense (meaning) that any large language is likely (possible) to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue (problem) of politics, justice, and equality. My object (target) lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased (stopped) to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose (occurred) because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous (native) people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime (rule), and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained (obtained/ got) strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular (especially/specifically) they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times (often) a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities (society), for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve (illustrate) well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance (case) within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably(especially)C. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty (property).A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusive(<->exclusive)D. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewarding [a gifted / talented person]A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign (kind)4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticated (tamed)C. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (=i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because that "the facts" are notof the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life. [worn-out]7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us factors such as education, career structure, pay and9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: itwill not endanger the planet and its inhabitants. (habitat)10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [(criterion) criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatical]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10"ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of=despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
中职英语(语文社2022)基础模块1unit8课文翻译
中职英语(语文社2022版)基础模块1Unit 8 Treasured Memories of Travelling课文翻译A: Guess what! I’m going to Beijing with my parents.B: Really? When?A: This coming holiday.B: How are you getting there?A: Mum says we will go there by plane.B: Great! What are you going to do there?A: We’re going to climb the Great Wall and visit the Palace Museum.B: Wow! You can see the Summer Palace, too.A: Yes. We’ll taste Beijing Roast Duck and watch Peking Opera.B: Smart choice! Where are you going to stay?A: At the Orange Hotel near the Palace Museum.B: I’m sure you’ll have a wonderful time.A: Thanks.A：你猜怎么着！我要和父母一起去北京。
B：真的吗？什么时候A：这个即将到来的假期。
B：你是怎么到达那里的？A：妈妈说我们将乘飞机去那里。
B：太棒了！你打算在那里做什么？A：我们要爬长城，参观故宫。
B：哇！你也可以看到颐和园。
A：是的。
我们将品尝北京烤鸭并观看京剧。
B：明智的选择！你打算住在哪里？A：在故宫附近的橙色酒店。
B：我相信你会玩得很开心。
A：谢谢。
