陈新仁-英语词汇学教程课后答案-第八单元
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》章节题库(含名校考研真题)-第8~11章【圣才出品】
第8章英语语言的应用（I）I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。
2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。
3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.【答案】Performatives【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
II. Multiple Choices.1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研)A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech【答案】B【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。
它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。
2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研）A. threatenB. adviseC. beseechD. urge【答案】A【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。
英语词汇学课后题原题及答案整理缩印版
下列定义所表示的名称:1.a minimum unit of meaning :(morpheme)2.a morpheme to which affixescan be added : (root)3.a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word: (free form)4.a morpheme that must occur with at least one other morpheme: (bound form)5.a bound morpheme attached to a base (root or stem): (affix)6.an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem ): (prefix)7.an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) : (suffix)8.an affix (in English,usually a suffix) that changes the form of a word without changing its part of speech or basic meaning: (inflectional affix)9.the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words: (derivation)10.the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently : (compounding)各组单词中共同的粘着词根、其词源及语义:1.acoustic,acoustical,acoumeter,acoustician,acoustics,acouphone:(acou-听,GK)2aerodomestics,erodrome,erodynamic,aerofoil,aerogramme,aerolite,aerography,aeronauti cs,aerophysics,aeroplane,aerosphere: (aero-空气GK)3.agenda,agent,agile, active,actor,actual,enact,inactive,transact,interact,react:(ag-,ac-做L)4.agrarian,agricultural,agriculture,agrimotor,agrobiology,agrochemical,agrology,agronom ic,agronomy,agrostology,agrotechnique,agrotechny,agrotown,agrotype: (agr-土地L)5.altimeter,altimetry,altitude,alto,exalt,contralto: (alt-高L)6.amateur,amatory,amiable,amicable,amorous,enamoured,unamiable:(am-,amor-爱L)7.Ample,ampleness,amply,amplidyne,amplification,amplifier,amplify,amplitude,radioam plifier: (ampl-充足L)8.annals,annual,perennial,centennial,annuity,biennial: (ann-年L)9anthropology,philanthropist,misanthropical,anthropotomy,anthropogeneses,anthropogra phy,anthropophagus: (anthrop- 人类GK)10aqualung,aquanaut,aquaplane,aquanelle,aquarium,aquatic,aqueous,aquiculture,aquosity ,subaquatic,subaqueous,terraqueous,aqueduct: (aqu-水L)11archangel,archbishop,arch-criminal,archdeacon,archdiocese,archenemy,archfiend: (arch- 首要GK)12asterisk,asterism,asteroid,astrodome,astrodynamics,astrograph,astrologer,astrology,astr onautics,astronavigation,astronomer,astronomy: (astr- 星GK)13atmosphere,atmolysis,atmometer,atmeter,atmoseal,atmospherics:(atmo-气体GK)14audible,audibility,inaudible,audience,audiology,audio-visual,audiometer,audiophile,aud iophile,audition,auditor,auditorium: (aud- 听L)15atoalarm,autobiographer,autoboat,autobus,autochrome,autoclave,autocrat,autograph,au toinfection,automate,automatic,automation,automobile,autonomy,autotruck,autotype: (auto- 自己GK)16barodynamics,barogram,barograph,barometric,barothermograph:(bar-压力GK)17bathymeter,bathymetric,bathysphere,bathythermograph:(bathy-深海的GK)18Bible,bibliofilm,bibliography,bibliology,bibliolater,bibliomania,bibliophile,bibliophilis m,bibliopole,bibliotheca,bibliotic,bibliotist: (biblio- 书籍GK)19bioassay,biocatalyst,biochemistry,biocide,bioclean,bioclimatic,bioclimatolgy,bioelectri city,biology,biogeneses,biogenic,biogeography,biography,biometerology,bionics,bioscope ,biosyntheses,biotic: (bio- 生命GK)20.Breve,breviary,brevirostrate,brevity,brief,abbreviate,abridge: (bre- 简短L)用否定前缀in-(及其变体),non-,un-构成下列单词的反义词:mature:im regular:ir considerate:in noble:in contentious:non legitimate:il metal:non passive:im ferrous:non accuracy:in endurable:un variance:in inductive: non legible:il reasonable:un rational:ir scrupulous:un staple: non balance:im legalize:il写出下列单词中前缀的意义:antecedent: before byproduct: near apocope: off enclose: in endobiotic: inside epitaph: outside expire: out foretell: before hypocrite: beneath include: in infrared: under intercede: between: intramural: within introspect: into outbid: exceeding overwork: beyond postgraduate: after precede: before proceed: forward retrospect:back subscribe: below superman: above supramundane: beyond transmit: across ultraconservatism: extreme以所列的单词为第一个成分,根据定义写出复合名词(A)green: 1.a stretch of land,round a town,where building is not allowed,so that fields woods,etc,remain:greenbelt 2.a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:greengrocer3.a young,inexperienced person,especially male,who is easily cheated: greenhorn4.a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors musicians,etc.,can rest when not performing :greenroom(B)hand: 1.a small bag for a woman to carry her money and personal things in: handbag2.a short book giving all the most important information about a subject: handbook3.an apparatus that stops a vehicle,worked by the driver’s hand: handbreak4.a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for holding onto,especially near stairs: handrail(C)after:１.The care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital,prison,etc: aftercare 2.an effect (usually unpleasant) that follows some time after the cause or after the main effect: aftereffect 3.a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it in no longer there : aftertaste 4.an idea that comes later: afterthought (D)sleeping: １a large thick envelope or bag of warm material for sleeping in when camping:sleeping bag ２a railway carriage with beds for passengers:sleeping car３a pill which helps a person to sleep:sleeping pill４.a partner in a business who takes no active part in its operation: sleeping partner (E) running :1. a person with whom another is running for a pair of political positions of greater or less importance,especially those of President and vice-Prisident: running mate 2. handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen : running hand 3.a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book):running head 4.a footboard especially at the side of an automobile: running board(F)wash: 1.a large fixed basin for water for washing one’s hands and face: washbasin2.a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed when washing: washboard3.a woman whose job is to wash clothes,often in her own home:washerwoman4.a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body : washcloth (G)sun:1.the condition of having sore skin after experiencing the effects of strong sunlight:sunburn 2a flash of sunlight,especially through a break in clouds: sunburst3.the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins:sunset4.strong sunlight,as when there are no clouds:sunshine(H)break:1.aa sudden failure in operation:breakdown2.the unlawful cantering of a building,using force : break-in3.the action of forcing a way through the enemy: breakthrough4.a division int smaller parts:breakup(I)out:1.sudden appearance or beginning of something bad:outbreak2.a public show of anger:outcry3.money spent for a purpose :outlay4.a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas )may go out: outlet将下列复合动词译成汉语Blue-pencil:修改,校正cold-shoulder:冷淡court-martial:对...进行军法审判Handcuff:将...上手铐pitch-fork:骤然；把...塞进sandbag:用沙袋阻塞Shipwreck:船只失事short-circuit:使短路snowball:(滚雪球似的)增长Wisecrack:说俏皮话找出下列句子中由名词转化的动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.A shy,frightened child…”Name the Czar of Russia”2.At once the villagers formed a circle…3.Agamermnon with the rest of the Greek army sailed away..4.Almost before the Trojans could arm themselves..5.I began to see… would expect a large purse stuffed with..6.A few years ago the landlady locked the front7.An upstairs…,questioned the men and …8.The children headed toward school…9.Like the…,branching out…10.An hour went by and darkness still shrouded…11.They boarded boats12.The day-to-day…hard to measure,13.,smog results14.There are a few success stories in battling air…15.Pollution can be trapped before16.If nations traded item17.She’s the one who’s sapped your confidence.18.…,fairly well dressed but19.The young… by pocketing the money.20.But the preparation … to flake off even…形容词转动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Calming d own,…2.Such was Pompeii … has been cleared away.3.Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently4.…”helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air”5.…There his father opened a business…6.The Academy of Science was closed to him7.…to rise are cooled and…8.He emptied out…9.…,and it took half an hour to free him10.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun.动词转名词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Why is thisenormous increase in population …to the spread of the …2.…came to the aid of the surgeon…3.I know my friends from the feel of their faces.4.…personalities by touch5.…,between serves6.…of his slow grins7.…an appealing look.8.…has given rise to these…9.…as if it were a chew of tobacco.10.…get rid of Rex.写出下列报刊标题中使用的截短词的全称 auto workers end strike.(automobile)2.Soviet sub off Japan.(submarine)3.Palestinian demos mark massacres.(demonstrations):first use of nuke weapons not unlawful.(nuclear)5.Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea.(Vietnamese)6.Iran asks for into on stolen gems.(information)7.Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks.(corporation)8.Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy.(cooperatives)9.W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge.(high-technology)10.Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.(European)写出下列首字母拼音词的全称并译成汉语1.AIM: Air Intercept Missile 空中截击导弹2.BADGE: Base Air Defence Ground Environment 基地防空地面警备系统3.BAR: Browning Automatic Rifle 勃朗宁自动步枪4.CAR: Civil Air Regulations 民航条例5.CORE: Congress of Racial Equality 争取权平等大会6.DOP: developing-out paper 相纸7.FIA T: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili 菲亚特汽车公司8.MAP: Military Aid Program 军事援助计划9.MOSS: manned orbital space station 在人轨道空站10.MOUSE: minimum orbital unmanned satellite the earth 不载人的最小地球卫星11.NANA: North America Newspaper Alliance 北美报业联盟12.NA TO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织13.OPEC;Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织14.SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈15.SAM: surface-to-air missile 地对空导弹16.SEA TO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organizaion 东南亚条约组织17.SHAPE: Supreme Head quarters of Allied Powers in Europe 欧洲盟军最高司令部18.UFO :Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物19.Vera: Vision electronic recording apparatus 电子录像机20.Zip: Zone improvement plan 邮政编码制度写出下列复合动词是什么词逆生而来1.globe-trot:globe-trotter2..brainwash:brainwashing3.ghost-write:ghost-writer4.sleep-walk:sleep-walker5.spoon-feed:spoon-fed6.air-condition:air-conditioning7.book-keep:book-keeper 8.browbeat:browbeating9..caretake:caretaker 10.gatecrash:gatecrasher11.housebreak:housebreaker 12.housekeep:housekeeper13.mass-produce:mass-production 14.muckrake:muckraker15.proof-read:proof-reading 16.sightsee:sightseeing17.stage-manage:stage-manager 18.merry-make:merry-making19.street-walk:street-walker 20.window-shop:window-shopping下列概念意义可以用什么英语单词确切的表达出来:A.1.to walk laboriously,with effort:pold,trudge2.to walk like a duck:waddle3.to walk in a pompous or affected manner:struct4.to slide and drag the feet:stagger5.to walk in a loose,ungainly way:slouch6.to walk with long steps:stride7.to walk affectedly with short steps:mince8.to walk slowly,wasting time:dawdle9.to walk as if wearing slippers:shuffle10.to walk in a busy,active way:hustleB.1.to speak in a slow,prolonged manner:drawl2.to make involuntary breaks in utterance:stammer3.to express displeasure with compressed lips:mutter4.to talk rapidly,making inarticulate sounds:gabble5.to pronounce the sibilant letter imperfectly:lisp6.to have a friendly talk about family things:chat,yarn7.to spread idle gossipe:tattle8.to talk on and an about trifling,childish things:prattle9.to speak with contempt:sneer10.to speak fanatically:rave根据下列动物的属性,指出他们的象征意义:1.ant:frugality and provision2.ape:uncleanness,malice,lust3.bat:blindness4.bear:ill—temper5.bee:industey6.bull:strength7.calf:lumpshness 8.camel:submission9.cat:deceit 10.cock:vigilance11.crocodile:hypocrisy 12.crow:longevity13.dog:fidelity 14.dove:innocence15.eagle:majesty 16.elephant:sagacity17fly:feebleness 18.fox:cunning19goose:conceit 20.hare:timidity下列名词都来自古英语,写出与下列名词对应的源拉丁语的形容词:1.brother:fraternal2.Cat:feline3.child:puerile4.daughter:filial5.day:diurnal6.dog:canine7.ear:auricular 8.earth:terrestrial 9.egg:oval10.eye:ocular 11.father:paternal 12.fire:igneous13.foe:hostile 14.fox:vulpine 15.friend:amicable16.hand:manual 17.head:capital 18.heart:cordial19.heaven:celestial 20.horse:equine 21.husband:marital22.kidney:renal 23.knight:equestrian 24.life:vital25.light:lucid 26.lip:labial 27.man:humank:lactic 29.mind:mental 30.moon:lunar31.mother:maternal 32.mouth:oral :nominal34.night:nocturnal 35.nose:nasal 36.ox:bovine37.room:spacious 38.sea:marine 39. sheep:ovine40.sight:visible 41.skin:cutaneous 42.son:filial43.spring:vernal 44.stream:fluvial 45.star:stellar46.sun:solar 47.time:temporal 48.tongue:lingual49.tooth:dental 50.town:urban 51.tree:arboreal52.truth:veracious 53.war:bellicose 54.water:aqueous55.wife:conjugal 56.world:mundane 57.worm:vermicular58.woman:feminine 59.youth:juvenile 60.book:literaey选择适当的单词填入句子1.He waited with( bated) breath.2.The brother and sister are both (blondes).3.There is a (break)in the clouds.4.Her (bridal) grown was trimmed with lace.5.A (pedal) of the bicycle fell off.6.Cromwell (reigned) over England like a king.7.The wreckers began to (raze) the building.8.Although we watched carefully,the guard remained (stationary) for one hour.9.Edgar cannot sail until he has a full (complement) of men for hiscrew,and …..10.Eric was a tireless scholar,he would (pore)over his books without a breakuntil….将下列各组词分别填入句子A 1 .John’nature was so (sanguine) that we all felt cheered up….2. The battle was so (sanguinary) that hardly a combatant …...B 1. We could not have a worse judge than the one we had,he wascompletely (uninterested) in the case and …..2. We could not have a better judge than Judge Blandford; he wasfriendly,knowledgeable,and above all completely (disinterested).C 1. Although we played them on even terms for the first half,the second halfwas a (rout). 2. To get to our cottage you follow (route)….D 1. The (official) in charge of the game…2. Time was so (officious)in his new job…..E 1. The dress was made of synthetic ( material).2. The general needs more troops and (materiel).F 1. The (moral) of the story….2. The (morale) of our troops is high.G 1. All men are (fallible).2.The argument,convincing ……..to be (fallacious).H 1. Some say Shakespeare takes (precedence) over all ….2. There was no (precedent)for the granting of a ….I 1. John,who was sulle n and (taciturn) by nature,found that ….2. They arrived at a (tacit) agreement.J 1.The building plans are (impracticable).2.My husband …..,but he is so (unpractical)that he cannot …用英语解释下列句子中help 及其派生词的意义1.If you want to lose some weight,Jim,you must start avoiding second helpings.(secondservings)2.“God help me !”he murmured…..(protest)3.He gave us a helping hand when we were in trouble.