Chapter 1-An Introduction to Interpreting
interpretation Lesson[1]精品PPT课件
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表达一般比理解要难些。联合国聘用语文专业人员有一 条规定：翻译审校要一律以母语为译入语言 。因此，
在国际翻译界, 从事翻译工作的人大多将外语翻译成本 国语言。
3.但是由于国际上懂中文、并懂到能够担任翻译的外国 人还是不多，中国翻译在大多数情况下必须进行双向对 译。
3。记录,或者叫做暂存,是指将感知到的语码信息暂时储存下来。口译的信息 记录采用两种形式,一种是以 “ 脑记 ”为主, 一种是以 “ 笔记 ” 主。译员 所记录的内容主要是信息的概念、主题、论点、情节、要点、逻辑关系、数 量关系等。
4．编码是指将来源语的信息解码后, 赋以目标语的表达形式。口译的编码技 巧与笔译的编码技巧相仿, 所不同的是,口译要求快速流利, 所以无法像笔译那 样有时间斟酌字眼, 处理疑难杂症,追求目标语的 " 雅致 " 。
5．表达是指译员将以目标语编码后的信息通过口头表达的方式传译出来。口 译表达无需译员具备伶牙俐齿、口若悬河、能言善辩的演说才能,但口齿清楚、 吐字干脆、音调准确、择词得当、语句通顺、表达流畅却是一名职业译员必
备的条件。
口译的类型 The Categorical Classification of
口译类型的划分有三种不同的方法, 即 " 形式分类法 " 、 " 方向分类法 " 和 " 任 务分类法 " 三种。
II.口译的定义
The Definition of Interpretation
1.口译是一种通过口头表达形式,将所听到 ( 间或读到 ) 的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言转换成另一种语言, 进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为,是人类在 跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言 交际工具。 2.从事上述口译工作的人叫做译员。在相当长的时期 里以口译为职业的人叫做职业译员。 3.译员必须是掌握两种语言 ( 或两种以上语言 ) 的语 言知识和语言能力的双语人。具有双语能力的人可以 通过系统学习、强化训练和勇于实践,进而较好地掌握 口译知识和技能,成为一名合格的职业译员。
Chapter 1 Introduction
Ⅴ
Established in continental Europe, is based on a comprehensive code.
Came from the Roman tradition and was codified in the sixth century in Justnian Code In the 18th century, France codified the law into a civil, commercial, penal, civil procedure and criminal procedure code. Other European countries such as Germany and Switzerland followed with a codification of their law. The colonization of Africa, Asia, and Latin America spread the civil law system.
International Treaties and Conventions (国际条约和国际公约)
条约是指两个 或两个以上国 家之间在国际 商事问题上达 成的具有约束 力的协议。 公约是指国与 国之间在国际 组织主持下达 成的具有约束 力的协议。
Characteristics of Treaties and Conventions
a big foreign buyer contacts you by e-
mail, and wants to place a large order to
you. Then please think, if you want to do the business transaction with him, what
Chapter One An Introduction to Pragmatics
Understanding Utterances: The Pragmatics of Natural Language and Grundy (1995) in his Doing Pragmatics.
Many linguists are against Chomsky’s practice of ignoring the social and contextual factors in language use.
In the early 1960s, Katz and his collaborators began to find out how to corporate meaning into a formal linguistic theory.
Pragmatics---the study of the relation of signs to interpreters
Then in Signs, Language and Behavior (1946), he remarks that pragmatics is
one part of semiotics, studying the origin of signs, the usage and the function of signs in behaviour.
The Anglo-American VS Continental tradition of pragmatic study
Chapter 1 Introduction-文档资料
The uncle responded to his nephew in a letter dated February 6, 1875 in which he told his nephew that he would fulfill his promise. Story I also stated that he would prefer to wait until his nephew was older before actually handing over the (then) extremely large sum of money (according to an online inflation calculator, $5000 in 1890 would be worth approximately $118,000). The elder Story also declared in his letter that the money owed to his nephew would accrue interest while he held it on his nephew's behalf. The younger Story consented to his uncle's wishes and agreed that the money would remain with his uncle until Story II became older.
William E. Story I died on January 29, 1887 without having transferred any of the money owed to his nephew. Story II had meanwhile transferred the $5,000 financial interest to his wife; Story II's wife had later transferred this financial interest to Louisa Hamer on assignment. The elder Story's estate executor refused to grant Hamer the money, believing there was no binding contract due to a lack of consideration. As a result, Hamer sued the estate's executor, Franklin Sidway.
introduction to__ interpretation
As a qualified interpreter, one should know everything of something and something of everything. Do you know “Miranda Rights”? “ To understand others, it takes intelligence; to understand yourself, it takes wisdom.” “Big Blue” “ Big Five of Africa”
3．介绍言语体。其思维线路主要是循观察 ．介绍言语体。 与认识事物的一般规律介绍，如参观游览 介绍或产品介绍等。 4．礼仪性演说体。其思维线路主要是沿相 ．礼仪性演说体。 对固定的套式表述内涵，如祝酒词。因此 熟悉这些套式显然很有好处。 5．鼓动演说体。其思维线路主要是联想式 ．鼓动演说体。 与综合式。
The interpreter's function is to convey every intention and feeling of the message that the source-language speaker is directing to target-language recipients.
