Metaphor与Analogy的对比学习
修辞与象征手法
1. Simile通常由三部分构成： 本体（tenor or subject）, 喻体（vehicle or reference） 比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。
eg: My love is like a red red rose. tenor comparative word vehicle
★以事物的特征代替事物本身 A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breast. 千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。 ★以工具代替动作或行为者 A hundred bayonets were marching down the street. 100把刺刀正沿街前进。 ★以容器代替其中内容。 Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle. 每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。 ★以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour. 有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。 She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful. 她有审美眼光。 I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth. 我对你有一个意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达出来。
★虚拟句型 最常见的是as if/though，另外还有其他一些形式。 Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Vealsquez. 这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来 的一样。 The dogs were in full cry, their noses down, their tails up, so close together that might have been one great yellow and white moving carpet. 那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨一条，看上去就 像一块行进的黄白交织的大地毯。 He woke them both up getting to bed, but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead. 他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时， 简直就像唤死人一样。
SAT写作的21种修辞方式 助你疯狂涨分
SAT写作的21种修辞方式助你疯狂涨分1. Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。
或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如：(1) He looked as if he had just stepped outof my book of fairytalesand had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
(2) It has long leaves that sway in thewind like slim fingersreaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
2. Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。
这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
例如:(1) German guns and German planes raineddown bombs, shells andbullets.德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
(2) The diamond department was the heartand center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
3. Metonymy 借喻，转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处。
(完整word)20种英语修辞手法整理
Figure of Speech【整理自PPT】1。
Simile 明喻❖是比喻的一种，是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现,且常带有比喻词，如：❖ Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to❖My love is like a red， red rose。
(Robert Burns)2。
Metaphor 暗喻❖对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不同的是在形式上,暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系.省掉比喻词.❖明喻：Life is like an unexplored river， full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .❖暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns， great beauty， and dangerous surprises。
3. Personification 拟人❖本质上是一种暗喻，其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东西一些人的特征.❖The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently.❖The sun kissed the green fields。
The thirsty desert drank up the water。
4。
Metonymy 借代/换喻❖是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物。
例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息news，用硬币penny来表示钱 money。
❖Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States。
Metaphor与Analogy的对比学习
Concentrate on one point of resemblance
Draw a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance
Metaphor
5.[Sentence] types He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. (他一贫如洗，赤贫的他又特别能吃.)
The chess-board is the world, where the rules of the
Analogy
• Analogy
analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things （two things not in one aspect）that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
Analogy
Analogy
• 4）If A were B, C would…D
• If society were a train the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on which only the coach roll forward.
• 3）(Just) as A…B, (so) C…D (or: …so C…D, just as A…B)
Simile,Metaphor,Analogy
ing the comparatives of adjectives (no more …than, not …any more than)
1)He had no more idea of money than a cow. 2)The ruby(红宝石) shall be redder than a red rose.
1)He treated his daughter as the apple in eye.(他视他女儿为掌 上明珠)
Definition: A metaphor is an implied (暗指的) simile
A metaphor is a figure of speech in which two different things are compared without the use of the words “as, like, as…as, as though, as if”…(Another definition: A metaphor, like simile, also make comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike simile, this comparison is implied rather stated.)
Examples :
1. Using like or as
1)My heart(本体) is like a singing bird(喻体). 2)I( 本体) wondered lonely as a cloud(喻体).
2. Usinቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ A is to B what C is to D
1)The pen is to a writer what a gun to a hunter.
八年级英语议论文论证方法单选题40题
八年级英语议论文论证方法单选题40题1. In the essay, the author mentions a story about a famous scientist to support his idea. This is an example of _____.A.analogyB.exampleparisonD.metaphor答案：B。
本题主要考查论证方法的辨析。
选项A“analogy”是类比；选项B“example”是举例；选项C“comparison”是比较；选项D“metaphor”是隐喻。
文中提到一个关于著名科学家的故事来支持观点，这是举例论证。
2. The writer uses the experience of his own life to prove his point. This kind of method is called _____.A.personal storyB.example givingC.case studyD.reference答案：B。
选项A“personal story”个人故事范围较窄；选项B“example giving”举例；选项C“case study”案例分析；选项D“reference”参考。
作者用自己的生活经历来证明观点，这是举例论证。
3. The author cites several historical events to strengthen his argument. What is this method?A.citing factsB.giving examplesC.making comparisonsing analogies答案：B。
选项A“citing facts”引用事实，历史事件可以作为例子，所以是举例论证；选项B“giving examples”举例；选项C“making comparisons”比较；选项D“using analogies”使用类比。
5.Simile & Metaphor &Analogy
Comparison
a. The stars shine brightly in the sky. b. The stars twinkle like diamonds in the sky.