People travel for different reasons such as leisure or business.Here are some necessary steps to plan a journey.The where If it is for leisure, take some time and brainstorm possible locations to visit.The when Pick the perfect time to travel. It can be on the weekend, during summer, or when you have some time off from work.The how Figure out how you are going to travel. There are so many means of transport. We have land, air, and water.Have a budget Sit down and make a budget for your travel.It should include money for transport, hotels, meals, and a little shopping.人们出于不同的原因旅行，如休闲或商务。
基础医学英语课文翻译
基础医学英语课文翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1【Chapter 1】The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane— as with the hinge joint of the elbow— or movement around a single axis—as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate.顱骨不能運動,是由於骨與骨之間的連接太過緊密.但其他的關節可允許活動,如一個平面上的前後屈身運動,如肘關節;或是繞軸心旋轉運動,如樞軸點允許頭部轉動.The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move jus one part of the body, as when bending a finger.結締組織是肌肉末端附著於不同的骨面上,所以當肌肉收縮時,兩骨彼此靠近而產生運動.這也就使整個人體可以運動起來,如走路,運動軀體某個部位,如彎曲手指.The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halve: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs.心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉.一辦吸收來自肺部的血液,並把血液運送到機體的其餘部位,另一半使流經全身的血液回流入肺.The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.氣管分成左右支氣管,各連結左右肺,左右之氣管在分支20多次,在終端形成大量為小的肺泡.從空氣攝取的氧氣流經這些肺泡壁內的毛喜血管流入血液.血液在經肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.泌尿系統維持水分及體內某些小分子物質,如鈉`鉀的正常水平.身體是通過讓腎過濾血液來做到這一點的.腎是兩個有效的過濾器官,他濾出各種多餘的小分子物質,保留那些供應不足的小分子物質.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs.腦垂體是一個主要的腺體,他位於頭中部腦下方.他至少分泌八種激素,這些激素對人體生長,腎功能及性器官發育有影響.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova( the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and provid-ing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child.女性生殖系統產生,輸送卵子(女性性細胞),將未受精的卵子排出體外,而當精,卵結合時,女性生殖系統培養,提供胚胎生長場所,並孕育新生兒.【Chapter 2】A symptom is something a patient can de-tect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.症狀是病人自己就能察覺到的,比如,高燒,流血,或是疼痛.而徵兆則是醫生所能夠觀察到的,比如,血管擴張或是體內器官腫大.The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resis-tance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however m large areas of the body might become infected.覆蓋在體表或者器官開口處的皮膚和黏膜能在很大程度上抵抗細菌或其他感染體的入侵.如果這些屏障遭到了損壞或損傷,身體對感染的抵抗力就會下降.在一些病情較輕的病例中,疥子和小膿胞可能會發生.在病情較重的病例中,身體的大面積區域則可能會被感染.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mu-cus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract.呼吸通道尤其容易受到感染,幸運的是,呼吸道內附蓋滿了能分泌黏液的細胞,他們能捕捉微小的有機體和塵粒.另外,被叫做纖毛的細小毛髮也覆蓋了呼吸道,他們像微風下麥田裡的小麥一樣舞動著,輕輕地將異物掃出呼吸道.In addition, foreign mater in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing.除此之外,呼吸道內的異物還常常因為擤鼻涕`咳嗽`打噴嚏和清喉嚨而被彈出.Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread.如果膿塊不破裂,裡面的膿不排除掉,感染很可能會擴大.1.Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, and a light chainof them. The light chain has special sites where the amino acids can link with their com-plements on the antigen molecule.