(i.e.he helped us)4. Yes,I know he’s a rascal,but I can’t help liking him.( i.e.I can’t but like him)5.Did you have any help from anyone with …..(assistance)6.Don’t be away longer than you can help.(avoid)7.I do think you could have been a bit more helpful .(ready or willing to assist)8.“Help!Help! I’m drowning !”(Save me)9.I am very sorry but I can’t help it .( i.e.I can’t do otherwise)10. Can I help you in any way ?(assist you)11. We are a bit hard up this month,my dear,so don’t spend more than you canhelp .(avoid)12. Give me only a very small helping,please.(serving)13. I’m telling you the truth,so help me God!( i.e.May God punish me if I am not ！)14.We’re awfully sorry that we were giggling –but we couldn’t help it .( i.e.do anything tostop it )15.Would you help me to carry this suitcase,please?(assist)16.Would you help me to some potatoes,please ?( i.e.serve me with)17.Your liver is not in a very good condition …….if I could help it .(avoid)18.Your presence was extremely helpful,…(i.e.it gave great assistance)19.The helping you gave me would have fed a football team !(serving)20.The whisky is on the table…Help yourself.( i.e.Take what you want,when you want it )写出下列各组同义词的共同基本意义1Sorrow,grief,anguish …..(distress of mind )2Bad,evil,wicked,…(not ethically acceptable )3Regard,respect ,esteem …(to recognize the worth of a person or thing )4Disprove,refute, confute…(to show or try to show by presenting evidence thar somethingis not true)5.Incline,bias,dispose …(to influence one to have or take an attitude toward something )6.Level,flat,plane …(having a surface without bends,curves or irregularities )7.Generous,liberal,liberate,….(giving freely and unstingily)8.Free,release,liberate, …(to loose from constraint or restraint )9.Frank,candid,open…(show willingness to say what one things or feels)10Envious,jealous (begrudging another’s possession of something )11Assert,declare,affirm,protest …(to state or put forward positively,usually inanticipation of or in the face denial or objection )12. Aggressive,militant,assertive…(conspicuously or obtrusively active or energetic )13.Agile,polite….(acting or moving with easy alacrity)14.Civil,polite,gallant …(observant of forms required by good breeding )15.V ociferous,clamorous,blatant,…(so loud or insistent as to compel attention)16.Bear,suffer,endure …(to put up with something trying or painful )17.Decrease,lessen,diminish…(to grow or make less )18.Heritage,inheritance,patrimony…(something received from a parent orpredecessor)19.Keep retain,detain ..(to hold in one’s possession or under one’s control)20.Bare,naked nude …(deprived of naturally or conventionally appropriate covering)指出并改正误用词语1.The convict paced within the ….(confound) 应改为(confines)2.I remember the name,but …..(replace )…(recall)3.His antisocial behaviour results from lack of…..(formidable)… (formative)4.When I grow up I want to be a…..(pronouncer)…(announcer)5.He left enough leave-way for ….(leave-way)…(leeway)6.The flagrance of her….(flagrance)…(fragrance)7.I found the Oriental dishes….(palpable) …(palatable)8.The corpse had been so dissected over….(dissected)…(dislocated)9.The colonel’s appearance was so marital with….(marital )…(martial)10.Our elementary needs were planned for…..(elementary)..(alimentary)11.It is hoped that this course will enlarge….(perimeter)…(parameter)12.If we look long enough in this material we…(statue)…(statute)13.He desserted his friends just wh en they needed him .(desserted)…(deserted)14.Kurt had been innocuous against influenza,but he….(innocuous)…(inoculated)15.Eric was so ingenuous about household….(ingenuous)..(ingenious)16.The dinosaurs may have been unable to adopt…(adopt)…(adapt)17.After their brief alteration they shook hands,…(alteration )..(altercation)18.The game came to a climatic finish with …(climatic)…(climactic)19.The mountain lions are all extant in the mountains; not….(extant)…(extinct)20.Mother’s dreams were irreverent to the …(irreverent)..(irrelevant)用否定前缀写出下列单词的反义词1arm:disarm 2.honour:dishonor 3.join:disjoin 4.legible:illegible5.legitimate:illegitimate6.mature:immature7.moderate:immoderate8.fertile:infertile9.sanitary:insanitary 10.resolute:irresolute 11.reverent:irreverent 12.trust:mistrust13.fit:misfit 14.understand:misunderstand 15.adjacent:nonadjacent16.existence:nonexistence 17.alliance:non-alliance 18.conscious:unconscious19.intelligence:unintelligent 20.symmetrical:unsymmetrical找出下列各组同义词相应的反义词A1.fast(slow) 2.rapid(leisurely) 3quick(sluggish) 4.hasty (deliberate) 5.speedy(dilatory)B. 1.beautiful (ugly) 2.pretty (plain) 3.fair (foul) 4.lovely (unlovely)C. e (go) 2.arrive (depart) 3 .reach (leave ) 4 .gain (lose )D.1.happiness (misery) 2.joy (sorrow) 3.delight(distress) 4.enjoyment (suffering)下列各词都经历了词义范围的变化,a演变前b演变后,判断词义是扩大还是缩小;1.starve 缩小 a.to die b.die or suffer acute ly from hunger2.person 缩小 a.person b.paster3.box 扩大 a.containter made of boxwood b.container in general4.beef 缩小 a.ox b.meat of the ox5.citizen 扩大 a.city b.inhabitant of state or nation6.voyage 缩小 a.journey b.journey by waterl 扩大 a.place for grinding b.place for milking things8.frock 扩大 a.garment of a monk b.various kinds of garments9.dismantle扩大 a.to strip of dress or mantle b.to strip of furniture or equipment10.campus 缩小 a.field b.grounds of a college11.operate 缩小 a.to perform any operation b.to performance a surgical operation12.charge 扩大 a.load;burden b.task; responsibility,price,etc.13.drowse 缩小 a.to sink b.to sink into sleepyman 扩大 a.one who is not of clergy b.one who is not an expert15.ferry 缩小 a.to carry b.to transport across a river16.chant 缩小 a.to sing b.to intone17.butcher 扩大 a.one who kills he-goats b.one who kills animals for food18.chamber扩大 a.room b.room; legislative body,etc.19.hound 缩小 a.dog b.hunting dog20.tail 扩大 a.hairy caudal appendage of an animal b.anything like an animal’s tail in form or position现代英语中专门术语进入日常生活并扩大了词义,找出与下列术语对应的一般意义1.alibi excuse2.scenario description of a possible3.charismatic having popular appealpulsive habitual5.catalyst any stimulus in hastening a result6.ambiance quality,feeling,etc.of a place7.osmosis subtle or gradual absorption or mingling8.psychology mental processes9.syndrome distinctive or characteristic patern of behaviour10.subliminal of which one is not consciously aware11.parameter determining factor .characteristic12.philosophy practical opinion or body of opinionsplex obsession of any kind14.schizophrenia any mental or emotional disorder15.interface connection16.neurotic nervous,eccentric,given to worry17.sadism cruelty18.bottom line conclusion,clincher19.paradigm typical example of sth20.exhibitionism showing off下列词经历了词义褒贬的变化,a和b是演变前后的词义,判断是褒义化还是贬义化1.sturdy 褒 a.stern stubborn reckless b.stout vigorous firm2.reek 贬 a.smoke b.stink3.counterfeit 贬 a.to copy to reproduce b.to imitate with intent to deceive4.fame 褒 a.rumour report b.celebrity renown5.mischievous 褒 a.disastrous b.playfully annoying6.civil 褒 a.of itizens b.cultured; courteous7.smirk 贬 a.smile b.simper8.glamour 褒 a.spell; enchantment b.attractiveness;allure9.busybody 贬 a.busy person b.officious and meddlesome person10.churl 贬 a.freeman b.boor; niggard11.luxury 褒 a.lust b.sumptuousness12.err 贬 a.wander b.go astray13.chiffon 褒 a.rag b.sheer fabric of silk,etc.14.brook 贬 a.to enjoy ; to make use of b.to endure; to tolerate15.elocution 贬 a.style of speaking b.studied or artificial style of speaking16.fair 贬 a.beautiful;pleasant b.moderate ; tolerable17.sergeant褒 a.servant b.non-commissioned officer18.dizzy 褒 a.foolish b.vertiginous19.inquisition贬 a.investigation b.persecution20.sophisticated 褒 a.overly complex or refined b.sufficiently complex or knowing 动物名称比喻人,还可转化为动词描绘人的动作,说明下列词的隐喻意义A.动物名词1.bull 粗壮的男子2.butterfly 举止轻浮的人(尤指妇女)3.cat 刁钻或居心叵测的女子4.dove 温柔或纯真的妇女,儿童;鸽派(美国)5.goose 傻瓜6.hawk 掠夺成性的人;骗子;鹰派(美国)7.jackal 为虎作伥的人;狗腿子mb 温顺的人;小宝贝9.lion 勇猛异常的男人10.magpie 喋喋不休的人11.mule 执拗或顽固的人12.phoenix 超群出众的人13.pig 肮脏或贪吃的人;警察猪猡14.puss 少女或小姑娘15.serpent 阴险的毒辣的人16.sheep 忸怩,温驯或胆小的人17.skunk 卑鄙可恶的人18.sucker 容易上当受骗的人19.swine 下流坯;鄙俗的人20.vixen 泼妇B.动物名称转化为动词 1.to crow over 洋洋自得 2.to ferret 搜索3.to fish for 探求；绕弯打听4.to gull 欺骗,使人上当5.to hound 追逐逼迫6.to monkey 胡闹；嘲弄；模仿7.to parrot 机械仿效,随声附和8.to rat 变节,告密9.to shark 诈骗.勒索10.to snake 蜿蜒前进；拖曳隐喻的基础是形状,功能,褒贬的类似,据此区别以下斜体词语属哪种类型1.the tail of a procession 形状2.a ray of hope 功能3.a wolf in sheep’s clothing 贬义4.an early bird 褒义5.piercing sound 功能6.a flight of fancy 功能7.the cup of the valley 形状8.crocodile tears 贬义9.forks of the road 形状10.to rivet one’s gaze 形状11.golden hours 褒义12.a saddle in the mountains 形状13.loud colours 功能14.stony politeness 贬义15.the mantle of darkness 功能16.Richad the Lion-Heart 褒义17.torments of jealousy 功能18.the ribs of vault 形状19.a watery style of writing 贬义20.skyrocketing prices 形状21.the book of time 功能22.a loan shark 贬义23.to bridle one’s anger 功能24.a smart invention 褒义25.the head of the school 功能26.to dive into a book 形状27.to lend wings to someone 功能28.a mere wisp of a girl 形状29.the lungs of a city 形状30.an unlicked cub 贬义提喻是局部和整体之间的替代.判断下列A组各词和B组中的黑体词是局部喻整体(1)还是整体喻局部(2)所喻意义A1.head cattle 12.redbreast robin 13.corn maize 24.roof house or home 15.cattle cows 26.wheels automobiles 17.blade sword 18.cutthroat murderer 19.the smiling year spring 210.hard tails mules 111.to dial to telephone 112.fox/beaver the fur of the animal 2B. 1.a motor trip/the motor industry 12.meat and drink 13.a mink coat 24.a basket of provisions 25.to have a word with someone 16.to tread a measure 27.All hands on deck! 18.The law was there in force. 2写出下面委婉用语所代替的词1.to refresh oneself: to eat2.deranged: mad3.necropolis: cemetery4.perspiration: sweat5.unwise: foolish6.expectorate: spit7.indigestion : overeating 8.inexpressibles: trousers9nether garments: pants 10.loan-office: pawnshop11.non-whites :blacks 12.in an interesting condition: pregnant13public comfort station :toilet 14.deuce: devil15Golly : God d: Lord17prevaricate : lie id to rest: buried19paying-guests: tenants 20.to be no more: to die简化下列复合名词并译成汉语1.banner headline:banner头号标题2.howler hat:bowler 圆顶大礼帽3.crepe paper:crepe绉织物(如绉绸、绉布等)4.dandy-cart:dandy 二轮小车5.duck egg:duck 零分6.flashback:flash倒叙7.hoarfrost:hoar 白霜8.human being:human 人9.jacquard loom:jacquard 提花机10.jockstrap:jock(运动员等用的)下身护体11.porter’s knot:knot 垫肩12.kraft paper:kraft牛皮纸13.turning-lathe:lathe 车床14.poet laureate:laureate桂冠诗人15.eyelid:lid 眼睑16.linen paper:linen 亚麻纸17.road metal:metal 碎石料18.smelling salts:salts嗅盐19.sapwood:sap 白木质20.Teddy boy:Teddy 无赖青年指出各对同义词的本族语词1.beak-bill2.break-sever3.feed-nourish4.amity-friendship5.prevent-hinder6.begin-commence7.womanly-feminine 8.wet-humid9.solitary-lonely10.people-folk11.deep-profound 12.exterior-outer13.cordial-hearty14.dale-valley15.have-possess 16.conceal-hid e17deed-action 18.holy-sacred19.give-present 20.aid-help21.inner-interior 22.deadly-mortal23.motherly-maternal 24.question-ask25.masculine-manly26.buy-purchase27.thin-tenuous 28.earthly-terrestrial29.royal-kingly30.fatherly-paternal31violin-fiddle32.domestic-homely33.mount-rise34.world-universe35.answer-reply 36.celestial-heavenly37.vivacious-lively38.bodily-corporal39.brotherhood-fraternity 40.aqueous-watery英译汉 1.Chinese cabbage白菜 2.chinese spinach菠菜3.Chinese date 枣子4.Chinese eddo芋头5.Chinese gooseberry 猕猴桃6.Chinese oil桐油7.Chinese goose 鸿雁8.Chinese wall长城9.Chinese block 木鱼10.Chinese boxes套盒11.Chinese ink 墨12.Chinese puzzle七巧板13.Chinese red 橙红色14.Chinese lantern灯笼15.Chinese chequers 跳棋16.Chinese calendar农历17.Chinese herbal medicine中草药18.Chinese restaurant syndrome中国餐厅综合症将下列科学术语译成汉语:1、aerotrain:飞行火车 2.artificial intelligence:人工智能3.astrobiology:太空生物学4.barratrics:肥胖症治疗法5.callositics:遗传分类学6.cogeneration:废热发电7.cosmodon:太空站8.cryonics:人体冷冻学9.cytoecology:细胞生态学10.datamation:自动化数据处理11.dysgenesis:发育不良12.ecosphere:生态层13.euphenics:优种学14.exocrinology:外分泌学15.fetology:胎儿学16.fibre optics:纤维光学17.hard science:硬科学(指自然科学) 18.inertia welding:惯性焊接rmation retrieval:信息检索unch vehicle:运载火箭21.linear algebra:线性代数22.macroinstruction:宏观指令23.marsquake:火星地震24.microprocessor:微型电脑25.neonatology:新生儿生理学26.nerve agent:神经毒剂27.oncogenicity:致癌性28.parameter:参数,参量29.photobotany:光植物学30.planetology:行星学31.plasma physics:等离子物理学32.quantum chemistry:量子化学33.retro-rocketry:制动火箭学34.revascularization:换血管术35.saucerman:外太空人36.sealab:海底实验室37.selenodesy:月面测量学38.test-tube baby:试管婴儿39.thermal breeder-reactor:热增殖反应堆40.videophone:电视电话将下列新复合词译成汉语:1.after-sale service:售后服务2.apartment complex:公寓建筑群3.arm wrestling:扳手腕4.bad-mouth:恶意中伤5.bait-and switch:“上钩掉包”诱售法的6.beam weapon:激光束武器7.bed-in:露宿示威8.body language:身势语9.bubble top:(汽车)透明防弹圆罩10.buzz word:时髦词语11.convenient food:方便食品12.cruise missile:巡航导弹13.cup-tied:参加优胜杯决赛的14.dark comedy:黑色喜剧15.data bank:数据库16.day-care:日托的17.diet pill:减肥丸18.dunk shot:篮球塞射(砸篮)19.family planning:计划生育20.flick-knife:弹簧折刀21.floor exercise:自由体操22.free-associate:自由联想23.happy hour:(酒吧)减价供应饮料的时间24.honey wagon:垃圾车25.hot-dog:太棒了26.man-on-man:(球赛)人盯人27.overhead walkway:行人大桥28.pop-top/ring pull:易拉罐29.pop wine:果味甜酒30.rent strike:集体抗租31.retort pouch:软装罐头32.shunpike:驾车走支路33.sick-out:集体托病怠工34.shinny-dip:裸泳35.sober-up:解酒的36.space talk:宇航术语37.spy-in-the-sky:侦查卫星38.talk show/chat show:名人现场采访节目39.value-added tax:增值税40.vanity surgery:美容外科将下列各词的英式拼写改为美式拼写:1.draught: draft2.plough: plow3.litre: liter4.offence: offense5.pyjamas: pajamas6.cheque: check7.flyer: flier 8.scepticism: skepticism 9.harbour:harbor10.ensure: insure 11.cosy: cozy 12.manoeuvre: maneuver13.civilise: civilize 14.anaemic: anemic 15.gaol:jail16.inflexion: inflection 17.moustache: mustache 18.oesophagus: esophagus19.queue: cue 20.shew: show将下列各词的英式拼写简化为美式拼写:1.counsellor:counselor2.remould: remold3.axe: ax4.cigarette: cigaret5.jewellery:jewelry6.omelette: omelet7.storey: story 8.good-bye: good-by 9.speciality: specialty10.towards: toward 11.waggon: wagon 12.catalogue: catalog13.aluminium: aluminum 14.levelled: leveled 15.moult:molt16.programme: program 17.judgement: judgment 18.licence: license19.amidst: amid 20.practice,practise: practice用一个英语单词代替下列成语:1.of one’s own accord: voluntarily2.exchange blows with: fight3.get away: escape4.on the nail: immediately5.play false: betray6.a slap in the face: insult7.in a body: collectively 8.make head or tail of: understand9.behind the times: unfashionable e across: discover11.under false colours: falsely 12.make away with: destroy13.from time to time: occasionally 14.call on :visit15.neither rhyme nor reason:nonsense 16.throw cold water on: discourage17.by the way: incidentally 18.by word of mouth: verbally19.lord and master: husband 20.behind closed doors: privately将下列名词性成语译成汉语:1.the ace of trumps:主要的王牌,最有力的理由或要据.2.an apple of discord:争端,祸根3.the apple of one’s eye:珍爱的人或东西4.a beast of burden:驮畜5.a bed of roses:称心如意个环境6.a bird of passage:候鸟,漂泊不定的人7.a fish out of water:不适应环境的人8.a Jack of all trades杂而不精的人9.the lion’s share:最大的一份10.a lion in the tongue:拦路虎(尤指臆想的危难)11.a slip of the tongue:口误12.a snake in the grass:隐患13.a wild goose chase:徒劳的搜索,无益的劳动14.a wet blanket:扫兴的人15.a white elephant:无用而累赘的东西16.a swan song:最后的作品17.sour grapes:酸葡萄18.an iron hand:高压手段19.the green-eyed monster:嫉妒20.a dog in the manger:占着茅坑不拉屎的人将下列隐喻成语的适当形式填入句子:1.The shopkeepers speak in slow,measured tones,and the buyers,overwhelmed by thesepulchral atmosphere, follow suit2.Neither does the river theory“hold water”,in the face of what is known about noduledistribution.3.What now seems to be in the air is a multilateral deal be tween the seven countries…..4.When they find who done that last night,who killed that kid an’its mother,thenhightailed it,they’ll throw the book,and never mind who it is……5.For the mighty army of consumers,the ultimate applications of the computer revolutionare still around the bend of a silicon circuit.6.More than 100 reporters were on hand,and even radio announcers,who for the first timein history were to broadcast a jury trial.7.The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer,and the trial gotunder way.8.P&O,for example,while still out to increase the total…But P&O has no intention ofthrowing in the towel.9.He was struggling with the clasps on his suitcase,and Pug gave him a hand.10.On our way back,every U-boat in the Atlantic will certainly be on battle alert.We shallhave to run the gamut.11.One night Churchill took the floor in the Augusta washroom after dinner,…….12.If,at some future date,it becomes the wish of our sister colonies to effect aseparation,we will not stand in the way .13.The fact that their marriage may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have beenbroken or even that…14.The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and,sincethat meat was cheap,the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.15.Like me,they had been divorced from their origins,and it turned out to make very littledifference….they were mo more at home in Europe than I was.16.But what is Anna Karenina describing if not the tragic fate of the isolated individual,atodds with her time and place?17.The illicit jump we find here,on the threshold of the inquiry,is characteric of the …18.These people vote without a qualm for the political parties that quite sensibly-theircountry arm…to the teeth.19.Nowadays New Year is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of stepwith American politics.20.The mother was on the verge of panic.She clutched his arm and kept repeating,…1、It may be objected that he is not sophisticated enough to mediate the disputebetween them.有人可能会提出异议说，他没有足够的本领能调解他们之间的纠纷。