more vivid and colorful
c. Imperialism appears to be strong but more inwardly it is weak. d. Imperialism is a paper tiger. suggestive of
The Choice of Reference in Difference Cultures
as cold as ice as cunning as a fox as still as death as graceful as a swan as fat as pig as greedy as a wolf
What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up Like a raisin (葡萄干) in the sun? Or fester (化脓) like a sore — And then run — Does it stink like a rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over — Like a syrupy sweet? Its function is to give deeper insight into persons or things.
Group B
Diplomacy is the art of putting your feet down without stepping on anybody’s toes. Education is not the filling of a pail (一桶 水), but the lighting of a fire. He that cannot forgive others breaks the bridge over which he must pass himself for everyman has need to be forgiven.
Metaphor和Simile
Metaphora way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thingSimilean expression that describes something by comparing it with something else, using the words 'as' or 'like', for example 'as white as snow'Metaphor(隐喻)：用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一种事物的方法。
这也是一种比较，不过这个比较是暗含的,且没有用like 或as 等指出。
如果把例句：“My girlfriend is like a sweet watermelon.”，去掉了like 这个描述词，这便是隐喻用法而不是明喻了。
因为在改了的这个句子里面，虽然也把My girlfriend 比作 a sweet watermelon，但却没有一个词指出这个比较，因而watermelon 此处是隐喻用法。
隐喻通常和be 动词连用，但是句子中的名词、动词、形容词或副词都可以有隐喻用法。
(1) A nest is to a bird what a house is to a man. （Art and Architecture, SEFC 2A, P.21）鸟巢对于鸟而言，正如房子对于人一样。
本句话的语言结构：“A is to B what C is to D”为隐喻结构，意为“A 对B 而言正如C 对D 一样。
”(2) There were a few lordly poplars before the house.有一排白杨像贵族一样矗立在房子前。
英汉辞格对比研究Simile,Metaphor,Metonymy和比喻,借代
英汉辞格对比研究:Simile,Metaphor,Metonymy和比喻,借代作者：吴青铭来源：《科教导刊》2009年第03期摘要本文将英语辞格当中的Simile,Metaphor和Metonymy与汉语辞格当中的比喻和借代进行比较,总结出它们之间的对应关系。
关键词SimileMetaphorMetonymy比喻借代中图分类号:G427文献标识码:A1引言中国古代的诗学研究,以“赋比兴”概括诗歌的创作方法。
“赋比兴”被视为中国传统的修辞手法,并逐步发展和分解成众多的修辞格。
英语中相似和关系类修辞手段有二十余种。
本文将英语辞格当中的Simile,Metaphor和Metonymy与汉语辞格当中的比喻和借代进行比较,总结出它们之间的对应关系。
2汉语中的比喻和借代2.1 汉语中的比喻比喻是一种修辞方式,即打比方,是用本质不同又有相似点的事物描绘事物或说明道理的辞格。
比喻里被比方的事物叫本体,用来打比方的事物叫喻体,联系两者的词语叫做喻词。
比喻主要分为三类:明喻、暗喻、借喻。
(1)明喻:明喻的构成方式是本体,喻体都出现,中间用“像,如,似,仿佛,犹如,有如,一般,像……似的”等一类比喻词。
例如:这是一种像个小钟似的花/ 夜空里的星星像钻石一样闪亮(2)暗喻:暗喻又叫隐喻,本体和喻体也都出现,但用“是,变成,成为,等于”等喻词。
例如:祖国是母亲/ 书籍是朋友(3)借喻:借喻不出现本体,直接借比喻的事物来代替被比喻的事物,被比喻的事物和比喻词都不出现。
例如:天下乌鸦一般黑(喻体“乌鸦”比喻旧时官吏)六一儿童节那天,花儿们愉快地来到了学校参加活动。
(喻体“花儿”比喻朝气蓬勃的小朋友)2.2汉语中的借代不直接说出某人或者某事物的名称,借同它密切相关的事物的名称去代替,这种辞格叫做借代。
借代主要有以下几类:特征,标志代本体;专有名词代替泛称;具体代抽象;部分代整体。
(1)特征,标志代本体:用人或物的特征标志去代替本体事物的名称。
(完整word版)Metaphor和Simile