一是听与理解阶段，主要解决听什么、理 解什么的问题。要学会启动认知知识，根 据语境、交际环境和交际主题等理解篇章 意义； 二是记忆阶段，主要解决如何把理解的内 容记忆下来。要逐渐学会跟踪讲话人的思 路，通过视觉、感觉、形象、顺时、线性、 类比等记忆方法。或者利用笔记把可唤起 记忆的意义载体记录下来； 三是表达阶段，主要解决如何借助笔记的 提示把理解了的内容表达出来。
Procedures
1. Warming-up exercise Impromptu speech Note-taking & retelling 2. Field interpretation
英语口译基础教程Unit1Introdu
01
Introduction to Interpretation
Definition of Interpretation
It involves comprehending the exact meaning and intention of the source language and expressing it in the target language with accuracy and fluency
Executive Interpretation
The interpreter translates the spooked words of the source language after they have been delivered, either note taking or without notes
Standards for Interpretation
Accuracy
The interpreter must accurately translate the source language into the target language, ensuring that the meaning and intention are fully conveyed.
The interpreter needs to have a good memory to store and recall information during the interpretation process
Language conversion skills
Language comprehension
跨文化交际第一课材料
Unit 1 An Introduction to Intercultural CommunicationWarm UpCase Study OneProfessor Johnson was invited to give a guest lecture at a Chinese university in the early 1990s. He could tell that the students were very attentive. They applauded warmly when the lecture came to an end. However, Professor Johnson was disappointed when no one asked any questions, even after they were encouraged to do so. In fact, most students avoided eye contact with him as he tried to communicate with them.1. 1 Culture1.1.1 A Definition of CultureIn 1993, two anthropologists, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhorn examined 300 definitions of culture , and they found none of them are the same；Yet there are some fundamental properties about culture on which most people agree. Culture is the collective answer to questions as: Who am I? How should I live my life? Where do I fit in the world? In other words, culture is the set of values and beliefs, norms, and customs, and rules and codes that socially defines a group of people, binds them to one another, and gives a sense of commonality (Trenholm and Jenson, 2000)1.1.2 Characteristics of CultureDespite of the different opinion about the definition of culture, most people agree about the main characteristics of culture. Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter summarized the characteristics of culture as followings:Culture is learned.If one can’t learn from those who live before, we would not have culture. Therefore, we say learning was the most important of all the characteristics of culture. If a baby was cut off from all adult care, training. He can still instinctively eat, drink, defecate, urinate and cry. But what and when would he eat, where would he defecate and urinate, it is most likely he would do all these things randomly.But where and how can we learn culture is hard to explain. We learn our culture through interactions with other people. It’s hard to name who are the “other people”, we receive instructions from family and friends and numerous other “teachers” without knowing it.Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.For culture to exist, endure, and perpetuate, they must make sure that their crucial “message” and elements get passed on. Brislin once said “ if there are values considered central to a soc iety that have existed for many years, they must be transmitted from one generation to another” (p. 6). Keesing said, “ any break in the learning chain would lead to a culture’s disappearance” (p. 28).Culture is based on symbols. Culture is learned and passed from generation to generation, but how to learn and pass? It is our symbol-making ability enables us to learn and pass on our culture from individual to individual, group to group, and generation to generation. The portability of symbols allows people to package and store them as well as transmit them. Culture is historical as well as preservable. Each new generation might “write”Culture is subject to change. Cultures are dynamic systems that do not exist in a vacuum and therefore are subject to change. Cultures are constantly being confronted with ideas and information for “outside” sources.When we talk about culture change, we should keep two points in mind. First, cultures are highly adaptive. In history, there are a lot of examples of how cultures have been forced to changetheir course because of natural disasters, wars, and etc. Second, although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations. Barnlund clearly make this point when he writes: “The spread of Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Confucianism did not homogenize the societies they enveloped. It was usually the other way around: Societies insisted on adapting the religions to their own cultural traditions” (p.192)Culture is ethnocentric. The important tie between ethnocentrism and communication can be seen in the definition of the term “ ethnocentrism”. Summer defined it as “ the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all othe rs are scaled and rated with reference to it” (p.13) Keesing summarized the power and impact of ethnocentrism “ Nearly always the folklore of a people includes myths of origin which give priority to themselves, and place the stamp of supernatural approval upon their particular customs” (p. 45).1.1.3 Cultural SyndromesSome cultures are relatively simple, and other cultures are relatively complex. The organizing theme of the syndrome is complexity. Harry C. Triandis classified culture syndromes according to the following categories.TightnessTight cultures have many rules, norms, and ideas about what is correct behaviour in each situation; loose cultures have fewer rules and norms. In tight cultures, people can not tolerate when others do not follow the norms of the society, and may even kill those who do not behave as is expected, but in loose cultures people are tolerant of many difference from normative behaviours.Thus, conformity is high in tight cultures. Eg. In Japan, which is a tight culture, people are sometimes criticized for minor deviations from norms. Most Japanese live in fear that they will not act properly. (Iwao, 1993).Tightness is more likely in the following situations:1. The culture is relatively isolated from other cultures, so that consensus about what is proper behaviour can develop.2.The culture is more likely to be tight where people are highly