每一個抗體由一條化學亞單位(及氨基酸)的重鏈和一條輕鏈所構成.這條輕鏈上有特別的部位,在那裡,氨基酸能使其補體和抗原分子相連.2.In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies “butter” the surface of someantigens and make them “tastier” to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens.在某些情況下,通過調理素作用的過程,抗體在抗原表面塗抹上一些”奶油”,讓吞噬細胞更喜歡吞噬他們.3.Sometimes an antibody hooks to bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, or complement,to actually destroy the bacterium, As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex “fixes” complement to it.在另一些情況下,抗體和一個細菌抗原合上以後,卻需要一個中間體,或補體來實施對該細菌的消滅.於是,當抗體和抗原的結合體隨血液循環時,該結合體會有一個補體附體.4.During the first day or so , antibodies against the infection cannot be found in the blood. Butthis is only because the basic cells involved in antibody production have been triggered by the presence of antigen to multiply themselves.在第一天左右,血液中沒有發現對付傳染病的抗體,但是,這只是因為涉及抗體製造的基本細胞已被當前的抗原存在所觸發而準備開始繁殖.【Chapter 3】The fleshy belly is attached to one bone while the tendon passes over a joint to become firmly attached to the adjoining bone.肌腱跨過關節牢固連接相鄰的兩塊骨頭,而腹肌則與骨頭緊密相接.Shortening of the fleshy part of the muscle produces movement at the joint by pulling on the tendon. The tendon itself does not change in length.腹肌收縮拉動肌腱使關節運動,而肌腱本身的長度是不變的.The many bundles surrounded by the fibrous connective tissue fascia form the fleshy belly of the muscle.許多纖維束又被纖維結締組織筋膜所包繞,最後形成肌肉的肌腹部份.The relation of the muscle bundles to the tendons is that the muscle bundles ate surrounded and held together by the fibrous connective tissue that is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue of the tendonous part of the muscle.肌束和肌腱之間的關係是:肌束被纖維結締組織包繞並連接在一起,纖維結締組織又與肌鍵部份的結締組織相延續.The nerve fibers separate within a muscle with a terminal branch of the nerve going to each muscle fiber.在一塊肌肉中神經纖維可分枝出許多神經末梢,分配到每塊肌纖維中.【Chapter 4】Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two more or less parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.扁骨一般較薄,由兩層大致平行的骨密質骨板圍繞一層鬆質骨構成.Bones undergoing either intramembranous or endochondral ossification are continually remodeled from he time that initial calcification occurs until the final structure appears.自最初的鈣化發生開始,骨通過膜內骨化或軟骨內骨化而不斷地得以重塑,直至最後結構的形成.And still others, espe-cially the sex hormones, aid osteoblastic activity and thus promote the growth of new bone. The sex hormones act as a double-edged sword. They aid in the growth of new bone, but they also bring about the degeneration of all the cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates.還有其他激素,特別是性激素,協助成骨細胞活動因而促進骨生長.性激素作用具有兩面性,他能促進骨生長,但也使骺板所有軟骨細胞退化.There are two principal effects of aging on the skeletal sys-tem. The first effect is the loss of calcium from bones.衰老對骨骼系統有兩個主要作用.第一個作用是骨鈣喪失.The second principal effect of aging on the skeletal system is a decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix.衰老對骨骼系統的第二個主要影響,是蛋白質合成速度降低至使產生骨基質的有機成分的能力下降.