Metaphora way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thingSimilean expression that describes something by comparing it with something else, using the words 'as' or 'like', for example 'as white as snow'Metaphor(隐喻)：用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一种事物的方法。
这也是一种比较，不过这个比较是暗含的,且没有用like 或as 等指出。
如果把例句：“My girlfriend is like a sweet watermelon.”，去掉了like 这个描述词，这便是隐喻用法而不是明喻了。
因为在改了的这个句子里面，虽然也把My girlfriend 比作 a sweet watermelon，但却没有一个词指出这个比较，因而watermelon 此处是隐喻用法。
隐喻通常和be 动词连用，但是句子中的名词、动词、形容词或副词都可以有隐喻用法。
(1) A nest is to a bird what a house is to a man. （Art and Architecture, SEFC 2A, P.21）鸟巢对于鸟而言，正如房子对于人一样。
本句话的语言结构：“A is to B whatC is to D”为隐喻结构，意为“A 对B 而言正如C 对D 一样。
”(2) There were a few lordly poplars before the house.有一排白杨像贵族一样矗立在房子前。
隐喻(metaphor)与转喻(metonymy)界面研究
研修计划题目：隐喻（metaphor）与转喻（metonymy）界面研究概要：转喻和隐喻实际上代表了基于相同认知机制所从体现的不同认知形式。
因此，如何从一个合理的思维角度处理两者的接口问题，对于认知语言学的诸多问题的解决是一个颇为重要的论题。
本文拟立足于转喻和隐喻之关系的起因、传统划界,从认知科学角度对两者接口做系统分析,从认知科学的角度将隐喻和转喻的界面研究扩展到整个人类的认知交流过程中。
本研究对隐喻和转喻的划界的研究有助于澄清语言哲学中的许多相关论题，丰富语言研究的认知科学转向，对于揭示语言活动的认知实质具有重要的科学价值和方法论意义。
文献综述：虽然隐喻和转喻的互动关系已经得到论证,但是我们依然能够很容易地区分两个不同认知过程的影响,而且它们之间的类属性互不包容。
但尽管如此,在隐喻和转喻之间还是存在一种真实的不确定性.转喻是一个认知域向另一个认知域的概念映射,两个认知域都包含在同一个理想认知模型内,源域提供通往目标域的心理通道。
Ｒadden同时提出了以转喻为基础的隐喻这一中间概念,并认为传统定义下的转喻和隐喻可以视为位于转喻—隐喻连续体轴上两端的原型范畴,以转喻为基础的隐喻占据连续体轴上的中间模糊地带,它们体现了转喻和隐喻之间的互动关系,可以随不同的观察视角更靠近某一端。
而且,转喻和隐喻之间的区别不是离散的,而是标量的。
Ｒadden认为, 转喻—隐喻连续体的建立机制可以从经验基础、语用含义、范畴结构和文化模式四个方面加以分析。
以转喻为基础的隐喻包括四种情况,即两个概念域具有共同的经验基础,概念域由语用含义联系,概念域涉及范畴结构,概念域由文化模式互相联系,这四种隐喻可能同时发生在某个特定情形中。
转喻和隐喻共有的经验基础首先为连续体的建立提供来源,例如,Lakoff概念隐喻MORE IS UP中垂直高度与数量之间的关系就是基于经验基础的转喻关系。
范畴结构也为隐喻的转喻基础提供了来源,范畴结构的范畴(整体)与范畴成员(部分)之间的相互指代关系本身就是转喻关系,因此,基本上所有的范畴都具有转喻系,转喻和隐喻是范畴语义拓展的两个基本途径,转喻甚至比隐喻更基本。
从隐喻视角看汉英中身体部位词对比翻译
从隐喻视角看汉英中身体部位词对比翻译郑菲菲【摘要】在英语和汉语中存在着许多身体部位词,由于文化上的不同,它们各自代表着不同意思,本文试图从隐喻的视角出发,将英汉中身体部位词的翻译进行对比分析.【期刊名称】《湖北广播电视大学学报》【年(卷),期】2014(034)006【总页数】2页(P100-101)【关键词】隐喻;身体部位词;对比翻译【作者】郑菲菲【作者单位】浙江工商大学,浙江杭州 310018【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H059一、引言隐喻一词 metaphor源自希腊语两个词根“mete（整体）”和“phora（转移）”，意为将某一事物的内涵转移到另一事物上再表达出来，或把不同类的事物进行类比联想，找出其相似性。
亚里士多德提出修辞的时候，隐喻仅仅是一种修辞格，但是在上个世纪80年代，在Lakoff和Jonson 撰写的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中提出了革命性的“概念隐喻理论”革新了传统修辞学把隐喻仅仅看做是一种修辞手段的观点，认为隐喻是从一个具体的概念域向一个抽象的概念域的系统映射，隐喻是思维问题，不只是语言问题，隐喻是思维方式和认知手段，从此将隐喻引入了一个更为广阔的研究空间。
由于汉英两国文化意识和思维方式上，以及历史上的一些原因，导致了用来形容我们五官的词在某些方面所代表的涵义也有所不同。
例如在汉语中我们常常用“满腹经纶”来形容一个人的博学多才，很多时候我们将“腹”字与英语中的“brain”两在一起，例如“腹稿”，意思就是内心酝酿成熟以供表达的诗文构想，再如“腹议”，最上没说，心里对人有看法，等等，都是与心相互联系的。
而英语中的“gut”，意思是“the organs inside your body，or the tube which food passes from your stomach”，与中文的腹的原意识相同的。