英语词汇学课件 Unit 8
三个角度：词义范围、词义褒贬、词义转移
8.2 Semantic broadening and narrowing
8.2.1 Semantic broadening 8.2.1.1 definition
semantic broadening (the widening/ extension/generalization of meaning) : the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g. the meaning of bird, formerly ‘young bird’, was extended, in the early history of English, to mean ‘bird’ in general. mill/journal/bonfire/butcher/companion
8.2.1.2 different types of broadening 从特指到泛指: sun “江” 、“河” 从具体到抽象: place, thing(a public assembly, Old English and Old Norse / an entity of any kind) circumstance 从术语到一般词语 allergic, feedback 从专有名词到普通名词 sandwich newton ampere
8.3.2 semantic degradation
the degradation/degeneration/pejoration of meaning: Change by which a word develops a less favorable sense.
陈新仁答案
《英语语言学实用教程》教学提示Unit 1 Some Preliminaries about Language[Check your understanding]State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) There is universal agreement about the origin of language. F(2) Pet dogs can speak human languages. F(3) All human infants can speak some language. FNote: All normal human infants can learn to speak some language.(4) By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. FNote: By creativity we mean that we can always create and understand new sentences never used before.(5) With different cultures there will be different languages. FNote: Some cultures can share the same language.(6) Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information. TNote: Example: language used for phatic communion is not meant to convey new information.■ In-Class Activities1. ASK:(1) What does ―language‖ mean in each of the context s?a. a natural language; language in particular.b. a human-specific tool for communication; language in general.c. individual style of language use.d. a metaphorical way of referring to bees’ system of communication.(2) Is there any other context in which the use of the word means something else?Yes. Example: language for the computer like C+2. ASK:(1) What if there were no language?Omit.(2) What if there were only one language the world over?Omit.(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?Language is powerful as a tool of human communication.3. ASK:(1) Do you think the two statements are equally probable, and if not, why not?(a) is more likely than (b), because the word as the basic unit of meaning that can occur independently in language is finite in number, whereas the sentence as composed of words, though almost infinite in number, is made possible by our knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. We canalways produce and understand sentences that we never come across before. In that sense, no sentence is really new.(2) In what context do we make the second statement?When we focus our attention on the meaning of a sentence or when we are concerned with the form of a sentence as found in a language class.4. ASK:(1) Are there onomatopoeic words in Chinese?Yes. e.g. “哗啦”、“扑通”、“喀嚓”.(2) Does the existence of onomatopoeic words overthrow the claim that language is arbitrary?No. Onomatopoeic words account for a very limited percentage in the vocabulary of a language.5. ASK:(1) Can one really invent a language of one’s own?No.(2) If not, why?A language comes into being and use by convention or agreement among its speakers.6. ASK:(1) Is there any basic flaw in this experiment?The process is not strictly controlled. There may have been some coincidence. The sample size is too small for the experiment to be valid.(2) Do you think we really can answer the question about the beginning of language?No, at least in the present condition where/when we cannot perform experiments on the human brain, the key organ of speech.7. ASK:(1) Can you identify the most likely order (from least to most advanced) of these samples?C→B→A(2) What features in each child’s utterances can you use as evidence to support your ordering?Child A: good syntax except for improper question form.Child B: visible development of syntax; overgeneralizationChild C: Not much syntax; two-word utterances; telegraphic sentences (sentences that contain only content words but lack function words)8. ASK:(1) It is often assumed that children imitate adults in the course of language acquisition. Canimitation account for the above production on the part of the child?Not wholly. There is counter evidence against the assumption, like the overgeneralization ―go-ed‖ for ―went‖.(2) What distinguishes the child’s production from that of the adult?Overgeneralization of ―-ed‖ for the past tense as shown by ―holded‖.9. ASK:(1) How do adults reinforce the process of children’s acquisition as exemplified here?They use explicit correction.(2) Do children know what they are doing wrongly?Not exactly.(3) Do the adults succeed in their reinforcement?Not always, at least.(4) How should we treat the ―mistakes‖ that children make while acquiring their mother tongue?We may ignore them sometimes, although some amount of reinforcement may turn out to be helpful.10. ASK:(1) Do children learn through structured or simplified input, as suggested?Not always. There is evidence for both sides.(2) Can you offer some examples illustrating, representing the way adults talk to infants?Omit.Note: Motherese is characterized by shorter sentences, higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, higher proportion of content words to function words, simple syntax, more interrogatives and imperatives, more repetitions. Yet it is not syntactically simpler. Rather, it may include syntactically complex sentences such as questions: Do you want your juice now?Embedded sentences: Mommy thinks you should sleep now. Imperatives: Pat the dog gently! Negatives with tag questions: We don‟t want to hurt him, do we?Indeed, it is fortunate that motherese is not syntactically restricted. If it were, children might not have sufficient information to extract the rules of their language.11. ASK(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages?Omit.(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or somedayno dialect will exist?Omit.12. ASK:Are there any universals that you think all languages share but are not mentioned here?E.g. All languages have internal structures.All languages have numericals.■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. What do you think is essential to the emergence of language?The existence of social activities; the need to express diverse ideas, emotions, etc.; the need to communicate ideas to distant places; etc.2. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?No. They are genetically not endowed with the capacity.3. What role does body language play in language communication?Omit.4. N aturally occurring ―experiments‖ with so-called ―wolf-children‖, ―bear-children‖,―Mowgli‖or ―monkey-children‖ and other such feral youngsters have been widely reported for hundreds of years. None of these children could speak or understand speech and, indeed, most efforts to teach them language ended in failure. How would you account for the failure?The language acquisition device has to be triggered before a certain age (that of puberty). Sufficient expose to a language environment at the right time is essential to language acquisition.5. The following are some instances of using English for communication. What specific functiondoes each use of English serve in the following pictures?Informative (in the form of commanding)Directive (Advertising in the form of requesting)Directive (Persuading in the form of threatening)Directive (Recruiting)6．Iconicity of language is an aspect of language where form echoes meaning. Onomatopoeia, also known as ―sound symbolism‖, is one type of iconicity. Some researchers have found other evidence of iconicity. For example, words beginning with the sound combination sl- in English often have an unpleasant sense, as in slithering, slimy, slugs. Here are some questions:a. Is the ―unpleasant‖ sense actually true of all, or even most, words beginning with sl- in English? No. e.g. slight.b. Are there any other sounds or sound combinations that you associate with particular meanings? Gliding: slide, slip, slippery;Rolling: tumble, crumble, stumblec. How about the vowel sounds in words that identify near-to-speaker concepts (this, near, here) versus far-from-speaker concepts (that, far, there)? What is the difference? Is it a general pattern distinguishing terms for things that are near versus far in English? What about the case in Chinese?Front vowels for near-speaker concepts; central or back vowels for far-from-speaker concepts. There seems to be a similar kind of pattern in Chinese. C.f. 近jin /远yuan；这zhe /那na7. In many of the world’s languages there are so-called nursery names for parents. In English, for example, corresponding to the word mother is the nursery name mama, and for father one finds dada and papa. There is remarkable similarity across different languages in the form of these nursery names for parents. For example, in Chinese and Navajo ma corresponds to English mama. Why do you think that this is the case?Bilabials are learned and produced first because they are the easiest.8.a. What are some of the changes which appear to have taken place in the child’s ability to useEnglish during that period?Like the basically proper use of interrogatives and the correct use of inflection.b. What do these changes suggest about the order of language acquisition?Complete sentences are acquired later than elliptical ones. Inflection is acquired at a late stage.Unit 2 The Sounds of English[Check your understanding]State whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme. F2. Not all English phonemes have allophones. TNote: /☠/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.3. The same set of vowels is used in all languages. F4. All syllables must contain at least one vowel. FNote: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.5. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English. F6. English is a tone language. FNote: Chinese is a tone language.■ In-Class Activities1. ASK:(1) What is the phonetic environment of [t] in [pit]?[i_#](2) Are the following pairs of words minimal pairs?(a) desk vs. task No.(b) leave vs. Leak Yes. ( li:v vs. li:k )2. ASK:(1) Characterize how the allophones of the phoneme /k/ are complementarily distributed.[k h ] in initial position; [k]after /s/; [k¬] in final position.(2) Is there any other way of charactering the complementary distribution of clear [l] and dark [ł]?[l] before vowels; [ł] elsewhere.3. ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /☞/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]4. ASK:(1) Are [r] and [l] in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?Yes. [r] occurs before vowels; [l] occurs after vowels.(2) Do they occur in any minimal pairs?No.(3) Suppose [r] and [l] are allophones of one phoneme. State the rule that can derive the allophonicforms.[r] is lateralized when it occurs after vowels.5. ASK:(1) Can you give more examples of assimilation?compatriot, sing(2) Can you find any exceptions?input, unbeatable, Canberra(3) What phonetic segments condition this change?The consonant immediately after the vowel.[Note] 2) [tai] should be [tay].6. ASK:(1) Can you give more examples of free variation?advertisement [əd΄və:ti s mənt] [əd΄və:ti z mənt]association [ə səu s i΄ei☞ən] [ə səu☞i΄ei☞ən](2) Why do you think such a phenomenon exists in a language like English?Individual variation is responsible for this phenomenon.7. ASK:(1) Which sound is deleted in ―sign‖, ―design‖, and ―resign‖?[g](2) Can you offer other examples of deletion?paradi g m (atic), condem n(ation)(3) Can you give some words that involve total deletion?plum b, plum b er; clim b, clim b ing(4) Are there any other types of deletion in English?de b t, k now8. ASK:(1) Can you think of a phonetic description of the regular pattern in these expressions?They all start with a front, high vowel and follow up with a mid or low vowel.(2) Can you think of any possible explanation for the observed pattern?[i] involves the least degree of mouth opening while the mid or low vowels necessitate biggeropening. There is an increase of mouth opening in pronouncing the whole word, which is symbolic in meaning.9. ASK:(1) What are likely positive effects of using alliteration? Use one of the poetic examples toillustrate.Coherence, connectedness, smoothness, consistency. Take ―I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance‖for example. The double alliteration involved helps to create a picture of smooth and coherent dance.(2) Is there a similar use of alliteration in Chinese?Yes, though less often. 花好月圆is a good example.10. ASK:(1) What is the stylistic effect of rhyming?echoing, agreement, correspondence, etc.(2) Can you find more proverbs that involve internal rhyming?First thrive and then wive.Fancy passes beauty.■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1.a. Does the string of sounds mean anything to you?If we want to talk really good, we’ll have to invent vowels.b. What does the picture suggest to you about the role of consonants and vowels in English? Consonants are the backbones of syllables and words.2. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely ―foreign‖or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [ŋa:f] √[☠] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √[ ] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √3. In English, the /i/ vowel becomes almost as long as /i:/ under certain conditions (written as /i:/ for convenience). Consider the examples listed below:a. List the phonemes that condition the change.voiced consonantsb. State the rule that seems involved.[i] is lengthened before a voiced] consonant.Note: Start with the fact that the /i/ is basic and that short /i/ becomes long /i:/. The change from short /i/ to long /i:/ is phonologically determined; that is, the lengthening takes place in the presence of certain phonemes. A good strategy is to first list the phonemes to the right of long /i:/, then list those to the left. As an answer to (a), then, one would propose that /i/ become /i:/ whenever the phonemes to the right (/d, m, l, b, z, j, ŋ/) occur immediately after that vowel. This hypothesis looks promising because, in fact, the short variant /i/ never occurs before these segments. The next question is, what is it about the phonemes on the right that unify them as a class? One may find that these phonemes are all voiced ([+voice]), and, in fact, the short /i/ never lengthens before voiceless segments. Thus the answer to (b) is that the vowel /i/ is lengthened before (the natural class of) voiced consonants.4. The use of plural–s in English has three different, but very regular, phonological alternatives.a. Can you work out the set of sounds which regularly precedes each of these alternatives?/s/ to words like ship, bat, book and cough;voiceless plosives [voiceless]/z/ to words like cab, lad, cave, rag and thing;after voiced consonants [voiced]/əz/ to words like bus, bush, judge, church and maze.after /s/, /☞/, /d✞/, /z/b. What features does each of these sets have in common?[palatal] or [alveolar]+[fricative]c. Is there any pattern regarding the different pronunciations of the past tense marker?[t] after voiceless consonants except [t]; [d] after voiced consonants except [d]; [id] after [t] or [d].d. Do you think that one of these phonological forms for –ed is more basic, with the others beingderived from it in a regular way? Which, and how?[d] is more basic. [t] after devoicing. [id] after epenthesis (i.e. addition of a sound).5. Below are three columns of words with different patterns of stress:a. How is stress distributed in each column?penultimate for A; last syllable for B; on the last syllable.b. In Column B, what kinds of vowels appear in the last syllable? How does the syllabic structure of Column C differ from A and B?In Column B, long vowels or diphthongs appear in the last syllable.The last syllable of the words in C ends in consonant clusters.[Note] For ―usurp‖, ―r‖ may be pronounced as in /ju(:)΄zə(r)p/.6. The following is a list of words that are spelt in a similar way:fuddy-duddy hocus-pocus namby-pambyfuzzy-wuzzy hurly-burly razzle-dazzlehanky-panky lovey-dovey roly-polyhelter-skelter mumbo-jumbo super-dupera. What similarity can you spot among the words listed?All pairs are the same except the initial consonants.b. What effects may such words have in common when they are put into use?Redundancy, repetitiveness, etc.7. Write the phonetic transcription for each of the following words.Omit.8. Read the following words or phrases and point out the phonological processes that yield assimilation.(a) pat /pæt/ pan /pãn/ sat /sæt/ Sam /sãm/Nasalization rule: [-nasal] →[+nasal] /_____ [+nasal](b) since /sins/ sink /siŋk/ hint /hint/ dink /diŋk/Velarization rule: [-velarl] →[+velar] /_____ [+velar](c) five pits /faifpits/ love to /l∧ftə /Devoicing rule: [+voiced →[-voiceless] /_____ [-voiceless]9.a. Comment on the use of rhyme, alliteration, and assonance(that is, use of syllables with a common vowel, as in ―come‖ - ―love‖) in this poem. How are they used to stress the sense of superficiality and lack of meaning the poet is trying to convey here? (Note especially the role of rhyming pairs of monosyllables and their effect on meter.)assonance: [ri:t☞] [skri:n] [spi:t☞][♈ud] [huk] [buk]The ryhmed words, all monosyllabic and stressed, are semantically unrelated and separated.Alliteration is only sporadically used. Assonance suggests apparent connection but actual disconnectedness.b. Comment more carefully on meter in the first two stanzas. How does it contribute to the meaning? How and where does it work against our expectations?Lack of regularity and thus unpredictability.10. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs,and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Omit.11. What interesting things do speech errors tell us about language and its use? Collect a few casesof slips of tongue from daily conversations.Speech errors are often explainable, often semantically motivated.Unit 3 The Units of English[Check your understanding]State whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. All words in English have a hierarchical structure. FNote: Mon-morphemic words do not.2. Clipping is one of the three most important devices of word-formation in English. FNote: The three most important devices are affixation, compounding (or composition) and conversion (or functional shift).3. Idioms in English are modifiable in some grammatical ways. T4. The presence of constructions is unique to English. F5. Every English sentence has a subject. FNote: Imperative sentences do not have any subject.■ In-Class Activities1．ASK:(1) What is the infix used in the above language data?―-um-―(2) What is the verb form in Bontoc for ―to be poor‖, given that pusi means ―poor‖?―pumusi‖2. ASK:(1) What is the Samoan for: (a) ―they travel‖ (b) ―he sings‖ respectively?(a) savavali (b) pese(2) Formulate a morphological rule regarding how to form the plural verb form from the singularverb form in Samoan.Duplicate the penultimate syllable.3. ASK:(1) Which other affixes are there in English that function as markers of negation?dis-, non-, a-, in-, il-, im-, ir-(2) What pattern underlies the use of un- in the data above?Positive terms can have negative morphemes added to them, as in ―happy-unhappy‖, but semantically negative ones rarely do, because un- is deprecatory as well as negative.(3) Why are ―ungood‖ and ―unbig‖ not found in English, although George Orwell coined―ungood‖in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four? Do you think they are accidental gaps in the lexicon of English?There already exist words that correspond to ―ungood‖ and ―unbig‖. It is not accidental. This is what is technically called lexical blocking.(4) Read the following extract from Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass. How do you think Humpty Dumpty would explain the word ―un-birthday‖ to Alice?―Un-birthday‖ means some day that is not one’s birthday.(5) The fact that un- can be both a verb prefix and an adjective prefix may explain the occurrenceof the ambiguous word ―unlockable‖. Can you imagine two situati ons corresponding to the two senses of the word?? Can you give mo re examples like ―unlockable‖?Imagine you are inside a room and you want some privacy. You would be unhappy to find the door is unlockable–―not able to be locked.‖ Now imagine you are inside a locked room trying to get out. You would be very relieved to find that the door is unlockable–―able to be unlocked.‖ These two meanings correspond to two different structures, as follows:Adjective Adjectiveun- Adjective Verb -ableV erb -able un- V erblock lockIn the first structure the verb ―lock‖ combines with the suffix –able to form the adjective lockable (―able to be locked‖). Then the prefix un-, meaning ―not,‖ combines with the derived adjective to form a new adjective unlockable (―not able to be locked‖). In the second case, the prefix un- combines with the verb lock to form a derived verb, unlock. Then the derived verb combines with the suffix –able to form unlockable, ―able to be unlocked.‖Other examples are unbuttonalbe, unzippable, and unlatchable.4. ASK:(1) How are the verbs in Column A different from those in Column B?Verbs in Column A are transitive while those in Column B are generally intransitive.(2) Can we use ―able to be X-ed‖ to paraphrase ―perishable‖?No. ―Perish‖ is intransitive.(3) A further complication with -able is that in words li ke ―unthinkable‖, the suffix means morethan ―able to be X-ed‖. Why? Can you think of more words of this type?unbreakable,presentable, readable, questionable, payable, washable.(4) Now, let’s l ook at another complication. None of the following words are permitted. What doesthis suggest about the use of the suffix ―-able‖?―-able‖ are not attached to nouns, adjectives, or prepositions.5. ASK:(1) Note the contrast between list A and List B. Can you think of any reason that can explain whythe set of words on List B are impossible words in English?Verbs on List B are intransitive.(2) How are the re- words on List C and List D different from those on List A?Words on List C are made up of re- +adjectives. In the words on List D, ―re-‖ means ―back‖instead of ―again‖.(3) Some re- prefixed words may mean more than the simple addition of the meaning of re- andthe meaning of its base. For example, ―rewrite‖ means ―write something again, especially in a different or improved form‖.Can you give more examples like ―rewrite‖?rebuild, rethink, retry, retell, reorganize, reconsider, reform, etc.6. ASK:(1) Can you give some examples that you consider to be chunks?Omit.(2) Read the following spoken data of a Chinese student. Can you point out the chunks used in it?Can you classify them into some types?It is the most unforgettable birthday um ... that I ... and I can not forget it for forever. Um ... it it was when I was a freshman. It is the first year um ... I left my family and spend my birthday alone. Um ... I remember clearly um ... that day I strode gloomily at campus along for a long time um. And um ... um ... I I felt very ... I I felt ...I felt very gloomy because no one, um no one except my parents um remember my birthday and, and, wan and wanted to um ... and wanted to stay with me for my birthday. Um ... um ... I did, I did not went back I did not go back to the dormitory um ... until um ... until seven o‟clock in the evening. Um ... the light, the lig ht in the dormitory was off. Obviously, um there was no ... there was nobody staying in the dormitory. Um ...but now um ... it may ... it ... it ... seemed um ... it seemed that it doesn‟t matter. Um ... And I open the door um ... and I found except darkness there was nothing. Suddenly a song “Happy birthday to you” sound. I felt, I felt very astonished. Then, the light was turned on. Some familiar faces um ... um full of full of sweet smiles towards me. Um they were my dorm they were my dorm mates ... Yes, they still remembered um ...my birthday, my birthday. And in fact they have ... they indeed prepared for it two years ago. They bought er ... a very beautiful cake for me, and that night um ... we sang, we danced and ... and had that delicious cake. I felt very happy, and and later I (I)made a call to my parents that told them that I has spent a very unforgettable birthday with my roommates.verbal: went/go back; turn(ed) on; prepare for; make a call toadjectival: full ofprepositional: at campus (it should be ―on campus‖, though); for a long time; in the evening; in factclausal: it seemed that ….; it doesn’t matter7. The notion of subject may be classified into three types: grammatical subject(the major nominal part corresponding to the predicate), logical subject (the doer or executor of the action concerned), and psychological subject(the first major component of the sentence, like a nominal phrase, an adverbial phrase, or a prepositional phrase). For instance,a. John(grammatical subject, psychological subject, logical subject) robbed the City Bank last night.b. The City Bank (grammatical subject, psychological subject) was robbed by John (logical subject) last night.c. Last night (psychological subject) John (grammatical subject, logical subject) robbed the City Bank.Analyze the following newspaper headlines from the Washington Post (July 21-24, 2006) in terms of the effect of subject type selection.(a) In Iraq, Military Forgot Lessons of Vietnam (psychological)(b) Evacuation Rules Separate N.Va. Friends (grammatical)(c) Woods Is Closely Followed At British (logical, grammatical)8. ASK:(1) Can you write the public signs in complete forms?You may push the button and wait for the signal of walk.You must use caution when the ground is wet.(2) What rules are there when we write elliptical English newspaper headlines?a. Omit auxiliary or linking verb BE;b. Omit determiners;c. Omit indefinite nouns of person.d. Omit There Be.Task 3: Study Questions1. Point out the word-formation process that applies to each of the following words: Affixation: worsen endearmentConversion: dust (v.) plane (v.)Compounding: laptop airsick daughter-in-lawBack-formation: edit televise peddle swindle (swindler)Shortening: tec (detective) prof (professor) bike (bicycle)Blending: brunch urinalysis (urine + analysis) fantabulous (fantasy + fabulous)Initialism: WTO (World Trade Organization)Acronym: laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association)Coinage (in the forms of invention and eponym—words derived from proper names): Xerox nylon jumbo (name of an elephant brought to the United States by P. T. Barnum)2. How are the open-class words and the closed-class words different from each other?Open-class words:(1)large in number;(2)easy to expand;(3)mainly nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.Closed-class words:(1) small in number;(2) stable;(3) basically pronouns, prepositions, function words, etc.3. What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?(a) the government‟s policies ’s; -s(b) the latest news -est(c) Isn‟t it snow ing! -ing(d) two frightened cows-ed; -s4. Suppose a speaker of English invents the following italicized English words as a joke: ―they’re always causing a commotion. I tell them not to commote, but they insist on being big commoters.” What process of word creation does this example illustrate, and why? What do the new words mean?It is a process of back-formation. ―Commote‖means the act of causing disorder and ―commoter‖ means someone who causes disorder.。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第5~8章【圣才出品】
第5章英语语言结构（Ⅱ）5.1 复习笔记【本章要点】1. English paragraphs 英语段落2. English texts 英语语篇3. Cohesion in English texts 英语语篇的衔接4. Thematic progression in English texts 英语语篇主位推进【本章考点】英语段落，语篇的衔接等。
【本章内容索引】Ⅰ. English paragraphsⅡ. English textsⅢ.Cohesion in English texts1. Different means to develop cohesion in texts2. Classification of referenceⅣ. Thematic progression in English textsⅠ. English paragraphs（英语段落）A typical English paragraph employs a topic sentence stating the controlling idea of the paragraph.一个典型的英语段落中会用一个主题句来陈述整个段落的主旨大意。
To develop a paragraph, one may employ such means as exemplification, instantiation, comparison or contrast, cause effect reasoning, definition, analogy, and enumeration.为丰富段落，人们可能会用举例，例示，对比，因果推理，定义，类推和列举等。
Ⅱ. English texts（英语语篇）A well-written text is not a simple amalgam of paragraphs. It must be properly organized around a central purpose or coherent topic.一篇好的文章不是简单的段落叠加。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》配套题库【课后练习】(英语语言单位)【圣才出品】
(2) Formulate a morphological rule regarding how to form the plural verb form from the singular verb form in Samoan.