【Chapter 5】The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach, whereas the py-loric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it has sufficiently digested. 賁門括約肌的舒張與收縮使食物由食管入胃,而幽門括約肌卻使食物在充分消化後出胃. These substances help transform food present in the stomach into a semifluid substance called chime. The pyloric sphincter allows food to pass into the small intestine only after it has been transformed into chime.這些物質(鹽酸)協助將胃內現存的食物轉變成為稱為食糜的半流質物質.幽門括約肌只有在食物完全變為食糜後才將其排入小腸.【Chapter 6】Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity, which is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs(cilia) to help filter out foreign bodies, as well as to warm and moisten the air.空氣通過鼻進入人體內.在通過鼻腔時,其內排列的黏膜和纖毛過濾了異物,同時使進入的空氣溫暖而溼潤Paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communi-cate with the nasal cavity.副鼻竇位於頭顱骨內,中空含氣,並與鼻腔相通.They, too, have a mucous membrane lining and function to provide the lubricating fluid mucus, as well as to lighten the bones of the skull and help produce sound.副鼻竇也有黏膜襯裡,其功能是提供潤滑黏液,減輕頭顱骨負荷,以及協同發聲.It is in the hypopharyngeal region that the pharynx, serving as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose, divides into two branches, the larynx(voice box) and the esopha-gus.下咽部是來自於嘴的食物和來自鼻的空氣之共同通道,他在這裡又分為兩支,喉(聲音盒)和食管.A special deterrent to this event is provided for by a flap of cartilage attached the root of the tongue that acts like a lid over the larynx.這一起著特殊阻滯作用的物體是一層連著舌根的軟骨結構,它像塊蓋子蓋過喉.The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure is compliance.肺器之所以能在壓力下輕鬆自如地展開,其方法就是因勢利導,順其自然.Breathing is regulated unconsciously by center in the brainstem. These centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according o changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concen-tration of carbon dioxide.腦幹裡呼吸中心在不知不覺中控制和調節了呼吸.這些中心根據血液裡的成分,特別是二氧化碳的濃度來調節呼吸的速率和節奏.If too much carbon dioxide is exhaled by hyper-ventilation, body fluids tend to become more alkaline, a condition termed alkalosis. If too little car-bon dioxide is exhaled as a result of hypoventilation, body fluids tend to become more acid, a condi-tion termed acidosis.如果因為換氣過度而二氧化碳呼出過多,身體體液就容易變的偏鹼性,一種被稱為鹼中毒的狀態.然而,如果由於換氣不足,二氧化碳呼出過少,身體體液就容易變的偏酸性,一種被稱為酸中毒的狀態.Lining the trachea and bronchial tree are cells that secrete mucus, which traps pollutants and bacteria. Also in the bronchi are cells containing tiny cilia, that project into the blanket of mucus and with constant wavelike motions push the mucus up out of the airways.第一,氣管和支氣管樹鋪滿能分泌黏液的細胞,它們能捕捉污染物質和細菌.第二,支氣管裡還有長有細小纖毛的細胞,它們深入遍布的黏液層,不停地通過波浪般的動作把黏液向上清掃出呼吸道.【Chapter 7】There are three major types of blood vessels, i.e. , veins, and capillaries.血管分為三大類,即動脈、靜脈、毛細血管The largest artery, the aorta, is about 1 inch in diameter and has the thickest wall.主動脈是最大的動脈,管腔直徑約為1英吋,血管壁最厚The capillary boundaries are the most important center of activity of the entire circulatory system.毛細血管網是整各循環系統的最重要活動中心Most veins are equipped with one-way valves that permit the blood to flow in only one direction. They are most numerous in the veins of the extremities.