interdependent.3. Tightness is more likely to occur where there is a high population density.Individualism and CollectivismIndividualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family only.”Collectivism “stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive ingroups, which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.”Individualistic cultures like USA and France are more self-centred and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. People from individualistic cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as "I" distinctive from other people. They make just a little different between ingroup and outgroup communication . They prefer clarity in their conversations to communicate more effectively and come in general directly to the point like the Finns and Americans are doing. Vertical and Horizontal CulturesVertical cultures take hierarchy as a natural state. In this culture, people are different from each other. The people who are at the top “naturally” have more power and privileges than those atthe bottom of the hierarchy. In horizontal culture, people are basically similar, equality is a given state.Active-Passive CulturesThis way of classifying culture is from the perspective of attitude towards nature. In active cultures people try to change the nature to fit them; in passive cultures people try to change themselves to fit into the nature. (Diaz-Guerrero, 1979). The active cultures are more competitive, and emphasize self-fulfillment; in passive cultures , people are more cooperative, emphasize the experience of living, and getting along with other people are their concerns.Universalism-ParticularismUniversalism and particularism are standards that may guide behavior of persons or of whole cultures. Universalism implies that correct behavior can be defined and always applies, while particularism suggests that relationships come ahead of abstract social codes. In universalist culture people try to treat others on the basis of universal criteria regardless of who they are in sex, age, race, etc.; in particularist cultures people treat others on the basis of who the other person is.In universalist cultures, people’s focus is more on rules than on relationships; while in particulist culture, people’s focus is more on relationships than on rules. A univeralist is preparing for “rational”, while a particulist is preparing for “personal”.Take the case of trying to cross the street at the red light. In a universalist culture, you will still be frowned at even if there is no traffic. In a particularist culture, it is likely to be OK with one if it is his/her brothers or friends that violate the traffic rule. These people are not "citizens", but their "friends" or "brothers".Diffuse-SpecificThis dimension measures how far people get involved with other's life space. Take a research group as an example. In specific-oriented cultures, the project leader would segregate out the task relationship he/she has with a subordinate, and insulates this "work relationship" from other dealings. Therefore, the leader's authority only reaches where his/her work relationship with the subordinate is defined, and each area in which the two persons encounter each other is considered apart from the other. Work and life are sharply separated in specific-oriented cultures life the U.S. In diffuse cultures, however, life space and every level of personality tends to permeate ALL others. For example, a teacher would be treated by the student not only as an instructor in the classroom, but also has certain influence on the student's home life. The boss-subordinate relationship usually does not stop only in the office; the boss is likely to have a say in other aspects of his/her employee's personal life.Affective - NeutralIn relationships between people, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates will depend upon whether we are affective, that is we show our emotions, in which case we probably get an emotional response in return, or whether we are emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of cultures which are affectively neutral do not express their feelings but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In contrast, in cultures high in affectivity, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling and gesturing; they attempt to find immediate outlets for their feelings.Neutral cultures are not necessarily cold or unfeeling, nor are they emotionally constipated or repressed. In fact, the amount of emotion we show is often the result of convention. Achievement vs. AscriptionThis dimension is about how status is accorded to people in different cultures. The contrast between an achievement culture and an ascriptive culture is not difficult to understand. Achievement means that people are judged on what they have accomplished and on their record. Ascription means that status is attributed to you by things like birth, kinship, gender, age, interpersonal connections, or educational record. The former kind of status is called achieved status and the latter ascribed status. Achieved status refers to doing; ascribed status refers to being. Take a look at the difference from another angle. Achievement-oriented societies or organizations justify their hierarchies by claiming that senior people have "achieved more." Inascription-oriented cultures, however, hierarchies are justified by "power-to-get-things-done." Here are some examples.Let's assume that you are being interviewed by your potential boss and he/she is interested in knowing more about your educational background. In an achievement culture, the first question is likely to be "What did you study?" In contrast, this question will more likely be "Where did you study?" and only if it was a lousy university or one they do not recognize will this ascriptive interviewer asks what you studied.In addition to sampling different attributes, members of different cultures give different weights to the attributes that they sample. One can identify many more syndromes.1.2 Communication1.2.1 A Definition of CommunicationAlthough communication has been written for about 25 centuries, there is still disagreement about how to define it. In 1972, Frank Dance and Karl Larson surveyed the field for definition of communication. They found 126. And we can list some.Communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.Communication… is an “effort after meaning,” a creative act