福特汽车-FPDS系统介绍
福克斯波罗控制系统
第一章DCS系统概述1-1-1 #1机组控制系统采用了上海福克斯波罗公司制造的I/A’S系列DCS系统。
整套DCS 系统包括数据采集系统DAS、协调控制系统MCS、炉膛安全与监控系统FSSS、顺序控制系统SCS。
#1机组DEH系统和NCS系统，为新华公司产品。
改造后的#1机组采用以CRT为中心的操作和控制方式。
1-1-2 DAS系统包括锅炉、汽机、电气流程图，趋势图，成组显示，棒状图，机组日报表，事故追忆报表，SOE报表等等。
其流程图上具备实时运行参数、报警状态显示以及操作画面的调出。
1-1-3 MCS系统包括协调控制主控画面，成组操作器画面以及分布在流程图中的给水控制系统，引、送风控制系统，燃烧控制系统，主汽、再热汽温控制系统，一次风机控制系统，除氧器水位控制系统，除氧器压力控制系统，凝器水位控制系统，高加水位控制系统等等。
各子系统的自动投用可在相应的操作器上进行，协调控制方式的选择和投用在主控画面上进行。
1-1-4：FSSS系统包括燃油系统、燃煤系统、公用逻辑三大部分。
它们均分布在锅炉流程图中。
公用逻辑部分包含锅炉保护的主要内容，即炉膛吹扫、主燃料跳闸与首出原因记忆、点火条件、RUNBACK等。
燃油系统包含油层及油枪的投、切控制。
燃煤系统包含各制粉系统的控制。
1-1-5 SCS系统包括了锅炉、汽机的主要辅机、设备和系统的控制、联锁、保护和操作功能。
对重要的辅机设置了启动允许条件“P”、跳闸首出原因“T”、电气跳闸原因“F”。
1-1-6 DEH系统包括汽机控制系统DEH、小汽机控制系统MEH、旁路控制系统BPC三部分。
这三部分均可在两台DEH CRT上调出监视、操作。
1-1-7 NCS系统包括500KV、220KV和机组的公用系统三部分。
500KV升压站和220KV升压站的倒闸操作均可在NCS CRT上进行，公用系统的操作也在NCS CRT上操作。
第二章DCS系统硬件介绍I/A’S的系统结构是按节点（NODE）概念来构成的。
福特F-150Expedition（2021年版）：车载拖车系统说明说明书
Expedition: Standard Class IVSee chart below for the weight-carrying and weight-distributing capacities of this hitch receiver. (This capacity also is shown on a label affixed to each receiver.)Factory-Installed Trailer Hitch Receiver OptionsFrontal Area is the total area in square feet that a moving vehicle and trailer exposes to air resistance. The chart above shows the maximum trailer frontal area that must be considered for a vehicle/trailer combination. Exceeding these limitations may significantly reduce the performance of your towing vehicle.Frontal Area Limitations/ConsiderationsWithExpedition Base Trailer Frontal Area (55 sq. ft.)Without Heavy-Duty Trailer Tow Package60 sq. ft.With Heavy-Duty Trailer Tow PackageFrontal Area ConsiderationsWeight-Carrying Max. Max. Tongue Weight-Distributing Max. Max. Tongue VehicleTrailer Capacity (lbs.)(1) Load (lbs.) Trailer Capacity (lbs.)(1) Load (lbs.)Expedition 6,000 600 9,300 930Expedition MAX 6,300 630 9,000 900(1) Hitch receivers do not include a hitch ball or ball mounting. You are responsible for obtaining the proper hitch ball, ball mounting, weight-distributing equipment (i.e., equalizing arms and snap-up brackets, sway control system) and other appropriate equipment to tow both the trailer and its cargo load.Refer to the Trailer Towing Selector chart for Maximum Loaded Trailer Weights for this vehicle.Hitch Receiver Weight CapacityModelExpedition Expedition (Option Code)(Std.)(536)7-Wire Harness & 4-/7-Pin Connector X (Std.)Hitch Receiver X (Std.)Radiator Upgrade – X Electronic Traction Assist (eLSD) – X Upgraded Rear Axle – X 2-Speed Automatic 4WD–X(1)Trailer Brake Controller – X Trailer Sway Control X (Std.)Pro Trailer Backup Assist – X (1) 4x4 only.Trailer Towing PackageNotes: • C ontent may vary depending on model, trim and/or powertrain.See your dealer for specific content information.• T railer Towing Package recommended for all vehicles that willbe used for towing to help ensure easy, proper connection of trailer lights .2019 Ford ExpeditionRear Axle Non-Limited LimitedRatio S lip S lipExpedition 3.15 10 Not Available 3.31 15Not Available3.73Not Available3L (1)(1) Electronic Limited Slip axle.REVISED 12.21.18Automatic TransmissionMaximum Loaded Trailer Weight (lbs.)(1)Axle GCWR EXPEDITION EXPEDITION MAXWeight DistributionFor optimum handling and braking, the load must be properly distributed Keep center of gravity low for best handlingApproximately 60% of the allowable cargo weight should be in the front half of the trailer and 40% in the rear (within limits of tongue load or king pin weight)Load should be balanced from side-to-side to optimize handling and tire wear Load must be firmly secured to prevent shifting during cornering or braking, which could result in a sudden loss of controlBefore StartingBefore setting out on a trip, practice turning, stopping and backing up your trailer in an area away from heavy traffic Know clearance required for trailer roof Check equipment (make a checklist)Backing UpBack up slowly, with someone spotting near the rear of the trailer to guide you Place one hand at bottom of steering wheel and move it in the direction you want the trailer to goMake small steering inputs – slight movement of steering wheel results in much greater movement in rear of trailerTurningWhen turning, be sure to swing wide enough to allow trailer to avoid curbs and other obstructions.BrakingAllow considerably more distance for stopping with trailer attached Remember, the braking system of the tow vehicle is rated for operation at the GVWR, not GCWRIf your tow vehicle is an F-150, F-Series Super Duty ®, Transit or Expedition and your trailer has electric brakes, the optional Integrated Trailer Brake Controller (TBC) assists in smooth and effective trailer braking by powering the trailer’s electric or electric-over-hydraulic brakes with proportional output based on the towing vehicle’s brake pressure If you are experiencing trailer sway and your vehicle is equipped with electric brakes and a brake controller, activate the trailer brakes with the brake controller by hand. Do not apply the tow vehicle brakes as this can result in increased swayTowing On HillsDownshift the transmission to assist braking on steep downgrades and to increase power (reduce lugging) when climbing hillsWith TorqShift ® transmission, select tow/haul mode to automatically eliminate unwanted gear search when going uphill and help control vehicle speed when going downhillParking With A TrailerWhenever possible, vehicles with trailers should not be parked on a grade. However, if it