week 6 lecture
高考英语作文之通知类
2. 时间描述（钟点/星期/年/月/日） 这周末 this weekend next Saturday 下周六 next Monday evening 下周一晚上 下周二晚上8点 at 8:00 pm. next Tuesday
at 8:00 next Tuesday evening
9
3. 表示活动的动词短语
organize a tour have a picnic, join in the party, have a football match, hold a competition/contest give/deliver a lecture, give a talk, visit the museum, attend the lecture, take (an active) part in , sign up (for…), enter one’s name (for…),
3
make remarks on the performances of the competitors. Welcome to attend this competition if you have any interest in English speeches or this topic. It would be a valuable experience to exchange ideas with some judges and excellent English learners. Don’t miss it. The Students' Union
4. 常用句型
【“重要事件”的表达】 There will be a lecture on American Culture... A lecture will be given on American Culture... The Students Union has decided to organize a musical week, which is going to be held ... Weather permitting, the sports meeting will be held... In order to improve the students' spoken English, an English-speaking contest will be held in the school auditorium at 7 pm on... 11
[演讲的英语短语] 演讲的英文
![[演讲的英语短语] 演讲的英文](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0c43c4fdaaea998fcd220e7b.png)
[演讲的英语短语] 演讲的英文关于演讲的相关短语演讲 (give) a speech or lecture演讲 public speakingdiscourse upon演讲 give a lecture演讲 make a speech做演讲 give a talk ;即兴演讲 Impromptu Speech ;公共演讲 Public Speaking ;演讲室 Lecture Room ;公众演讲 public speaking ;有效演讲 effective presentation就职演讲 Inaugural Address ;结束演讲 Wrapping it up ; conclude a speech演讲技能 Presentation skills关于演讲的相关单词lectureoratorizeoratespeechspeaktalkdiscoursedeclaimaddress (ADDR; ADR)speaking关于演讲的词语辨析lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：lecture 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
关于演讲的相关例句1. In an emotionally charged speech, he said he was resigning.在一次煽情的演讲中，他说他要辞职。
2. His speeches were magnificently written but his delivery was hopeless.他的发言稿写得非常精彩，但他的演讲风格真是无可救药。
International+Business+Lecture+Week1
Academic Background
Seoul National University BA in Business Administration, Class of 1982 MBA, Class of 1984
Experiences
Expertise: Cross-border Investment Banking, M&As Internal Auditor, Daikyung Machinery & Engineering CFO, Huneed Technologies, TSC Memsys Investment Banking, Kiwoom Securities Co., Ltd Head of Tong Yang Asia (Hong Kong) Inc Representative, Tong Yang Securities Gevena Office Head of Derivatives , Tong Yang Europe (London) International Finance Division, Tong Yang Securities Co., Ltd International Marketing Division, Samsung Electronics others CPA (Delaware, US)
hermank@, hermanhmkim@, Mobile: 010-8932-5047
[Guns, Germs, and Steel –The fates of human societies, Jared Diamond] Academic Background
Herman Hyunmin Kim
Contact: hermank@, hermanhmkim@, Mobile: 010-8932-5047 Academic Background Seoul National University BA in Business Administration, Class of 1982 MBA, Class of 1984 Experiences Expertise: Cross-border Investment Banking, M&As Internal Auditor, Daikyung Machinery & Engineering Executive VP, Overseas Energy/Resources Investment, KERR Asset Management CFO/Head of Overseas Business, TSC Memsys Investment Banking, Kiwoom Securities Co., Ltd Head of Tong Yang Asia (Hong Kong) Inc Representative, Tong Yang Securities Gevena Office Head of Derivatives , Tong Yang Europe (London) International Finance Division, Tong Yang Securities Co., Ltd International Marketing Division, Samsung Electronics others CPA (Delaware, US) Areas of interest: Sustainable Growth, Conscious Economy
Ss_Translation_Week 7_How to Translate Words (2)
热门人选
(美联储主席)
3.3 通过分析上下文逻辑关系、 篇章的整体效果等来判断词义
e.g. 1 (TB 40): Mouth cancer was once considered to mostly affect older
kill
杀
2.2.2 词的内涵意义(connotative meaning) 不一样
荷花
lotus flower
黄
yellow
2.2.3 词的情感意义(affective meaning)不一样 龙
dragon
2.2.4 词的搭配意义(collocative meaning)不一样 delicate
Background Knowledge
Structure
What kind of background knowledge do we need?
Democrats the Nov.2 election Robert Rubin Treasury Secretary John Kerry
民主党人 (2004年美国) 总统大选 罗伯特· 鲁宾 财政部长 约翰· 克里
Name of Word Document:
Class**_Your Name (Chinese and English)_ week ** assignment eg: Class1_陈如Danny_week1 assignment
Week 7 词汇翻译 （二） How to Translate Words (2)
在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民。 2. Three men were killed in the accident. 有3个男子在事故中丧生。 3. The engine was killed by the flood. 汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。 4. I’m reading this book just to kill time. 我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。
交流技巧：如何说服 Persuasion
One last time…… I promise
Three peer reviewed journal articles…no
No introduction or conclusion Please use the template… One hard copy to HSS and one through turn it in.
Student Learning Support (SLS)
Want to improve your grades?
Pick up a few extra tips to improve your writing in our free workshops for Comm Skills students.
• •
Can also use nationalism or propaganda. Common strategies for pathos:
Emotive words and phrases.
Assessment Overview
Essay Outline Essay Group Report Project (written) Group Report Project (oral) Final Exam Attendance & Participation Week 4 Week 7 Week 11 Week 12 Exam Week Weekly 5% 25% 30%
Lecture Overview
Persuasion
பைடு நூலகம்
Aristotle Maslow’s Hierarchy Logical fallacies Logic and your essay
Lecture 6 英国教育
Introduction to British Educational System
General classification of British Educational System
Compulsory education Further education Higher education
Core subjects: English, Math, Science
Foundation subjects:
Design &Technology, Information and Communication Technology(ICT), History, Geography, Music, Art, Physical Education, A modern foreign language （usually French )
Introduction to British Educational System
Five stages
1st : nursery school(3-4) 2nd :Primary school(5-11) 3rd :Secondary school (11-16) 5-16 years old (compulsory education) 义务教育 16-18 中学高级班(或大学预科) 4th :18岁大学3-4(医科5) for BA/BScs;1-2 MA/MScs;PhD(35) 5th : further education : 青年和成年人的职业教育( 不含正 规的大学
Introduction to British Educational System
Text A Going to school :British Style
timetable
29/11
NUS Risk Management Institute Master of Science (MSc) in Financial Engineering Tentative Timetable for Semster 1, AY 2011/2012
Wednesday 7.00pm to 10.00pm 3/8 FE5108 Lecture 1
(Updated on 25 July 2011) All lessons are held at RMI Building ( I 3 ) Level 1 Seminar Room unless otherwise stated.