initiated by man in which he seeks to discriminate and organize cues so as to orient himself in his environment and satisfy his changing needs.Speech communication is a human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others.Communication: the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by the use of symbols…Communication is a process by which a source transmits a message to a receiver through some channel.Communication is a transactional process and we develop a mutually dependent relationship by exchanging symbols. First, communication is a process. And it is symbolic, continuous, systematic, irreversible, and unrepeatable.1.2.2 The Prosperities of CommunicationIn last section, communication was defined. The definition reflects how we define communication. But there are numerous ways this word communication can be defined. Dance and Larson (1976) list over 125 definitions of this term. Yet despite these different definitions, most theorists agree on the properties of communication. Neuliep (2000) provides a summary of these, along with eight definitions of communication.1. Communication is a process. “Communication theory reflects a process point of view…you cannot talk about the beginning or the end of communication…”(Berlo)2. Communication is dynamic. “Communication is a transaction among symbol users in which meanings are dynamic, changing as a function of earlier usages and of changes in perceptions and metaperceptions. Common to both meanings is the notion that communication is time-bound and irreversible.” (Bowers and Bradac)3. Communication is interactive/ transactive. “Communication occurs when two or more people interact through the exchange of messages.” (Goss)4. Communication is symbolic. “… all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time.” (Cooley)5. Communication is intentional. “…communication has as its central interest those behavioral situations in which source transmits a message to a receivers with conscious intent to affect the latter’s behavior.” (Miller)6. Communication is contextual. “Communication always and inevitably occurs within some context.” (Fisher)7. Communication is ubiquitous. “…communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.” (Stevens)8. Communication is cultural. “…culture is communication…communication is culture.”(Hall)Case Study TwoMing Li is a Chinese scholar in agriculture. He had been co-operating with Hank, an American professor on a project. And Hank had been to China twice for the project. And Ming Li arranged everything for him, including accommodation, having his students accompany him whenever he needed to do something. Frequently Ming Li invited him to home or restaurants for meals. And every meal was like a feast. Hank was very grateful, but told Ming Li several time that he could take care of himself.Eventually, Ming Li went to the United States to work with Hank for a period of time. Hank picked him up at the airport and took him directly to his temporary accommodations. Saying that he would take Ming Li out for dinner some day and went back home.Ming Li did not speak much English and he felt like a stranger in U.S. and he expected more from Hank. Hank did take him out for dinner in a nice restaurant one evening and invited him to his home once. But Ming Li had to arranged everything himself from shopping to traveling. Neither Hank nor his students accompanied him. He was very disappointed and hurt by Hank, thinking Hank should at least return the favor he had done to him.In fact, Ming Li was so upset that his working relationship with Hank suffered. Hank noticed the change but did not know where the tension came from.Questions:1.What is hospitality in Chinese perspective?2.Having Ming Li’s students accompany him everywhere, does Hank feel verycomfortable?3.Was Hank not very grateful and hospitable?1.3 Intercultural Communication1.3.1 What is Intercultural Communication?According to Neuliep (2003), intercultural communication occurs whenever a minimum of two persons from different cultures or microcultures come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal symbols. Microcultures are groups of people that exist within the broader rules andFood.dress.music. visual arts. Drama. craftsnguagecelebrations.gamescourtesy. Contextual conversational patterns. Concept of time. Personalspace. Rules of conduct. Facial expressions. Nonverbal communication.Body language. Touching. Eye contact. Patterns of handling emotions.Notions of modesty. Concept of beauty. Courtship practices.Relationships to animals. Notions of leadship. Tempo of work. Conceptsof food. Ideals of childrearing. Theory of disease. Social interaction rate.Nature of friendships. Tone of voice. Attitudes toward elders. Concept ofcleanliness. Notions of adolescence. Patterns of group decision-making.Definition of insanity. Preference for competition or cooperation.Tolerance … and so forthSurface CultureAbove sea levelEmotional Load:relatively low guidelines of the dominant culture, but are distinct in some way: racially, linguistically, occupation, age, or sexual orientation. Often microcultural groups have histories that differ from the dominant cultural group and are subordinate in some way.Intercultural communication, like all communication, is contextual. A context is a combination of factors--- situation, setting, circumstance, the people involved, the relationship of those people, and so on. In short, context is the overall framework within which communication takes place.1.3.2 A Narrative Approach to Intercultural CommunicationThere are numerous approaches to the study of intercultural communication--- all of which have their strengths and weaknesses. Based on our own intercultural living experiences, we are convinced that the most effective and insightful approach is the narrative approach.Scholars often discuss culture in terns of an iceberg metaphor. What we see in any culture is only the tip of the iceberg. Yet, effective communication occurs only when we begin to understand what is below the water level.The Iceberg Concept of CultureLike an iceberg, nine-tenths of culture is below the surface.Another metaphor compares culture to a theatrical production. You see what is on stage, but you don ’t see all the activity backage. It is the backstage activity that enables the action on stage to be effective.We suggest a narrative approach to the study of intercultural communication. We are the