is necessary, place wheel chocks under the trailer’s wheels, following the instructions below.Apply the foot service brakes and hold Have another person place the wheel chocks under the trailer wheels on the downgrade sideOnce the chocks are in place, release brake pedal, making sure the chocks will hold the vehicle and trailer Apply the parking brakeShift automatic transmission into park, or manual transmission into reverse With 4-wheel drive, make sure the transfer case is not in neutral (if applicable)Starting Out Parked On A GradeApply the foot service brake and hold Start the engine with transmission in park (automatic) or neutral (manual)Shift the transmission into gear and release the parking brakeRelease the brake pedal and move the vehicle uphill to free the chocks Apply the brake pedal while another person retrieves the chocksAcceleration And PassingThe added weight of the trailer candramatically decrease the acceleration of the towing vehicle – exercise caution.When passing a slower vehicle, be sure to allow extra distance. Remember, the added length of the trailer must clear the other vehicle before you can pull back in Signal and make your pass on level terrain with plenty of clearance If necessary, downshift for improved accelerationDriving With An Automatic Overdrive TransmissionWith certain automatic overdrive transmissions, towing – especially in hilly areas – may cause excessive shifting between overdrive and the next lower gear.To eliminate this condition and achieve steadier performance, overdrive can be locked out (see vehicle Owner’s Manual) If excessive shifting does not occur, use overdrive to optimize fuel economyOverdrive may also be locked out to obtain engine braking on downgrades When available, select tow/haul mode to automatically eliminate unwanted gear search and help control vehicle speed when going downhillDriving With Cruise ControlTurn off the cruise control with heavy loads or in hilly terrain. The cruise control may turn off automatically when you are towing on long, steep grades. Use caution while driving on wet roads and avoid using cruise control in rainy or winter weather conditions.Tire PressureUnderinflated tires get hot and may fail, leading to possible loss of vehicle control Overinflated tires may wear unevenly and compromise traction and stopping capabilityTires should be checked often for conformance to recommended cold inflation pressuresSpare Tire UseA conventional, identical full-size spare tire is required for trailer towing (mini, compact and dissimilar full-size spare tires should not be used; always replace the spare tire with a new road tire as soon as possible).On The RoadAfter about 50 miles, stop in a protected location and double-check:Trailer hitch attachment Lights and electrical connections Trailer wheel lug nuts for tightness Engine oil – check regularly throughout tripHigh Altitude OperationGasoline engines lose power by 3-4% per 1,000 ft. elevation. To maintainperformance, reduce GVWs and GCWs by 2% per 1,000 ft. elevation starting at the 1,000 ft. elevation point.Powertrain/Frontal Area ConsiderationsThe charts in this Guide show theminimum engine size needed to move the GCW of tow vehicle and trailer.Under certain conditions, however, (e.g., when the trailer has a large frontal area that adds substantial air drag or when trailering in hilly or mountainous terrain) it is wise to choose a larger engine Selecting a trailer with a low-drag, rounded front design will help optimize performance and fuel economyNote: F or additional trailering informationpertaining to your vehicle, refer to the vehicle Owner’s Manual.Towing a trailer is demanding on your vehicle, your trailer and your personal driving skills. Follow some basic rules that will help you tow safely and have a lot more fun.Photography, illustrations and information presented herein were correct when approved for publishing. Ford Motor Company reserves the right to discontinue or change at any time the specifications or designs without incurring obligation. Some features shown or described are optional at extra cost. Some options are required in combination with other options. Consult your dealer for the latest, most complete information on models, features, prices and availability.Many of the recreationalvehicles shown in this brochure are modified or manufactured by companies other than Ford Motor Company. Ford assumes no responsibility for such modifications or manufacturing.SAFETOWING FOR ALL VEHICLESFor the latest RV & Trailer Towing information, check out /towing-guides or go to .。
2021年Ford Super Duty专业拖车辅助系统快速指南说明书
J a n u a r y 2021 • S e c o n d P r i n t i n g This Quick Start Guide is not intended to replace your vehicle Owner’s Manual, which contains more detailed informationconcerning the features of your vehicle, as well as important safety warnings designed to help reduce the risk of injury to you and your passengers. Please read your entire Owner’s Manual carefully as you begin learning about your new vehicle and refer to the appropriate chapters when questions arise. All information contained in this Quick Start Guide was accurate at the time ofduplication. We reserve the right to change features, operation and/or functionality of any vehicle specification at any time. Y our Ford dealer is the best source for the most current information. For detailed operating and safety information, please consult your Owner’s Manual.WARNING: Driving while distracted can result in loss