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Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)

Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)


英语中,特别在现代英语中,常常用一个表示具体形象 的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类 词时,一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸,译文才能流畅、 自然。 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。 这里把tiger(老虎)和ape(猿)这两个具体形象引伸 为这两个形象所代表的属性:“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses(玫瑰)和thorns(刺)这两个具体形象 引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性:“甜”和“苦”。

On Studies 王佐良译《论读书》 水天同《论学问》 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 水译:读书为学的用途是娱乐、装饰和增长才识。 王译:读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. 水译:在娱乐上学问的主要的用处是幽居养静;在装饰 上学问的用处是辞令;在长才上学问的用处是对于事务 的判断和处理。 王译:其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最 见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。

lecture8

lecture8

第八讲 载流子的漂移和扩散(续)9月21,2001内容:⒈ 在热平衡时非均匀掺杂半导体阅读作业del Alamo Ch. 4,§4.5主要问题●热平衡时,在一个半导体中有可能存在一个电场吗?●对电子和空穴电流那意味什么?●在迁移率和扩散系数间有关系吗?●给定一个非均匀掺杂分布,如何计算平衡时载流子浓度?●在什么情况做那平衡多数载流子浓度遵循那掺杂把在一个非均匀掺杂半导体弄平整?⒈ 在热平衡时非均匀掺杂半导体热平衡时,在一个半导体中有可能存在一个电场非均匀掺杂分布□ 高斯定律:电荷产生电场:●如果00ρε=●如果00d dx ερ=●有可能0ε而0ρ=在半导体中:如果D D N N +;而A AN N −;□ 在TE 时均匀掺杂的半导体:●远离任何表面电中性。

●因为外面没有施加电场00ε=□ 在TE时非均匀掺杂的半导体(n型):三个可能:●()()0D n x N x =净扩散电流●()0n x 一致的净漂移电流●()0n f x =但()()0D n x N x 不存在净电流的方式□ 目的:理解在TE时非均匀掺杂半导体物理机制● 在TE时电流详细的平衡原理● 爱因斯坦关系● 玻尔兹曼关系● 一般结论● 准中性结论□ 在热平衡时详细的平衡进一步要求:[研究§4.5.2中的例子]□ 爱因斯坦关系µ指一个电场中载流子“自由的”漂移。

D指“自由的”载流子扩散导致的一个浓度梯度。

µ和D之间有关系吗?有,是爱因斯坦关系:µ和D之间的关系只取决于T。

[研究§4.5.2中推导和约束条件]□ 玻尔兹曼关系在TE 时,扩散=漂移在静电学和载流子浓度之间必定存在在TE 时,0e J =:000e e e dn J q n qD dxµε=+那么,0ε和平衡载流子浓度之间的关系:00001(ln )kT dn kT d n q n dx q dxε=−=−按φ表示为:积分得:在两个不同点平衡载流子浓度的比与静电势差别的关系。

Lecture 8 名词性从句教案

Lecture 8 名词性从句教案

Lecture8 名词性从句Nominal Clauses一、名词性从句的概念在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。

名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类。

无成分连接词:that,whether, if不充当从句的任何成分。

做成分的连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.做成分的连接副词:when, where, how, why.二、主语从句Subject Clauses2.1主语从句的概念主语从句是名词性从句的一种,在主句中作主语,由连词that,whether;连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whoever, whichever;连接副词when, why, where, how 等词来引导。