Module Registration Information for Semester 1, AY 2011/2012
1 Aug ‐ 19 Aug 2011
Online registration & dropping of module without penalty
22 Aug ‐ 25 Sept 2011
Drop module(s) with "W" Grade. Students to write in to get approval
4/11
5/11 FE5101 Tutorial 2
11/11
12/11
18/11 FE5211 Exam (7.00pm ‐ 9.30pm) 25/11
2/12
19/11 FE5101 Exam (9.30am ‐ 12.00nn) FE5107 Exam (2.00pm ‐ 4.30pm)
26/11 FE5102 Exam (9.30am ‐ 12.00nn) FE5108 Exam (2.00pm ‐ 4.30pm)
托福听力lecture的结构
托福听力lecture的结构1. Lecture有结构托福听力的lecture基本上都是总分总的结构，即「引入话题——展开讨论——教授总结」，下面分点论述：1）引入话题其实托福听力lecture里面讲课的教授就跟大家碰到过的老师一样，有的喜欢直入主题，有的喜欢拉七杂八。
总的说来，lecture话题的引入方式有三种：•开门见山：啥也不扯，一言不合就开车，比如TPO1 Lecture2：Ok, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk abouta way in which we are able to determine how old a pieceof land, or some other geologic feature is –datingtechniques.•课程回顾：回顾上堂课的内容，然后再切入本堂课的内容；一般来说本次是上次的细化或者与上次的对比。
比如TPO5Lecture2：Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too, um…not the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moon’s age.••啰哩吧嗦：有的教授实在是特别啰嗦，比如TPO2 Lecture2：Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】Actually,I expected the population to be a lot lower today. Ittypically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day theresearch paper is due.【来的人多不好么，说明你受欢迎啊】Um, I was hoping to have your exams back today【啊，要放榜啦】, but, uh, the situation was that I went away forthe weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnightor so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but myflight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in untilone o’clock in the morning【你飞机晚点关我什么事啊】.Anyway, I’ll do my b est to have them finished by the nexttime we meet【开始上课吧，please】. OK. In the last class,we started talking about...【终于开始了…】不论是用哪一种引入方式，话题总是要出来的。
剑桥雅思10听力原文
剑桥雅思10听力原文官方版剑桥雅思10听力原文test 1Section 1(1) You will hear a woman and a man talking about the work of library. First, you have some time to look at the questions 1-5.You will see that there's an example that has been done for you. On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.Hello, I'm Mrs. Phillips, the head librarian; you are the new library assistant, aren't you?Yes, I'm Robert Hawscow, but please call me Bob.The woman introduces herself as the head librarian Mrs. Phillips, so the name Mrs. Phillips is been written in. Now, we should begin. You should answer the questions as you listen, because you will not hear the recording the second time.Listen carefully and answer questions 1-5.Hello, I'm Mrs. Phillips, the head librarian; you are the new library assistant, aren't you?Yes, I'm Robert Hawscow, but please call me Bob.All right, Bob. Let me take a few minutes to explain how the library works and what your dutieswill be.First, the library opens at 8:30 in the morning; so naturally, we expect you to be here and ready to work by then. Of course.And you can go home at 4:30 when the library closes. Now let me explain where everything's kept.It looks like here on the ground floor is where the reference books are.Yes, that's right. Upon the second floor is where the adultcollection is, both fiction and non-fiction.And the children's books are there too, aren't they? I thought I saw them in the room by thestairway.No, those are magazines and newspapers for adults.Children's books are up one more flight on the third floor, we'll take a look at them later.Let me show you how we organize our work. Do you see that brown book cart over there?The one at the door?Yes, that one, those books have been shacked in and need to go back on the shelves.Okay, so the brown book cart has books to re-shelve, what about the black cart by the desk?Those books have torn pages or damaged covers; they're all books that need to be repaired.Okay, I know how to do a lot of that and I'm very good at mending torn pages and covers.That's great, because we really need help with that.And the white cart over the corner, what are those books for?Those were old books that we've taken off the shelves to make room for new ones.We sell them as used books to raise money for the library.So, they are all ready to sell.Yes, that's right. So, now you know what to do with the books in the carts.Let's talk about out activity schedule.(2) Now listen and answer the questions 6-10.I understand this library has a number of interesting activities every week.Yes, our activities are quite popular; the most popular one isStory Time for the children.Do a lot of children show up for that?Yes, a good many. It takes place in children's room on Thursday mornings at 11:00.Isn't there a family movie night too?Yes, but it's not at night anymore.We used to have family movies on Fridays when the library opened until nine.But now, we have a different activity at that time.So we have to switch family movies to the weekend, Saturday afternoon.How much do you charge for the movies?They are all free. The movie always starts at 2:30 in the reference room.But you don't have to worry about that since you don't work on weekends.And what takes place on Friday evenings?We've just started our weekly lecture series.We have a different speaker every week and the lectures cover all different kinds of topics.That sounds like something I'll be interested in attending.Good, because we'll need your help with that.You' l be working Friday evenings and one of your duties would be to set up the meeting roomon first floor for the lecture.What time will you need that done?Let's say by 6:15, the lecture starts at 6:30 and the room needs to be ready well ahead oftime. A lot of people arrive early.Maybe I should have the room ready by 6:00.That wouldn't be a bad idea. Okay, why don't I take you upstairs and show you the rest of the collection. Section 2(1) You will hear a radio interview by Lakeside Resort.First you have some time to look at questions 11-15.As you listen to the first part of the talk, answerquestions 11-15.Good afternoon, and welcome to Today Show. Thewarm months are with us and many of you are getting ready to plan vacation trips.To help you with that, we have a special guest today, Robert Samson, director of the Golden Lake Resort. Robert, I understand Golden Lake is a popular place for families to spend their vacations.Yes, families enjoy spending time at Golden Lake.Many come back year after year. We have a spectacular location and fanatic activities for bothchildren and adults. Could you describe for us some of the activities available at Golden Lake?We have a lot of water activities of course, Central ride on the lake.We have a pleasant sandy beach for swimming.We also have canoes and sail boats available and many of our guests enjoy boating on thelake.I image water skiing would be popular among your guests.Actually, we don't promote water skiing in the resort area.It can be dangerous for swimmers and for the canoers too.We do have a great location for fishing though and you often see guests fishing from our dock or from the canoes. That sounds very relaxing. What about activities on land? Do you have facilities for tennis?We had tennis in the past, but the courts failed up to repair since we found that most of our guests weren't interested in the game.We closed the court down, so that's no longer our option.And actually, because of location in the woods, we don't have another good area for a golf course.But I'd like to let your listeners to know, there would be adding a new activity this year.We've made an arrangement for a local stable, so now we are going to have horse-back riding available for ourguests.We've created several riding trails around the lake.That sounds lovely. Now, what about rainy days? What can your guests do when the weather's bad?We have a games room and a crafts room. When the weather's rainy, some of our very talented staff members offer art sand crafts classes for all ages.What fun! Do you offer any other classes or activities?