然而“gut”一词在英语中的象征意义却是“the courage and determination you need to do something difficult or unpleasant”，指的是“勇气，决心”，与中文的“腹”的象征意义完全不同。
Metaphor与Analogy的对比学习解读
Metaphor
Varieties of Metaphor--Sustained metaphor 博喻
A comparison between two unlike things that continues through a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.
4.[Preposition phrase ] types A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and
flagged me to stop. (一位警察招手, 要我从长蛇阵般的车流中出来， 并招
呼我停下.)
The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes. (石头形如小猫，眼似水晶. )
……第五次闪电又发作了, 这闪电象蛇一样蜿蜒游动, 爆发出 魔鬼的嘶喊。电光象翠玉一祥碧绿, 回响震耳欲聋。
Metaphor
Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good, A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly; A flower that dies when first it begins to bud; A brittle glass that’s baphor
5.[Sentence] types He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. (他一贫如洗，赤贫的他又特别能吃.)
浅析隐喻(Metaphor)和换喻(Metonymy)的区别与联系
浅析隐喻（Metaphor）和换喻（Metonymy）的区别与联系作者：郑雅楠来源：《人间》2016年第32期（哈尔滨师范大学，黑龙江哈尔滨 150025）摘要：传统的修辞理论把隐喻和换喻作为两个并列的修辞格。
许多隐喻理论常常把换喻作为隐喻的一个种类。
本文从概念、结构、功能和运作机制等角度对隐喻和换喻进行分析两者之间的区别与联系。
关键词：隐喻；换喻；认知功能；运作机制；区别中图分类号：H05 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-864X（2016）11-0257-01一、隐喻与换喻的概念（一）隐喻的概念。
隐喻通常是指两个不同领域事物之间的联系，一般用于通过A事物理解或解释B事物，涉及到两个概念的映射。
（二）换喻的概念。
换喻着重的是事物本身的特点或它与其他事物之间的特殊关系，基本上是利用A事物的某一显著特征来指认该事物，基本不涉及事物特征的转移。
二、隐喻与换喻的结构（一）隐喻的结构。
从结构上来看，隐喻由“本体”，“喻体”和“喻底”三部分组成。
如：她纯洁得永远像春天像蝴蝶。
其中，“她”是本体，“春天’夕、“蝴蝶”是喻体，而“纯洁”是喻底。
需要注意的是只有符合“通过一事物来理解另一事物”才能被称为隐喻。
因此，就隐喻的本质来说，隐喻是通过某一事物来理解另外一事物。
喻体与本体之问的关系是差异中的相似。
所谓差异，指的是本体和喻体两者属于小同的领域，这是构成隐喻的基础，例如：百科全书是一座金矿。
“百科全书”与“金矿”为小同的事物，分属小同的领域。
但在这两者之问却存在着某方面的相似。
例如在上例中，说“百科全书”是“一座金矿”因为两者都“值得挖掘”，因此这就构成了一个隐喻。
（二）换喻的结构。
换喻也可以看作由三个部分组成：本体、喻体和喻底。
但与隐喻小同的是，在换喻中，本体从不出现，喻体就是喻底。
本体和喻体是以隐含的方式在起作用的。
本体和喻体之问是一种替代的关系。
而这两个事物之问并小存在一种相似的关系，喻体之所以可以替代本体，因为它代表了本体的某一特征。
Analogy,simile,metapor的对比
4）If A were B, C would…D If society were a train the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on which only the coach roll forward. (by William Hazlitt)
英文版
• Analogy is a special form of comparison which draws parallel similarities between two unlike things (or the two unlike things have several similar properties). • All metaphors and similes are based on analogy. But an analogy compares two things not only in one aspect as a simile or a metaphor does, but also taps between the two things as many similarities as possible and then develops them so as to make the comparisons more outstanding and effective. • The more points of similarity, the stronger the analogy. These points of similarity are made explicit, not left to the reader’s imagination.