连词that只起连接作用,无实义。

Whether作“是否”来解。

2.2主语从句的结构(1)主语从句+谓语,从句用正常语序,没有助动词;主句的谓语动词,一般用单数。

That he was chosen made us very excited.Whether (or not) she will come to our party depends on her health.What they need is food and clean water.Who will be elected chairman remains a question.Which team will win the match is still uncertain.(2)It+is+形容词(名词词组、过去分词)+that从句:此结构中,由于主语过长,为保持句子平衡,用it作形式主语,that引导的主语从句后置。

lecture8叠加分析缓冲区分析

lecture8叠加分析缓冲区分析
矢量数据叠置的内容 1、点与多边形的叠置 点与多边形的叠置是确定一幅图(或数据层)上的点落在 另一幅图(或数据层)的哪个多边形中,这样就可给相应 的点增加新的属性内容。 2、线与多边形的叠置 线与多边形的叠置是把一幅图(或一个数据层)中的多 边形的特征加到另一幅图(或另一个数据层)的线上。 3、多边形与多边形的叠置 多边形与多边形的叠置是指不同图幅或不同图层多边 形要素之间的叠置,通常分为合成叠置和统计叠置。 (参见多边形与多边形叠置算法)
空间多边形叠置(UNION 并集)
空间多边形叠置(INTERSECT 交集)
空间多边形叠置(IDENTITY 交补集)
特征提取基本功能
• • • • ERASE 提取边界内部或外部 CLIP 从图层中提取一部分 SPLIT 将coverage分割成若干小图层 SELECT 对多需要的部分进行逻辑选择
确定权重 (0-1)

解释缓冲区分析、叠置分析,并举实例 说明用途。

其他模型:其它相关关系
(二)、缓冲区的建立 点的缓冲区建立时,只需要给定半径绘圆即可,而 线的缓冲区需在线的左右配置。 下面简介线的缓冲区的建立思路: 1)在建立线缓冲区时,通常首先要对线进行化简,以加 快缓冲区建立的速度。这种对线的化简称为线的重采样。 具体的算法设计可采用线的矢量数据压缩算法。 2)建立线缓冲区就是生成缓冲区多边形。只需在线的两 边按一定的距离(缓冲距)绘平行线,并在线的端点处绘 半圆,就可连成缓冲区多边形。
CLIP 从Coverage 中提取一部分
ERASE 提取边界内部或外部分
SPLIT 将coverage分割成若干小图层
SELECT 对多需要的部分进行逻辑选择
COVERAGE 特征合并
• ELIMINATE 去除细碎多边形 • DISSOLVE 将属性相同的多边形进行合并

Lecture 8

Lecture 8
资本成本: r (%)
rS = r0 +
B × (1 − TC ) × (r0 − rB ) SL
r0
rWACC =
B SL × rB × (1 − TC ) + × rS B+SL B + SL
rB 负债-权益比 (B/S)
21
情况 III: 破产成本
至今, 我们看到 MM 提议财务扛杆不相关, 或 其含意为税率使到最佳财务结构必须是 100%负债. 在现实世界中, 大多数执行员不喜欢一个 由100%负债形成的资本结构因为那个状 况叫着 “破产”. 接下来, 将是介绍有限度的运用负债原因: 财务困境.
22
财务困境的成本
破产风险或破产成本. 破产可能性对公司的价值有负面效值. 但是, 并不是破产本身降低公司价值. 而是因为和破产有关的成本. 这是股东们承当的成本.
23
财务困境的成本
直接成本
法律和管理成本(通常只占公司价值的一小部分).
间接成本
经营受影响, 如,失去销售额 代理成本
利己的投资策略1: 冒高风险的动机 利己的投资策略2: 倾向于投资不足的动机 利己的投资策略3: 撇脂
(EBIT − rB B) × (1 − TC ) + rB B = EBIT × (1 − TC ) − rB B × (1 − TC ) + rB B = EBIT × (1 − TC ) − rB B + rB BTC + rB B
EBIT的现值为 VU ; 第二项的现值为 TCB
∴VL = VU + TC B
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MM 命题 II (含公司税 含公司税) 含公司税
由 M&M 命题 I (含税)开始: VL = VU + TC B 既然 VL = S + B ⇒ S + B = VU + TC B