大多數靜脈具有單向瓣膜,使血液朝著一個方向流動.在四肢的靜脈中,這樣的瓣膜最多The pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from the right ventricle, while the pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen from the lungs into the left atrium.肺動脈攜帶右心室出來的、含氧量低的血液；而肺靜脈將含氧量高的血液從肺攜帶到左心房Blood returning from tissues other than the lungs enters the heart by way of the venae cavae: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.從組織(肺組織除外)而來的血液經腔靜脈,即上腔靜脈與下腔靜脈,回到心臟When the atria contract, blood in the right atrium is forced through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.當心房收縮時,右心房的血液則通過三尖瓣進入右心室Atrial contractions force blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve, also called bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle.心房收縮將血液從左心房擠壓通過二尖瓣,進入左心室When the ventricles contract, blood in the left ventricle is forced through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery, for distribution to the tissues.當心室收縮時,左心室的血液被擠壓通過主動脈瓣,進入主動脈(機體內的最大動脈),然後分配到機體的各个組織【Chapter 8】Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract are absorbed into blood for transport to the tissues.血液吸收肺部來的氧和消化道來的營養物質,並輸送到組織At the same time, carbon dioxide and other waste products of cellular metabolism are absorbed from the tissues for transport to the organs of elimination.同時,組織的細胞代謝產生的二氧化碳和其他廢物,送到排泄器官The blood also transports hormones from endocrine glands to their target organs.血液還將內分泌腺產生的激素輸送到它們的靶器官。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
职高高一英语基础模块上册课文翻译
职高高一英语基础模块上册课文翻译曾经有一个脾气不好的小男孩。
他经常和他的朋友们打架。
有一天他的爸爸给了他一带钉子，告诉他每次发脾气的时候就把一颗钉子钉在篱笆上。
这个男孩听了爸爸的话，照他爸爸说的做了。
第一天，这个男孩把17颗钉子钉到篱笆上。
后来的这些天，钉子的数量越来越少了。
这个男孩发现控制自己的脾气比王、往篱笆上面钉钉子容易。
终于有一天，这个男孩一点脾气也不发了。
他把这件事情告诉他爸爸，他爸爸让他每次控制住自己的脾气时拔下一颖钉子。
一天天过去了，这个小伙子最后终于能够告诉他爸爸所有钉子都拔完了。
爸爸拉着儿子的手，把他带到篱笆前。
他说：“你做的很好，我的儿子。
但是你看看篱笆上的洞。
篱笆不再像原来那样了。
当你说一些气话的时候，你的坏脾气将留下像这个洞一样的伤痕。
即使你说对不起，伤痕依然在那儿。
若用语言伤害一个人，造成的伤痕和肉体上的伤痕是一样的。
朋友就是最珍贵的珠宝，他们让你笑，让你感到快乐。
所以不要伤害你的朋友。
从那以后，那个男孩再也没有和朋友打过架。
他学会了怎样和别人相处，而且再也没有发过脾气。
翻译：There was once a little boy with a bad temper.He often fights with his friends.One day his father gave him a nail, telling him to nail a nail to a fence every time he lost his temper.The boy listened to his father and did what his father said. On the first day, the boy nailed 17 nails to the fence.In the later days, the number of nails grew smaller and smaller. The boy found it easier to control his temper than to nail the fence.One day, the boy lost his temper.He told his father about it, who told him to pull out a nail every time he controlled his temper.Day by day, the young man was finally able to tell his father that all the nails had been pulled out. Dad took his son by the hand and took him to the fence.He said, " You did it very well, my son.But you look at the holes in the fence.The fence is no longer such as it was.When you say some angry words, your bad temper will leave scars like this hole. Even if you say sorry, the scars are still there.If you hurt a person with words, the scars are the same as those on the body.Friends are the most precious jewelry, they make you laugh, make you feel happy.So don't hurt your friends.The boy has never fought with a friend since. He learned how to get along with others and never lost his temper again.。