(2) Now listen, and answer questions 16-20.We have a weekly schedule of evening activities, which anyone can attend if they choose.Every Sunday we show a film or something suitable for the whole family.Monday is my favorite night because that's dessert night.Our cook prepares variety of desserts and we get to taste them all.Umm...I'd like to be there for that.Yes, it's great. We get more serious toward the middle of the week, our discussion night on Tuesday.Discussion night?Yes, we discuss different current events depending on what's happening that week of news.And on Wednesday, we have lectures. We invite differentexperts to talk about local history on nature topics.This is actually one of our popular evening activities. We found that our guests are really interested in learning about the local areas.It sounds quite interesting.Yes, we have some excellent speakers. Thursday night is totally different, cause that when we play games.That's especially fun for the children. Children love Fridays too, because that's talent show night.Everyone gets in on that (staff, guests, everyone) .It looks like you have a lot of fun at Golden Lake Resort.We do. And we end every week with big fun, with a dance on Saturday night.Now, I understand a little more why Golden Lake is such a popular place for family vacations.With such a variety of activities, there's something for every member of family there.There is. And I hopeyour listeners will consider spending their next vacation with us.That is the end of section 2. You now have half a minute to check your answers.Section 3(1) You will hear two students talking about the classassignment about wild bird rescue adrehabilitation.First, you have some time to look at the questions21-25.As you listen to the first part of the conversation, answer questions 21-25.Okay, let's go over the requirements and see what we have left to do.Let's see. We have to give the professor a written summaryfor the information we've given on ourtopic wild bird rescue and rehabilitation.The other written thing we have to turn in is thecase study of rehabilitation of one bird. We have information on that already.Right. All we have to do is to write it up. What about charts and graphs. Do we need to enclose something like that?I don't think so. They are rarely relevant, but we do have to turn in a list of resources we used.Actually, what about videos? I heard some of the other students were doing that.Well, I guess that must be optional, because I don't see it on the requirements list.Okay, we should start planning our class presentation since that counts for half the grade.We've looked at lots of sources and information, but I think our best source was the interviews we did with the wildlife rehabilitators.Agreed. That and the journal articles. I think we have enough information from those two sources for the presentation.Anyhow, the books we looked at weren't all that helpful.I wonder if we should try to bring in some live birds for the presentation.That would be too difficult, don't you think? But we have lots of photos of rehabilitated birds.We can show those.(2) Now, listen and answer questions 26-30.Right. Okay, I think we should start by talking about how to rescue a bird.Probably first we should help people understand which birds need rescuing.Yeah, that's really important because a lot of times peoplesee a baby bird that's all alone orthey find a bird sitting on the ground and they think it needs to be rescued.And usually, those are just baby birds learning to fly.So we should emphasize that people should only attempt to rescue a bird that's clearly injured.For certain kinds of birds, the rescuer needs to wear protective gloves because some of those birds have sharp claws and can tear your shirt or worse injure your faceor some other part of your body.Yes, that's an important point. Okay, next, let's tell people to put the injured bird in a box, a box with good air circulation.We should let them know that cages are necessary and a bag, especially a plastic one, could hurt the bird more. Another thing we need to say is that the best way to help the bird stay calm is not by patting it or talking to it, but by leaving it completely alone.Then people should take the bird to the Bird Rescue Center as soon as possible.Right. And we should also point out that when they're driving the bird to the Rescue Center, it's better not to play music on the radio or talk loudly.Because those things just stress the bird.Yes, it's better just to speak quietly while you have the bird in the car.Okay, we're got that part covered. Next, we should talk about what happens at the RescueCenter.That is the end of section 3. You now have half a minute to check your answers.Section 4(1) You'll hear a lecture about Great Barrier Reef. Firstyou have some time to look at the questions 31-33. Now listencarefully and answer questions 31-33.Despite of its name, the Great Barrier Reef isn't just one large coral reef.Rather, it's a system of coral reef that stretches along the east coast of Australia, covering an areaof around 300,000 square kilometers.The Great Barrier Reef is composed of approximately 3000 individual reefs which range insize from one hectare to more than 10,000 hectareseach.In addition, around 600 islands are scattered throughout the area, particularly at the northern and southern ends. The reefs themselves are composed of over 400 different kinds of coral, the largest variety of coral found anywhere in the world.(2) Now, listen carefully and answer questions 34-40.Thousands of species of sea animals live in and around the reefs.All together, approximately 1500 species of fish inhabit the reef area, including a number ofdifferent kinds ofsharks.One of the more interesting mollusks to be found in the reefs is the giant clam.These huge shelf fish can live for more than a hundred years and can weigh as much as 200 kilos.Sea mammals are bound in the area, which serves as a breeding ground for certain types of whales, many of which are endangered.Over two hundred species of sea and shore birds fees, roost on nest among the reefs and islands.Many types of reptiles can also be found living around and near the reefs.Salt water crocodiles, for example, inhabit the marshes along coast or the area.Amphibians include at least 7 species of fogs inhabit in the islands and reefs.Unfortunately, this wondrous area of the world is threatened by climate change.Rising sea temperatures have led to an effect called "coral bleaching", that is large numbers of corals dying off, especially in the shallower area of the reef.The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority is attempting to find effective ways to deal with this issue that threatens the reef.One proposed solution involves shading the reef in certain areas to help keep thesurrounding water temperatures down.That is the end of section 4. You now have half a minute to check your answers.test 2Section 1(1) Global bicycle tours. May I help you?Yes, thank you. I'd like to sign up for a bicycle tour.Which tour will you be interested in? We have the River Valley tour coming up in June and the mountain tour in July.The river valley tour was in June. I thought it was on May.It actually takes place the first week of June.Oh, I see. Well, I can still do that. The river valley tour is the one I want.Splendid, Just let me take your information. May I have your name please?Karla Schmidt. That's Karla with "K", not "C", K-A-R-L-A.Thank you, Miss Schmidt. Address?Do you need a street address? Or can I give you my post office box?The post office box is fine.It's P.O.Box, 257, Manchester.Thank you. Okay, next, uld you bring in your own bicycle? Or do you want to rent one from us?I'll bring my own.Excellent. Now, we provide all the meals. So we need to know if you have any diet (dietary)restrictions.I don't think so. What do you mean?I mean if there's any food you can't eat? Some people have food allergy (allergies) orvegetarian or have t avoid dairy products. Things like that.Oh, I see. Yes, I'm a vegetarian and never eat meat.