lecture8

lecture8

北大 卢朓
8/59
北大 卢朓
9/59
北大 卢朓
10/59
北大 卢朓
11/59
北大 卢朓
12/59
抛物线的知识回顾
• 平面内,到定点与定直线的距离相等的点的轨迹 叫做抛物线。其中定点叫抛物线的焦点,定直线 叫抛物线的准线。 • 在抛物线y2=2px中,焦点是(p/2,0),准线的方 程是x= -p/2,离心率e=1,范围:x≥0; • 光学性质:经焦点的光线经抛物线反射后的光线 平行于抛物线的对称轴。 • 各种探照灯、汽车灯即利用抛物线(面)的这个 性质,让光源处在焦点处以发射出(准)平行光 。
北大 卢朓
30/59
北大 卢朓
31/59
北大 卢朓
32/59
北大 卢朓
33/59
北朓
36/59
北大 卢朓
37/59

由费马定理得
再由条件 f 在(a, b)可导
f '( ) 0.
北大 卢朓 38/59
北大 卢朓
39/59
北大 卢朓
22/59
• 97-28 利用恒等式 求和式 的表达式。
n 1 1 x 1 x x2 xn 1 x
( x 1),
n 1
x 2 x 3x nx
2
北大 卢朓
23/59
北大 卢朓
24/59
常微分方程
北大 卢朓
25/59
北大 卢朓
26/59
98-29
第二章
以及第三章中值定理
微分的简单应用
• 近似计算 • 估计误差
北大 卢朓
2/59
一 近似计算
1.计算函数增量的近似值 f '( x0 )存在, 则当 | x | 很小时, y dy f ( x0 )x 用来近似计算y

Lecture8-金属的物理屈服和形变强化

Lecture8-金属的物理屈服和形变强化
27
强化方法; (4) 形变强化可降低塑性, 改善低碳钢切削加工性能。
17
形变强化的影响因素
金属本性和晶格类型 层错能低的金属材料容易产生比较高的应力集中, 应变 硬化程度高; FCC金属中, 层错能低的扩展位错宽度大, 难以合并为全 位错, 很难交滑移, 所以形变趋势大;层错能高的形变强 化趋势低; 体心立方金属中位错很难扩展, 所以强阶段
形变强化速率大,θII≈G/300, 变形曲线为直线, 多个滑移系 被开动, 产生多系交叉滑移, 形成割阶、固定位错和胞状
结构等障碍, 阻碍位错运动, 表现为形变强化速率升高.
第III阶段:抛物线强化阶段
强化曲线呈抛物线状, θIII随变形增 加而减少。对于那些容易交滑移 的晶体, 如BCC金属和层错能高的 FCC等, 其第II阶段很短, 位错滑移 快速进入第III阶段。
部分金属的层错能和应变硬化指数n
金属
晶体结构 层错能/mJ﹒m-2 应变硬化指数n
奥氏体不锈钢 FCC
<10
≈0.45

FCC
≈90
≈0.40

FCC
≈250
≈0.25
铁素体(α-Fe) BCC
≈259
≈0.20
14
ln S ln K nln e
e与S之间对数呈线性关系, 常用这 lg s
金属的物理屈服现象与机理 金属的形变强化 影响形变强化的因素 金属的颈缩现象和抗拉强度
2
金属的物理屈服
金属的物理屈服现象
在应力-应变曲线上出现应力不增加, 时而有所降低, 而 变形仍在继续进行的现象, 称为物理屈服现象。
3
金属的应变时效
对于出现物理屈服的金属,在 均匀塑性变形阶段卸载后,把 试件在100-200℃下回火2h, 再加载,则屈服强度升高,且 又出现物理屈服现象,称之为 应变时效。