新一代大学英语1基础篇教程unite1翻译
Unite 1Brave new worlds勇敢新世界I remember my first night on campus, lying on a hard and slightly stained mattress, surrounded by four blank walls and listening to the heartbeat of a fast-moving city outside my window. I felt very small. It was as if I had literally been tran sported into another world, and in a way I had:One day I had been at home in the s uburban town where I had lived for 18 years and knew everyone, and the next day I had moved into a tiny room in a huge city across the country where I didn’t know a nyone.I had always thought there would be a neat transition between my previous s elf and my college self, but it turns out identity is more complex than that.我还记得在大学的第一个夜晚，我一个人躺在有些污渍的硬床垫上，面对着四面空墙，聆听着窗外这座快节奏的城市的心跳声。
我感到自己非常渺小。
毫不夸张地说，这感觉就好像自己到了另一个世界一样，而且从某个方面来说确实是这样：某一天，我还在郊区小镇的家里，我在那里生活了18年，我认识那里的所有人。
邱东林_基础综合英语(研究生)_1至7单元完整版-课文翻译
Unit 1 对F的赞美1今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义的文凭。
这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样.只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。
2最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程,我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。
在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学力毕业证书。
他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。
3在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。
在每学期开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验.这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍!“我希望当时有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。
”“我喜欢参加派对,似乎没人在意。
"“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，及时我阅读不好，也不会写作。
”很多诸如此类的抱怨。
4我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。
但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前,他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。
要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。
然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。
这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。
5我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的注意。
我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。
直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。
6当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。
“他坐在后排和他的朋友说话.”她告诉我。
“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道。
我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。
施蒂夫特夫人从眼睛上方冷冷地看着我.“我不会换高年级学生的座位.”她说，“我会给他们不及格的成绩。
大学基础英语课文翻译
Unit 1 包装设计销售的艺术在于包装Primo An geli 的工作室位于旧金山的一个时尚区里，在这里你可以看到怪异的流行艺术之作。
一个五英尺长的香肠在壁画上盯着你看，一块巨大的花岗岩被放置在干瘪的多福饼堆成的塔上。
我惊叹道：这些多福饼如何承受得了呀！Angeli解释说："那块石头不是花岗岩而是制型纸板做的。
"和这里的很多东西一样，这个多福饼塔更多的是一种隐喻，而不是一个有明确主旨的艺术作品。
在我们身后的那面墙上是Angeli和他雇员创作的样品——一排排垒起来的空箱子、瓶子、纸板盒和罐头盒。
Angeli说："消费者与包装之间是有联系的"。