(2) All right. I'll make a note of that. Now the total cost of the tour is $750.That much?The price includes everything: food, hotel, transportation. Everything.Everything?Yes, everything. The only other thing is you have (want) to tip the tour guide. We usuallyrecommend 5% the total tour cost.A five percent tip. I guess that's reasonable.In order to reserve your space on the tour. I'll need a 30% deposit.Do you need that right away?We generally ask for the deposit at least 4 weeks before the tour begins.The River Valley tour begins, let me see, 6 weeks from now, so you need to pay the deposit in 2 weeks.I think I can do that. I nder if you could tell me something how will luggage be transported. Do we carry it on our bicycles?No, you leave that to us. We have a van that carries your luggage from hotel to hotel each day. So you don't have to rry about it.Great. I have a luggage track for my bike. But I guess I n't have to bring that.No, you n't. But there are a few items we recommend that you bring. We can't control the weather, so you should bring a raincoat or a rain gear.Yes, that's a good idea. And I should have my own spare tire too, shouldn't I?Actually, you don't need that. As our guide always carries some and of course, you n't need maps either, since our guide has the route all planned.What about a water bottle? I'll need that, n't I?Yes, you should definitely have a water bottle. A camera uld be a good idea too, since the tour goes through some very scenic areas.I have a guide book of that area. I nder if I should bring it along.We don't recommend guide books. It uld just be extra way and the tour guide knows a great deal about that area. Yes, I see. Is there anything else I need to know?I think we've covered the important points. I'll send you a tour brochure and you can call again if you have any questions.Thank you very much.Section 2(1) Thank you all for coming to see the new renovations to the Half Health Club.I know you be pleased as I am to see the wonderful results of a month of hard work to improve the club and bring in the best facilities ever.We'll beginning here with the swimming pool.You'll notice the new color of the adult pool, a lovely cool green.Now we'll go over here and look at the children's pool.It's the same green, but as you see, with brightly colored sea creatures painted everywhere.Both of the pools needed painting, not only for maintenance, but I think the new color greatlyimproves the atmosphere this part of the club.Next, let's take a look at the locker rooms. Don't worry, there's no one using them just now.Doesn't it feel roomy in here? We've expanded both the men's and women's locker rooms.So now they'll be much more comfortable to use.There are bigger lockers, a good deal of more room of dressing area and more places to store extra towels and equipments.Be careful when as you walk through here. The floor's just been polished and may be slippery.Let's go up to the exercise room next. Here, you'll notice a new floor. Walk on it. Doesn't it feel comfortable?It's a special material, soft the out floor and ideal surfaces for jogging exercising.They have to move all the exercising equipment out while they are working on the floor. But don't worry; it would be brought back in before the end of today.Let's step outside now and look at the tennis courts.We haven't done a great deal here except the equipment.We'll place all the nets in the balls run machine.Otherwise, everything is the same as it was before.Let's walk down this hallway, and here we are the club store, its new location.We thought here by the entrance was a better place for it than was used to be by the swimming pool.But it still has (all) the same items for sale, sports equipment and clothes in the club colors.(2) We are excited about the upcoming activities and events take place on newly renovated club.Now that the pools are ready for used again, swimming lessons will begin tomorrow for both adults and children. If you haven't signed up yet, you can stop by the officebefore you leave today and put your name on the list.If you're a tennis player, you'll be interested to hear about the tennis competition coming upon Wednesday. Players from different clubs all have the region more be participating. If you like to watch the event, tickets are available in the office.Also, I want to be sure you all know you are invited to our club party coming up next weekend.We celebrate the completion of the renovation work and we have a lot to celebrate the entire renovation project was finished in just nine months.That's 3 months less than the twelve months we originally planned on.We're proud of that and proud of weakening the budget too. Because we have such great results with this project. We are all ready planning the next one. We already have two indoor pools and next year weplan to install an outdoor pool right next to thetennis courts.Details of this plan will be made available to all club members soon. All right, I think we've covered just about everything. Any other questions?Section 3(1) Welcome to the City Museum of Art. I'm Doctor Shirley Johnson, the director of the museum internship programme (program).Today, I'll be giving you an oral orientation to themuseum. And our museum administrator's internship programm. Will we get a chance to tour the museum today?Yes, we'll start right now with the tour of the building. We'll skip the basement.Most of that part of the building is devoted to our conservation, which won't be part of your internship.Let's begin here on the ground floor with the museum offices.I guess this is where we'll be spending most of our time, helping with the office work.You'll spend some time working in here, so you can learn what the administrative duties involve.But you also get a chance to experience all aspects of museum work. This room in here is the museum tours office.I'm interested in that. I really like to help about the tours.That's great. Because you all have a chance to lead some tours. And maybe even to develop a tour of your own too.Let's go up to the second floor now.This is the board room in here, isn't it? Will we get to go to board meetings?Only members of the board of directors attend those. Now, back here behind the galleries are the classrooms.You are all welcome to attend any class you want and no charge.But we won't be teaching any, will we?No, the staff of the education department is responsible for that. Let's move up to the third floor now. And the research department.Each of you will spend some time working in here.Great. I'd like to help with the research.We are working on some very interesting research project right now.Also, as extension of your research work, you'll probably contribute to some of the museum's brochures.I'm looking forward to that. I like writing about art. Another thing I've been hoping to be able to do is to meet some artists.You are in luck then. We've planned a reception for the first day of your internship. And youhave the chance to meet several local artists then.