Lecture8_AK Model

Lecture8_AK Model

公共产品模型
最优税率 τ = 1 − α 即当税率为1-α时,经济体将以最快的 速度增长。因此,从经济增长的角度看 ,是政府的最好政策 。
AK模型的实证检验
AK模型预测了长期的经济增长。从这种 意义上说,AK模型能够刻画现实世界的 经济增长。但问题是,AK模型同时还揭 示了外生参数的变化具有增长效应,即 政府政策的变化会永久地影响经济增长 。是这样吗?
Economic Growth 增长经济学
周吉梅 国际商学院
第八讲、AK模型及其拓展
AK模型 AK模型的拓展
– 人力资本模型( Lucas ,1988) – 干中学模型(Arrow,1962) – 公共产品模型(Barro,1990)
AK模型的实证检验 关于“内生”的理解
AK模型
模型假设: 在Solow模型假设的基础上,改变生产函 数,令α=1,则 Y=AK 其中A是一个正常数。显然,在AK生产 函数中,资本边际报酬不变。
公共产品模型
假定政府通过总产出的比例税率τ来平衡财政 预算,即 G = τY ⇒ G = (τBL1−α )1 α K 为了分析的方便,我们把产出的价格单位化为 一。因此,厂商的税后利润为
π = (1 − τ ) BL1−α K α G1−α − wL − rK
当厂商利润最大化时,租金率等于资本的税后 边际产出,即 r = α (1 − τ ) BL1−α K α −1G 1−α
关于“内生”的理解
从某种意义上说,政府政策存在增长效应,则 意味着政策制订者可以随意地操作长期经济增 长。如果经济增长率可以被人为地操纵,那么 长期增长就不可能是内生的。当然,这并不是 说,具有水平效应的索洛模型就提供了问题的 最终答案。我们更愿意把经济增长理解为各个 经济活动主体为追求自身利益而不断进行创新 、提出更多更好创意的结果。在这个意义上, 经济增长的过程显然是内生的。

lecture 8

lecture 8

Problem-Solving Strategy Beliefs
2. Parties can be trusted
Questions
1. What causes conflict? 2. When is it functional and when is it not? 3. What methods can be used to resolve conflict? 4. Is any one method best?
2. Conflict develops from perceived mutually exclusive goals.
Through C., the goal actually isn’t mutually exclusive.
3. Conflict involves parties with different values or perceptions.
In one study, high-quality decisions occurred in 45.8% of the situations with strong subordinate resistance, but in only 18.8% of the situations where the resistance was weak or nonexistent.
-The goal is to move as close as possible to integrative problem solving.
Conflict Resolution Strategies
• Avoiding (回避) • Accommodating (通融) • Forcing (强迫) • Compromising (妥协) • Problem-solving (解决问题)

lecture8__固态图像传感器光敏机理

lecture8__固态图像传感器光敏机理

减小开发成本、制造成本、多个供应商;
特征尺寸减小:低功耗、高速度,集成功能(对 所有IC有效);改善填充因子,转换效率;

电源电压降低:模拟电压摆幅减小(VDD-VT); 减小动态范围;模拟信号处理困难;
短沟道效应:关断电流增加(随VT指数增加); PN结隧道电流增加像素热生成暗电流

工艺尺寸减小的优势
复合

半导体处于平衡状态时,电子和空穴数目一定,因此还存 在另外一种与产生相反的机制-复合。 复合率与电子空穴数成正比:


光照条件下,随着光照产生的电子空穴对数增加复合数量 也增加。
为了测量信号:1、必须有效地分开光生电子空穴对,减 小复合。2、同时使电子和空穴分别到达不同的收集接触 端。

反射
Hole drift Hole diffusion Electric
光电二极管的工作原理
J total J drift J diff
J diff qDn ( N p x
W
) xw qIi 0
Ln D exp(W ) qN p 0 n 1 Ln Ln
J drift q G( x)dx qIio (1 exp(W ))


效率随耗尽区宽度和波长的变化关系

实际效率在短波长区也会下降,由于穿透深度效 率顶层掺杂浓度。
实际量子效率曲线
集成光电二极管通常采用n+p结,主要因为1、与标准的 CMOS工艺相符合;2、Ln>Lp
8.4、光电流的积分和转换

二极管复位到反向偏压Vdd后,reset信号断开,二极管 与电源隔离。电容就通过光电流放电。经过一段时间: 用电容转换成电压为: ,C包括二极管自身电 容和与该节点连接的器件和导线的电容。

