liying+chapter+3+Morphology
Chapter Three morphology and lexicon
Free Morpheme and bound morpheme
Free morpheme: morpheme that can stand by themselves as a single word, e.g. open, dad, tour. Bound morpheme: morpheme which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form (also called stem 词根), e.g. re-, -ist, ed, -s.
Inflection and Word-formation
Inflection(屈折 means the process of 屈折) 屈折 adding an affix(主要是后缀) to a word or changing it in some other way according to the morphological rules. #affix: prefix, suffix and infix E.g. (of infix) Tagalog (a language): “eat”--kain; “will eat”---kumain Illocano: “window”---tawa; “windows”--tawtawa
Word and Word Classes
word: a unit of a language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation and functioning as a carrier of meaning. (Webster dictionary，1997) Several ways to know a word (see page 75)
Chapter 3 Morphology 要点总结
Chapter 3 Morphology(形态学)1.What is morphology（形态学）?Morphology, as a branch of linguistics , is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.eg. Unfriendly → un + friend + ly2.Morphemes(词素、语素)A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.eg. Maps→(2 units)→map + s3.Types of morphemes:free morphemes(自由语素) and bound morphemes(黏着语素)1>Free morphemes(自由语素)A.Some morphemes can stand alone as words, such morphemes are called freemorphemes.B．Rooot(词根) & Stem(词干)❶Root：a root is the based form of a word which cannot be further analyzed . It may be a free morpheme(as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound morpheme( -ceive in perceive认识，deceive欺骗，receive).❷Stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added (friend in friends, friendship in friendships are both stem).C . Free Morphemes can be divided into two categories. They are:Closed Class & Opened Class(封闭词类和开放性词类)❶Closed Class（functional morphemes）: a closed class is one whose membership is principle fixed or limited. (封闭类：连介代冠conjunctions, preposition, pronouns, articles)❷Open Class( lexical morphemes): an open class is one whose membership is principle indefinite or unlimited. (包括：名动形副数叹noun, verbs, adjectives)2>Bound Morphemes(黏着语素)A.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are actually affixes(词缀)—>prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀), infix(中缀).eg. dis- , un- , -ity, -al, -sB. Two Categories of Bound Morphemes:Derivational Morphemes(派生语素) & Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素)❶Derivational Morphemes(派生语素): ~~ are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.eg. nouns→ verbs/ adj. verbs→ nouns/ adj.friend→ unfriend解除朋友关系( noun→ verb)❷Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素):~~ are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.①plurality(复数): - s, - es, - ies……②tense(时态): - s, - ing, - en, - ed……③possessive case(所有格): ’s④comparative/ superlative degree(比较级/最高级): -er, - esteg. dislikes → dis + +3> free morphemes(自由语素) & bound morphemes(黏着语素)❶All monomorphemic(单词素/单语素) words are free morphemes;❷These polymorphemic words are either compounds( combination of two or more free morphemes) or derivatives(words derived from free morphemes).4.Morphs(形素) and Allomorphs（语素变体）Morphs: the phonological and orthographic forms which realize morphemes are termed ― morphs‖.(语素的语音及对应拼写法的体现叫形素)Most morphemesSome morphemesAllomorphs: an allomorph is any of the different form of the same morpheme( 语素变体是同一个语素的不同形式).eg. plurality ―- s‖: map→ maps; dog→ dogs; class→ classed; mouse→ mice; sheep→ sheep Complementary distribution(互补分布)：allomorph is a member of a set of morph;allomorph can’ t occur in the same environment .5> Types of Word Formation(构词法)❶Compounding(合成法)Words are formed by putting two words together, this way of building new words is called compounding.❷Derivation(派生法)Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.❸Conversion(转换法)Many words have more than one part of speech. A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.❹Backformation(逆向构词法)As we have editor, we get edit by dropping – or . This process is called ~~❺Clipping(截短法)This process by cutting off part of word is called ~~❻Blending(混合法)A single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms, this process iscalled ~~~❼Acronymization(缩略法)。
语用学chapter3 Morphology
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1)A word can consist of one or more than one morphemes, eg, “a barking dog” 2)A morpheme is different from a phoneme(语素是语言中最小意义单位的载体， 本身有意义；音位是能区别意义的最小单位，本 身没有意义)eg, pan—ban; barks(-s 在这有表 示复数的语法意义，故它是语素，而“p ，b”在 这本身没有意义，但有区别两词意义的作用，所 以它们是不同的音位。
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Stem（词干）is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.eg, desks→desk(词干)→即一个词去掉屈 折词缀就是词干。 A) stem may be one morpheme ,that is stem=root=word= morpheme, eg, “work” B) stem may be “root+ derivational affix”:eg, teacher→teach+er; stem>root C) stem may be “root+root”; eg. housework→house+work 下词中哪个是词干：works/workers/workshops
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What is a word?
We
have three approaches to the definition of “word”.