of vehicle control, crash and injury. We strongly recommend thatyou use extreme caution when using any device that may take your focus off the road. Your primary responsibility is thesafe operation of your vehicle. We recommend against the use of any hand-held device while driving and encourage the use of voice-operated systems when possible. Make sure you are aware of all applicable local laws that may affect the use of electronic devices while driving. (U.S.)ford.ca (Canada)CARD/STICKERS (U.S.)ford.ca (Canada)WHAT IS PRO TRAILER BACKUP ASSIST WITH TRAILER REVERSE GUIDANCE?The Pro Trailer Backup Assist with Trailer Reverse Guidance utilizes the control knob on your instrument panel, your steeringwheel and a suite of cameras to take the guesswork out of getting your trailer positioned where you want it, quickly and easily, while you're driving in reverse.Turn the knob in the direction you want the trailer to go and the system takes over the steering to get it there. This allows you to focus on monitoring the mirrors and applying the brake and accelerator. Use the cameras and on screen guidance to make even the most difficult maneuvers simple. This guide walks you through the set up process, calibration and operation.Below is some of the added functionality that Trailer Backup Assist with Trailer Reverse Guidance provides:TRAILER REVERSEGUIDANCE CAMERAPlease read this guide carefully and follow the instructions to place the sticker on your conventional trailer or installa sensor on your 5th wheel or gooseneck trailer correctly. Doing so will allow you to complete the one-time trailer setup process.STRAIGHTAUTO SPLIT- HITCH ANGLE STEER TRAILER Setup required.If you want to use your steering wheel:A steering wheel projected to go.See page 21 for operation.Allows you to easily want the trailer to go.See page 17for operation.Control knob5-way controlsCenter displayInformation displayABCD12SET UP YOUR SYSTEMFEATURE SETUPPress the center button on the KNOB located to the right of the steering wheel to begin setting up the system.Use the arrows on the steering wheel control to select Add Trailer and press OK to confirm.You can also set up the system byusing the INFORMATION DISPLAY . Use the five-way controls on your steering wheel to access your information display menus. Navigate to the Towing menu. Selec t Trailer Setup from the availableoptions. Select Add Trailer and press OKto confirm.Select the brake effort for your trailer. The default value is Low and is the recommended setting for most trailers. If your trailer's brakes require more initialvoltage, or if you prefer more aggressive trailer braking, then select either the Medium or the Highsetting.Name your trailer. Use the 5-way steering wheel controls to choose the alphanumeric characters. Press the right arrow to advance to the next letter. When finished spelling out the name of the trailer, press OK to confirm. To delete a letter, press the up or down arrow key until you see a blank.Select the type of brake system for your trailer. Select Default Electric/Surge/None if your trailer has electric, surge or no brakes. Press OK to select andadvance to the next screen.Use the images to the right to help you determine your trailer type.For example, if you have a conventional trailer, select Conventional.CONVENTIONAL TRAILER EXAMPLESThe use of these trailers requires the placement of a sticker.Please continue on for the sticker placement instructions.FIFTH WHEELAND GOOSENECK TRAILER EXAMPLESThe use of these trailers requires the installation of a sensor. Please see page 14 for sensor installation. If your sensor is already installed, please continue to page 16.SELECT YOUR TRAILER TYPE34CONVENTIONAL TRAILERWHAT YOU NEED FOR A ONE-TIME SETUP (U.S.)ford.ca (Canada)Next, a message appears in the information display asking if you want to add Pro Trailer Backup Assist.Straighten out the trailer, if necessary.The screen directs you to this guide.To continue setting up a Conventional trailer, see page 6. For 5th Wheel or gooseneck calibration, please see page 16. For 5th Wheel or gooseneck sensor installation, please see page 14.MAKE SURE YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING ITEMS:ONE-TIME SETUPOnce you input your trailer’s information into the information display, it is stored for easy recall. That way, when you want to use the Pro Trailer Backup Assist with Trailer Reverse Guidance system to help you back your trailer into your desired position, you can choose it from the information display. You will not have to run through this setup again unless you want to add another trailer. You can store information for up to 10 trailers within this feature.*IF EQUIPPED65Scan the QR code for additionalinformation about your vehicle.FEATURE SETUPCONVENTIONAL TRAILERPOSITION YOUR TRUCK AND TRAILERRead and follow all of these steps carefully to get the best results.• Hitch your trailer to the truck and connect the electrical wiring harness. Check to make sure that the wiring is working.•Park your truck and hitched trailer on a level surface.• Make sure that the trailer and truck are in line with each other. You can do this by putting the truck in drive (D) and pulling straight forward.PLACING THE STICKERPlace the entire sticker in the green zone on the trailer as outlined in the diagram on the next page. The sticker is in the back cover pocket of this guide.Note: An assistant can help you complete the next page’s tasks.Make sure you gather the following items before exiting the vehicle:CONVENTIONAL TRAILERRear view cameraSticker and measurementcard (provided inside the back cover pocket of this guide).Tape measure and pen (not provided).78OUTSIDE THE VEHICLE• T ake the measurement card and the sticker from the back of thisguide, a tape measure and a pen, and walk back to your trailer.