Lecture 8 Two Boxes of Gold

Lecture 8 Two Boxes of Gold
Calais
(加来)
Paris
Dromont Charmont Lyons
Comprehension questions:
What
was Herbert asked to do when he met Mr.Schwarzmoor? had a terrible dream on the train, what did the dream suggest?
Example clues
2. Some missing ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies, while others carried only passengers.
Example clues
3. Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.
Herbert
My name is Herbert Blamyre. I live with my wife, Minnie, in a little house to the south of London. We had only been married for a month, and had returned from a holiday in Ireland.
Reading Skills: Guessing Meanings of Words from Context (II) Example clues Clues of word association Common sense clues

lecture 8

lecture 8

• In order for the payment to occur, the seller has to present the bank with the necessary shipping documents confirming the delivery of goods within a given time frame.
• Lecture 8 • Mode of Payment: Letter of Credit
• Objectives: • 1. Introduction to Letter of Credit • 2. Types of Letter of Credit
• What is a Letter of Credit? • L/C is a binding document that a buyer can request from his bank in order to guarantee that the payment for goods will be transferred to the seller.
3. Transferable L/C ①可转让信用证。指信用证的受益人(第一受益人) 可以要求授权付款、承担延期付款责任,承兑或 议付的银行(统称“转让行”),或当信用证是自 由议付时,可以要求信用证中特别授权的转让银 行,将信用证全部或部分转让给一个或数个受益 人(第二受益人)使用的信用证。开证行在信用证 中要明确注明“可转让”(Transferable),且只能 转让一次。
• risk of theft, pilferage and nondelivery (TRND)
• insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工,暴动,民变险 • insurance against additional risks 附加险

Lecture8

Lecture8

2. 我们的开幕式,将是中国和世界杰出的 艺术家展现的舞台,讴歌人类的共同理想, 以及我们独特的文化传统和奥林匹克运动。 Our Ceremonies will give China's greatest-and the world's greatest artists a stage for celebrating the common aspirations of humanity and the unique heritage of our culture and the Olympic Movement.
• These were truly exceptional Games! And now, in accordance with tradition, I declare the Games of the XXIX Olympiad closed, and I call upon the youth of the world to assemble four years from now in London to celebrate the Games of the XXX Olympiad. Thank you!
1. 上海
旅游
上海是世界上最大的港口城市之一, 已发展成为中国重要的经济、金融、贸易、 科技、信息和文化中心。 Shanghai is one of the world’s largest seaports, which has become China’s important center of economy, finance, trade, science and technology, information and culture.
• 4. 古往今来,旅游一直是人们增长知识、丰富阅历、 强健体魄的美好追求。在古代,中国先哲们就提出了 “观国之光”的思想,倡导“读万卷书,行万里路”, 游历名山大川,承天地之灵气,接山水之精华。 • From ancient times till now, tourism has represented the happy wish of people for more knowledge, varied experience and good health. In ancient times, ancient Chinese sages believed in the idea of “appreciating the landscape through sightseeing” and advised people to “travel ten thousand li and read ten thousand books”, find pleasure in enriching themselves mentally and physically through traveling over famous rivers and mountains.

Lecture 8

Lecture 8

• 他们同意分工干,每人翻译全书的三分之 一。They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one third of the book. • 村上的人三三两两来访问工作队,有的是 来求教的,有的是来讨消息的。 • The villagers came in twos and threes to visit the working team, some to seek advice, some to get news.