(2) Could you give us a little background of the museum? I mean, when was it built and some information about the collections and things like that?Of course. The main part of the museum was built in 1895, with a combination of public and private funds.The new wing was built 60 years later, with the donation from the reign back family.That part of the museum was built for the modern art collection, wasn't it?Yes, it was. In the main part of the museum, we have a gallery devoted to works by localartists, our sculpture collection and a small collection of classical European art.You mentioned classes earlier. What kinds of the classesdoesthe museum offer?In our adult education program, we offer a series of art history classes. And for children, we have a program of arts and crafts workshops.You can get a brochure from the office. That will give you more information.I saw a lot of chairs set up in the main hall. What are those for?Those are there for tonight's musical performance. We offer a weekly concert series during the fall and winter. And of course, all of you are welcome to attend. Now, if there are no more questions, let's step into my office and I'll show you your schedules.Section 4(1)The tomato is a popular vegetable, which figures and cuisines in many countries around theworld. It is particularly prominent in Italian cooking.But it was unknown in Europe until Spanish explorers brought it back from the Americas.The tomato was originated in the highlands of Peru. From there it eventually found its way toMexico, where it was cultivated by the Aztecs.The Aztec tomato wasn't the large, red vegetable we know today; rather, it was small andyellow.When the small round fruit arrived in Italy, it was named"golden apple", for its bright yellowcolour.You'll notice that I just called it a fruit. That's because a tomato is botanically a fruit, evenalmost everyone calls it a vegetable.The actual wordtomato comes from the Aztec name for thevegetable meaning "plant thing".The tomato was arrived in Europe in the 1500s, and quickly became a popular food in Spainand Italy.In the late 1600s, the Italians began publishing recipes that used tomatoes.The British, however, had a different attitude toward the vegetable.It was grown as an ornamental plant in Britain in the 1600s, but it wasn't eaten, because itwas thought to be poisonous.It wasn't until the 1700s that tomatoes became part of the daily diet in Britain.(2) In the United States, tomatoes were also used as ornamental plants rather than as foods for along time.This attitude began to change in the 1800s. In 1806 a gardener's calendar mentioned thattomatoes could be used to improve the flavour of soups and other foods.Thomas Jefferson did much to enhance the tomato's reputation as a food.He first served tomatoes to visitors at his home in Virginia in 1809.Then in 1820, a man named Robert Gibbon Johnson decided it was time to discard onceinfluence all the idea that tomatoes were poisonous.To prove his point, he ate one kilo of ripe tomatoes in public.2000 people gathered to watch this feat, which took place on the steps of courthouse in Salem,Massachusetts. Amazing enough, Johnson survived this stunt. The popularity of the tomato as a food begangrowing rapidly. Soon people all around the country were eating tomatoes. By the 1830s, the Americannewspapers and magazines were publishing thousandsof tomato recipes.However, all those recipes involved using tomatoes in some cooked form.Tomato salads and sandwiches were still not unknown.It wasn't until a century later in 1930s that they became popular for people to eat rawtomatoes.Test 4Section 1Woman: This is the Clear Point Telephone Company customer service office. My name is Ms.Johns. How may I help you?Man: Yes, I'm moving in the lateral arrange to have a phone line installed.Woman: This is the Clear Point Telephone Company customer service office. My name is Ms.Johns. How may I help you?Man: Yes, I'm moving in the lateral arrange to have a phone line installed.Woman: Of course. Let me get some information from you first. May I have your name please?Man: It's Kramer. Harold Kramer.Woman: And would you spell your last name for me please?Man: K-R-A-M-E-R.Woman: M-E-R.Got it. Okay, could I have the address where you'd like to have the telephoneconnected?Man: That would be Number 58 Fulton Avenue, apartment 12.Woman: Is that a business or a residence?Man: A residence. It's my new home address.Woman: Then the type of phone service you want isresidential, not business?Man: Yes, yes. It's for my home.Woman: All right, fine. Now let me get your employment information. Who is your current employer?Man: I work at Wrights ville Medical Group.Woman: Then your occupation is doctor?Man: No, I work for the doctors. I'm the office manager.Woman: Okay, and could I have your work phone number?Man: It's 6375559014.Woman: 9014. Great. Just one more thing, I need to know how long you've been at your current job.Man: I've been working at for quite a while long. Let me see, 8? No, 9. That's right, 9 years.Woman: Okay, good. Yovue' been there long enough. So I don't need to ask about any otherwork history. Now, in addition to our basi c phone service, we have several special services available.Man: Could you explain them to me?Woman: Most customers opt for unlimited long-distance service. It really saves your money ifyou make a lot of long-distance calls. Man: That sounds like a good idea.Woman: Then I'll put you down for long-distance service. Another popular service is voicemail. Voice mail takes all your messages ele ctronically and only takes one simple phone call to retrieve them.Man: Umm. Voice mail. No I don't think so. I have an answering machine to take my messages.It's old but it still works fine. Woman: We also provide Internet service if you're interested in that.Man: I am. Please put me down in Internet as well as phone。
托福听力词汇量要求
托福听力词汇量要求一、校园生活类。
1. assignment [əˈsaɪnmənt]（名词）释义：任务，作业。
例句：The assignment for this week is to write a five page essay. 2. lecture [ˈlektʃə(r)]（名词）释义：讲座。
例句：I attended a very interesting lecture on modern art yesterday.3. professor [prəˈfesə(r)]（名词）释义：教授。
例句：The professor is very strict about the deadline of the paper.4. semester [sɪˈmestə(r)]（名词）释义：学期。
例句：This semester we have more courses than last semester.5. campus [ˈkæmpəs]（名词）释义：校园。
例句：The new library on the campus is very modern.6. dormitory [ˈdɔːmətri]（名词）释义：宿舍。
例句：He lives in the dormitory with three other students.7. register [ˈredʒɪstə(r)]（动词）释义：注册，登记。
例句：You need to register for the new course online.8. tuition [tjuˈɪʃn]（名词）释义：学费。
例句：The tuition has increased a lot this year.二、学术类。
1. biology [baɪˈɒlədʒi]（名词）释义：生物学。
例句：Biology is a very interesting subject that studies living organisms.2. chemistry [ˈkemɪstri]（名词）释义：化学。
Lecture6
UML Case Tools
• You can also do agile modeling with UML case tools like Rational Rose, Together, or one that comes with a popular IDE such as Eclipse or Visual Studio. • Choose a tool that can read your code and reverse engineer it to create diagrams from your code. • Switch back and forth from diagramming to reverse engineering.
11
Introduction
• Why do objects exist?
– To perform an activity to help fulfill a system’s purpose
• UML interaction diagrams are used to illustrate how objects interact via messages.
Fig. 15.4 Communication diagram
:Payment 15
Comparison of Diagrams
Type Sequence Diagram
Strengths
-clearly shows sequence or time ordering of messages. - large set of detailed notation options. Space economical – flexibility to add new objects in two dimensions.