• D etermine where to place the sticker. You must place it in thegreen zone as indicated in the diagram below.• C onfirm that the sticker is visible using the center display. Anassistant can remain inside the vehicle to help you do this.STICKER•P32° F (0° C).•P•U– Within the green zone.– B etween 7 inches(17 centimeters) and20 inches (51 centimeters)from the trailer ball hitch.•M ake sure no hardware willobstruct the view from thecamera to the sticker(jack handle, wiring, etc.).•Place the sticker.STICKER PLACEMENT DIAGRAMNote:You must place the entire sticker within the green zone. Once you place thesticker, you cannot move it. Do not attempt to re-use stickers. Use a new sticker.20 in51 cm7 in17 cm7i n/17c mA-Frame Trailer Tongue Straight Trailer TongueTop ViewsYesNo20i n/51c mMEASUREMENT AThe horizontal distancefrom the license plate tothe center of the ball hitchon the trailer.MEASUREMENT BThe horizontal distancefrom the center of theball hitch to the center ofthe sticker.MEASUREMENT CThe distance from the rearview camera to the centerof the sticker.MEASUREMENT DThe distance from thetailgate to the center of thetrailer axle (single axle)or the center of the traileraxles (two or more axles).MEASURING THE KEY POINTSOUTSIDE THE VEHICLENow that the sticker is in place, you must take afew measurements.For the system to perform its best, it is important to makesure that the measurements you take are accurate.Record all four distances on your measurement card,located in the back cover pocket of this guide.MEASUREMENT TIPS• F or measurements A, B, and C you will need to round.When rounding in inches, round upward if the measuredlength is a quarter inch or greater. Round downward ifthe measured length is less than a quarter inch. Whenrounding in centimeters, round to the nearest wholecentimeter. If the measurement is less than 0.5 cm rounddownward. If the measurement is more than or equal to0.5 cm round upward.• R ound measurement D to the nearest inch.• B e sure to use the measurement unit that is consistentwith what your vehicle uses. Use inches if your vehicle isset to U.S. units. Use centimeters if your vehicle is set tometric units.Note: An easy way to check to see which units your vehicle usesis to look for outside temperature readings or estimated fueleconomy. Fahrenheit or miles indicates U.S. units. Celsius orkilometers indicates metric units.910Once you add your last measurement, the information display shows you all of your entered measurements. Review and confirm.Note: If you want to revise your measurements, highlight Change and press OK . Otherwise, press the arrow to highlight Confirm and press OK.ENTERING YOUR MEASUREMENTSINSIDE THE VEHICLEFor this part of the setup, use the information display and your 5-way steering wheel controls to enter the four measurementsinto the system.ENTERING YOUR MEASUREMENTS• U se the up/down arrows to increase or decrease the numbers as needed. Press OK to confirm each measurement. The screen prompts you to add the next measurement.• R efer to your recorded measurements on themeasurement card and enter each measurement into the information display.CONFIRMING THE STICKERLook for the circle in the display. Is that your sticker?Use the steering wheel controls to select Yes or No .Note: I f your system cannot locate the sticker, try the following:• Clean the rear view camera lens.• M ake sure you place the sticker between 7 inches (17 centimeters) and 20 inches (51 centimeters) from the trailer ball hitch.• R efer to your Owner's Manual for additional support.The information display shows a confirmation message when you successfully confirm the target.1112Note: You can calibrate within the Trailer Backup Assist or Trailer Reverse Guidance system.To complete the setup, you need to drive the vehicle straight forward between 4 and 24 mph (6 and 39 km/h) as directed by the information display.Note: Keep the steering wheel straight during the calibration process. If the steering wheel is in a turned position, then the calibration pauses. The information display prompts you to drive straight forward to complete the calibration.When the calibration is complete, the information display shows a message that calibration is complete. The feature is now ready to use. Please refer to the Feature Operation section (page 17) for information on how to operate the feature.Note: For best results, we do not recommend that you calibrate the system at night.The information display shows a message when the system calibrates.CALIBRATION5TH WHEEL OR GOOSENECK TRAILERWHAT YOU WILL NEED TO INSTALL YOUR SENSORFor sensor installation instructions, please refer to installation instructions included with the sensor kit.FEATURE SETUP1413FEATURE SETUPWhen you plug in the sensor connector, the red seal on the connector should not be visible when the connector is fully plugged in.For sensor installation instructions, please refer to the sensor kit.5TH WHEEL OR GOOSENECK TRAILERSENSOR INSTALLATIONTo use the 5th wheel and gooseneck capabilities of the system, you will need the sensor kit and the 7/12 pin trailer connector. If your vehicle is equipped with the 5th wheel prep package, you have