stories we tell. We make sense out of others and ourselves through story. As storytellers, our values, emotions, and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors.A key concept in the narrative approach is the concept of narrative itself. Fisher indicated “By ‘narration’, I mean symbolic actions---- words and/or deeds--- that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them”(p.58), he also states it “ There is no genre, including technical communication, that is not an episode in the story of life” (p. 347).Thus, listening to a class lecture, talking with your friends, listening to a political speech or the evening news, reading a book--- all consist of your hearing and shaping narratives. If story is a universal medium, then story is the key to our understanding of others from cultures unlike our own.Because our lives are experienced through narratives, some standard for determining which stories to believe and which to disregard is essential. This standard is narrative rationality. It is different from the traditional one in which most Westerners have been trained. Traditional standards of rationality ask questions such as:1. Are the claims supported by the facts?2. Have all relevant facts been considered?3. Are the arguments internally consistent?4. Does the reasoning used conform to the tests of formal and informal logic?In contrast, narrative rationality is concerned with the principle of coherence and fidelity. Coherence refers to the internal consistency of the narrative and asks such questions as:1.Do the elements of the story flow smoothly?2.Is the story congruent with the stories that seem related to it?3.Are the characters in the story believable?Fidelity, the second principle of narrative rationality, concerns truthfulness or reliability of the story. Stories with a high degree of fidelity “ring true” to the listener. When the elements of a story “represent accurate assertions about social reality” (Fisher, 1987, p.105), they have fidelity. Fisher proposes that we assess narrative fidelity through the logic of good reasons. If a narrative possesses fidelity, it constitutes good reasons for a person to hold a certain belief or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or him and form warrants for accepting or rejecting a certain story.The logic of good reasons consists of asking two sets of questions. The first set constitutes a logic of reasons:1. Are the statements that claim to be factual in the narrative really factual?2. Have any relevant facts been omitted from the narrative or distorted in its telling?3. What are the patterns of reasoning that exist in the narrative?4. How relevant are the arguments in the story to any decision the listener may make?5. How well does the narrative address the important and significant issues of this case? Assignment:Terms: culture , Individualism and Collectivism, communication, intercultural communication, Questions:1.What are characteristic of culture?2.What are properties of communication/3.How do Harry C. Triandis clarify Cultural Syndromes4. How do you understand The Iceberg Concept of Culture。
An Analysis of the Disillusion of American Dream in The Great Gatsby
An Analysis of the Disillusion of American Dream inThe Great Gatsby论《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的幻灭摘要弗朗西斯•司各特•菲茨杰拉尔德是美国“爵士时代”的代言人, 他在其代表作《了不起的盖茨比》中以细腻的笔触表现了二十世纪二十年代美国的风貌, 用主人公盖茨比的悲剧人生隐喻了“美国梦”的虚幻及其不可企及性，揭示了“美国梦”破灭的必然规律。
文中主人公盖茨比是为追求美国梦而最终牺牲自己的典例，他渴望以自己的信念和勇气来获取物质以及爱情上的收获。
然而他的梦想只是一种虚幻的渴望，而不是建立在现实基础之上的追求，结果导致了他梦想的破灭。
论文从作者和小说人物分析着手，通过对《了不起的盖茨比》的写作背景、作者自身的经历、故事的主要内容、小说主人公盖茨比之梦的破灭等多方面的分析和解剖, 深刻地揭示了“美国梦”的发展与破灭。
关键词:《了不起的盖茨比》；美国梦；破灭；爵士时代AbstractFrancis • Scott Fitzgerald is the spokesman of “the Jazz Age” in the United States. In his masterwork, The Great Gatsby, he uses delicate brushwork to show the style of American society in the 1920s. Hero Gatsby’s tragic life, as a metaphor for the illusion and entertainment of the “American Dream”, reveals the inexorable law of the disillusion of “American dream”.The hero in The Great Gatsby reveals a typical example of those who is eager to pursue the American Dream but finally ended by sacrificing themselves. Though he dreams of achieving material wealth and love through his courage and hard working, all the factors from outside world and his character led to the disillusion of his dream. This profoundly reveals the development and di sillusion of “The American Dream” by dissecting writing background of The Great Gatsby, the author’s own experiences, the main content of the story, novel leading character Gatsby’s shattered dream and other side.Key Words：The Great Gatsby; the American dream; disillusion; Jazz AgeIIContents摘要 (I)Abstract........................................................................................................................错误！未定义书签。
Introduction-to-interpretation
Translation is written - it involves taking a written text (such as a book or an article) and translating it in writing into the target language. Interpretation is oral - it refers to listening to something spoken (a speech or phone conversation) and interpreting it orally into the target language.
Simply speaking, interpretation is a kind of vocal communicative activity by listening to and decoding the information expressed by the source language speaker and then interpreting it into the target language. By Prof. Mei Deming
Alternating interpretation:
In alternating interpretation, the interpreter offers interpretation in turns for speakers of different languages. This happens often in conference talks and business talks where there is only one interpreter who offers interpretation for both parties involved.
An Introduction to Interpreting and Interpretation
Types of Interpretation
By delivery model： consecutive interpretation simultaneous interpretation whispering interpretation sight interpretation
work as an interpreter? How many types are there in interpreting? What are the requirements to be a qualified
interpreter? What is an interpreter?
Final Examination (50%)
Phrase Interpretation Sentence Interpretation Passage Interpretation
An Introduction to
Interpretation and Interpreting
Books and Websites
普特英语听力 口译网 / 考研网 / 全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试网 /
Tools for Interpreter
Teaching Plan for This Term
Professional Codes of Conduct
confidentiality impartiality accuracy objectiveness competence
Conclusion: What is An Interpreter?