simile and metaphor(明喻和暗喻的区别 及举例)
I have got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.
Simile明喻 直喻：是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同 事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是：A像B。 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不 是事物的自然属性. My heart is like a singing bird. As white as snow .I wandered lonely as a cloud. as cool as a cucumber 极为冷静的（像黄瓜一样冷静） as easy as a pie 极容易（像馅饼一样容易） as fussy as a hen with one chick 在小事上瞎操心 as hard as the nether millstone 铁石心肠(像下层的磨石坚硬） as hungry as a hunter 非常饥饿（像猎人一样饥饿） as lively as a cricket 极活泼（像蟋蟀一样活泼） as mad as a wet hen 非常生气（像弄湿的母鸡一样生气） as mild as a dove 非常温和（像鸽子一样温和） as plain as the nose in your face 一清二楚（像你脸上的鼻子一样清楚） as poor as a church mouse 赤贫的（像教堂的老鼠一样穷） as proud as a peacock 极骄傲（骄傲得像只孔雀） as strong as a horse 健壮如牛 as stupid as an owl 极愚蠢（像猫头鹰一样愚蠢） as thin as a wafer 极薄（像糯米纸一样薄） as true as steel 绝对可靠（像钢一样可靠）
词的理据Semantic motivation
1. Metaphor 暗喻
Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to anther.
telethon马拉松式电视广播节目色彩类比主要通过表示不同颜色的词类比出新词新语blacklistwhitelist白名单用户指定不受任何约束的联系人graylist灰名单指非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人由数字类比构成的词有的数字不变只变动被修饰语
Semantic motivation 语义理据
Semantic motivation
Semantic
语义理据
motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
It
explains the connection between the literal meaning and figurative meaning of a word.
bread—food
The Pentagon (五角大楼)— United States Department of Defense
（4）Analogy 类比
Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.
The He
mouth of a river
manages to earn bread
浅析《高级英语》中隐喻（metaphor）的运用
浅析《高级英语》中隐喻（metaphor）的运用【摘要】修辞是语言中一个重要的组成部分，有语言就有修辞。
通过修辞人们能把事物、思想、感情等具体，生动，形象地表达出来，增强语言的表达效果。
同时，修辞也是《高级英语》课程学习的一个重要内容，由张汉熙主编的《高级英语》课本中的文章都是精选的名家名篇，这些文章中使用了大量的修辞。
使文章生动传神，绘声绘色，增强了文章的感染力。
本文主要就《高级英语》课文中出现的暗喻这一修辞的运用加以论述。
【关键词】隐喻;高级英语；比喻是英语中最常用的辞格，是以比喻彼的手段。
它有一个基础，四项要素。
基础就是心理上的联想。
比喻辞格是对感知过程中产生的某种联想进行描述的一种语言艺术手法。
联想必须产生于不同类事物的比拟；同类事物的比较不构成联想，也就不构成比喻辞格。
在联想的基础上，比喻具备四个要素：（1）本体(the signified）：即所要表述、描绘的对象，是被喻者。
（2）喻体(the signifier)：即用来表述、描绘本体的比喻者。
（3）相似点(similarity)：即联想的依据。
（4）相异点(dissimilarity)：即本体与喻体之间在整体上的极不相同之处。
隐喻（又称暗喻）是比喻的一种，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体在形式上的相合（be）的关系。
关于隐喻的定义,不同的书中都给了不同的释义。
亚里士多德在其名著《诗学》（Poetics）中称隐喻就是“把一个事物的名称转用于另一个事物”。
(Tropes are the application of the name of a thing to something else.密执安大学出版社1976年版的Gerald F.Else英译本)。
美国当代学者Albert Howard CarterⅢ 教授在80年代后期的研究中指出，隐喻不是单纯的点缀手段，而是具有认识论价值的语言结构。
(Metaphors are not simply ornamental devices, but linguistic structures that bear epistemological weight.)隐喻是一种感知、评估和解释世界的综合性方式(A metaphor is a synthetic way of perceiving the world, evaluating and interpreting it). 隐喻是在潜意识层上的一种感情转移（an emotional transference at a subconscious level.引自Albert Howard CarterⅢ：Metaphors in the Physician-Patient Relationships.）。
metaphor_外语学习-英语学习
ContentsAbstractⅠ.IntroductionⅡ.A brief survey1.Defition of metapho2.Types of metaphor3.Metaphors in Chinese and Western studiesⅢ.Metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures1.correspondin, non-correspondence2.Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor ;the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures ;The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Ⅳ. 1.metaphorical expression of cultural conflict2. different living conditions caused differences of metaphor3.the metaphor arising from religious and cultural differencesⅤ. Translation of metaphors1.On the standard of translation2.Obstacles in the translation of metaphor3.Skills in translation of metaphorⅥ. ConclusionBibliographyAcknowledgementsAbstractⅠ.Introduction: Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition ofmetaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on.Ⅱ.A brief survey1.Defition of metaphorMetaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is athat constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.2.T ypes of metaphormon types:①A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. Most people do not visualize the action — dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both. ②An extended metaphor (conceit), establishes a principal subject (comparison) and subsidiary subjects (comparisons). The As Y ou Like It quotation is a good example, the world is described as a stage, and then men and women are subsidiary subjects further described in the same context. ③A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first. Example: "If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate." Quote from Futurama TV show character Zapp Brannigan.2.2.Uncommon typesOther types of metaphor have been identified as well, though the nomenclatures are not as universally accepted:2.2.1.An absolute or paralogical metaphor (sometimes called an anti-metaphor) is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image.2.2.2.An active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor.2.2.3.A complex metaphor is one which mounts one identification on another. Example: "That throws some light on the question." Throwing light is a metaphor: there is no actual light, and a question is not the sort of thing that can be lit up.2.2.4.A compound or loose metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of similarity. Example: "He has the wild stag's foot." This phrase suggests grace and speed as well as daring. 