Key: Positive terms can have negative morphemes added to them, as in “happy-unhappy”, but semantically negative ones rarely do, because unis deprecatory as well as negative.
Key: Duplicate the penultimate syllable.
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3. English has a couple of affixes that serve to express the opposition of meaning, of which un- figures prominently. Observe the following sets of English words (words marked with are not allowed in English):
Ask (1) Which other affixes are there in English that function as markers of negation?
陈新仁-英语词汇学教程课后答案-第八单元
Unit 8Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F)b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T)c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F)d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T)e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T)In-Class Activities1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face.A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness).b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice).B. a. Look at that lovely little girl.b. Look at that tiny girl.ASK:(1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not,why?(2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones?KEY:Answer:(1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ‘attractiveness’ and ‘pleasantness’ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory.(2) Slim and skinnyFamous and notoriousProud and arrogantConfident and conceited2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with thecorpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow.ASK:(1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody?(2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own?Answer:(1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.(2) The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.The hospital has a commitment to provide the best possible medical care.3. One interesting finding about semantic prosody is that it often demonstrates some relationship with transitivity. Louw (1993) points out that where human beings are in control of their own destiny and are shaping it transitively for themselves, the semantic prosody is positive, but where people are at the mercy of forces beyond their control, the things which build up intransitively are negative and uniformly threatening. For example, the verb phrase “break out”can be both transitive and intransitive (Sinclair, 1990). Observe the following concordance lines in which break out appears:(1) Which of the lines above involve the transitive use of break out? Which involve theintransitive use of break out?(2) What are the semantic features of break out in these sentences?Answer:(1) Break out in Line 1-8 is intransitive whereas it is transitive in Line 9-15.(2) Break out in Line 1-8 is used with the subject being something negative, such as war, fight, trouble, violence. However, break out in Line 9-15 is used with words expressing something that pleasant, such as beer, barbecue, apple cider.4. The following is an excerpt from Henrik Ibsen’s drama A Doll’s House. Read this excerpt and then answer questions.Mrs. Linde: But how dare a man of his education be so forward?Nora: What on earth are you talking about?Mrs. Linde: Oh, stop pretending, Nora. Do you think I haven’t guessed who it was who lent you that two hundred pounds?Nora: Are you out of your mind? How could you imagine such a thing? A friend, someone who comes here every day! Why, that’d be an impossible situation!Mrs. Linde: Then it really wasn’t him?Nora: No, of course not. I’ve never for a moment dreamed of -- anyway, he hadn’t any money tolend then. He didn’t come into that till later.Mrs. Linde: Well, I think that was a lucky thing for you, Nora dear.Nora: No, I could never have dreamed of asking Dr. Rank – Though I’m sure that if I ever did ask him—Mrs. Linde: But of course you won’t.Nora: Of course not. I can’t imagine that it should ever become necessary. But I’m perfectly sure that if I did speak to Dr. Rank—Mrs. Linde: Behind you husband’s back?Nora: I’ve got to get out this other business; and that’s been going on behind his back. I’ve got to get out of it.Mrs. Linde: Yes, well, that’s what I told you yesterday. But—Nora (walking up and down): It’s much easier for a man to arrange these things than a woman—Mrs. Linde: one’s own husband, yes.Nora: Oh, bosh, (Stops walking.) When you’ve completely repaid a debt you get your I. O. U.back, don’t you?Mrs. Linde: Yes, of course.Nora: And you can tear it into a thousand pieces and burn the filthy, beastly thing!Mrs. Linde(looks hard at her, puts down her sewing and gets up slowly): Nora, you’re hiding something from me.Nora: Can you see that?Mrs. Linde: Something has happened since yesterday morning. Nora, what is it?Nora (goes towards her): Christine! (listens.) Ssh! There’s Torvald. Would you mind going into the nursery for a few minutes? Torvald can’t bear to see sewing around. Anne-Marie’ll help you.Mrs. Linde (gathers some of her things together): Very well. But I shan’t leave this house until we’ve talked this matter out.She goes into the nursery, left. As she does so, Helmer enters from the hall.Nora (runs to meet him): Oh, Torvald dear, I’ve been so longing for you to come back! Helmer: Was that the dressmaker?Nora: No, it was Christine. She’s helping me mend my costume. I’m going to look rather splendid in that.Helmer: Yes, that was quite a bright idea of mine, wasn’t it?Nora: Wonderful! But wasn’t it nice of me to give in to you?Helmer(takes her chin in his hand): Nice—to give in to your husband? All right, little silly, I know you didn’t mean it like that. But I won’t disturb you. I expect you’ll be wanting to try it on.Nora: Are you going to work now?Helmer: Yes. (Shows her a bundle of papers.) Look at these. I’ve been down to the bank—(Turns to go into his study.)Nora: Torvald.Helmer: (stops): Yes.Nora: If a little squirrel asked you really prettily to grant her a wish—Helmer: First I should naturally have to know what it was.Nora: Squirrel would do lots of pretty tricks for you if you granted her a wish.Helmer: Out with it, then.ASK:(1) How many types of lexical devices are used to convey each of the speaker’s affect? What arethey?(2) What do you think are the effects of these lexical devices?Answer:(1) Interjections: oh, wonderful, out with itExclamatory what and how: how dareExaggerative expressions: a thousand piecesIntensifiers: so, quite, rather, much, of course, never, on earth, really, naturally, completely, perfectly(2) These lexical devices clearly shows the speaker’s affect and attitude5. In English, there are numerous expressions deployable for intensifying an attitude or emotion. Look at the following utterances.a. I did not regret a drop [a rush/a tittle].b. My father did not care a straw [a bean/a fig/a jot/a button].c. Mary did not worry a pin [a scrap].d. The man did not flinch a hair.ASK:(1) How are these expressions similar to each other?(2) Can you provide more expressions of the same kind?Answer:(1) They mean “a small amount” and they are all used with “not”, forming emphasizing negatives.(2) a bit, a touch, a hint, a trace, a grain, a speck, an ounce, an itom6. It is often necessary that public notices be written with emphatic tones. Look at the following notices.ASK:(1) Which word can be omitted without affecting the basic meaning of the notice in each case?(2) Do you know of other ways that may serve to intensify the tone of public notices?Answer:(1)anytime, strictly, absolutely(2)never, anyone, anywhere, anyway, completely, definitely, entirelyPost-Class Tasks1. In the following table, words in the first column are appreciative words. Match them with words in the right column that are derogatory.Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured over-the-topgenerous fancifulthrifty arrogantdetermined nosyshrewd self-importantconfident meanfrank cunningenthusiastic abruptinquisitive stubbornimaginative extravagantAnswer:Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured self-importantgenerous extravagantthrifty meandetermined stubbornshrewd cunningconfident arrogantfrank abruptenthusiastic over-the-topinquisitive nosyimaginative fanciful2. Poets tend to be highly affectionate people. Read the following well-known poem by Robert Burns. Discuss the lexical devices that the poet uses to convey his strong emotion. What other methods does he employ for the same purpose?A Red, Red RoseMy love is like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June:My love is like the melodyThat’s sweetly played in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in love am I:And I will love thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:And I will love thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall ru n.And fare thee weel, my only love,And fare thee weel a while!And I will come again, my love,Thou’ it were ten thousand mile.Answer:(1) Exclamation: weel; amplifier: so; exaggerative expression: ten thousand mile(2) Other devices: Repetitions, exaggerations, similes3. The following words or phrases have been claimed to have a negative (‘unpleasant’, or ‘unfavourable’) semantic prosody. For each case, investigate whether this is true.For those cases that do have a negative prosody, identify near-synonyms with a neutral or positive semantic prosody.a. be bent onb. commitc. dealingsd. happene. make off withAnswer:bent on: True. For example: bent on violence, bent on destroying, bent on self-destruction, etc.) happen: True. This word is often used with words such as “accident”, “strange things”. commit: True. This word often collocates with crime, offence, rape, assault, unlawful act.Neutral synonyms: do, perform, carry outmake off with: True.dealings: Not true. This word does not necessarily collocate with negative words. Instead, neutral collocates are often found, such as dealings with customers, exchange dealings, dealings in commodities, dealings between parties, dealings in contract, dealings with business investors, dealings with corporate investors.4．Find out the emphasizing negatives in the following sentences.a. Don’t worry. I am not at all hungry.b. Sorry, but I am not the slightest bit interested in this project.c. There are none at all in this box, as far as I can see.d. I did n’t enjoy it in the least.e. There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.f. You have no excuse whatever.g. I’ll never, never go to there again.5. Read the following sentences and group them according to the type of lexical devices used to express the speaker’s affect.a. I just don’t like it.b. I kind of like him.c. You are absolutely correct.d. They literally tore his arguments to pieces.e. I so wanted to see her.f. They honestly admire her courage.g. I can well understand your feelings.h. I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.i. The incident somewhat influenced his later life.Answer:Emphasiers:I just don’t like it.They literally tore his arguments to pieces.They honestly admire her courage.Amplifiers:You are absolutely correct.I so wanted to see her.I can well understand your feelings.Downtoners:I kind of like him.I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.The incident somewhat influenced his later life.6. Read the following sentences and decide whether the italicized words are emphasiers, amplifiers or downtoners.a. My brother can actually speak six foreign languages. (emphasizer)b. It was a sacrifice indeed. (emphasizer)c. I can perfectly see why you are anxious about it. (amplifiers)d. I simply don’t believe it. (emphasizer)e. I know these animals slightly. (downtoners)f. I entirely agree with you. (amplifiers)g. I am sort of fond of the new teacher. (downtoners)h. That’s a somewhat thicker book. (downtoners)。
英语词汇学实用教程陈新仁中文版
英语词汇学实用教程陈新仁中文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary by Chen XinrenAs an English learner, one of the biggest challenges I've faced is expanding my vocabulary. Words are the building blocks of language, and having a rich vocabulary is essential for effective communication, both in speaking and writing. That's why I was thrilled to discover Chen Xinren's "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary".This book has been an invaluable resource for me, and I can't recommend it enough to my fellow students. Chen Xinren's approach is incredibly practical and user-friendly, making the process of learning new words not only effective but also enjoyable.One of the things that struck me from the very beginning was the book's organization. Instead of presenting words in a random order or categorizing them by arbitrary themes, Chen Xinren groups them based on their roots, prefixes, and suffixes. This approach is genius because it helps you understand theunderlying patterns and logic behind word formation, enabling you to grasp and retain new vocabulary more effectively.The book is divided into several chapters, each focusing on a specific aspect of vocabulary building. The first chapter introduces the concept of word roots, explaining how many English words are derived from Greek and Latin roots. Chen Xinren provides a comprehensive list of common roots, along with their meanings and examples of words that incorporate them. This chapter alone has been a game-changer for me, as it has empowered me to decipher the meanings of unfamiliar words by breaking them down into their constituent parts.The next chapter delves into prefixes and suffixes, those little word parts that can significantly alter a word's meaning. Chen Xinren meticulously explains the nuances of each prefix and suffix, illustrating their usage with clear examples. I found this section particularly helpful for expanding my vocabulary in specific contexts, such as academic writing or professional settings.But Chen Xinren's approach goes beyond mere memorization. Throughout the book, he emphasizes the importance of actively using new words in context, whether through writing exercises, speaking practice, or even creatingflashcards. This hands-on approach has been instrumental in solidifying my understanding of the vocabulary and ensuring that the words become a permanent part of my lexicon.One of the most refreshing aspects of "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" is its emphasis on real-world applications. Chen Xinren doesn't just present words in isolation; instead, he incorporates them into authentic contexts, such as conversations, news articles, and literary excerpts. This approach has been incredibly valuable for me, as it has helped me understand how words are used in natural, everyday situations, enhancing my comprehension and fluency.Additionally, the book includes a wealth of practice exercises and quizzes, allowing me to test my knowledge and reinforce what I've learned. These exercises range from simplefill-in-the-blank questions to more complex tasks that require me to analyze and synthesize information. I particularly appreciate the answer keys provided, as they enable me toself-assess and identify areas that need further attention.One aspect that sets "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" apart is its cultural insights. Chen Xinren recognizes that language is deeply intertwined with culture, and he skillfully weaves in cultural references and idioms throughout the book.This added dimension has not only enriched my vocabulary but has also deepened my understanding of the English-speaking world, fostering a greater appreciation for the nuances and nuances of the language.Furthermore, the book is incredibly user-friendly and visually appealing. The layout is clean and organized, with clear headings and subheadings that make it easy to navigate. The inclusion of illustrations, diagrams, and mnemonic devices further enhances the learning experience, catering to different learning styles and making the material more engaging and memorable.In conclusion, Chen Xinren's "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" has been an invaluable companion on my journey to mastering English vocabulary. Its systematic approach,real-world applications, and engaging exercises have transformed the way I learn and retain new words. Whether you're a student preparing for exams, a professional seeking to enhance your communication skills, or simply someone with a passion for language learning, this book is an essential resource that will undoubtedly enrich your vocabulary and deepen your understanding of the English language.