译员是被用高薪请去别听人讲话的人; 译员是听得懂要翻听不懂更要翻的人; 译员是说完就忘忘了还要继续说的人; 译员是吃遍世界却离不开方便面的人; 译员是讲话人咳嗽行自己断不能咳嗽,否则就被说成
爱丽丝1到12章的概括英语
爱丽丝1到12章的概括英语Alice in Wonderland is a classic children's novel written by Lewis Carroll, which follows the adventures of a young girl named Alice as she falls down a rabbit hole into a fantastical world. The story is divided into 12 chapters, each of which presents a unique and imaginative encounter for Alice. In this essay, we will provide a concise summary of the first 12 chapters of this beloved tale.Chapter 1: Down the Rabbit HoleThe story begins with Alice sitting on the riverbank, feeling bored and drowsy. Suddenly, she spots a White Rabbit wearing a waistcoat and carrying a pocket watch. Curious, Alice follows the Rabbit down a rabbit hole, which leads her to a strange, underground world. As she falls deeper, Alice notices that the walls of the tunnel are lined with shelves and cupboards, and she even spots a jar of marmalade.Chapter 2: The Pool of TearsAt the bottom of the rabbit hole, Alice finds herself in a dimly lit room with a small door. She tries to open the door, but it is too small for her to fit through. Frustrated, Alice begins to cry, creating a pool of tears around her. As the pool grows larger, Alice discovers a bottle labeled "Drink Me," which she drinks, causing her to shrink to afraction of her original size.Chapter 3: A Caucus Race and a Long TaleAfter shrinking, Alice encounters a group of unusual creatures, including a Dodo bird, a Lory, and an Eaglet. They engage in a peculiar "Caucus race," where the participants run in a circle until they are told to stop. Following the race, the Mouse tells Alice a long, convoluted story about his past.Chapter 4: The Rabbit Sends in a Little BillContinuing her journey, Alice encounters the White Rabbit again, who mistakes her for his servant, "Little Bill." The Rabbit orders Alice to go into his house and retrieve his gloves and fan. Inside the house, Alice grows to an enormous size, causing her to become stuck in the Rabbit's home.Chapter 5: Advice from a CaterpillarDesperate to find a way out of the Rabbit's house, Alice stumbles upon a Caterpillar smoking a hookah pipe. The Caterpillar provides Alice with cryptic advice, suggesting that she eat the mushroom he is sitting on to change her size.Chapter 6: Pig and PepperAfter following the Caterpillar's advice, Alice shrinks once more and ventures out, eventually arriving at the home of the Duchess. There,she encounters a Cook who is constantly pepper-ing the Duchess's food, a Cheshire Cat, and a baby that transforms into a pig.Chapter 7: A Mad Tea-PartyAlice's next stop is a tea party hosted by the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse. The trio engage in a nonsensical conversation, constantly shifting topics and making little sense. Alice struggles to understand their peculiar behavior and the meaning behind their words.Chapter 8: The Queen's Croquet GroundLeaving the tea party, Alice finds herself in the Queen of Hearts' garden, where she witnesses a game of croquet being played with flamingos as mallets and hedgehogs as balls. The Queen is quick to order the execution of anyone who displeases her, much to Alice's dismay.Chapter 9: The Mock Turtle's StoryDuring the croquet game, the Cheshire Cat appears and directs Alice to the Mock Turtle, a creature with the body of a turtle and the head of a calf. The Mock Turtle tells Alice a story about his past life as a real turtle, and the two are joined by the Gryphon, a mythical creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion, and the head, wings, and front talons of an eagle.Chapter 10: The Lobster QuadrilleThe Gryphon and the Mock Turtle lead Alice in a peculiar dance called the "Lobster Quadrille," which involves a series of intricate steps and movements. As they dance, the Mock Turtle and the Gryphon continue to share their stories and perspectives on life in Wonderland.Chapter 11: Who Stole the Tarts?Alice's next encounter is a trial presided over by the King and Queen of Hearts, who are investigating the theft of some tarts. The Knave of Hearts is accused of the crime, and a variety of witnesses are called to testify, including the Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse.Chapter 12: Alice's EvidenceAs the trial continues, Alice becomes increasingly frustrated with the nonsensical proceedings and the illogical behavior of the characters. Eventually, she stands up to the Queen and declares that the entire trial is a sham, causing the Queen to order her execution. However, before the sentence can be carried out, Alice wakes up, realizing that her adventures in Wonderland were just a dream.Throughout the first 12 chapters of Alice in Wonderland, the reader is taken on a whimsical and imaginative journey, filled with a cast of eccentric and unforgettable characters. From the White Rabbit's frantic rush to the Queen's tyrannical rule, each chapter presents anew challenge for Alice to navigate, testing her logic, patience, and sense of wonder. The story's enduring popularity is a testament to the timeless appeal of Carroll's unique and captivating storytelling.。
跨文化交际课件第一章介绍ChapterOne-AnIntroduction资料
A Short History of Intercultural Communication
• The chronological development
• The content of intercultural communication study
The content of intercultural communication study
American: I feel uncomfortable with many of the people here, but I’m not sure why. I speak the same language, so there shouldn’t be any problem. Back home, I usually get along with people. You know that I’m very friendly.
night, you immediately called people by their first names. We do that here, but not when we first meet someone. American: That’s how we make people feel comfortable. People feel friendlier toward each other when they use first names. Englishman: It’s different here. For example, when you met my boss you should have used his last name. Also there’s something else that you do that English people don’t often do.