包装有时被称为"沉默的推销员"，但它们确实起到了促销的作用。
它们可以使香皂、洗发水、婴儿爽身粉、松饼混合料这些普通的东西成为人们渴求之物。
它们使人们渴求那些他们不需要，甚至不想要的东西。
在你花上8秒去选购洗涤剂或冷冻比萨的时候，那些包装在你耳边或高声或低语，夸耀着商品的美味、优质、价廉，以及它的奢华。
所有的声音足以引起你的兴趣。
这也就难怪设计、制作、推销包装这一集艺术、技巧、科学甚至一点欺骗色彩于一体的商业活动能做得如此生机勃勃。
要真正了解包装的作用，你得先设想一个没有包装的世界。
假设整个超市的商品都是同一样式：牙膏装在消过毒的白色软管里，早餐食品放在蜡纸袋里。
这个店里的商品也许和其他地方的差不多或许更好一点，价格也优惠，而且售货员机敏，衣着也漂亮，但仅凭这些想在今天的零售竞争中占一席之地是不太可能的了。
市场调查员Da vis Masten说包装的挑战在于创造顾客认同的喜好，而不是反映顾客的真正喜好。
以Primo An geli为一出口到美国的意大利咖啡设计包装为例，他没有把美国人身着浴袍时的邋遢形象设计为标签图案。
基础英语课文翻译
Unit 1今年将与众不同威尔·斯坦顿新年的决心就像其他别的事情一样——一分耕耘一分收获。
从往年的结果来看，我付出的还不够，但是今年将与众不同。
在列出决心表之前，我读了很多关于自我提高方面的书。
“发现一切事物中的美；让别人觉得重要……”，诸如此类的大约有30条。
显然，谁遵循我收集的规则来办事，谁的人生就更加丰富，得到家人无限的爱和社会的钦慕。
我迫不及待地等着新年的到来。
我下楼的时候，我的妻子玛吉正在厨房洗涤槽旁。
我蹑手蹑脚地走过去亲吻她的后颈。
（决心第一条：自然地表达爱。
）她一生尖叫，弄掉了杯子。
“不要再这样偷偷地靠近我！”她嚷道。
“你今天早上看起来很漂亮，”我说。
（真诚的称赞如金子般贵重。
）“你看，”她说，“我并不想在外面呆到凌晨四点。
”我拿着一些阿斯比林和咖啡走进客厅。
我正要开始看报纸，这时我五岁的儿子萨米进来了。
他带着一块手表，这是他圣诞节收到的礼物。
“喂，爸爸，”他说，“是什么让手表走的？”在以前，我总会让他去问她的母亲。
这次不同，我拿起铅笔画了一张摆轮机械的草图。
（应该鼓励孩子的好奇心。
）大约花了15分钟，萨米几次想走开，但我总是叫住他。
“看，”我说，“这就是让手表走动的原理。
”“那么为什么它不走呢？”他问。
他的兄弟罗伊从旁边走过。
“你要给它上发条，”他说。
萨米上了发条，拿到耳边听。
他笑了。
“罗伊肯定很聪明，”他说。
我们的女儿克雷奇抱着她的洋娃娃罗宾逊夫人进来了。
“早上好，克雷奇，”我说，“新年快乐，罗宾逊夫人。
”（从孩子的角度去对待孩子。
）“它也不快乐，”克雷奇说。
“罗宾逊夫人病了，好像还是冠状动脉血栓症。
”“为什么不带她去看萨米医生？”我建议道。
“他可以用他的新的医生工具箱。
”电话响了，我去接听，是我们的女儿基特的一个朋友打来的。
“新年快乐，玛里琳，”我说。
“你假期都做了些什么？”（对孩子的朋友表示感兴趣。
）她说她也没做什么。
“算了吧，像你这么漂亮的女孩子，”我打趣道，“我敢打赌一定有一群男孩在追求你……什么？是的，你当然可以和基特说话。
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Unit 1Text我的第一份工作在宾夕法尼亚州的夏洛瑞市，我的父母经营着一家小餐馆——潘格尼斯餐馆。
餐馆每周营业七天，每天24小时。
我的第一份正式工作是给顾客擦鞋，那时我六岁。
父亲年轻时也曾干过这活，所以他就教我怎样把鞋擦好，还让我问问顾客活干得好不好，如果顾客不满意，应主动给顾客再擦一次。
随着年龄的增长，我的活也多了起来。
十岁时，我已经会收拾餐桌了，并且还当清洁工。
爸爸咧着嘴笑着说我是在他手下干过的最好的“清洁工”。
在餐馆里工作是我骄傲的资本，因为我也在为家里的生计出把力。
但是，父亲明确规定我得符合一定的标准才能成为集体的一员。
我必须守时，勤快，对顾客彬彬有礼。
在餐馆里除了擦鞋以外，其它工作都没有报酬。
一天我犯了个错误，告诉父亲我觉得他每周应付我10美元的报酬。
父亲说：“好呀，那你付我在这儿的一日三餐钱，怎么样？还有你带你的朋友来免费喝饮料的钱？”他算下来我每周还欠他40美元。
这件事情给了我一个教训：在谈判时，你不仅要知道自己想说什么，你还要搞清楚对方会说些什么。
我还记得在外服兵役两年后回家的情景。
我刚晋升为上尉，满脸自豪地迈进父母的餐馆。
父亲的第一句话就是：“今天清洁工休息，晚上你来打扫卫生，怎么样？”我简直不敢相信！我想，我是一名美国陆军军官！但这并不要紧。
在父亲的眼里我只是团队中的一名成员。
我伸手去拿了拖把。
为父亲做事使我明白了一个道理，对团队的忠诚是第一位的，无论这个团队从事的是经营家庭餐馆还是执行“沙漠风暴行动”。
Unit 2Text美国家庭和中国传统家庭的比较美国家庭和中国传统家庭有很多不同之处。
先说说住房吧。
美国房子通常都有院子，大小不一，周围有篱笆，但很少有高高的围墙，让路人看不到房子窗户。
通常室内也只是用窗帘或百叶窗遮挡外界视线。
中国传统房屋的形象是房子在中央，外围四堵高墙。
中国北方的许多地方现在仍是这样，围墙很高，从外面只能看见屋顶，大门坚固，与外界相隔。
除此之外，大门正前通常会立有一个影壁。
据说，这样可以在大门敞开时，也不会让房子被人眼看不到的鬼魂一览无余。
在屋内，两国房子也存在着巨大的反差。
美国房内强调的是个人隐私。
不仅洗手间有门，卧室也有门，客厅甚至是厨房也安有门。
空间和财产已被个人化了。
父母对孩子房间没有多少自由，孩子也不可在父母房间及其活动区域为所欲为。
在有些美国家庭，这个隐私规则甚至延伸到了夫妻之间——丈夫和妻子拥有各自的卧室。
在中国家庭却是没有隐私可言的，非夫妻的异性之间除外。
就算是家里有足够的房间，中国小孩也经常和父母睡在一起，一直要到步入青春期为止。
不仅父母对孩子的东西可任意处置，而且青年人也可随便使用父母的东西，只要能抓到手的话。
如果小孩弄坏了父母的东西，要受到父母的责备，但这不是因为他们动了别人的东西，而是因为他们太小了还不能做到小心仔细。
中国家庭没有隐私概念，这在北方许多富裕家庭可以找到极端例子。
在那里，房间是并排连在一起，像火车车厢一样。
所有房间一个通着一个，按一定的顺序排列，而每个房间没有单独的入口。
假如有五个房间，那么房屋正门则直通最中间的房间，餐厅兼厨房就在这里。
厨房里相对的两面墙上各有一扇门，各通向一个房间，这两个房间各自还有门，通向最两端的房间。
从最边端的一个房间（A房间）开始，你可以端直走进B房间，进入厨房兼餐厅的C房间，再进入D房间，最后进入E房间。
父母住在B房间，距厨房最近，把A房间空出来，留给出嫁的女儿带着外孙来熬娘家住。
如果家里有两个儿子都结婚了，老大一家就住在D房间，老二一家就住在E房间。
这样A房间和E房间的人要想出进房子就得必须先穿过B房间和D房间。
房间的实际安排每家会有所出入，但这种简要描述总体上来说是对的。