她一只手提个篮子,内中有个破碗,空的, 另一只手拿着一根比他自己还高的竹竿, 下端开了裂。 In one hand she carried a basket in which was broken bowl, empty. In the other she held a bamboo pole, longer than herself, split at the bottom.
• To tell you the truth, I drank so much wine that I remember nothing. 老实告诉你,我 喝酒太多了,以至于什么都记不清了。 • To begin with, we must consider the problem all-sided. 首先,我们必须全面考 虑这个问题。
• 他是一位天才的语言学家,他对德、法、 英等语言同样精通。 • A gifted linguist, he was equally at home in French, German, and English.
第三类:独立不定式:表示让步,条件,结 果,以及插入成分
• 尽管活上一千年,一个人也学不够。To live a thousand years, one may not learn enough. • 即使走遍天涯海角,也找不到像这样的东西。To go to the world’s end, you could not find another like it. • To hear him speak English, one would take him for an Englishman. • 他扑通一声掉到海里,再也没有起来。He fell plop into the sea, never to rise again. • 他一去不复返。He is gone, never to return. • to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention.

Lecture8

Lecture8

- Amphoteric impurities (Si, Ge) in III-V compound (in GaAs) :
- Si or Ge (column IV impurities) can serve as donors or acceptors, depending on whether they occupy the column III or column V sublattice of the crystal.
In III-V Compounds (in GaAs) :
- Column VI impurities (S, Se, Te) occupying column V sites (As) serve as donors, and column II impurities (Be, Zn, Cd) occupying column III serve as acceptors.
2013-07-26
4
Electrons and Holes in Quantum Wells
1. Single-valued (discrete) energy levels in the band gap arising from doping (donor/acceptor energy level)
•This acceptor level is empty of electrons at 0K, and very small thermal energy can excite the electrons from V.B. to acceptor level. At 50-100K, almost all empty sites in the acceptor impurity level are filled with the electrons, leaving behind holes in V.B.

Lecture 8 百科全书

Lecture 8 百科全书

Encyclopæ dia Britannica
• Encyclopæ dia Britannica, the oldest English-language general encyclopaedia. The Encyclopæ dia Britannica has been published since 1768, when its first edition began to appear in Edinburgh, Scotland.
中世纪百科全书
• 英 国 哲 学 家 弗 朗 西 斯 · 根 ( Francis Bacon , 培 1561-1626)在他未完成的重要著作《伟大的更 新》(1620)中提出了百科全书的新编排法。他 的科学分类法的基础是对应人的三种能力:对应 记忆力的是历史学科,对应想象力的是诗学(包 括文学艺术),对应理解力的是哲学(包括科 学)。培根的知识分类法对后世的百科全书编纂 产生了巨大的影响,他的原则至今还在发挥作用。
• The many encyclopaedias that had been published before this time either had been given fanciful titles (Hortus deliciarum, ―Garden of Delights‖) or had been simply called ―dictionary‖.
《不列颠百科全书》(Encyclopaedia Britannica) 和 《美国百科全书》 (Encyclopedia Americana)
Definition from EB
• encyclopaedia, also spelled encyclopedia, Reference work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or that treats a particular branch of knowledge comprehensively.

Lecture8—传统中国的司法与诉讼

Lecture8—传统中国的司法与诉讼

Lecture8:传统中国的司法与诉讼【前言】几个相关的问题1、什么是司法,什么是诉讼?古人的说法:“词讼”、“狱讼”讼——争财,以财货相告;狱——争罪,以罪名相告。

“讼”的两造:入“束矢”于朝,“取其直也”;“狱”的两造:入“钧金”于朝,“取其坚也”。

(《周礼·秋官·大司寇》)2、关注的时间段——为什么是明清?*并非完整和严格意义上的王朝概念“帝制中国晚期”(late imperial China)“长时段”——格局“中时段”——局势“短时段”——事件3、史料从哪里来?(1)正史典籍例:法典、刑法志、职官志、敕令谕旨(2)律学作品例:薛允升《读例存疑》,官箴书(3)司法档案例:巴县档案、淡新档案、南部档案(4)判牍例:《名公书判清明集》、《盟水斋存牍》(5)文学作品例:戏曲、小说、笔记(6)其他例:日记、自传、日用类书、地方志一、传统中国的司法机构传统中国专门的司法机构非常少,“司法机构”约等于官僚机构、行政机构。