章节的介绍英文作文
章节的介绍英文作文英文：Chapter introduction is an important part of any book or document. It provides readers with a brief overview of what they can expect to find in the chapter. In this article, I will discuss the importance of chapter introductions and provide some tips on how to write effective ones.First and foremost, chapter introductions serve as a roadmap for readers. They give readers an idea of what to expect in the chapter and help them navigate through the content. For example, if a chapter is about the history of a particular country, the introduction might provide abrief overview of the country's history and what topicswill be covered in the chapter.Another important function of chapter introductions is to grab the reader's attention. A well-written introductioncan pique the reader's interest and make them want to read more. This can be achieved by using interesting facts, anecdotes, or quotes that relate to the topic at hand.When writing a chapter introduction, it's important to keep it concise and to the point. It should provide enough information to give readers an idea of what to expect, but not so much that it becomes overwhelming. It's also important to make sure that the introduction is relevant to the chapter and that it flows smoothly into the rest of the content.In conclusion, chapter introductions are an essential part of any book or document. They serve as a roadmap for readers and help them navigate through the content. They also grab the reader's attention and make them want to read more. By following these tips, you can write effective chapter introductions that will engage and inform your readers.中文：章节介绍是任何书籍或文档的重要组成部分。
《生死疲劳》第一、二章翻译报告
电子科技大学UNIVERSITY OF ELECTRONIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA 专业学位硕士学位论文MASTER THESIS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE论文题目《生死疲劳》第一、二章翻译报告专业学位类别翻译硕士学号 201122130306作者姓名罗洪玉指导教师廖敏副教授分类号密级UDC注1学位论文《生死疲劳》第一、二章翻译报告（题名和副标题）罗洪玉（作者名字）指导教师廖敏副教授电子科技大学成都申请学位级别硕士专业学位类别专业硕士提交论文日期 2014.4.21论文答辩日期2014.5.12学位授予单位和日期电子科技大学 2014年6月30日答辩委员会主席金学勤评阅人魏全凤金学勤注1：注明《国际十进分类法UDC》的类号。
A REPORT ON THE TRANSLATION OF LIFEAND DEATH ARE WEARING ME OUT(CHAPTERS 1 AND 2)A Master Research Report Submitted toUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaMajor:Master of Translation and Interpreting Author: LUO HongyuAdvisor: LIAO MinSchool : School of Foreign Languages of UESTC独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得电子科技大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。
作者签名：日期：年月日论文使用授权本学位论文作者完全了解电子科技大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
旅游英语口译 Unit1
⑤ There is a special rate for 50,000RMB for this package, including everything such as airline tickets, tour guides, hotels and food.
时不仅仅是鹦鹉学舌，要做到耳朵在听（原语）、嘴巴在说（同种语言复
述）、脑子在想（语言内容）。在跟读完一段5-8 分钟长度的讲话或短文之 后，应该可以概述出原语的主要内容。另外还可增加一些"干扰性"练习， 譬如一边听、一边写些不相关的内容，如数字、人名等，分散使用注意力， 那样效果会更好。 大连理工大学出版社
Putting into Practice
1. Listening Interpreting
Vocabulary Work Work on the following words and phrases, then write the translated version in the space：
因此旅游英语口译人员平时就要注意旅游相关知识的积累，以及俗语、成语
的翻译技巧训练。
大连理工大学出版社
Interpreting Skills
An Introduction to Interpreting 口译概述
二、口译的分类 口译按其操作形式，可以分为以下两种： 交替口译(consecutive interpreting)，是指口译员在演说者自然停顿的间 隙，将信息一组一组地传译给听众。这是目前运用最广泛的一种口译形式。 由于演说者的停顿可能在一个句子，几个句子，甚至一个段落之后，因此交 替传译对口译笔记的要求较高。 同声传译(simultaneous interpreting), 是指在演说者发言的同时，口译员 不做停顿地把讲话内容传译给听众。这种口译形式多用于国际会议等多语种 的环境下，其特点是效率高，难度大，成本高，准确度相对较低。 大连理工大学出版社
1.2_introduction to accounting会计入门ppt课件
ChapterБайду номын сангаас1 第一章
An introduction to accounting 会计入门
ppt课件
1
Learning Objectives / Outcomes 学习目 标/成果
1. Define accounting, describe the accounting process and define the diverse roles of accountants 定义会计 学，描述会计过程并定义会计师的不同角色
6. Describe the financial reporting environment 描述财 务报表环境
7. Explain the accounting concepts, principles, qualitative characteristics and constraints underlying financial statements 说明会计概念，原理， 质量特征和财务报表的潜在约束条件
transactions 分
考虑所有影响
析、记录、分
营业单位的业
类并总结业务
务 Commonly referred to as
‘bookkeeping’ 通常称ppt为课件记账
Communication 交流
Preparing accounting
reports, analysing and interpreting准 备会计报表， 分析并说明
• Economic activities/transactions
e.g. - sale of item to customer 物品出售给客户 - purchase of office stationery from supplier 从供应商购买办公文具
Unit One General Introduction to interpreting
The process of interpreting
Sender→ Encoding (SL)→ Decoding (SL) → Interpreter →Re-encoding (TL) →Decoding (TL) →Receiver
The Xiada Model for interpreter Training C(SL+K/ELK): R(TL+K/ELK) A(D+CC)
The interpreters
Interpreters are people who know two or more languages, i.e. the bilingual mediating agent between communicative participants in two different language and cultural communities. Interpreters, as the cross-cultural communicators, deal with people from different cultures. Since language is an integral part of culture, interpreters need not only proficiency in two languages, they must also be at home in two cultures. In other words, interpreters must be bilingual and bicultural.
Comprehension in interpreting
Comprehension is the product of complicated mental actions of mankind. In interpreting, comprehension refers to the detailed analysis of grammatical, semantic and stylistic elements of the text, which ensures that the interpreter can grasp the full (denotative and connotative) meaning of the information given both explicitly and implicitly in the text.