Chapter 3 Morphology练习
Chapter 3 MorphologyI. Multiple Choices1. The word “laze” is an example of _____________ in word formation.A. acronymB. blendingC. functional shiftD. back formation2. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are ___________.A. open-class wordsB. closed-class wordsC. both open-class words and closed-class wordsD. neither open-class words nor closed-class words3. “Kodak” is a/an __________.A. acronymB. blendingC. coinageD. clipping4. ___________ refers to those words which are made by combing the initial letters of a composite name. They can not be pronounced into one word.A. InitialismB. AcronymC. InventionD. Blending5. __________ refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix.A. AffixB. RootC. StemD. Suffix6. In the following words foot/feet, goose/geese, the affixes belong to ___________.A. suffixB. infixC. prefixD. root7. Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.A B①Coke a. back-formation②smog b. acronym③prof c. abbreviation④UNESCO d. blending⑤edit e. invention8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words9. _____________ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person or number.A. AffixationB. InflectionC. DerivationD. Root10. Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending?A. WTOB. motelC. bookshelfD. red-facedII. Complete each of the following statements.1. In the word “suitable”, “-able” is a __________________ morpheme rather than an inflectional one.2. A _____________ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.3. Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting a(n) _________________ affix from a longer from already in the language.4. ________________________ is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example, the word edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix –or.5. The ______________ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided further without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.6. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings : ______________ meaning and _______________ meaning.7. “Nation” is the ____________ of “internationalism”.8. Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into _______________ and ______________.9. _______________ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.10. A word formed by derivation is called a derivative and a word by compounding is called __________________.III. Explain the following terms.1.open-class words2. stem3. free morpheme4. bound morpheme5. Morpheme6. Blending7. Clipping8. RootIV. Answer the following questions.1. Analyze the morphemic structure of the words “unacceptable”and “nonsmokers”, by using a tree diagram for each, with labels for morphological categories such as root, prefix and suffix.2. What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?3. How can we distinguish root and stem?。
Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。
前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table, room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。
第三章Morphology
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Ⅱ What’s morpheme?
Morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit of sound and meaning. It is the most elemental unit of grammatical form, and the central concern of morphology. It is also considered as ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. It is the minimal linguistic signs in all language.
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Affix
An AFFIX is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affixes are limited in number in a language and are generally classified into three subtypes.depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word.
For example: Unusable contains three pieces: un-, use, -able
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Root, base, stem
Root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes(inflectional & derivational) are removed. In the word internationalism, after the removal of inter-, -al and-ism, what is left is the root -nation.
Chapter 03 Morphology
3. The identification of words
Besides the three senses of “word” mentioned above, there are other factors which help us to identify words.
(1) Stability(稳定性): words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. (2) Relative uninterruptibility (相对的不可隔断性): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-menot) (3) A minimum free form: a word is the smallest unit which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.
According to their variability: variable and invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings; invariable words are those that cannot. According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词) An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠） An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副 数叹) Some newly introduced categories which are more precisely defined (P82-83): particles (小品词) auxiliaries (助动词) pro-forms (代词形式) determiners (限定词)
Chapter 3 Morphology
root forms
base for affixes to attach to; cannot be analyzed into smaller parts
stem
formed
when a root is combined with an affix (that other affixes can continue to be attached to)
Chapter 3 Morphology
Grace Tan
Previewing questions:
1. What is the smallest significant unit of speech? 语言的最小意义单位是什么？ 2.What is the difference between bound morphemes and free morphemes?自由词素和粘 着词素的区别是什么？ 3. What is the difference among base, stem and root?词基，词干和词根如何区分？ 4.What is morph and allomorph?什么是行素/词素 和行素变体？ 5.What is inflectional affixes?何为曲折词缀？
Free morphemes
Lexical morphemes
Functional morphemes
Free morphemes
Lexical morphemes
open class of words book house love look long happy
1.
If a man’s wife is beautiful, two eyes are not enough for him. 2. Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in. 3. The writer liked joking and has taken things seriously. 4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.
Chapter 3新编语言学教程 Morphology
the classification of morphemes 1
A. free morpheme自由语素 Morphemes may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorphemeic单语素词 words are free morphemes.
B. bound morpheme粘着语素 Morphemes which cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme.
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
Open class word & closed class word
Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese. Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.
语言学_Chapter 3_Morphology
Are there other categories of words which are not included?
Other categories
• Two lesser categories: • Numerals: words that denote numbers or the order. Cardinal numerals: those denoting the numbers, e.g. one, two, one hundred, etc. Ordinal numerals: those denoting the order, e.g. first, second, eighth, etc. • Interjection: a word or phrase used as a sudden remark usually expressing feelings, such as exclamation, sorrow, surprise, regret, etc. e.g. alas, oh, My God!, Dear me
Question Time!
Puzzling Question!
Amazing Question!
All Questions Are Welcome
Interesting Question!
Serious question!