篇2A Practical Guide to Mastering English Vocabulary by Chen XinrenAs students, one of the biggest challenges we face when learning English is expanding our vocabulary. We spend countless hours memorizing word lists and definitions, only to forget them a few days later. However, effective vocabulary learning doesn't have to be a tedious and frustrating process. In this guide, I'll share practical strategies that have helped me build a solid English vocabulary foundation.Embrace ContextOne of the most powerful ways to learn new words is through context. When you encounter an unfamiliar word while reading or listening, pay attention to the surrounding sentences and try to infer its meaning. This not only helps you understand the word in context but also aids in remembering it better. Additionally, keep a vocabulary notebook and jot down new words along with their context and your guessed meaning. Later, you can check the actual definition and reinforce your understanding.Utilize Word Roots, Prefixes, and SuffixesMany English words share common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, which can provide valuable clues about their meanings. For instance, the prefix "re-" often indicates repetition or going back (e.g., "redo," "rewrite"), while the suffix "-able" denotes capability or possibility (e.g., "readable," "avoidable"). By familiarizing yourself with these word parts, you can develop a better understanding of new words and expand your vocabulary more efficiently.Immerse Yourself in EnglishSurrounding yourself with English media and materials is a fantastic way to reinforce your vocabulary learning. Read books, magazines, or online articles that interest you, listen to podcasts or watch movies and TV shows in English. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, make a note of them and look them up later. Immersion not only exposes you to new vocabulary but also helps you understand words in context and observe their usage patterns.Use Vocabulary Apps and Online ResourcesIn today's digital age, there are numerousvocabulary-building apps and online resources available. Apps like Anki, Quizlet, and Wordly offer interactive flashcards, games, and quizzes to help you memorize and review new words.Additionally, websites like and FreeRice provide engaging exercises and explanations to expand your word knowledge. These tools can make vocabulary learning more enjoyable and effective.Practice, Practice, PracticeThe key to solidifying your vocabulary knowledge is practice. Make an effort to use the new words you've learned in your writing and conversations. Start a vocabulary journal and write sentences or short paragraphs using the new words. Participate in language exchange platforms or join English conversation clubs to practice using your new vocabulary in real-life situations. The more you actively use the words, the better they'll stick in your memory.Learn Through Stories and MnemonicsStories and mnemonics can be powerful tools for remembering new words. Create vivid stories or mental images that associate the word's meaning with something memorable. For example, to remember the word "euphoria," you could imagine a cheerful elephant (eu-phoria) dancing with joy. Alternatively, use mnemonics, which are short phrases or sentences that incorporate the word or its definition. The morecreative and personal these techniques are, the more effective they'll be for you.Embrace Mistakes and Celebrate ProgressLearning a new language is a journey, and making mistakes along the way is inevitable. Don't be discouraged by stumbling over unfamiliar words or forgetting ones you've learned. Embrace these mistakes as opportunities to improve and reinforce your understanding. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and acknowledge the effort you're putting into expanding your vocabulary.Remember, building a strong English vocabulary takes time and consistent effort. But by incorporating these practical strategies into your learning routine, you'll gradually develop a rich and diverse vocabulary that will enhance your communication skills and open up new opportunities for personal and professional growth.Happy learning, and may your vocabulary journey be rewarding and enjoyable!篇3English Vocabulary: A Practical Guide by Chen Xinren (Chinese Edition)What's up, fellas? Tired of feeling like a kindergartner when it comes to your English vocab? Yeah, me too. That's why I'm here to give you the real deal on building a killer vocab that'll make you sound like a total boss.First things first, let's get real about why vocabulary matters. Sure, you can get by with the basics, but if you want to level up your English game, you need to expand that word bank. A rich vocabulary doesn't just make you sound smarter (although, let's be honest, that's a major perk). It also helps you express yourself more precisely and communicate your ideas more effectively.But where do you even start? With so many words out there, it can feel overwhelming. That's where this guide comes in. I'm going to break it down for you, sharing practical tips and strategies that have worked for me and my friends.Tip #1: Read, Read, ReadThis one's a no-brainer, but it's also the most powerful tool in your vocabulary-building arsenal. Reading exposes you to new words in context, which makes them easier to understand and remember. Don't just stick to textbooks and boring stuff, though. Read novels, magazines, blogs – anything that interests you. The more you enjoy the material, the more likely you are to stick with it.Tip #2: Use Context CluesWhen you come across an unfamiliar word, don't immediately reach for the dictionary. Try to figure out its meaning from the surrounding words and phrases. This not only helps you learn the new word, but it also trains your brain to become a better context detective.Tip #3: Keep a Vocab JournalAs you encounter new words, write them down in a dedicated journal or notebook. Include the definition, the context in which you found the word, and even a sample sentence or two. Regularly reviewing your journal will help reinforce these new additions to your vocabulary.Tip #4: Play Word GamesWho says learning has to be boring? There are tons of fun word games out there that can help expand your vocabulary while keeping your brain engaged. Try apps like Wordle, Spelling Bee, or even good old-fashioned crossword puzzles.Tip #5: Use Flashcards (But Make Them Fun)Flashcards might seem old-school, but they're still an effective way to memorize new words. But instead of boring, plain-text cards, get creative! Draw silly pictures, createmnemonics, or even record yourself saying the word and its definition. The more sensory associations you create, the better you'll remember.Tip #6: Learn Word Roots, Prefixes, and SuffixesUnderstanding the building blocks of words can help you decipher unfamiliar terms and remember their meanings more easily. For example, if you know that the prefix "bi-" means two, and the root "ped" means foot, you can figure out that "biped" refers to a two-footed creature.Tip #7: Use New Words in ConversationOnce you've learned a new word, use it! Actively incorporating new vocabulary into your daily conversations and writing will help solidify it in your memory and make it a natural part of your language.Tip #8: Subscribe to a "Word of the Day" ServiceThere are plenty of free online services that will send you a new word and its definition every day. Adding one new word to your vocabulary each day might not seem like much, but over time, those daily additions will really add up.Tip #9: Watch English Movies and TV ShowsImmersing yourself in English-language media is not only entertaining, but it also exposes you to a wide range of vocabulary in a natural, conversational context. Pay attention to the words and phrases used, and look up any unfamiliar ones.Tip #10: Don't Be Afraid to Make MistakesLearning a new language is all about trial and error. Don't be afraid to use unfamiliar words in your speech or writing, even if you're not 100% sure about their meaning or usage. Making mistakes is part of the process, and it's often the best way to reinforce what you've learned.Bonus Tip: Have Fun with It!Learning new vocabulary doesn't have to be a chore. Approach it with a sense of curiosity and playfulness, and you'll be surprised at how quickly your word bank grows. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and enjoy the journey of becoming a more articulate and confident English speaker.Remember, building a solid vocabulary is a marathon, not a sprint. Stick with it, and before you know it, you'll be dropping linguistic bombs left and right. Who knows, you might even become the next Shakespeare (or at least the next Cardi B)!。
英语高三教材8单元答案.doc
英语高三教材8单元答案Unit 8 Learning a foreign language 课文练习解答提不POST-READING1.(1) At the age of five, most children mastered their mother tongue.(2)Some believe that we are equipped with a special ability tolearn language and that our brain adjusts itself to the language we hear around us. Others think that we learn language in the same way we learn other things, such as walking or solving problems, and that what we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt, not a language-specific part of the brain.(3)The foreign language learning usually takes place in school and there are often few opportunities to communicate with other speakersof the language. When we were learning the mother tongue, we spent all our waking hour communicating with the people around us: in other words, we were studying the language all day long.2.mother tongue: B C E Hforeign language: A D F G H3.(略)4.(略)5.(略)LANGUAGE STUDYWord study1.(1) awful (2) translator (3) acquire (4) patience (5) anxious (6) secure (7) data (8) interpreter2.(1) acquisition (2) academic (3) translator (4) experimentedwith (5) instruct (6) adopted (7) data (8) adapt (9) take risks (10) awful (11) make sense (12)acquireGrammar1.(1) I could relax if I did not have piles of homework to do.(2)My wife would not have many friends in the neighbourhood if she was not easygoing.(3)Many large areas would not have been saved from flooding in 1998 without the help of tens of thousands of PLA.(4)If Ben had not driven too fast on his way to Florida, he would not have had a traffic accident.(5)If it had not had a flat tyre, I would have lent my car to George that morning.(6)If Alice had been familiar with the software, she would not have been fired by her boss.(7)If I had not gone to the English Corner very often, my spoken English would not have improved a lot.(8)If I had been brought up in Britain as my cousin was, I would have spoken English as fluently as she does.2.(1) I wish I could hear from Lily soon.(2)It is time that you two went to school.(3)I wish I could work as long as 12 hours a day.(4)I wish I had not eaten so much junk food in my teens.(5)It is high time that we put an end to this silly argument.(6)I wish I could travel to the moon by space shuttle.3.(1) would not have woken up (2) had not stayed up (3) had gotten up (4) would not have ridden (5) had followed (6) would have spent (7) would not have hit (8) had not noticed (9) would have knocked (10) would not have been injured (11) would have been taken (12) had been (13) would have found (14) would be (15) could joinINTEGRATING SKILLSReading1.Advantages: (1) become fluent in the new language(2)make friends with people from different backgrounds and understand another culture(3)broaden one' s horizons and improve his understanding of the world(4)make him understand his own country and cultureDisadvantages: (1) some may fall behind in their studies(2)worry about the safety(3)the cost may high2.(略)课后练习解答提不PRACTISINGVocabulary1.(1) awful (2) association (3) fall behind (4) overweight (5) operation (6) pile (7) knock down (8) put an end to2.(1)①appropriate ②level ③junior ④senior(2)①other ②motivated ③risks ©experimenting ©corrections ⑥sense ©patience ⑧ acquire(3)①secure ②anxious ③instructing ④academic⑤progress ©confidenceGrammar1.(1) If only I had not forgotten to send Maggie an e-mail telling my arrival time yesterday, I would not fell sorry.(2)But for the advertisements we had been making, our product would not have become a best-seller.(3)Global communication would not be easy without the Internet.(4)The government issued a new policy to help the jobless, otherwise they would have suffered.(5)Suppose the firefighters had not have arrived in time, the factory would not been saved.(6)I would rather I had gone to Beijing by train as my flight was delayed for so long.(7)He greeted me with a smile as if I had known him.2.(略)INTEGRATING SKILLSReading1.(1) Read a chapter quickly to get a general idea.(2)Do not stop every time you come to a word or a phrase you do not know. Quite often you will find the unknown word appears again, perhaps several times, and by the end of the chapter you will have guessed its meaning.(3)By making guesses about the information and organization of a text, you will be better prepared to understand the meaning of the whole article as well as new words.(4)Decide what to read.2.With a bit of practice, you can become quite good at predicting the content and organization of an article. You may also learn to predict what words will be used and what questions will be answered. The more guesses you make, the better you will understand the reading. If your guess is right, you will of course understand the article and it will be easy to remember the main ideas -because you already knew them. It doesn't matter if your guesses are wrong. They will still help you to understand and remember the ideas better. When you read the article and come across something you didn't know or expect, youwill pay more attention to it. Finally, since you have prepare well, you can spend more time on the difficult and confusing parts.3.（略）4.（略）。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-8词汇及课后答案
Unit 8Literary WorksWord Bankbodega n. a small Spanish [grocer杂货店老板->grocer '(曲op)] grocery (日杂用品)store, sometimes combined with a wineshop酉店，酒窖;spirit 精神/灵魂/烈性酒brandy: n. an alcoholic liquor distilled (分馏)from wine or fermented (发酵的)fruit juice 白兰地;brand new 崭新的(coffee<->) cafe (二cafeteria): n. (US) a place to buy drin ks, simple meals, and sn acks快餐)in 咖啡馆，小餐馆client: n. a customer or patron顾客->patriot-> patrioticcommit: v. to do or perform sth. illegal 做，实行或犯(罪)(confident: adj. ->) confidence n. trust or faith in sb. or sth信心，信赖despair (n./ vi. ->desperate: adj.): n. complete loss of hope色望dew: n. water droplets (小水滴)condensed 凝结)from the air, usually at night 露珠;-let: adj. small/ tiny dignity (n. ->dignify: vt.): n. poise (n. / vt. 平衡)and self-respect尊严(drink->drank->) drunk: adj. intoxicated with alcoholic liquor 喝醉的；drunk driving 酒后驾车; drun kard 醉鬼(dust->) dusty: adj. covered or filled with dust 布满尘埃的employ (->employer<-> employee): v. to make use of使用hombre: n. (sla ng俚语/ 方言)a man from Spa in男人，西班牙系的人insomnia n.chro nic (慢性的/ 长期的)in ability to fall asleep or rema in asleep for an adequate (=e no ugh) len gth of time 失眠(症)insult: v. to treat with rude ness侮辱nasty: adj. dirty and smelly emission (散发):n. the act or an instanee of emitting肮脏，邋遢的(omit->) omission 省略，删除rap: (1)n.说唱文学作品;(2)vt. to hit sharply and swiftly 敲击regard: (1) n. careful thought or attention留意，关心;(2)vt. consider认为reluctant (->reluctanee): adj. be unwilling (to do sth.); (be) disinclined 不愿意的<->be in cli ned to do sth.想做某事(sauce调味汁->)saucer n. a small shallow dish having a slight circular (圆形的/ 环形的) depressi on 凹槽)in the cen ter for holdi ng a cup 茶托shutter: n. a hin ged cover or scree n for a win dow, usually fitted with louvers 天窗,) 百叶窗spill: v. to cause or allow to run or fall out of a container 容器) 溢出，溅出square n. an ope n, usually four-sided area 广场;~ meter 平方米/ cubic meter 立方米(commit) suicide n. the act or an in sta nee of inten ti on ally killi ng on eself 自杀;pesticide 杀虫剂syntax: n. the pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a Ianguag句式，句型,句法terrace: n. a platform exte nding outdoors (adv.户夕卜)from a floor of a house or an apartme nt building 平台,balcony阳台/楼厅unjust： (1) adj. unfair 不公平的；⑵adv. What did you say just now?unpolished adj. lacking in good manners, culture, or refinemen粗鲁的；polish (=flatter) : vt. 阿谀奉承Phrases and Expressionsclose up to cause to cease operation or being use打烊in a hurry (vi./ n.): hurriedly 匆忙地;Hurry up, or we ' II be late!keep watch to keep an careful observation 盯梢;night watch 守夜人;watch TV; see a film; listen to the news over the radio.put up (=lift): to construct or erect 竖立)sth.举起，抬起stay up (late) (=sit up late): not go to bed 熬夜(turn on<->) turn off: to stop the operation or flow of sth. by means of a tap (水龙头),switch ［⑴n.开关;(2)vi.