大学英语四六级题型简介和要求
• 较高要求 • 更高要求
考试规模
• 四、六级考试
– 全国所有非英语专业的大学生。 – 全国各省、市、自治区、直辖市，包括西藏、 澳门。
• 四、六级口语考试
– 全国共有 36 省会城市组织四、六级口语考试。 – 全国共设有 51 个四、六级口语考试考点。
CET四、六级口语考试能力等级描述
等级
A B C D
– 说： 陈述，日常会话，就熟悉题材进行口头交际，语音语调基本清 楚、正确。 – 读： 主旨大意、重要信息，速度：70 wpm。 – 写： 30分钟内写120词，内容相关切题，用词用语贴切，文章连惯。 – 译： 借助词典就熟悉题材英汉互译。英译中每小时300词；中译英每 小时250字 。 – 词汇：4500 词；700 词组； 2000 活用词语。
•
CET四、六级深入阅读
• 考前的几大误区 • 误区1：机械背诵大量词汇 • 很多考生将四级阅读考试失利的原因归结为词汇量 不够，因此耗费了大量时间和精力机械地背诵英文 词汇。其实，四级考试和国外的雅思、托福考试相 比，最大的区别就在于，四级考试有明确的考纲， 有规定的词汇考查范围。四级复习过程中，考生完 全不需要毫无目的地记忆大量词汇，只需要将考试 委员会限定的四级词汇研究透彻即可。
CET四、六级深入阅读
• 误区2：大量做模拟题 • 中国人习惯在考试前做一定量的模拟题以达到热身 的作用。做模拟题本身无可厚非，但是如果把复习 的重心放在做模拟题目上，则犯了“本末倒置”的 错误。任何模拟题都只能模仿四级考试的风格，真 正能够真实反映四级考试风格的试题，是每年考试 后公开的真题。考生应当把历年真题作为自己主要 的复习材料。用真题进行演练，既可达到真正检测 自身复习进度的目的，还可以了解四级考试的真正 风格，可谓是“一箭双雕”。
英语自考外贸函电Lecture_4_Offer
Offer
• There are two kinds of offers: firm offer (实盘) and non-firm offer (虚盘).
➢ firm offer: an offer, usu. in written form, which states it may not be withdrawn, revoked, or amended for a specific period of time.实盘
更多关于价格的具体信息。 6. 我方想买贵方目录八所列的男士领带。 7. 我们想了解贵方是否能够提供我方设计的瓷器。如果可以，
请告知我方全面信息。 8. 如果贵方产品和条件比其他供货商更优惠，我方将向贵方
定货。 9. 请给我们报贵方的最低价、最大折扣和交货日期。 10. 我方很乐意向贵方发样品和报价。
samples
Firm Offer
• A firm offer, also called valid offer, During the period of time stipulated in the firm offer, the offeror cannot withdraw or make any changes to the offer. Once the offeree accepts his offer, the offeror must obey the terms and conditions he made.
lecture 6(宾语从句)
第十一讲宾语从句两个句子连接方式1、句子的本质：英语中，一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词。
2、句子数量的判断标准：英语中，句子的数量由谓语动词的数量决定。
3、句子的分类：（2类）1）简单句：有且只有一个谓语动词；2）复合句：由两个或多个简单句构成，因此有多个谓语动词。
4、复合句的分类：（2类）1）并列句：无主从句之分；可独立存在。
2）主从句：有主从句之分；有主才有从。
5、复合句的连接方式：（3种）1）特殊标点符号：；：——（分冒破）2）连词：and, but, or, so3）连接词：what, which, who, whom, when, where…1.Help others whenever you can ____ you’ll make the world a nicer place to live.A．and B.or C.unless D.but2. Stop smoking, ____ you will get better soon.A．and B. or C.but D. after3. Money is important, ____ it’s not the most important thing.A．and B. but C.or D.so4. She can speak little English ____ she dare to talk with foreigners.A．so B. or C.as D.but5.Remember to return the book to the school library in time,____ you will be fine.A．or B. and C. but D. then6. Maria didn’t catch the last bus, ____ she had to walk home.A. becauseB.soC. but7. You’d better get up early in the morning, ____ you will miss the early bus.A.soB. andC. or主从句本质：所有主从句的三大本质：1）有主才有从，主从句相对而言；2）整个从句相当于一个词，从句类型由主句决定，与从句自身组成部分无关。
lecture 6 lesson 8报刊
• The Federal Reserve has already taken action by slashing rates three times since September. Chairman Ben Bernanke last Thursday said the central bank is prepared to take more dramatic action (read: more cuts) given that "the baseline outlook for real activity in 2008 has worsened." • 试译:九月份以来，联邦贮备委员会已经三度调低 利率。美联储主席伯南克上周三说，鉴于“实体 经济活动的基准前景恶化”，央行准备进一步采 取激进的行动（即：进一步降低利率）。
翻译的艺术
“从心所欲，不逾矩”是一切艺 术的成熟境界。-- 朱光潜
The Economy Sucks. But Is It ’92 Redux?
• Clinton makes a gritty, unexpected comeback in New Hampshire. The contentious primaries pivot from a war in Iraq to economics. Business people fret about recession. What is this, 1992? • 试译:希拉里· 克林顿在新罕布什尔州的总统 初选中艰难获胜，出人意料。初选中针锋 相对的辩题从伊拉克战争转向了经济问题。 商界人士担心经济衰退。这是什么，1992 年吗？
BIS Week 7 - L6 - Operational Excellence
Supply Chain Management Systems
• Supply chain:
– Network of organizations and processes for:
• Procuring raw materials • Transforming them into products • Distributing the products
Slide 6 of 34
Supply Chain Management Systems
NIKE’S SUPPLY CHAIN
This figure illustrates the major entities in Nike’s supply chain and the flow of information upstream and downstream to coordinate the activities involved in buying, making, and moving a product. Shown here is a simplified supply chain, with the upstream portion focusing only on the suppliers for sneakers and sneaker Slide 7 of 34 soles.