如此这般的住所布局在美国并不常见，但很多中国人却在固守着这种常见的直线式房屋布局，即使房间和空间绰绰有余。
因为在中国传统文化里，四堵墙围起的空间就是一个集体概念。
美国孩子的活动范围在家庭里界限分明，但没人主张家庭和外界要界限分明，相隔分离。
中国孩子的活动范围恰好相反。
在家庭里没有分界线，而外部的世界却被高墙和大门相隔。
改编自《美国人和中国人》，弗兰斯·L·K·苏著Unit 3Text名字里的名堂当我告诉接待处女士我的名字和我来这儿的理由时，她似乎有点惊讶。
“噢，噢……, 啊，请坐，兰伯特先生很快就来，”她指着房间另一头的几只椅子说。
和我年龄相仿的三个女子正坐在那儿，她们用奇怪的眼神看着我，好像我压根就不该来似的。
我靠门坐了下来，又看了一下招聘广告。
我是在当地报纸上碰巧看到这则广告的。
我曾写了一封自我介绍的短信，接着收到了一个简短的通知，让我去参加面试。
奇怪的是他们并没有给我寄一张正规的求职表让我填，甚至没向我要一张相片。
就这样，我坐在那儿等兰伯特先生，脑子禁不住在想他们有没有想到过我其实是个男的。
我信里的落款签名是克里斯·尼尔，他们会把克里斯当成克里斯汀的简写而不是克里斯托弗的简写吗？我以前做过文书工作，懂得些计算机知识，会熟练讲西班牙语。
可是也许这份工作只招女士呢，尽管他们没明说。
过了一会儿，一位三十出头的男子进来了。
他穿着运动夹克和牛仔裤，没打领带。
他似乎没注意到我，只是向那三位女子介绍他自己是杰克·兰伯特。
“我想先简单向你们说一下公司的情况，然后再和你们单独谈。
但是还有一位姑娘呢，嗯，她叫什么名字来着？”他说，又看了看名单。
“是克里斯·尼尔吗？”我吞吞吐吐地问道。
“对，”他边答应边转过身来。
当他看到我时，他惊讶地发了一声“噢”。
接着他又加了一句：“那不是你，对吧？”我觉得如坐针毡。
Unit 4Text等电话求求您了，上帝，让他现在给我打个电话吧。
亲爱的上帝，让他现在就打吧。
我不会再向您要求别的任何东西了，真的不会。
这个要求并不过分。
这对您来说并不算什么，上帝啊，就这么一点点小事，就让他现在给我打个电话。
求您了，上帝，求您，求您了，求求您了。
如果我不惦记着这事，也许电话会响。
有时事情就是这样。
如果我能想点别的事情的话，如果我真的能想点别的什么事情的话。
或许如果我一五一五地数到五百，电话就会响了。
我会慢慢地数的，决不作弊。
而且如果我只数到三百电话就响了，我会继续数的；我数到五百后才去接。
一五，一十，十五，二十，二十五，三十，三十五，四十，四十五，五十，…哦，电话你快响吧，快响吧。
这是我最后一次看钟了，再不看了。
现在是7点10分。
他说他会在5点钟给我打电话的。
“亲爱的，我5点钟给你打电话。
”我想他就在那会儿称呼我“亲爱的”，我几乎能肯定他就是那会儿说的。
我记得他叫过我两遍“亲爱的”，另一遍是他与我告别时说的，“再见，亲爱的。
”他很忙，而且在办公室里也不便多说，但他叫我“亲爱的”却叫了两遍。
他不可能是介意我打电话给他了。
我知道女人不该总给男人打电话——他们不喜欢那样。
我得停下来，不能这么想。
你想呵，假设一位男人说他要给一位女士打电话，后来却因出了点事没打成，那有什么呀，对不对？你就不能打电话给他吗？啊，求你了，你真不能打吗？你这该死的，可恶的胆小鬼。
打个电话会伤着你吗？混帐东西，我要把你彻底忘掉，把你那张得意的黑脸撕成碎片。
下地狱去吧！不，不，不。
我必须停下来。
我必须想点儿别的事情。
这才是我该做的。
我得把钟放到另一个房间，那样我就看不到它了。
如果非看不可的话，那么我就得走进卧室，那不就有事可做了吗？也许在我还没看时间之前，他就会来电话了。
如果他来电话，我就甜甜地对待他。
如果他说他今晚不能见我，我就说，“噢，没关系，亲爱的，噢，真的没关系。
”我会像第一次见他时一样表现，那样他就会又喜欢我的。
一开头与人交往我总是甜甜的。
哦，在爱上一个人之前，对他温柔是很容易的。
上帝啊，您真的不准备让他给我打电话了吗？您肯定吗，上帝？您就不能发发慈悲？真的不能吗？我甚至不是求您让他这会儿就给我打电话，而只是让他过一会儿打。
我以五为单位数到五百，我会慢慢地，清晰地数。
如果到那时他还没有来电话的话，我就给他打。
我一定会的。
哦，求您了，亲爱的上帝，亲爱的仁慈的上帝，我的天堂圣父，让他在那之前给我打电话吧。
求您了，上帝，求求您。
一五，一十，十五，二十，二十五，三十，三十五…Unit 5Text美国人眼中的英国过去的11年里特里·史密斯一直呆在英国。
现在，他在向记者讲述自己在英国的生活及工作经历。
记者：特里，你已经在这个国家呆了很久了吧？特里：嗯。
记者：你觉察到两个国家之间有什么不同吗？特里：显然，最大的不同就是人。
一般英国人……冷漠，不开放。
记者：噢？特里：在美国就大不相同。
在街上地铁里我们都主动与人攀谈，比这里的人要热情、自然得多。
我刚来英国的时候，不明白为什么人们都不大理我，现在我明白了，他们觉着我过于主动，太急于想和他们交朋友了。
记者：不过，告诉我，当你逐渐认识了一个英国人后，他的态度会有所改进吗？特里：噢，是的。
记者：嗯，不错。
特里：一旦你交上了一个朋友，那便是一生的朋友。
但那得需要很长的时间。
有件事挺重要的，我给你说说。
在美国，英国人挺受尊重的。
人人都想和他攀谈，我们有好多问题问他。
我们喜欢他的口音，喜欢他的国家。
美国人却由于他的举止及语言，在英国略受歧视。
我发现有件事——现在觉得有趣，但那时并不觉得——我不明白为什么在和别人说话时别人都向后躲。
我就想了：“我身上有异味吗？我招人烦吗？”你知道，因为在美国，人们谈话时，彼此站的会靠近一些，而在英国，人们则喜欢保持一定的距离。
记者：那倒是真的。
你对在这儿生活印象怎么样？与美国比起来呢？特里：嗯……我认为在美国生活要轻松得多。
容易挣钱也容易花钱，那儿商店一直都营业，而这里你得在五点半以前跑到超市。
总的来说，我觉得这里的生活效率较低。
假如你想找个电工，要好几天才能找到，活又干得不是很好，整个系统太破旧了，以致于他找不到哪个地方该维修，而他也不在乎。
这也就引出非常重要的另一点：美国人工作要比英国人努力得多。
对英国人来说，个人生活重要，假日重要，花园重要，宠物重要，而美国人不会赞同这些。
对我们来说，工作是生活中最重要的。
你看这里的假期似乎比较长，人们甚至编最荒唐的借口来推辞工作——“我家狗着凉了”，前几天我听到有人这么说过。
记者：嗯，你接着讲。
特里：英国人的品茶休息时间越来越长了。
这方面我们更像日本人，工作是第一位的。
但是各式各类的服务使得我们工作之余的生活更方便了。
记者：我觉得你对英国人持相当否定的态度。
特里：从这次采访你得出这样的结论是吧？其实不是那么回事，我真的很喜欢这里。
我一年回一趟美国的家，每次都还盼望能回来。
这里现在就是我的家。
我觉得这儿生活更安全、轻松，更有趣。
可能我已经养成英国人的习惯了。
英国没有美国那种动人心魄的美丽，但是，某种意义上来说，她的确有种令人感觉很舒服的漂亮迷人之处。