everything you need. Ifit is not, you will need to contact your Ford dealership to purchase the sensor kit and the 7/12 pin connector.5TH WHEEL OR GOOSENECK TRAILERCALIBRATIONToo shallowof a turn✔ C orrect 90degree turnThe information display and center screen provides you with instructions and will tell you when the system is ready for you to turn. Turn left or right whenever you are ready and in a safe turning area.When the calibration is complete, the information display shows a message that calibration is complete. The feature is now ready to use. Please refer to the Feature Operation section (page 17) for information on how to operate the feature.Note: You can calibrate within the Trailer Backup Assist or Trailer Reverse Guidance system.An area where you can safely drive forward and turn left or right is required to calibrate your system. An open parking lot is an ideal place to perform the calibration. During calibration, the system determines the trailer length. Drive straight at approximately 5 mph to align the trailer behind your vehicle.The sensor must be mounted to a vertical part of the trailer that pivots and moves when you turn your vehicle. Do not mount to a stationary surface or to the truck side of the 5th wheel trailer hitch.Make sure the arrows on the sensor housing arefacing up.1615FEATURE OPERATIONUSING TRAILER BACKUP ASSIST• To switch on the system, press the center button on the knob and watch the information display screen. Use the steering wheel controls to highlight your trailer, then press OK to select. The system will locate your sticker for a conventional trailer or confirm the sensor is connected for a 5th wheel or gooseneck trailer.FEATURE OPERATIONUSING TRAILER BACKUP ASSIST• Once you have the trailer moving in the direction you want it to go, release the knob. You control the accelerator and brakes while the system steers the truck to keep the trailer moving straight back.• The sharper you turn the knob, the sharper the trailer will turn.Note: If you attempt to accelerate beyond the system’s threshold, the system automatically limits your vehicle's speed.Note:If you use the steering wheel, you will be canceled out of the Pro Trailer Backup Assist system. A warning will appear.• As soon as you release the knob or turn it back to the center position, the vehicle starts following the trailer's path.• Turn and hold the knob continuously for sharper vehicle and trailer turns.• CAUTION: Always keep your hand close to the control knob. You may need to redirect the trailer quickly.• You may have to use the knob to correct the trailer direction while attempting to move the trailer straight back under some conditions.Note: For 5th wheel and gooseneck trailers, the weight and hitch position of these trailers may make the trailer respond differently to the knob input than conventional trailers. You may need to release the knob early or stop and pull forward to align your truck and trailer when returning to straight backing after making a turn.1718FEATURE OPERATIONUSING TRAILER REVERSE GUIDANCETrailer Reverse Guidance provides informational graphics and up to seven camera views to help you back up your trailer while you use the steering wheel to control your trailer.If you do not set up the system, you can still use the camera views. However, the hitch angle graphic, automatic viewswitching and straight backup mode will not be available. You will need to complete the system setup for full functionality.USING STRAIGHT BACKUP MODE WITH TRAILER REVERSE GUIDANCE• This view is only available when you are in Trailer Reverse Guidance.• This mode will show you which way to turn your steering wheel to keep your trailer backing up straight. A steering wheel icon image is shown on the center screen. A blue arrow will show you which way to turn your wheel to keep your trailer straight.•To activate this mode, select the rearview camera icon, then the straight backup mode icon.• To use Trailer Reverse Guidance, shift your vehicle into reverse and press the rear view camera button on the center screen to expand the menu.• Select the Trailer Reverse Guidance icon on the screen. You will need to select your trailer from the information display.• The system will locate your sticker for a conventional trailer and confirm the sensor is connected for a 5th wheel or gooseneck trailer.• The auto mode camera view is the default display. You can now use your steering wheel and thecamera views to navigate your trailer into position.VIEW OPERATIONUse the buttons below to select the best view for backing up your vehicle and trailer. You can use these views for Pro Trailer Backup Assist or Trailer Reverse Guidance.You can select the following views by selecting the rear camera icon on the center display. The view drawer displays.(View drawer shown.)360 Camera: shows the rear camera view on the left side of the screen and the 360 degree view on the right side of the screen.Rear View Camera: shows what is behind your vehicle.R ear Split View Camera: shows a 180 degree view of area behind your vehicle.Bed Camera: shows the truck bed and can be used to hitch a 5th wheel or gooseneck trailer.Trailer AUX Camera*: shows a rear view camera image of what is behind your trailer. This camera needs to be purchased and installed separately.Trailer Reverse Guidance View:shows you a view of the sides of your truck and your trailer.In auto mode, this view moves as your trailer moves so that you do not have to adjust the camera as you turn. You can use the left and right arrows to see more of the driver or passenger side. Press Auto to return to automatic camera adjustments.Takes you back to the 360 degree camera system and out of the Trailer Reverse Guidance feature.