Slide 2 of 34
week 6
Material for reciting:“I have to declare the decision of His Majesty‘s Government(英国政府) - and I feel sure it is a decision in which the great Dominions(自治领地) will in due concur – for we must speak out now at once, without a day’s delay. I have to make th e declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be? We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable(不可改变的) purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige(残余) of the Nazi regime(政权). From this nothing will turn us – nothing. We will never parley(谈判); we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God‘s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe... That is our policy and that is our declaration. It follows therefore that we shall give whatever help we can to Russia and the Russian people. We shall appeal to all our friends and allies in every part of the world to take the same course and pursue it, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly(坚决地) to the end....--- Winston Churchill, Speech on Hitler's Invasion of the U.S.S.R但现在我必须宣布国王陛下政府的决定，我确信伟大的自治领地在适当时候会一致同意这项决定。
have a lecture 造句简单
have a lecture 造句简单有：1.I have to have a lecture in the morning, so I need to go to bed early.我早上得听讲座，所以我需要早点睡觉。
2.He always has a lecture on time, no matter what happens. 无论发生什么，他总是准时听讲座。
3.She had a lecture on the importance of healthy eating in the schoolhall. 她在学校大厅做了一个关于健康饮食的重要性的讲座。
4.After the experiment, we have a lecture on the importance of safetyin the laboratory. 实验结束后，我们听了一个关于实验室安全重要性的讲座。
5.The professor had a lecture on the history of science to the students.教授给同学们讲了一堂科学史的课。
6.They had a lecture on global warming last week. 他们上周听了一个关于全球变暖的讲座。
7.She had a lecture on the dangers of alcohol and drug abuse. 她有一个关于饮酒和吸毒的危险性的讲座。
8.We had a lecture on the effects of advertising on consumer behavior.我们听了一个关于广告对消费者行为影响的讲座。
9.Yesterday, I had a lecture on the importance of preserving theenvironment. 昨天，我听了一个关于保护环境的重要性的讲座。
法语分类词汇及常用动词变位
法语分类词汇及常用动词变位分类词汇1.法语足球词汇（le football）：足球le ballon、球衣la tenue、犯规la faute、黄牌le carton jaune、联赛le championnat、红牌le carton rouge、越位l'hors-jeu、平局l'egalité、半场la mi-temps、换人le remplacement2.法语钓鱼活动词汇（les activités）：撒网lancer、捕捉attraper、收线ramener、网捕prendre au filet、放生lâcher、装饵amorcer3.法语创伤词汇（la blessure）：扭伤l'entorse、骨折la fracture、割伤la coupure、擦伤l'écorchure、瘀伤la contusion、刺伤l'écharde、晒伤le coup de soleil、烧伤la brûlure、咬伤la morsure、蜇伤la piqûre4.法语棒球词汇（le baseball）：棒球la balle、棒球手套le gant、防护面具le masque、击球手le batteur、接球手le receveur、投球手le lanceur、球棒la batte、头盔le casque5.法语地球词汇（la terre）：大气层l`atmosphère、地壳l`écorce、地幔le manteau、内核le noyau intérieur、外核le noyau extérieur、剖面图la section6.法语动物专题词汇：蚂蚁la fourmi、蜜蜂l'abeille、蟑螂le cafard、蝴蝶le papillon、蜻蜓la libellule、苍蝇la mouche、蚊子le moustique、蜘蛛l'araignée、蜗牛l'escargot、蚯蚓le ver、螃蟹le crabe、龙虾le homard、章鱼la pieuvre le scorpion 蝎子、le chenille 毛毛虫、la sauterelle 蚂蚱7.法语时间（le temps）词汇：昨天hier、今天aujourd'hui、明天demain、前天avant-hier、后天après-demain、周末le week-end、本周cette semaine、上周la semaine dernière、下周la semaine prochaine、工作日le jour ouvrable8.法语油类词汇（les huiles）：核桃油l'huile de noix、杏仁油l'huile d'amande、芝麻油l'huile de sésame、榛仁油l'huile de noisette、橄榄油l'huile d'olive、香油l'huile parfumée、葡萄籽油l'huile de pépins de raisin、葵花籽油l'huile de tournesol 花生油l'huile d'arachide、玉米油l'huile de maïs、植物油l'huile végétale、菜籽油l'huile de colza、冷榨油l'huile pressée à froid9.法语职业词汇（la profession）：鱼贩le marchand de poissons、蔬菜水果商le marchand de légumes、花商la fleuriste、消防队员le pompier、飞行员le pilote、空姐l`hôtesse de l`air、舞蹈演员la danseuse 、酒保le barman、新闻播音员le présentateur10.法语学习用具词汇（l'équipement）：铅笔le crayon、钢笔le stylo、转笔刀le taille-crayon、橡皮la gomme、尺子la règle、笔袋la trousse、笔记本le cahier、教科书le livre、彩色铅笔le crayon de couleur、幻灯机le rétroprojecteur11.法语节庆词汇（les fêtes）：生日聚会la fête、贺卡la carte、生日l'anniversaire、礼物le cadeau、圣诞节le Noël、新年le Nouvel An、狂欢节/嘉年华会le carnaval、感恩节la fête de Thanksgiving、复活节Pâques、万圣节la veille de la Toussaint12.法语几大星球词汇：水星la Mercure、金星la Vénus、地球la Terre、月球la lune、火星la Mars、木星la Jupiter、土星la Saturne、天王星l'Uranus、海王星la Neptune、太阳le soleil 太阳系le sytème solaire、星系la galaxie、星云la nébuleuse、小行星l'astéroïde、彗星la comète、流星le météore、行星la planète13.法语乳制品词汇（les produits laitiers）：黄油le beurre、奶油la crème、酸奶le yaourt、冰淇淋la glace、奶昔le milk-shake、脱脂奶油la crème allégée、高脂肪奶油la crème épaisse、鲜奶油la crème fraîche、人造黄油la margarine14.法语高尔夫球杆词汇（les clubs de golf）：木杆le bois、推杆le putter、铁杆le fer、挖起杆la cale15.法语电话词汇（le téléphone）：无绳电话le téléphone sans fil、移动电话le portable、可视电话le visiophone、电话亭la cabine téléphonique、投币电话le téléphone à pièces、磁卡电话le téléphone àcarte16.法国五个一级酒庄的说法Premiers Crus 一级酒庄：拉斐酒庄Château Lafite ，奥比昂酒庄Château Haut-Brion ，拉图酒庄Château Latour ，玛歌酒庄Château Margaux ，木桐酒庄Château Mouton17.法语数学词汇（les mathématiques）：加additionner、减soustraire、乘multiplier、除diviser、等式l'équation、百分比le pourcentage、等于égale、正plus、负moins、倍fois、除以divisépar、算术l'arithmétique、计数compter18.法语音乐风格专题词汇：爵士乐le jazz、蓝调音乐le blues、朋克音乐la musique punk、民间音乐la musique folk、流行音乐la pop、舞曲la dance、说唱le rap、重金属摇滚la heavy métal、古典音乐la musique classique 雷盖音乐le reggae、乡村音乐la country19.法语奶词汇（le lait）：纯牛奶le lait entier、半脱脂牛奶le lait demi-écrémé、脱脂牛奶le lait écrémé、牛奶le lait de vache、山羊奶le lait de chèvre、炼乳le lait condensé、奶粉le lait en poudre20.法语床上用品词汇（le linge de lit）：枕套la taie d'oreiller、床单le drap、羽绒被la couette、棉被l'édredon、毯子la couverture、床帏la frange de lit、电热毯la couverture chauffante、枕头l'oreiller、床罩le couvre-lit、床垫le matelas、床le lit21.法语七大洲专题词汇：欧洲Europe、非洲Afrique、北美洲Amérique du Nord、南美洲Amérique du Sud、南极洲Antarctique、亚洲Asie、大洋洲Océanie 法语四大洋词汇：太平洋océan Pacifique、大西洋océan Atlantique、印度洋océan Indien、北冰洋océan Arctique22.法语金融词汇（la finance）：股票价格le prix des actions、股票经纪人l'agent de la bourse、投资顾问la conseillère financière、证券交易所la bourse、证券les titres、股权l'action、投资l'investissement、股息les dividendes、佣金la commission、股份les actions23.法语热饮词汇（les boissons chaudes）：茶包le sachet de thé、茶叶les feuilles de thé、茶le thé、咖啡le café、咖啡豆les grains、咖啡末le café moulu、热巧克力le chocolat chaud、麦芽饮料la boisson maltée24.法语篮球词汇（le basket）：球场le terrain、中线la ligne de centre、三分线la ligne de trois points、边线la ligne de touche、底线la ligne de fond、中圈le cercle central、罚球线la ligne de lancer franc、裁判l'arbitre25.法语机场词汇（l'aéroport）：签证le visa、护照le passeport、登机牌la carte d'embarquement、机票le billet、候机大厅la salle de départ、航班号le numéro de vol、班机l'avion de ligne、护照检查处le contrôle de passeports26.