几乎所有的行政机构都具有一定的司法职能,都有可能介入到司法事务中。

任何一个官员理论上都能成为法官。

最高审判权名义上掌握在皇帝手中,实际上由皇帝的专门性顾问——司法机构(如刑部)作为咨询机构解决,皇帝做最后的朱批。

司法机构理论上只是皇帝作出最终判决的咨询机构。

但不能小看这些司法机构的功能,大部分案件都由其作出裁决,除了部分过于震惊的案件。

(一)中央司法机构——历朝历代都出现了专门的司法机构,但并不意味着司法权的独立,只是职能的分发,因事务较多,需要专门人员负责处理。

1、西周:司寇(以刑事审判为主)·原先为军官职位,后逐渐演变为司法官职,这是刑起于兵的一个体现,简单来说就是我国古代的法官来源于军官。

2、秦汉:廷尉(廷:平也,治狱贵平)例:汉文帝vs张释之当时官员的选拔仍然看重家世,张释之的家世富足,张释之捐官出仕为骑郎。

汉文帝即位后为了培养自己的势力,提拔张释之任廷尉,严于执法,当皇帝的诏令与法律发生抵触时,仍能执意守法,以执法公正不阿闻名。

lecture8语法词汇--虚拟语气

lecture8语法词汇--虚拟语气
外国语学院 School of Foreign Languages
Lecture Eight Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气
课程:英语语言测试(英语专业四级考试辅导)
English Language Testing (A Training Course for TEM4)
LOGO
题型:
注意:suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时,insist 表示”坚 持认为“之意时,应用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he __our work. (satisfied) 答案: was satisfied with
他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意.
3.含蓄条件句
假设情况并不用条件从句表示,而是用介词
短语、上下文或其他方式来表示,其谓语动 词常用虚拟语气。 But for the English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. Under another social system, such floods would have caused terrible disasters. I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the parade.
My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others. We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
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8. Suprasegmental Featuresthe phonological properties that occur in the sound units larger that one segment (phoneme), such as word sentence . They may include stress, tone, intonation, pause(juncture), etc.1) Streethe pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.In English we have three kinds of stress:Primary stress (marked with superscript)Secondary stress (marked with subcript)Unstress (unmarked)Stress can be divided into word stress and sentence stress.Word StressGerman, Finnish and Hungarian--- the first syllable of a wordFrench, Turkish and Polish---the last syllable.English'answer a'bove mana'gerial incompre'hensive industrali'zatio nWord stress can distinguish meaning in English:'import n describe the stateim'port v describe the actionpresent [p'reznt] adj being in the place in questionpresent [pri'zent] v give, submit'blackboard black'boardWhite House white houseEnglish teacher English teacherSick nurse 照看病人的护士sick nurse有病的护士Sentence Stressthe kind of stress that falls on certain word or words in a sentence.Sentence stress is not wholly random in English, there are some rules to follow:1)Semantically important words usually have sentence stress.She 'studies from 'morning till 'night.'John has 'gone to the 'school.2) Rhythm may influence the placement of the stress in the sentence.She's 'fifteen years old. She's only fif'teen.He 'went away. John went 'awayc) In certain syntactic structures, some words usually do not receive stress.Has he gone to town this morning?How do you do, Mr Smith?"Yes" he said.“Where are you going?” t he man askedSentence stress also distinguish meaning in language:a) You may 'not go thereYou 'may not go there.b) John has ′plans to write.----John has plans to be written.John has plans to ′write.----John intends to write something.c) Her dress looks 'very nice.Her dress 'looks very nice.d) My friend looked up when he came in.e) A: Bob and Mary were expelled from school.B: Really? Bob …and Mary? You must be kidding.f) 他'又把物理复习了一遍。