*IF EQUIPPED1920The hitch angle graphic display shows you a small, top-view representation of your truck and trailer.This representation shows two different-colored lines:• A black line shows you where your trailer is in relation to your vehicle.• For Trailer Backup Assist, the white line represents the amount the trailer will turn based on knob input.• For Trailer Reverse Guidance, the white line represents the amount the trailer will turn based on steering wheel position. This graphic can be seen in the Rear Normal Camera, Bed Camera, Trailer AUX Camera and Trailer Reverse Guidance Camera views.21。
福特产品开发系统节点简介
福特产品开发系统(FPDS)节点概述<SI>战略意图<SI>。
在Job#1节点前41个月完成。
项目方向确立。
∙产品、市场、制造、供应、设计和再利用等策略已确立。
∙主要的顾客需求、法规要求及合作需求计划已确认。
∙建立在可行的业务结构体系基础上的车量综合档次目标及产品设想确立。
∙新技术确定，动力系统和车辆总体结构执行准备就绪。
∙项目供应保障确认—进度、工作计划、资源和工装设施。
∙从<SI>1到<SI>2之间，由车辆开发中心负责提供支持。
<SC>战略确认<SC>。
在Job#1节点前36个月完成。
小组确认策略/能力。
∙车辆/系统/1级子系统目标承诺。
∙动力系统选型。
∙各系列生产装配场地确认。
∙所有系统/子系统供应商选定/被作为小组成员。
∙长周期开发投资提交董事会讨论（如果要求）。
∙初始属性原型车/样车确认计划成为可行。
<PA>项目批准<PA>。
在Job#1前30个月完成。
宏观目标成为具体目标。
∙项目工装设施和工具投资批准。
∙宏观目标转化为具体目标。
∙取得全部供应的承诺。
∙市场部承诺市场前景。
∙DVP和FMEA完成。
∙项目部件清单完成。
∙动力系统截面完成并完成制造签发。
∙为市场调查提供两种方案。
∙最终属性原型车/样车确认计划成为可行。
<PR>产品就绪<PR>。
在Job#1节点前19个月完成。
∙全车分析签发并且达到全部目标。
∙全部CP车已订购。
∙所有重要成型部件1级表面标准已发布。
∙最终的确1、2、3级数模数据确认并发布。
∙CAD文件反映<CP>前确认的更改.<CP>样车确认<CP>。
在Job#1节点前14.5个月完成。
∙模拟生产条件,采用生产用工具、零件、工艺卡片和环境(以验证可行性)。
∙第一辆确认样车就绪，可以进行调整和耐久性试验。
∙对所有的CP成品和分总成进行的三座标测量分析完成。
FORD福特汽车研发流程的介绍
27MBJ1
供应商选 点开始
M1 25MBJ1
PA
FDJ
20.5MBJ1 17MBJ1
VP 13MBJ1
高影响供 应商选择
跨功能小组形成
解决问题
交运制造
PEC 8MBJ1
LR/ FEC
5.5MBJ1
TT 5MBJ1
PP 2.5MBJ1
MP1 0MBJ1
启动会议 开始
第一次现场 评审
第二次现场 评审
决定： 是否进 行试生 产？
团队
利用福特跨功能团队与供应商一起在现场工作 (4次拜访)
标准化
采用唯一的，全球通用到，有纪律的流程 尽量减少返工和重复。
管理/汇报
使用共同的，明确的交付报告和结构化的 管理评审模式
GPDS 供应商管理过程-总览
Unit
Unit
PTC
PA
34MBJ1
27.5MBJ1
PTCC
PTC/ M1DJ
33.5MBJ1 (655/654)
Required Inputs
START
INPUTS Released design [#1,2,3 & 4]
Trained supplier production operators
Sub-supplier(s) material status
from Tier-x R@R
Quantity of parts required as defined by
[#5,6 & 7]
Production Tools, Facilities
& Gauging [#8,16 & 17]
Planned production cycle times required to support Daily Production
GFPS_全球福特生产系统介绍(1)
GFPS 全球福特生产体系
目标
Global Manufacturing Leadership Agreement
（建立）一个支持持续改善的 标准的全球生产体系
6
全球 福特生产体系
指导原则
Global Manufacturing Leadership Agreement
• 通过福特生产体系达成经营成果 • 在我们的体系里通过标准化作业促使稳定性和纪律性 • 依靠福特生产体系的管理团队的监管实现在全球一致的贯彻
SOSSOOSSOSSQOQSSQOQOSOSSDODSDOODSOSSCOCSCOOCSOSSPPOOSPSPOOPSOSSMMOOMSMSOMOSOSSEEOOSESEOOESOS S
FFSSaa零 &IIeZtneZtn工aarrje死jeiluiluoiroir伤Ftrotr亡ouySFuyyaySIsaesZtn&I&aeZtnrFjeailurSjeoirailutIrooireuZtnytyroauyrysje&ilusoir&trouyys&三Z零Z&抱e&e包在rroC怨oC费用PPMZM和UZ用U&期eII&SeSroCrZoCP&eMPMrUIoCUSISPMUI按S精MMF订FLO益LalOalooe单tetT&Tew物ewaaDrD交rnMni&Fi流&aMaFLOa付lllLoOaletoTeewMtaFTewDranLOalDir&noaiet&TaewlalDrni&aElEffWf世 的CWfCiiclcolao界 效iaiersEerslEnl级 率sndfsdWfcCciWfCyciylEocaliofaerisWfCelrsnisdlcnlsdcoaicyersylnsdc人 &MMySS受P员Pokokeit到eitl有iliolovlvee激pMapa技dSdMltSltPeoek励eeP&能o&keditdlMeiitoSlvlieolvPpoakedpaeltidelelito&leveed&paddltee&UUUdttti利1i1i1ll1li0i0i0zz0z用00a0a0aU%%t%Utt率%itiiooit1oli1nin0lnUzi00zat0a%i1tl%it0ozio0an%ntioEEn绿En的nGnGGt色ttere企errrerere环ppepeE业errEnrninn保iiGssnstGeeterEerrepreneGpretneirrnsiresepeernise
福特全球产品开发系统GPDS
福特全球产品开发系统GPDS福特全球产品开发系统GPDS（GLOBAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM)是用来取代现有的福特产品开发系统FPDS(FORD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM)和沃尔沃产品开发系统VPDS（VOLVO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM)，它是基于马自达开品开发系统（MAZDA PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM),结合FPDS进行优化，用于设计、采购、验证和投产车型的开发系统，提供了从项目定义到整车投产的一系列时间节点和系统的思路。
相对于福特07年之前采用的FPDS，采用GPDS大大缩短了车型的开发时间（全新车型从FPDS的51个月缩短到了38个月），以期能更快地推出车型，在激烈的市场竞争中不至落后（TOYOTA、HONDA、GM开发周期分别是38个月、22个月和36个月）。
当然，为了达到这个目标，对系统的规划（开发的思路进行了很大的变更）和各个部门的工作提出了新的要求。
可贵的是：虽然开发时间大大缩短，但是更多的是对主机厂和供应商的实力有了更高的要求，对于整车的验证和质量水平没有下降，反而更为严格。
至于为什么称为全球产品开发系统GPDS，是针对福特自身而言，在GPDS之前，福特旗下的VOLVO和MAZDA都是沿用之前的VPDS和MPDS，其它车型采用FPDS，造成了不同品牌、不同区域和不同项目之间的沟通和支持缺乏共通的语言，因此FORD综合了所有开品开发系统优点，开发出GPDS作为所有车型开发的项目管理系统。
目前除原开发项目外（部分车型在开发中也已转成GPDS），所有车型的开发都已开始按照GPDS进行开发。
KO Kick Off 开始SI Strategic Intent 战略意图SC Strategic Confirmation 战略确认PH Proportions & Hardpoints 部分和难点PA Program Approval 项目批准ST Surface Transfer 表面转换PT Powertrain Design Complete 动力系设计完成PR Product Readiness 产品准备就绪CP Confirmation Prototype 确认样件CC Change Cut-Off 更改结束LR Launch Readiness 生产准备就绪LS Launch Sign-Off 生产认定J1 Job 1 作业1FS Final Status 最终状态。
福特汽车FPDS系统介绍
information, business assumptions, technical requirements/targets, and implementation information compiled and signed-off
quality/reliability, craftsmanship and reusability confirmed
•Implementation readiness for vehicle-architecture technologies achieved
•<SC>Strategic Confirmation (Team Confirms Strategy/Viability)
福特汽车FPDS系统介绍
2020年7月22日星期三
•Generalized Process Flow (for reference only)
•KO
•PS1/2
•SI
•SC
•PH
•PA
•ST
•PR
•CP •CC
•LR
•LS
•J1
•Vehicle Program [timing] Plan
•Market Research (Qual.)
•Final Product vision and program mission statements confirmed •Preliminary Vehicle Program [timing] Plan (VPP) established •Strategies such as product, market, manufacturing, assembly, supply, design, service,
福特产品开发系统FPDS-1教程
轿车 VLD John Stanger
轿车战略经理 C Kelly
FAP重要联络人
• 初期项目计划编制及提交所有PD建厂许可的重要 联络人：
所有轿车项目
Craig Kelly, FAP战略经理
所有货车项目
Frank Corl, 卡车产品和业务开发经理
福特/马自达增量项目
• FMEA’s
• DVP’s • 可靠性工程