2.2.5.An implicit metaphor is one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor.3.Metaphors in Chinese and Western studiesIn 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. "Ⅲ.Metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures1. Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages- English and Chinese. Metaphor have the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on .This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, the whole of human society and cultural backgroundare certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience.2.non-correspondence: English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages , resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the correspondingnon-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories:2.1. Vehicle is same, Yu Yi does not correspond toEnglish and Chinese in some cases there are , but in in the meaning of their own language and culture the metaphor means different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum)2.2.Yu Yi is same, the vehicle does not correspond toThe two nations, English and Chinese, due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao.2.3.Yu Yu Yi and the meaning do not correspond toSome of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with apiece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor .3.1.Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphorMetaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience.3.2.the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western culturesAs the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences.3.3. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influenceLanguage is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse.Ⅳ.1.1.metaphorical expression of cultural conflictDifferent nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures have a lot of conflicts or inconsistency metaphor. Such as the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." "Dragon" give a different connotation.So the same analogy in different cultures have different meaning.1.2.different living conditions caused differences of metaphorIn English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society.1.3.the metaphor arising from religious and cultural differencesReligious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on.Ⅴ. T ranslation of metaphors1.On the standard of translationIn the field of translation, the standard of translation has been a fierce controversy, including Nida‟s formal correspondence vs. Functional Equivalence, Newmark‟s semantictranslation vs. communication translation, literal translation vs. free translation, form vs. content,source-oriented vs. target-oriented, author-centered vs. reader-centered, the purpose of theauthor vs. the purpose of the translation and so on; [12]P5 Therefore, it is impossible to define astandard for the translation of all metaphors. Metaphor reveals the aesthetics of language; what‟smore, it reflects the speaker or writer‟s education, experiences, observation, conception towardsthe world ect., so it is very important to keep the metaphorical meaning and the images by usingany skills of translation, that is, metaphors can be translated in flexible ways to convey theinformation and the effect of the source language.2.Obstacles in the translation of metaphorFor the differences between languages, the obstacles in translation sometimes make it very difficult even impossible to convey the effect of the source metaphor. As Chinese is regardedcontextual language, which always turns to be obstacles on translation into English. Thefollowing cases are among the most common.eg.1她就是这样风里来雨里去。
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Metaphor
Laws…like cobwebs, where the small flies are
caught and the great break through. 法律……犹如蛛网，小的蚊蝇给网捕住，大的则 一冲而过。
Metaphor
Varieties of Metaphor--Extended metaphor 延喻--Types of extended metaphor
Contents
• Metaphor • Analogy • Metaphor & Analogy
Metaphor
• Metaphor
a way of describing something by
referring to it as something different
and suggesting that it has similar
means proportion.