转换］or button 关掉(<->bottom) ；code switch转码Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the followi ng1. Why did the two waiters of the caf keep a clo^e watch on the old man? ( B )A. Because the old man n ever showed up before.B. Because the old man ten ded to forget to pay the bill.C. Because the old man once committed suicide in the cafeD. Because the old man was gett ing drunk.2. In Para. 27, "... speak ing with that omissi on of syn tax stupid people employ whe n talk ing to drunken people or foreigners." Here the "omission of syntax" implies that ( D )A. the youn ger waiter had a poor kno wledge of grammar and sentence structureB. the younger waiter in a hurry forgot to employ a right sentence structureC. the youn ger waiter saved some unn ecessary sentence structureD. the younger waiter was too hurried and impatient to justify himself3. In what way were the youn ger waiter and the older waiter of two differe nt kin ds? ( D )A. The older waiter was sympathetic toward the old man, while the younger waiter was indifferent.B. The older waiter was seeking a clean and well lighted place, while the younger waiter enjoyed dark ness because he was satisfied with the curre nt life.C. The older waiter wan ted to escapefrom no thi ngn ess, while the youn ger waiter had n't yet lost passi on for life.D. All of the above.4. What's the real purpose of the repeated employme nt of n ada in this story? (A )A. To indicate that life is unending emptiness without companionship of man or God.B. To suggest that life would yield no fruit at all if we don't try hard.C. To imply that we should not believe in any religion.D. To show that the life with nothing at all is not worth liv ing.5. According to the story, what is a clean, well-lighted place? ( B )A. It is a spacious room with clean environment and good lights.B. It is an escape from the darkness and nothingness of the life.C. It is the paradise where people can get the bliss from the Lord.D. It is a bar or caf , where p eople can seek the realization of their own values.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letterof each word has bee n give n to youIt is late at night in a caf . Two waiters of the cafe are keeping a close (1) watch on an old man. The old deaf man frequents (vt.平凡光顾)the caf regularly and tends to leave without paying his ⑵ bj]£ whe n drunk.As they watch, the two waiters gossip (n./ vi.) about the old man's rece nt (3) suicide attempt. The youn ger one comme nts 评论)that the man's (4) despair could not have bee n over mon ey, since he seemed to have ple nty. Then he refuses in vain 徒劳)to provide the old man ano ther drink, so he complains to the older waiter that he is tired and wishes to go home. He also complains that he would already be on his way (5) home (n./ adv.) if the old man had succeeded (in) killi ng himself.(Note->) Noting that the old man must be nearly 80 years of age, the younger waiter says to live that long is (6) nasty (bad). However, the older waiter points out that the old man maintains his (7) dignity despite (in spite of) the fact that he is drunk.The old man motions (waves) for another brandy but is firmly (absolutely) turned down (refused), so he pays for his drinks and leaves. Then the two waiters go their separate ways (went home respectively). Rather than returning home, the older waiter goes to a bar to look for a clean and well (8) lighted place, where he is take n (二regarded/ con sidered) as a crazy pers on by the barman. On the way back home, he decides (thinks) that it will be (9) insomnia that accompanies (~ sb. to somewhere) him all night. For him, life is just full of (10) nothingness (uselessness/ in sig ni fica nee).VocabularyI. Choose the an swer that best completes each sen tence1. He was (silhouette) silhouetted 侧面影象,轮廓) ____ D__ the light of the stair window.A. betwee nB. amongC. fromD. aga inst2. They liste ned to the soft tick ing and creak ing as the house A .A. settledB. trembledC. shookD. quivered3. [ma nu al labo(u)r->ma nu facture->) Manu facturers 厂商)will have to A (substa nce->) substantial funds [(1)n资金;(2)vt.资助]to developing (开发)new engines.A. i nv estB. commitC. .anticipate (预料)D. cut4. Driven to A due to the (lose) loss (n.赔钱/ 亏损)in financial crisis, he threwhimself un der a train.A. despairB. madn essC. disappo in tme ntD. exciteme nt5. There are dark __ C__ ben eath your eyes.A. cloudsB. bagsC. shadowsD. reflections (反射)6. Members of the Royal British Legio n (军团)B__ past the Ce no taph 纪念碑).A. movedB. (vi.) marched (->March 三月份)C. motio nedD. mashed (vt 捣碎;smash)7. Plastic (n./ adj.) bags burn with a __D __ , acrid 酸) smell.A. pleasa ntB. (no ise->) no isy (adj.)C. pen etrat ing 穿朿U)D. n asty (=terrible)8. Years of (frustrate->) frustrati on A over into (viole nt->) viole nee.A. spilledB. splashedC. spanked打…的屁股）D. spread散播开来）9. He （modesty: n.） modestly （谦虚）_ C__ to mention that he was British pole-vaultchampion （撑杆跳冠军）.A. prete nds 假装）B. offers （give）C. omitsD. presents [（1）n礼物;（2）adj.在场的;（3）vt.再现历史事实]10. Questionnaire 调查问卷）and （ethnics种族/ 论理道德->ethnic: adj.） ethnographic （民族,人种学的）study are the two basic instruments 仪器仪表手段）they ___ C__ to collect data.A. edit 编辑B. exhibit 展览C. employ 利用D. en ha nee 加强II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.dread dig nity con fide nee relucta ntun polished sleep steady hurryemploy regard pleasa nt rapcommit drink square1. There are now （stiff: adj.僵硬的/ 严厉的->）stiffer penalties （刑罚）for（drink->drank->drunk/ drink->drank->drunken） drunken drivers.2. We can find that the employment rate （概率）of university graduates （毕业/毕业生）hasdecli ned gradually.3. She sen sed （felt） his （relucta nt->） reluctance to con ti nue the relati on ship with her.4. He turned off （偏离）the road into a sleepy （quiet/ out of the way/ remote） little town.5. Please give your parents my warmest regards. [give sb. my regards替我向某人问好]6. Peter is confident of winning the post （job） as the assistant （助手）to the managing director （行政经理）.7. Behind the bar the （stew: vt.炖）steward （服务员<-> stewardess空姐）are polishing （擦拭） the glasses busily.8. I've had a dreadful （terrible） day--everything seems to have gone wrong出错go bad变质）.9. Every one sen sed （felt） that someth ing was wrong. The pla ne was movi ng un steadily through the air.10. I tried （努力）to remember all the articles I had hurriedly packed （打包）and wrote them dow n （recorded） as （whe n） they came to me.TranslationPut the follow ing paragraphs into Chin ese1. They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the caf 的nd looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind.2. "No, tha nk you," said the waiter and went out. He disliked bars and bodegas. A clea n, well-lighted caf wasea very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to hisroom. He would lie in the bed and fin ally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it was probably only insomnia. Many must have it.参考译文：1. 他们一起坐在紧靠着餐馆大门墙边的桌旁，眼睛望着平台，那儿的桌子全都空无一人, 只有那个老人坐在随风轻轻飘拂的树叶的阴影里。
全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第八单元课后练习答案unit8
Unit8 Protecting Our EnvironmentPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair Work1.In the midst of prosperous farms and beautiful fields in the central part ofAmerica.2.Foxes, deer, wild flowers and trees, migrant birds, trout and other fishes, etc.3.The roadsides were beautiful even in winter. Berries and seed heads of driedweeds rose above the snow, and birds came to feed on them.4.The migrant birds, and fish in the streams and pools.5.It was clear and cold.6.They built their houses, sank their wells, built their barns, and lived inperfect harmony with the wild life. The town remained beautiful and full of life for many years.7.She refers to the shadow of death. Chickens, cattle and sheep began to die ofmysterious maladies, people were stricken with strange sickness and some of them died.8.Spring should be throbbing with life, full of birdsong. “A silent spring” isa lifeless spring.9.The roadsides are now lined with withered vegetation as though swept by fire.10.Probably it is the remains of pesticides or other deadly chemicals.11.Man. All these changes are the result of man’s own work.12.No. The author is pointing to a real danger. The disasters befalling thisimagined town have actually happened here and there, though no single town has experienced all of them. If nothing is done to protect the environment, all American towns will suffer the same fate sooner or later.Text OrganizationWorking On Your Own1.Part Two: The description of the same town which was now stricken with all kinds of maladiesPart Three: The cause of the maladiesPart Four: Though imagined, the tragedy may well become a reality and the author tells about her purpose in writing the book.2.3. A strange blight crept over the area5. Animals stopped breeding and trees bore no fruitLanguage Sense Enhancement1.(1)heart(2)in harmony with(3)in the midst(4)prosperous (5)orchards(6)drifted(7)blaze(8)flickered(9)barked(10)mistsVocabulary I1.1)barking2)evil3)brooding;hatched 4)migrant 5)tragedies6)counterpart7)arecomplaining/co-mplain8)grim9)flocks; fed on10)vegetation11)patches12)Scores of2.1)was lined with people who came to welcome the distinguished foreign guests.2)the boss silenced all lively conversation in the office.3)wearing a pair of sun glasses, the famous movie star passed the crowedunnoticed.4)looked deserted.5)were stricken by it.3.1)patches; came into full bloom; were puzzled; mysterious2)throbbed with; sickened; migrant; a chorus3)had crept into; flickered; the starkII.Word Formation1.Compound words age-oldair force daughter-in-law first-rate greenhousehalf brother ice-cream lifelikelight year salespersonself-centered threefold overusestone-still worldwide Chinese meaning古老的空军儿媳妇一流的温室同母异父兄弟；同父异母兄弟冰淇淋逼真的光年售货员；推销员以自己为中心的，自私的三倍过度使用石头似的一动不动全世界范围的；在世界范围内2.1)poverty-stricken people2)heart-breaking news3)newly-built database4)well-fed kids 5)successful spacewalk6)peace-loving people7)need-based scholarships8)color-blind peopleIII.Confusable Words1.lyingidyin5.liey7.lieyy10.liesComprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1)spell(2)stricken(3)misfortunes(4)surroundings(5)blossom/bloom(6)migrant (7)deserted(8)silence(9)sickened(10)hatch(11)puzzled(12)in harmony with2.(1)rate(2)publication(3)dangerous(4)banned (5)export(6)profit(7)accept(8)comprehend(9)boundaries(10)ultimatelyII.Translation1.1)This is a prosperous town, but there is still poverty in the midst of wealthand abundance.2)The Brown family was stricken with one misfortune after another, but theirchildren never complained.3)The museum is designed in such a way that it stands in perfect harmony withits surroundings.4)It was a miracle that these flowers did not wither at all in the blazingsun.5)Flocks of sheep feed on the patches of vegetation that rise above the wintersnow.2.This village was once famous for its beautiful natural surroundings. All the year round, the trees were green and the flowers in bloom. Clear streams flowed out of the hills through a checkerboard of rice fields. Birds sang all day, and deer came and went in a leisurely manner. However, with the coming of DDT and other pesticides, an evil spell seemed to have settled over the village. Misfortunes came one after another. Chicken died suddenly, cattle and sheep were stricken by mysterious maladies, and farmers complained about a sickening feeling that puzzled the village doctor. The village square, once throbbing with life, was now deserted.。
最新英语词汇学教程答案
营销环境信息收集索引
300-400元1632%
2、价格“适中化”
注意，下面答案中的第2题对应于书上第4题的答案，第3题对应于书上第6题的答案，第5题对应于书上第2题的答案，第6题对应于书上第3题的答案，第10题对应于书上第11题的答案，第11题对应于书上第12题的答案，下面第4题可以不看。
Chapter 2
下面答案中的第5题对应于书上第6题的答案，第9题对应于书上第11题的答案
8、你是如何得志DIY手工艺制品的？
可见“体验化消费”广受大学生的欢迎、喜欢，这是我们创业项目是否成功的关键，必须引起足够的注意。
4、宏观营销环境分析
ｂｅａｄｏｒｋｓ公司成功地创造了这样一种气氛：商店和顾客不再是单纯的买卖关系，营业员只是起着参谋的作用，顾客成为商品或者说是作品的作参与者，营业员和顾客互相交流切磋，成为一个共同的创作体
Chapter 3
Chapter 6 sense relations
Chapter 7 changes in word meaning
Chapter 8 Meaningand Context
Chapter 9 English Idioms
Chapter 10 english dictionaries
服饰□学习用品□பைடு நூலகம்品□休闲娱乐□小饰品□
2003年，上海市人均GDP按户籍人口计算就达到46700元，是1995年的2.5倍；居民家庭人均月可支配收入为14867元，是1995年的2.1倍。收入不断增加的同时，居民的消费支出也在增加。2003年上海居民人均消费支出为11040元，其中服务性消费支出为3369元，是1995年的3.6倍。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。
有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication‘..(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of ―looking‖.5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‗hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‗bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‗Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‗Like a bull in a china shop‘is an idiom, meaning doing something with too muchenthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A‗bull market‘is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares inanticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ə](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‗s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‗loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.2.appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive weredeparted becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.t rain: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extendedmeanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast‘ or ‗animal‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been givenan honor of knighthood‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit‘.hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water‘.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.American English British EnglishFall Autumncandy sweetcorn Maizesemester termapartment flatDresser Dressing tableStreet car Tram carChapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.–ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be‘mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of‘re-: meaning ‗again‘under-: meaning ‗not enough‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N‖ structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‗line, line, neck, room‘. Hotline means ‗a telephone number that people can call for information‘. Mainline means ‗an important railway line between two cities‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs‘.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Bookshelf means ‗ashelf for keeping books‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread‘. Mailbox means ‗a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house‘. Wineglass means ‗a glass for drinking wine‘.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill‘.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before theyhave finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people‘.Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed‘.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N-ed‖structure, in whichadjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj‖ structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine‘. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one‘s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric powerand can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality orsituation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Y es. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies‘ cloak room—women‘s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb‘. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‗one who is being trained‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object‘meaning. So ‗standee‘ means ‗one who stands‘.4. In ‗good baby‘, ‗good‘means ‗well-behaved, not causing trouble‘; in ‗good parent‘, ‗good‘means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc.‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology.。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)配套题库-章节题库-第1~3章【圣才出品】
第二部分章节题库第1章导言Ⅰ. Fill in the following blanks:1. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and _____ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】conventionality【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。
2. In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is _____.（北二外2005研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
3. The term _____ originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders. It refers to the social interaction of language.（中山大学2006研）【答案】phatic communion【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，最先由Malinowski提出。
4. The features that define our human languages can be called _____ features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
(完整版)(整理)英语词汇学练习及答案
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3. Old English was a highly inflected language .