Ford Confidential
公司周期计划和业务策略
设计与研发 • 设计CAD发布 • 样车零件 • 测试 • 制造可行性 • 变更控制 • 工程签收 • APQP • PSW
Ford Confidential
公司周期计划 和业务策略
投产与持续改进 • APQP • 确认能力 • 试生产 • 确认零件水平 • 对客户的反映 • 监控售后/客户反馈
南美 Luc de Ferran
产品开发/产品战略总监 Lou Speer
福特广岛总监
Ashok Goyal
马自达项目 Y Yokomoto Y Nakahira
货车 VLD Rob Stevenson
货车战略经理 F Corl
Ford Confidential
EEME 待定
产品战略和周期计划经 理
Ford Confidential
FAP产品开发会议（2002年2 月）
各区市场产品开发负责人达成一致协议：今后FAP 的所有项目将采用基于FPDS的流程和规范，2002 年的重点在于以下几个方面： • 市场定义 • 可靠性工程 • 工程签收 • 先期产品质量计划编制（APQP） • 同时要求采用简化的BU/KD/国产化流程。
福特FordMotor术语
福特FordMotor术语Ford inverted delta: 倒三角，critical characteristicsCC: critical characteristics，严重度为9和10(零件)。
关键特性。
SC: significant characteristics，严重度为5-8（发生频率为4-10或福特研发批准）。
重要特性。
HIC: high impact characteristics，严重度为5-8，发生频率为4-10。
高影响度特性。
YC: Potential CC，严重度为9和10。
潜在的关键特性。
YS: Potential SC，严重度为5-8。
潜在的重要特性。
OC: Operator Safety，严重度为9和10(过程)。
操作人员安全。
PTC: pass-through characteristics 传递特性CTQ：critical to quality 关键尺寸(J1) Job 1 整车投产（开始生产可向顾客销售的车辆；JOB1投产评审）2/4-WD: Two/four wheel drive 2/4轮驱动APQP: Advanced product quality planning 先期产品质量规划BOM: Bill of material 物料清单CPA: commercial and program agreement 商务项目协议DB: durability build 样车阶段DFMEA：design failure mode effect analysis （针对设计的）潜在失效模式及后果分析DV：design verification 设计验证DVP：design verification plan 设计验证计划ED&T：engineering development and test 工程开发和测试FDJ：final data judgement 最终资料评价（最终数据确认）-- （客户：UP零件设计完成并发布；签署开模申请；工装、检具方案的评审；UN/UP第二次访问计划确认；/ 供应商：完成工装、检具、设备的开发计划；完成工装、检具方案；开模申请提交）FEC：final engineering completion 最终工程完成（最终工程签发）-- （客户：完成需要重新进行的DV试验；所有整车DV试验和公告试验完成；工程问题关闭；完成工程签发；/供应商：完成需重新进行的DV台架试验）FPDS：ford product development system 福特产品开发系统FRG：Ford reliability guideline 福特可靠性指导F2F：face to face 面对面会议GPDS：global product development system 全球产品开发系统GYR：green-yellow-red 绿黄红IPD：In Plant Date 进厂日IPO：individual part order 单个零件订单ISIR：initial sample inspection report 初始样件检查报告JIT：just in time 准时生产，又译实时生产系统（多品种小批量混合生产条件下高质量、低消耗的生产方式即准时生产；追求一种无库存，或库存达到最小的生产系统。
福特GPDS产品开发流程简介
EVENT:
Yes
Conduct
Capacity
Verification Run
STATUS:
Phase 3
END
Completed
Quantity required is customer DPV for one full day
Phase 2 Warrant
资格的实验室文件
13. Appearance Approval Report外观批准报 告
14. Sample Production Parts生产样件 15. Master Sample标准样件 16. Checking Aids检查辅具 17. Customer-Specific Requirements顾客特
项目节点（里程碑）
• PTC-Program Target Compatibility 项目目标整合
• PA-Program Approval 项目批准
• FDJ-Final Data Judgement 工程数据发布 • VP-Verification Prototype (OTS)样件验证 • PEC-Preliminary Engineering Completion 工程数据冻结
殊要求
18. Production Part Approval Process Submission Warrant (PSW)零件提交保 证书
Phased PPAP 要求
•Phased PPAP是FORD对PPAP流程管理的特殊要求
• 主要目的是提高正式生产是的质量表现 • 需要供应商证明以下要点： —制造能力 —产品质量 —产能能力
Was the No control plan followed
福特汽车公司（FORD）发动机数据流分析手册
第二章福特汽车公司（Ford）DCL（EEC-IV）和OBD-II（EEC-V）汽车参数Ford公司将所有参数分成10个部分。
即：（1）通用参数。
（2）燃油喷射有关参数。
（3）节气门位置和怠速控制参数。
（4）发动机及冷却液温度参数。
（5）空气（大气）压力和进气歧管压力有关参数。
（6）空气流量和空气温度参数。
（7）电气及点火系统参数。
（8）排放控制参数。
（9）变速器和车速控制参数。
（10）暖气、通风及空调的有关参数。
下面就一些常见参数作一简单的介绍。
一、通用参数1.开/闭环[OPEN/CLSD LOOP] __XXXX （范围：开环/闭环）该参数反映PCM是在开环还是闭环状态下控制发动机。
在暖机过程，该读值应在开环。
当发动机达到正常工作温度，并且PCM对氧传感器电压有响应时，读值应变成闭环。
某些故障状态（大多数情况会有相关故障码）将会使PCM返回开环运行。
另外，某些车型会在怠速状态返回开环控制，这主要是由于在怠速时，氧传感器温度较低。
此时，应提高发动机转速，加热氧传感器后，PCM应进入闭环状态。
2.车速[VEH SPEED]（mph）__XXX （范围：0~最大车速）车速[VEH SPEED]（kph）__XXX车速传感器[VSS]（mph）__XXX车速传感器[VSS]（kph）__XXX车速参数是由PCM根据车速传感器（VSS）提供的信号计算的实际车速。
PCM使用此信号控制燃油喷射、点火正时及变速器换挡时间。
对于EEC-IV系统，该参数显示为车速。
对于EEC-V系统，该参数显示为车速传感器（VSS）。
可利用仪器对显示单位进行公/英制转换。
3.制动开关[BOO=BRAKE SW] __XXX （范围：ON/OFF）当踏下制动踏板时该参数状态将由OFF变成ON，在其他时间应为OFF。
不论何时，当制动踏板踏下，制动开关将一个蓄电池电压信号送给PCM。
对不同车型，此时PCM可能在踏下制动踏板和打开A/C时调整怠速，或在踏下制动踏板时关闭A/C。
福特汽车培训材料——FPDS系统概要
40 33 … …
˙Program scaleability is based on degree of Vehicle & P/T changes. ˙The combined scale assignment determines milestone timing. Scale 6 5 4 3 2 1 Vehicle Change(s) All New Vehicle New Exterior, modified lower structure New Exterior, C/O lower structure Moderate Freshening Minor Freshening Trim
˙(KO)precedes <SI> by 3 to 10months(or more) depending on program issues and cycle plans timing. ˙Incremental timing (applies to S4-S6 between <SI> and <SI>) is up to 2 mo.(total)for multi-body styles or 1 mo. for multi-brands. Powertrain Change(s) New Engine / Combustion, New Trans/ Powerflow Major Engine / Trans Upgrade, 1st Use Emissions New Use Engine / Trans, New Calib / Major Emiss. Minor Engine / Trans, Major Calib / Minor Emiss. C/O Engine / Trans, Moderate Calibration C/OPowertrain, Minor Calibration
福特生产体系(FPS)衡量指标课件
02
03
定期评估
按照设定的时间间隔，定 期对企业的绩效进行评估 ，以便及时发现问题和改 进空间。
反馈机制
建立有效的反馈机制，将 绩效评估结果及时反馈给 相关部门和人员，以便针 对性地制定改进措施。
数据分析
运用数据分析工具对绩效 数据进行深入分析，挖掘 潜在问题和改进点。
通过改进措施持续提升绩效
针对性改进
总结词
成功转型，效率提升
详细描述
该汽车制造企业通过引入FPS衡量指标，实现了生产线的优化和流程的改进。具体措施包括采用自动化设备、减 少生产过程中的浪费、提高生产计划的准确性和灵活性等。这些改进使得该企业的生产效率得到了显著提升，产 品质量也得到了进一步保障。
某电子制造企业的应用案例
总结词
精细化管理，成本降低
根据绩效评估结果和反馈 意见，针对性地制定改进 措施，并确保措施的有效 实施。
持续优化
在实施改进措施的过程中 ，不断对措施进行优化和 调整，以实现最佳的改进 效果。
培训与沟通
加强员工培训和沟通，提 高员工对FPS的认知和应 用能力，促进企业整体绩 效的提升。
04
FPS衡量指标的实际应用案例
某汽车制造企业的应用案例
详细描述
该电子制造企业采用FPS衡量指标，实现了精细化的生产和成本管理。通过对生产线上的每个环节进 行细致的监测和控制，企业能够及时发现并解决生产过程中的瓶颈和问题。同时，通过采用先进的生 产技术和工艺，该企业成功降低了生产成本，提高了产品的市场竞争力。
某航空制造企业的应用案例
总结词
质量保证，客户满意度提升
，实现高效率的生产。
标准化作业
为了确保生产过程的平衡和协调，对每个工 序的生产节拍进行严格控制，避免生产过程
福特FPDS手册
每季度的更新材料中进行发布。详见在 FPDS Online中的“FPDS 变更控制”. 主要联系人: Brian Mikulec (24-86339)
什么东西在线（Online)可用? 过程细节，可测量性， 变更控制过程
J1
CP CC LR LS
CP
PR
动力传动系统项目详细设计
AP（属性样车）0 &AP1 样车阶段 AP2 样车阶段
确认布置
外观开发并发布
制造计划及设计（工具和设备）开发
验证
P-权威发布
PR
ST
SI SC PH PA ST
通用的FPDS时间及可测量性
FPDS 手册
FPDS Online 服务热线 (313) 32-27505
什么是FPDS（福特产品开发系统）？ FPDS是用来定义对开发及