Warm-up
• Afraid, biology • /v_show/id_XMTAzNzgwNTY=.html?fro m=s1.8-1-1.2拆单词 • /programs/view/ciNnLLrr9tk/ • /v_show/id_XNTA4OTE0NzY=.html?fro m=s1.8-1-1.2 长视频 • 柯南 /v_show/id_XODgxNjI4Njky.html?from =s1.8-1-1.2 • 手机记单词App /article/86112f13535b4f2736978 76c.html • /v38286803.htm
unit 3 Morphology
• 3.3 Derivational and inflectional morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. -(e)s, indicating plurality of nouns. -(e)s, indicating third person singular, present tense. -(e)d, indicating past tense for all three persons. -ing, indicating progressive aspect. -er, indicating comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs. -est, indicating superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs. -‘s, indicating the possessive case of nouns.
• 3.5 Morphological rules of word formation
• 3.5.1 Compounds
• Compounding is to join two separate words to produce a single form.
• It is popular and important way of forming new words in English. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words, and compounding the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
新编英语语言学教程课件chapter 3 morphology
Chapter 3 Lexicon
范雪菲
3.1 What is word?
3.1.1 Three senses of “word”
＊A physically definable unit (自然的有界限的单位）
• 3.1.3 classification of words
• Variable and invariable words
variable words----one could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant. “ follow-followsfollowing”
※some of the categories newly introduced into linguistic
analysis: particles, auxiliaries, pro-form(代词形式“So
do I “), determiners
Determiners
• It refers to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has: definite (the) or indefinite( an ), partitive ( some ), or universal (all).
自考英语语言学Chapter 3 Morphology
Chapter 3 Morphology形态学一、本章纲要二、本章重点1.DefinitionsIt is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Two sub-branches: inflectional morphology / lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies inflection and the latter word-formation. 形态学研究单词的内部结构和构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支，前者研究语法屈折和语法意义的表达，后者研究单词的构成和同义的表达。
2.Morpheme语素2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language语素：语言最小的意义单位。
（2004填空）The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. 单词不是语义的最小单位，因为单词可以解析为在意义上更小的意义成分。
语义的最小单位是语素。
语素表达的意义有两种：语法意义和词汇意义。
2.2 Types of morphemes语素的类型2.2.1 Free morphemes自由语素（2005，选择；2006，填空；2007选择）Morphemes, which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 自由语素有着完整的语义，它们被称为自由语素是因为它们可以作为单词独立使用，如helpful中的help就是自由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单词来使用。
第三章Morphology
What’s Morphology?
Morphology
is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words, and rules by which words are formed. It is part of our grammatical knowledge of a language, like most linguistic knowledge,this is generally unconscious knowledge.
Function word:
These are called closed-class because it is
membership is fixed or limited. These words specify grammatical relations and have little or no semantic content.
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Content Word & Function Words
Content word:
These are called open-class because speakers
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Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations.
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1.2 Identification of words
ideas ideas ideas ideas ideas ideas idea idea ideas parents
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LINGUISTICS
There is a fixed order when there is more than one.
Rule 1 *their all trouble *five the all boys Rule 2 *the this boy *all both girls Rule 3 In the first two days Another three weeks
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Pre all all
Central her her her
Post many many
Modifier Noun
many all what a the one a few both my father’s
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good good good good good good good good
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Closed-class vs. Open-class Words: Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles. Open-class words: New members can be added, eg nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.
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Some new terms in word class: Particle: infinitive marker “to”, negative marker “not” , subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc Auxiliary: do, have They can be used to do inversion, negation, code; emphasis. But verbs can’t. Examples. Pro-forms: substitutes for other terms. Substitute for other items or constructions. Examples.
“A free form which is not a phrase is a word. A word, then,… is a minimum free form” (Bloomfield, 1935:178)
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1.3 Classification of words
I. What is word?
A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. A vague definition.
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II. Morphology
Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. It is the systematic study of morphemes. Eg: 2.1 morphological structure of words 2.2 word formation
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I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven. Q: How many times did the word “have” occur? A set of forms: walk, walks, walking, walked Problem 2: How many words are there?
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2) Both as a general term and a specific term: E.g. exist, exists, existed, existing do, does, did, done, doing then: as a general term:? as a specific term:?
a lexeme
A lexeme WRITE includes all of its grammatical forms: write, writes, writing, wrote, written Boy, boys
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3) A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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1.1 Three senses of “word”
1) A physical unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg Phonological: Orthographic: It is wonderful. Three words are recognized.
C) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself. eg --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful.
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Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Traditional way: Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc.
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Determiner: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and its modifiers. Eg. (_____ good girl ) Predeterminers: all, both; half, one-third, threequarters …; double, twice, three times …; such, what (exclamative) Central determiners: the; this, these, that, those; we, us; you; which, what (relative), what (interrogative); some, any, no, either, neither; each, enough, Postdeterminers: much, more, most, less; a few, a little; every; many, another, several, few, little; one, two, three …; (a) dozen
chairman, *manchair
A) Stability: there is little potential rearrangement of its internal structure/ constituent parts. E.g. television letevision visiontele How about a sentence? I went to town yesterday. Yesterday I went to town. Yesterday town I went.
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Grammatical vs. Lexical Words: Grammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Lexical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
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B) Relative uninterruptibility:
new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment, *disinterestappointment. How about a sentence? Paul, (John) and Mary are my classmates... E.g. timetable: timelesstable widow --- window ? labor-labour