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4. In early Middle English period , English , Latin , and Celtic existed side by side . (
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5. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of modern English period . (
五． Choose the standard word from the column on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.
a. tart
girl
b. bloke
police
c. gat
great
d. swell
drunk
Swedish Spanish Prussian French Slovenian Danish Portuguese
二． Fill in the blanks according to the text :
The language used between 450 and ___________ is called _________ , which has a vocabulary of ___________ . Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to ____________ , followed by the ______________ period , subdivided as early modern English ( ______________ ) and late _____________ ( 1700- up to now )
英语词汇学实用教程 陈新仁 课后答案
A word of warning: Not all the keys provided here are correct. Use your brainsUnit 1 pp. 9-16P.9 Check Your Understanding: a-d: F e. TIn-Class Activities 1 … f. Word has it they’re divorcing.a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; messageP10 2. (1) five criteria:Potential pause: The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fall between words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own.Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to the identification of zi, the roughChinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No, they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚are danchuci (单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.P11 3. (1)Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of, to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着3. (2)They are basically functional words.possessive words (of, 的)number words (a,一)copula words (is, 是)conjunctions (and, 和) andlocalizers (in, 在);English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you, that and it which are absent in Chinese.4.words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated)onomatopoeic words “sl-” is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.(1) Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2) Football and handball concern the body part which kick/pass the ball from one place to another, and basketball isnamed after a basket into which the ball is put.(3) People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns themetaphor and second metonymy.(4) Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5.British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short)P13(1) half, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) grammatical differences: In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say“leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) distinctive spellings:For Chinese characters “博览会”, British English has “fair”while American English users trade show. “L ift and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.(4) same words with different meanings:one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorpants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. Barack Obama’s choice of words(1) Empathy means identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else’s sho esSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Hope, according to Obama, is that something better is waiting for us if we’re willing to work for it and fight for it, if we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) “As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers: Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country. (据说他已经离开这个国家了).” But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. underline word equivalentsLanguage is composedof not just individualwords, but also wordequivalents, such asword groups (orcompound words),chunks such as idioms,formulaic sequences,and so. The latter isattracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.Unit 2 pp. 24 -29Check Your Understanding: a-e. FIn-Class Activities 1.(1) S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or avowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Yes, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(3) The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. prefixes of negation: a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-symmetry→asymmetry typical→atypical forgettable →unforgettable tie→untiearticulate →inarticulate, discreet →indiscreet mature →immature, partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such asemployment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.(1) No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun.(2) morphological structure:inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind.4. (1) Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) complete conversions5. (1) Tue →Tuesday, Sun →Sunday, PM →post meridiem(2) 1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.(1) Marathon--telethon/ talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) 无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7. (1)a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line: B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) “safety line” vs. “safe line”:NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. A;d. C;e. A;f. D2. a. intangibility b. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistim/migrate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick” (and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion;stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. prince/princeling, under/underling, world/worlding, child/childish, self/selfish, fool/foolish6. Acronyms:NATO = North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationInitialisms:EU 欧盟= European Union;ABC = American Broadcasting Corporation 美国广播公司orAustralian Broadcasting Corporation 澳大利亚广播公司;U.S. =the United StatesKeys to Unit 3Check Your Understandinga. Fb. Fc. Td. Fe. FIn-class Activities1. (1) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In SentenceA-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.(2) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.(3) The words “high” and “highly” cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in Group C. In Sentence C-a,“high” is an adjective and functions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, “highly” is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2. (1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。
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Unit 8Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F)b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T)c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F)d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T)e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T)In-Class Activities1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face.A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness).b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice).B. a. Look at that lovely little girl.b. Look at that tiny girl.ASK:(1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not,why?(2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones?KEY:Answer:(1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ‘attractiveness’ and ‘pleasantness’ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory.(2) Slim and skinnyFamous and notoriousProud and arrogantConfident and conceited2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with thecorpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow.ASK:(1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody?(2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own?Answer:(1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.(2) The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.The hospital has a commitment to provide the best possible medical care.3. One interesting finding about semantic prosody is that it often demonstrates some relationship with transitivity. Louw (1993) points out that where human beings are in control of their own destiny and are shaping it transitively for themselves, the semantic prosody is positive, but where people are at the mercy of forces beyond their control, the things which build up intransitively are negative and uniformly threatening. For example, the verb phrase “break out”can be both transitive and intransitive (Sinclair, 1990). Observe the following concordance lines in which break out appears:(1) Which of the lines above involve the transitive use of break out? Which involve theintransitive use of break out?(2) What are the semantic features of break out in these sentences?Answer:(1) Break out in Line 1-8 is intransitive whereas it is transitive in Line 9-15.(2) Break out in Line 1-8 is used with the subject being something negative, such as war, fight, trouble, violence. However, break out in Line 9-15 is used with words expressing something that pleasant, such as beer, barbecue, apple cider.4. The following is an excerpt from Henrik Ibsen’s drama A Doll’s House. Read this excerpt and then answer questions.Mrs. Linde: But how dare a man of his education be so forward?Nora: What on earth are you talking about?Mrs. Linde: Oh, stop pretending, Nora. Do you think I haven’t guessed who it was who lent you that two hundred pounds?Nora: Are you out of your mind? How could you imagine such a thing? A friend, someone who comes here every day! Why, that’d be an impossible situation!Mrs. Linde: Then it really wasn’t him?Nora: No, of course not. I’ve never for a moment dreamed of -- anyway, he hadn’t any money tolend then. He didn’t come into that till later.Mrs. Linde: Well, I think that was a lucky thing for you, Nora dear.Nora: No, I could never have dreamed of asking Dr. Rank – Though I’m sure that if I ever did ask him—Mrs. Linde: But of course you won’t.Nora: Of course not. I can’t imagine that it should ever become necessary. But I’m perfectly sure that if I did speak to Dr. Rank—Mrs. Linde: Behind you husband’s back?Nora: I’ve got to get out this other business; and that’s been going on behind his back. I’ve got to get out of it.Mrs. Linde: Yes, well, that’s what I told you yesterday. But—Nora (walking up and down): It’s much easier for a man to arrange these things than a woman—Mrs. Linde: one’s own husband, yes.Nora: Oh, bosh, (Stops walking.) When you’ve completely repaid a debt you get your I. O. U.back, don’t you?Mrs. Linde: Yes, of course.Nora: And you can tear it into a thousand pieces and burn the filthy, beastly thing!Mrs. Linde(looks hard at her, puts down her sewing and gets up slowly): Nora, you’re hiding something from me.Nora: Can you see that?Mrs. Linde: Something has happened since yesterday morning. Nora, what is it?Nora (goes towards her): Christine! (listens.) Ssh! There’s Torvald. Would you mind going into the nursery for a few minutes? Torvald can’t bear to see sewing around. Anne-Marie’ll help you.Mrs. Linde (gathers some of her things together): Very well. But I shan’t leave this house until we’ve talked this matter out.She goes into the nursery, left. As she does so, Helmer enters from the hall.Nora (runs to meet him): Oh, Torvald dear, I’ve been so longing for you to come back! Helmer: Was that the dressmaker?Nora: No, it was Christine. She’s helping me mend my costume. I’m going to look rather splendid in that.Helmer: Yes, that was quite a bright idea of mine, wasn’t it?Nora: Wonderful! But wasn’t it nice of me to give in to you?Helmer(takes her chin in his hand): Nice—to give in to your husband? All right, little silly, I know you didn’t mean it like that. But I won’t disturb you. I expect you’ll be wanting to try it on.Nora: Are you going to work now?Helmer: Yes. (Shows her a bundle of papers.) Look at these. I’ve been down to the bank—(Turns to go into his study.)Nora: Torvald.Helmer: (stops): Yes.Nora: If a little squirrel asked you really prettily to grant her a wish—Helmer: First I should naturally have to know what it was.Nora: Squirrel would do lots of pretty tricks for you if you granted her a wish.Helmer: Out with it, then.ASK:(1) How many types of lexical devices are used to convey each of the speaker’s affect? What arethey?(2) What do you think are the effects of these lexical devices?Answer:(1) Interjections: oh, wonderful, out with itExclamatory what and how: how dareExaggerative expressions: a thousand piecesIntensifiers: so, quite, rather, much, of course, never, on earth, really, naturally, completely, perfectly(2) These lexical devices clearly shows the speaker’s affect and attitude5. In English, there are numerous expressions deployable for intensifying an attitude or emotion. Look at the following utterances.a. I did not regret a drop [a rush/a tittle].b. My father did not care a straw [a bean/a fig/a jot/a button].c. Mary did not worry a pin [a scrap].d. The man did not flinch a hair.ASK:(1) How are these expressions similar to each other?(2) Can you provide more expressions of the same kind?Answer:(1) They mean “a small amount” and they are all used with “not”, forming emphasizing negatives.(2) a bit, a touch, a hint, a trace, a grain, a speck, an ounce, an itom6. It is often necessary that public notices be written with emphatic tones. Look at the following notices.ASK:(1) Which word can be omitted without affecting the basic meaning of the notice in each case?(2) Do you know of other ways that may serve to intensify the tone of public notices?Answer:(1)anytime, strictly, absolutely(2)never, anyone, anywhere, anyway, completely, definitely, entirelyPost-Class Tasks1. In the following table, words in the first column are appreciative words. Match them with words in the right column that are derogatory.Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured over-the-topgenerous fancifulthrifty arrogantdetermined nosyshrewd self-importantconfident meanfrank cunningenthusiastic abruptinquisitive stubbornimaginative extravagantAnswer:Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured self-importantgenerous extravagantthrifty meandetermined stubbornshrewd cunningconfident arrogantfrank abruptenthusiastic over-the-topinquisitive nosyimaginative fanciful2. Poets tend to be highly affectionate people. Read the following well-known poem by Robert Burns. Discuss the lexical devices that the poet uses to convey his strong emotion. What other methods does he employ for the same purpose?A Red, Red RoseMy love is like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June:My love is like the melodyThat’s sweetly played in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in love am I:And I will love thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:And I will love thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall ru n.And fare thee weel, my only love,And fare thee weel a while!And I will come again, my love,Thou’ it were ten thousand mile.Answer:(1) Exclamation: weel; amplifier: so; exaggerative expression: ten thousand mile(2) Other devices: Repetitions, exaggerations, similes3. The following words or phrases have been claimed to have a negative (‘unpleasant’, or ‘unfavourable’) semantic prosody. For each case, investigate whether this is true.For those cases that do have a negative prosody, identify near-synonyms with a neutral or positive semantic prosody.a. be bent onb. commitc. dealingsd. happene. make off withAnswer:bent on: True. For example: bent on violence, bent on destroying, bent on self-destruction, etc.) happen: True. This word is often used with words such as “accident”, “strange things”. commit: True. This word often collocates with crime, offence, rape, assault, unlawful act.Neutral synonyms: do, perform, carry outmake off with: True.dealings: Not true. This word does not necessarily collocate with negative words. Instead, neutral collocates are often found, such as dealings with customers, exchange dealings, dealings in commodities, dealings between parties, dealings in contract, dealings with business investors, dealings with corporate investors.4．Find out the emphasizing negatives in the following sentences.a. Don’t worry. I am not at all hungry.b. Sorry, but I am not the slightest bit interested in this project.c. There are none at all in this box, as far as I can see.d. I did n’t enjoy it in the least.e. There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.f. You have no excuse whatever.g. I’ll never, never go to there again.5. Read the following sentences and group them according to the type of lexical devices used to express the speaker’s affect.a. I just don’t like it.b. I kind of like him.c. You are absolutely correct.d. They literally tore his arguments to pieces.e. I so wanted to see her.f. They honestly admire her courage.g. I can well understand your feelings.h. I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.i. The incident somewhat influenced his later life.Answer:Emphasiers:I just don’t like it.They literally tore his arguments to pieces.They honestly admire her courage.Amplifiers:You are absolutely correct.I so wanted to see her.I can well understand your feelings.Downtoners:I kind of like him.I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.The incident somewhat influenced his later life.6. Read the following sentences and decide whether the italicized words are emphasiers, amplifiers or downtoners.a. My brother can actually speak six foreign languages. (emphasizer)b. It was a sacrifice indeed. (emphasizer)c. I can perfectly see why you are anxious about it. (amplifiers)d. I simply don’t believe it. (emphasizer)e. I know these animals slightly. (downtoners)f. I entirely agree with you. (amplifiers)g. I am sort of fond of the new teacher. (downtoners)h. That’s a somewhat thicker book. (downtoners)。