投产一个整车所必需的过程任务及可交付项。小组任务及节点的定义与产品开 发过程的每个不同点的进程相联系。而每个过程任务又至少与一个可交付项和 过程定义表相联系。目前（版本为1.3.1）在FPDS中共有1099个任务及1255个 可交付项。过程任务及可交付项，从逻辑上说，是与建立高等级（S3-S6）及 低等级（S1-S2）项目的通用的MS Project 工作计划模型相联系的。FPDS适用 于以下品牌：Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, Jaguar和Land Rover. Mazda 和Volvo的每 个品牌都使用一个专门的开发过程。主要联系人 : Troy Dehne (39-08659)
什么是Integrator? “Integrator” 是一种以网络为基础的工具，它允许使用
福特汽车公司SYNC系统快速参考指南说明书
June 2014 | First Printing | Quick Reference Guide | E-Series ford.ca2015 E-SERIESSYNCQUICK REFERENCE GUIDEGETTING STARTED WITH YOUR SYNC® SYSTEM1General TipsFor more complete information on SYNC, refer to your Owner’s Manual, visit the SYNC website2 or call the toll-free number3. Before You Get Started1S et up your owner account by visitingyour SYNC website2. Register byfollowing the on-screen instructions,and then see which complimentaryservices you are eligible for.2S YNC uses a wireless connection called Bluetooth® to communicate with your phone. Turn Bluetooth mode on in yourphone’s menu options. This lets yourphone find SYNC. For more detailson setting up your phone with SYNC,visit SYNC online2 or your phonemanufacturer’s website.Pairing Your Phone with SYNC Pair and connect your phone with SYNC in order to use the many features of SYNC. To Pair Your Phone for the First Time 1M ake sure that your vehicle is inpark (P) and you switch on both yourignition and radio.2P ress the phone button. When thedisplay indicates no phone is paired,press OK.3W hen Find SYNC appears in the display, press OK.4P ut your phone into Bluetooth discovery mode. See your phone’s user guide,if necessary.5W hen prompted on your phone’sdisplay, enter the six-digit PIN providedby SYNC in the radio display.6T he system indicates when the pairingis successful.Note The System May Prompt You toS et your phone as the primary or favorite(the primary phone receives messagesand voicemail).D ownload your phone book (a requirementto use the full set of voice commands).Tips Make sure you accept the request fromSYNC to access your phone. T o pair subsequentphones, please refer to Pairing SubsequentPhones in the SYNC chapter of your Owner’sManual. If you experience pairing problems,try performing a clean pairing by deletingyour device from SYNC, deleting the SYNCconnection from your phone, and thenrepeating the Pairing Your Phone process.SYNC Applications911 Assist® can alert 911 in the event ofan emergency (feature must be set toON prior to the incident).S YNC AppLink TM1 allows you to connectto and use certain applications suchas Pandora and Stitcher, if your phoneis compatible.USING SYNC® VOICE COMMANDS –SYNC. SAY THE WORD.Using Your Phone with SYNCNote You must download your phone bookto make phone calls with voice commandsby name.Making a Phone CallUse SYNC to make a phone call to anyonein your phone book by pressing the voicebutton. When prompted, give a voicecommand. For example, you could say"Phone", then"Call Jake Smith at home".The system confirms the request anddials your call.Note You can also make phone calls bypressing the voice button. When prompted,give the voice command “Dial”, then verballysay the phone number.Answering Incoming CallsWhenever you have an incoming call,you can answer it by pressing the phonebutton. Hang up at any time by pressingand holding the phone button.Switching to Privacy ModeSwitch a call from an active, hands-freeenvironment to your cellular phone for amore private conversation. Press MENUduring an active call. Scroll through thechoices. Press OK when Privacy On/Offappears. The display indicates “In Privacy”and the system transfers your call.Using SYNC to AccessDigital MediaUse the USB port hub to plug in yourmedia devices such as phones and MP3players and use SYNC to play all of yourfavorite tunes. Since SYNC indexes yourmusic, the more you have stored on yourdevice, the longer it will take SYNCto index.Using Voice Commands to Play Music1P lug your media player into yourUSB port.2P ress the voice button. Whenprompted, say “USB”, then follow-upby saying one of the voice commands.3Y ou can now play music by saying anyof the appropriate voice commands.For a list of voice commands, say“What can I say?”.See your Owner's Manual for additionalSYNC digital media features.Why You Need a SYNCOwner AccountA SYNC owner account is required toreceive the latest software updates andmanage your SYNC accounts. T o set upyour account, visit the website2 or callthe toll-free number3.1If equipped.2U.S. customers: . Canadian customers:SyncMyRide.ca.3U.S. customers:1-800-392-3673(select 1 or 2 for language, then Option 3 and Option 1);Canadian customers: 1-800-565-3673 (select 1 or 2 for language, then Option 3 and Option 1).。
福特GPDS产品开发流程简介共46页文档
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26、要使整个人生都过得舒适、愉快，这是不可能的，因为人类必须具备一种能应付逆境的态度。——卢梭
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27、只有把抱怨环境的心情，化为上进的力量，才是成功的保证。——罗曼·罗兰
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Байду номын сангаас28、知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——孔子
福特GPDS产品开发流程简介
1、纪律是管理关系的形式。——阿法 纳西耶 夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律，就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练，不是通过语言影响 ，而是 让儿童 练习良 好道德 行为， 克服懒 惰、轻 率、不 守纪律 、颓废 等不良 行为。 4、学校没有纪律便如磨房里没有水。 ——夸 美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体，养 成儿童 自觉的 纪律性 ，这是 儿童道 德教育 最重要 的部分 。—— 陈鹤琴
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29、勇猛、大胆和坚定的决心能够抵得上武器的精良。——达·芬奇
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30、意志是一个强壮的盲人，倚靠在明眼的跛子肩上。——叔本华
谢谢！
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