An Introduction to Interpretation
An Introduction to Interpretation094 梅婷 09133112 1·The history of InterpretationWe all know that translation is an activity that translates one kind of language to another. And interpretation is one type of translation. Here I will say something about the translation between Chinese and English. The interpretation has a long history. It originated from the early period of human society.People in the primitive society had no communication with each other for such a long time. With the development of history, people find it necessary to know something about the other culture, then the interpretation appeared.The interpretation has played an very important role in the history of human being. We could say that without the interpretation, our society cannot develop.A: The interpretation has promoted the development of human being . As is known to us all, we develop our culture by the reference of the other cultures. The interpretation began to offer us those chances. By the interpretation, we are able to understand other languages, thus we could learn the history and culture and various kinds of other nations. We exchange our ideas and help each other develop.With the depth of communications, the trade among different nations also developed. Until now, it also affected us every common day.So the interpretation is so significant in our history that we cannot ignore it.2·The Criteria of InterpretationIn my view, the interpretation has two basic principles. One is the correction and the other is fluency.You must stick to the original words when you interpret so that you are able to express the speakers’ ideas well. Correction is the soul of interpretation, without the soul, you could not do well even you have many elegant words. because the aim of interpretation is mainly to exchange speakers’ideas. We must keep this principle in our mind every time when we do some interpretation.The second principle is fluency. In our daily life, we would to listen to some fluent speeches and we do not expect the speaker always say some broken words. We should try our best to express the meaning fluently so that the listeners will hear clearly and understand our words easily.3·The Categorical Classification of InterpretationThe interpretation could be classified into different types by different ways.A：by operation waysIt can be divided into alternating interpretation, consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation, whispering interpretation, and sight interpretation.B: by the direction of interpretationIt could be divided into one-way interpretation and two-way interpretationC: by the contentIt could be divided into guide interpretation, ceremony interpretation , information interpretation conference interpretation and so on.4·The Qualification Requirements for an InterpreterAs far as I concerned, a good interpreter should have the followingqualities.The first one is that you should be patriotic and you should be responsible for what you have done. Because what you have said and what you’ve done all relate to the image of our country. Your actions are very important to the country. You must be cautious.The second one is that you are certain to grasp two or more than two kinds of languages very well. It is a necessity during the interpreters’work. Then you should have a good psychological quality so that you can deal with what happens accidently very well.Next is that you yourself should have a good image. You should be elegant and kindly. You should appear appreciated among people.In a word,you should do what you can to be perfect in front of the world.。
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© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
CRITERIA OF INTERPRETING
Accuracy/Faithfulness/Fidelity Completeness Fluency
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
THE DEFINITION OF INTERPRETING
Definition:
An extempore oral reproduction in the target language of what is said in the source language
Sight Interpreting/Translation
Sight Interpreting/Translation with texts is real time interpreting for which the interpreter uses the text of the speech to interpret. It’s a combination of interpreting and translation.
AIIC:
International Association of Conference Interpreters Sets the code of ethics and professional standard
5
INTERPRETING AS A PROFESSION
Diversity – It is very common for interpreters to come from multicultural families and to have lived in different countries.
8
CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING
Booth Interpreting
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Whispering/Whispered Interpreting
Whispering/Whispered Interpreting is real time interpreting for which the interpreter is seated or standing among the delegates and interprets simultaneously directly into the ear of the delegates. It is used mainly in bilateral meetings or in groups where only a few delegates do not share a common language.
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QUALITIES OF INTERPRETERS
Bilingual Competence Extralinguistic Knowledge Interpreting Skills Other Capabilities
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Source Language/SL Target Language/TL
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CATEGORIES OF INTERPRETING
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
Occasions:
Conference Interpreting Business Interpreting Diplomatic Interpreting Military Interpreting Court Interpreting Community Interpreting Medical Interpreting Liaison Interpreting Media Interpreting Videoconference
Flexibility – It is common for freelance interpreters to work regularly for international organizations, government agencies, and the private market.
BUSINESS ENGLISH INTERPRETING 商务英语口译
朱佩芬 周媛
CHAPTER ONE
An Introduction to Interpreting
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After learning this chapter, students should be able to describe: what interpreting is different modes of interpreting standards and features of interpreting requirements for interpreters
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
Daniel Gile
An effort model of simultaneous interpreting
SI =L+P+M+C
L=Listening and Analysis P=Production M=Short-term Memory Operations C=Coordination
Solidarity – Professional conference interpreters are based in different countries. They have different languages, and work in different contex6 ts, but they share a strong sense of common identity and a strong commitment to uniform worldwide professional standards.
THANK YOU 19
Features of Interpreting
Criteria of Interpreting
Qualities of Interpreters
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERPRETING
As a Profession:
CI-1919: the Paris Peace Conference SI-1945: the Nuremberg Trials
Source: Gile, D. 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. (Rev. ed.)
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FEATURES OF INTERPRETING
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THE PROCESS OF INTERPRETING
Daniel Gile
An Effort Model of Consecutive Interpreting
Phase One:
The listening and note-taking phase or comprehension phase
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
PHASE ONE
Consecutive Interpreting=L+N+M+C
L=Listening and Analysis N=Note-taking M=Short-term Memory Operations C=Coordination
Phase Two:
The speech production or reformulation phase
Source: Gile, D. 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. (Rev. ed.) 12
Rem=Remembering Read=Note-reading P=Production C=Coordination
Source: Gile, D. 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. (Rev. ed.) 14
3
KEY POINTS
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
A Brief History of Interpreting
The Definition of Interpreting
Categories of Interpreting
The Process of Interpreting
Source: Gile, D. 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. (Rev. ed.) 13
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
PHASE TWO
Consecutive Interpreting=Rem+Read+P+C
Mobility – The profession is fundamentally international. It is very common for teams to be recruited from all over the world. This is made possible by unified international standards through AIIC.