(不止一遍)他又把'物理复习了一遍。

(先已经温习了别的功课)g)“我们都三十多岁了”,“都”重读,意思是“全部”;轻读,意思是“已经”。

吃饭吃面他都无所谓。

Noodles or rice doesn‟t make any difference to him.吃饭吃面他都无所谓。

He doesn‟t mind eating noodles or rice.吃饭吃面他都无所谓。

There is no difference to him whether to eat noodles or rice.Tone阴平阳平上声去声轻音ma妈ma麻ma马ma骂ma吗你没有看好那匹ma,让它踩乱一捆ma,挨了你ma一顿ma, 你说是ma?3) Intonation----the variation of the general movement of the pitch of the voice. Or the rise and fall of the voice when speaking. The frequently used types of intonation in English are as follows:1) falling intonation----finality, definiteness, assertion, command, etc.2) rising intonation----non-finality or continuation, implication, request, uncertainty,reservation, encouragement, etc.3) fall-rise intonation----doubt, hesitation, contradiction, concession, impatience, e.ga) A: Do you know John Smith?B: Yes.A: Have you seen Mary?B: No.b)You are a student, aren't you?(fall intnation, ask for confirmation)You are a student, aren't you?(rising intonation, ask for information)It's lovely day, isn't it? (fall intonation)c) Can you spare me a few↗minutes?----Can you give me a few minutes of your time?Can you spare me a few↘minutes?----Will you excuse my absence for a few minutes?d) I thought it would↗rain.(and it has) 我料想会下雨。

(真的下了)I thought it would↘rain.(and it hasn‟t)我以为会下雨。

(结果没有下)e) She doesn‟t speak to-↘ anyone.----She speaks to no one.She do esn‟t speak to ↘↗anyone.----She speaks only to some people.You can‟t give a baby -↘↗any food.f) It isn't bad.g) I beg your pardon.h) Please telegraph me if I am to ↗come 如果要我来请拍电报告诉我。

Please telegraph me if I am to↘come. 请拍电报告诉我是否要我来。

k) Take the ↗pills and you’ll feel better. 只要服下这些药片,你就会感觉好些。

Take the ↘pills and you will feel ↘better 服下这些药片吧,你就会感觉好些。

l) John I′m waiting for you downstairs.m) A: He lives in Luton.B: ↘where? (in what part of Luton?)↗where? (I’m sorry I didn’t catch the name of the town. Could you repeat it?)3) Pause----A commonly occurring feature of natural speech in which gaps or hesitatioons appear during the production of utterances.Two kinds of pauses are recognized in linguistics:1) Silent pauses: silent breaks between words.2) Filled pauses: the pauses when certain sounds such as um, er, mm, well, are articulated to fill in the silence. (speech fillers)English---filled pauseA silence of longer than about 4 seconds is not allowed (Trudgill)Chinese---silent pause“此处无声胜有声”Evidence:A: Excuse me, would you kindly tell me the way to the Royal Hotel?B: Well, well now, Yeah, the Royal? The Royal? Let me see. Just a moment. Ah, yes, first turningImplication for FLT:----Practice of the use of the speech fillers in oral EnglishThe use of speech fillers when speakingThe use of speech fillers when listening to othersConversation between an English-speaking person and a ChineseAn example---TV show (the foreigner talk all the time with the C being silent) ----relation between fluency and expressivenessTeaching misleading: 将语言作为知识来学;语法中心论;哑巴英语From linguistic point of veiw, the filled pauses are usually not distinctive in function, for it often indicates hesitation on the part of the speaker. e.g.I learned English for six years in the middle school.But the silent pauses are usually distinctive in fuction. That's to say, different silent pausescan make a phrase or sentence mean differently. e.g.ais +kri:m ice cream1) aiskri:mai +skri:m I screamsee them eat------see the meat2) Those who went there / quickly made a fortune.A fortune was quickly made by those who went there .Those who went there quickly / made a fortune.A fortune was made by those who sold quickly.3) John says Mary is a fool.4)He said he was coming / today.He said / he was coming today.4) 亲爱的爸爸妈妈欢迎您!“已获得了大学文凭的和尚未获得大学文凭的干部都要学电脑。

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