语言学大题完整版

41. Linguistics语言学: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

E.g. she(subject) is(predicate) a girl(object).

42. Phonology音韵学: The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in

communication is called phonology. E.g. the sounds /t/ and /i:/ are put together to refer to the word “tea”, which means something we drink in our daily life.

43. Syntax语法,句法: The study of the rules that govern the combination of words to form

grammatically permissible sentences in language is called syntax. e.g. Words are organized into structures more than just word order: The children watched [the firework from the hill] and The children watched [the firework] [from the hill].

44.Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of language use is called pragmatics. E.g. the

sentence “how did it go?” might have occurred in a conversation between two students talking about an examination.

45. Psycholinguistics语言心理学: The study of language with reference to关于the workings of mind is

called psycholinguistics. e.g. “Tom said that Bill had taken the cleaning out yesterday”, we usually prefer to attach the adverb “yesterday” here to the subordinate(从属的) clause “Bill had taken”.

46. Language语言: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

E.g. English has its own system of speaking, writing and it has its vocabulary.

47. Phonetics语音学: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called

phonetics. E.g. the differences between /p/ and /p h/ are usually what phonetics is interested in.

48. Morphology词态学,词法: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged and combined to

form words is called morphology. E.g.

49. Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. E.g. the words “Tom”and

“smoke”can be formed into such sentences of different meanings: Tom smokes, Tom has smoked, Tom smoked, Tom is smoking, etc.

50. Sociolinguistics社会语言学: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.

E.g. Pidgin 洋泾滨语Creole 克里奥尔语

51. Applied linguistics应用语言学: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of

linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. E.g. the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems, such as: lexicography词典编纂, translation, speech pathology言语病理学, etc.

52. Arbitrariness任意性

logical connection between meanings and sounds e.g. different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.

53. Productivity生产力: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction

and interpretation of new signals by its users. E.g. a red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed.

54. Displacement取代,移位: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are

present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker e.g. we can still read ancient Chinese even now, and we can understand what polar bears are even though they are living far away from us.

55. Duality二元性: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of

two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. E.g. the group of the three sounds /k/, /a:/, /p/ can mean either a kind of fish (carp), or a public place for rest and amusement (park).