法语店铺词汇（le magasin）：糕点店la pâtisserie、肉铺la boucherie、水产店la poissonnerie、鞋店le magasin de chaussures、首饰店la bijouterie、五金店la quincaillerie、古董店le magasin d'antiquités27.Le Visage 脸面、Le V oyage 旅行、Le Vent 风、La Vague波浪、Le Vainqueur 胜利者、La Valeur价值、La Valse华尔兹、La Vanité虚荣、La Villa别墅、La V oiture汽车、La Vue看见、La Vôtre您的... Louis Vuitton 路易·威登28.法语水上运动词汇（les sports aquatiques）：帆板运动la planche àvoile、漂流le rafting、水上摩托le jet-ski、快艇le motonautisme、滑水le ski nautique、冲浪le surf、划船ramer、独木舟le canoë29.法语肉类词汇（la viande）：羔羊肉l'agneau、熏肉le bacon、香肠les saucisses、肝脏le foie、猪肉le porc、牛肉le bœuf、小牛肉le veau、野味肉la venaison、兔肉le lapin、牛舌la langue de bœuf30.法语颜色词汇（Les couleurs）：红色rouge、黄色jaune、橙色orange、蓝色bleu/bleue、白色blanch/blanche、绿色vert/verte、黑色noir/noire、紫色violet/violette、灰色gris/grise31.法语餐馆词汇（le restaurant）：自助餐le buffet、菜单la carte、儿童套餐le menu d'enfant、点菜commander、付账payer、客人le client、吸烟区la partie fumeurs、晚餐菜单le menu du soir、午餐菜单le menu du déjeuner32.法语化妆词汇（le maquillage）：眉笔le crayon à sourcils、眉刷la brosse à sourcils、眉夹la pince à épiler、唇彩le brillant à lèvres、唇刷le pinceau à lèvres、唇线笔le crayon à lèvres、化妆刷le pinceau、遮瑕膏le correcteur33.法语中影片类型词汇：喜剧片la comédie、爱情片la comédie romantique、惊险片le thriller、科幻片le film de science-fiction、恐怖片le film d'horreur、冒险片le film d'aventures、动画片le film d'animation、西部片le western 连续剧le feuilleton、动画片le dessin animé、纪录片le documentaire、电视连续剧la série télévisée34.法语商务词汇（les affaires）：笔记本电脑le portable、商人l'homme d'affaires、女商人la femme d'affaires、商务旅行le voyage d'affaires、工作午餐le déjeuner d'affaires、掌上电脑l'ordinateur de poche、客户le client、商业交易l'affaire、约会le rendez-vous35.法语遥控器专题词汇（la télécommande）：快进l'avance rapide、暂停la pause、录制l'enregistrement、音量le volume、倒带le retour rapide、播放la lecture、停止l'arrêt36.Il fait chaud 天热、Il fait mauvais 天气糟糕、Il fait sec 天气干燥、Il fait humide 天气潮湿、Il fait claire 天气晴朗、Il fait froid 天冷；Il fait du vent 刮风、Il fait du soleil 阳光明媚。
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… b no longer automatically follows a. • So, negating an entailing sentence destroys the entailment.
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Note about entailment
• Presupposition:
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• Entailment:
a. I saw my father today. b. I saw someone today.
Negating a …
a. I didn’t see my father today. b. I saw someone today.
a. John’s brother has just got back from Africa. b. John has a brother.
• The speaker estimates what the hearer knows about the subject …
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2. The approach of pragmatics: An interactional view of presupposition
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2. The approach of pragmatics:
An interactional view of presupposition
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2. The approach of pragmatics: An interactional view of presupposition • This views presupposition as one aspect of a speaker’s strategy of organising information for maximum clarity for the listener.
‘John’s brother’ back’
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Assertion 2 is foregrounded (highlighted) by being given the main verb, ‘has come
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Presupposition
• Presupposition is what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows
e.g. A: What about inviting Simon tonight? B: What a good idea; then he can give Monica a lift.
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1. The approach of semantics: Presupposition as a truth relation
• The corresponding composite truth table (with interpretations):
p
_____________________________________________
q → → T T ← T
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T F T or F
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(If his brother has come back from Africa, John must have a brother)
(If John’s brother has not come back from Africa, John may still have a brother)
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Presupposition
• Further influence of beliefs: a.Have you stopped exercising regularly? b.Have you tried exercising regularly? • Stop implies belief of regular exercise! • The assumption or belief implied by use of a word or structure is presupposition a.John admitted that he had arrived late. b.John said that he had arrived late. • Admit presupposes the truth of the claim • Similarly : assassinated v murdered
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Two approaches to presupposition
Semantics vs. Pragmatics
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1. The semantic approach to presupposition
• Approach 1 looks at the meaning of the sentence without considering the sender or receiver. • Semantics then consists of relating a sentence-object to other sentenceobjects and to the world • This is the perspective adopted in truth relations
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2. The pragmatic approach to presupposition
• Approach 2 looks at sentences as the utterances of individuals involved in a communication act • Here we model the strategies that speakers and hearers use to intercommunicate. • Then, for the speaker, presupposition is part of the task of packaging an utterance • For the hearer, presupposition is one of the inferences made from what is 5/26/2015 8 spoken
a. The mayor of Liverpool is in town today. b. There is a mayor of Liverpool.
Negating a …
a. The mayor of Liverpool isn’t in town today. b. There is a mayor of Liverpool.
(If John has a brother, it doesn’t tell us anything about journeys from Africa)
Note about entailment
• It is the second step in this table that shows the difference between presupposition and entailment If we negate an entailing sentence, then the entailment fails. If we negate a presupposing sentence, the presupposition survives.
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1. The approach of semantics: Presupposition as a truth relation
• Step 1: If p (the presupposing sentence) is true, then q (the presupposed sentence) is true • Step 2: If p is false, then q is still true. • Step 3: If q is true, p could be either true or false.
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Presupposition
• Children often presuppose too much • They may say:
… and he said “let’s go” and we went there. even if their hearers do not know who he is and where there is.
Presupposition: an example
a. Johns’ brother has just got back from Africa.
b. John has a brother.
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1. The approach of semantics:
Presupposition as a truth relation
… b still presupposes a. • So negating the presupposing sentence does not affect the presupposition.