vs.
Analogy
Essence Structure
A figure of speech; an implicit comparison
Rather than a figure of speech, more of a logical argument; a rather parallel relationship of two objects
qualities of that thing
Another definition: like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
game are what we call the laws of nature. (棋盘如世界，游戏规则如同自然法则.)
Metaphor
※ Idioms or phrases with Metaphor（1）
Teach a fish to swim 班门弄斧 Feather one’s nest 中饱私囊 Beard the lion in his den 虎口拔牙 Add insult to injury 雪上加霜 Cast pearls before swine 对牛弹琴 Hold the candle to the devil 助纣为虐 Cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉 Fish in the air 水中捞月
Analogy
• Analogy
analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things （two things not in one aspect）that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
• ①Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.
• ②The man who cannot be trusted is to society what a bit of rotten timber is to a house.
PPT模板下载：/moban/
Metaphor & Analogy
(1) Reading is the food of the mind.
(2) Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
( 1 ) metaphor ( 2 ) analogy
…again out leapt the fifth flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning.
1.[Verb] types:
Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness. (她的双眼似爱的池塘，正泛着柔情蜜意的涟漪.)
2.[Noun] types
Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is
Metaphor sustained metaphor 博喻 extended metaphor 延喻
Metaphor
Varieties of Metaphor--Sustained metaphor 博喻
A comparison between two unlike things that continues through a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.
美不过是作不得准的浮影; 像耀眼的光彩, 很快就会销毁; 像一朵花刚开放随即凋零; 像晶莹的玻璃转眼就已破碎;
Varieties of Metaphor--Extended metaphor 延喻
Metaphor
According to the Longman Modern English Dictionary, the author use extended metaphor make an initial comparison and then develop it, expanding the idea.
Analogy
Analogy
• 4）If A were B, C would…D
• If society were a train the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on which only the coach roll forward.
• 3）(Just) as A…B, (so) C…D (or: …so C…D, just as A…B)
• ①（Just）as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, (so) no lies can cover up facts.
• ② Just as Darwin discovered the law of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history.
• Analogy--- Patterns of analogy • 1）A is to B as C is to D • ① Food is to man as fuel is to engine. • ② Air is to man as water is to fish.
Analogy
• 2）A is to B what C is to D (or: A to B is what C is to D, or what C is to D, A is to B)
Concentrate on one point of resemblance
Draw a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance
Metaphor vs. Analogy
Metaphor
origin
Metaphor
Analogy
Originated from the Greek Came from the Greek
wordalogia, which
means to transfer.
4.[Preposition phrase ] types A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and
flagged me to stop. (一位警察招手, 要我从长蛇阵般的车流中出来， 并招
呼我停下.)
The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes. (石头形如小猫，眼似水晶. )
Metaphor
• The properties of an effective metaphor： 1) freshness and originality （立意新颖） 2) aptness （恰当贴切） 3) consistency（协调一致）
• Varieties of Metaphor （变体）
……第五次闪电又发作了, 这闪电象蛇一样蜿蜒游动, 爆发出 魔鬼的嘶喊。电光象翠玉一祥碧绿, 回响震耳欲聋。
Metaphor
Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good, A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly; A flower that dies when first it begins to bud; A brittle glass that’s broken presently;
Text book P7：analogy is a special kind of comparison and a more concrete way to explain things.
like comparison, analogy shows similaries; not like comparison, analogy aims at what is common between two things of different classes.