学术英语社科Unit2二单元原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
学术英语(社科)-Unit-2含答案
Unit 2
Economics
Text A
English language for academic purpose
Signpost language
cause and effect: clue words to indicate cause and effect:
because the reason lead to, result from is due to
Former President of the United States Journalist
Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft
Singer for the Rolling Stones
Unit 2
Economics
• Text A
–Critical reading and thinking – Difficult sentences – English language for
Unit 2
Economics
Text A
English language for academic purpose
Specialized vocabulary
elasticity
（__需_求__等_的_）__弹_性_
comparative advantage __比_较__优_势_____
consumer surplus __消__费_过_剩_________
→ Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies – actually just because they are not that realistic – they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.
学术英语-综合-第二单元
▪ Profit maximization is the right goal for a business---- Adam Smith
2016年3·15晚会：共筑消费新生态
▪ 【曝光】“饿了么”惊现黑心作坊 看完你还会饿 么？
▪ 【曝光】制造用废钢料 这样的假牙你敢戴吗？ ▪ 【权威发布】跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ There are two schools of thought regarding how companies should approach a definition for business ethics: the shareholder perspective and the stakeholder perspective.
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ Shareholder Perspective ▪ Those who approach ethical decision making from
a shareholder perspective focus on making decisions that are in the owners' best interest. Decisions are guided by a need to maximize return on investment for the organization's shareholders. Individuals who approach ethics from this perspective feel that ethical business practices are ones that make the most money.
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译1. Unit 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buystock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.2. Unit 2In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.在过去的三周里，我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。
学术英语综合第二单元
自由企业制度，就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所 享有的自由创业权、自由经营权、自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财 产权等一系列的制度安排。它包括产权制度、进入退出制度、公平竞 争制度、平等合约制度、平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等。
Do you agree or not?
格 ▪ 【消费预警】你买的人参可能一半是白糖！
Balance profit and business ethics
Business Ethics
▪ Business ethics means written and unwritten codes of moral standards that are critical to the current activities and future aspirations of a business organization. They can differ from one company to another because of differences in cultural perspectives, operational structures and strategic orientations. The guiding framework of business ethics exists all levels of the organization. It is about having the wisdom to determine the difference between right actions and wrong decisions.
▪ Profit maximization is the right goal for a business---- Adam Smith
学术英语原文2单元
Unit 2 Energy in TransitionThe era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production.But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy －well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and co nstraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs －and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status －energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be plausible that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think thatexpanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.The crucial q uestion at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether the trend that began in the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale ofenergy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms. It entailed the use of dirty coal as well as clean; undersea oil as well as terrestrial; deep gas as well as shallow; mediocre hydroelectric sites as well as good ones; and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today’s scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.There are a variety of other energy resources that are more abundant than oil and gas. Coal, solar energy, and fission and fusion fuels are the most important ones. But they all require elaborate and expensivetransformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society’s needs. None has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable to those of the cheap coal-fired and hydropower plants of the 1960’s. It appears, then, that expensive energy is a permanent condition, even without allowing for its environmental costs.The capacity of the environment to absorb the effluents and other impacts of energy technologies is itself a finite resource. The finitude is manifested in two basic types of environmental costs. External costs are those imposed by environmental disruptions on society but not reflected in the monetary accounts of the buyers and sellers of the energy. “Internalized costs” are increases in monetary costs imposed by measures, such as pollution-control devices, aimed at reducing the external costs.Both types of environmental costs have been rising for several reasons. First, the declining quality of fuel deposits and energy-conversion sites to which society must now turn means more material must be moved or processed, bigger facilities must be constructed and longer distances must be traversed. Second, the growing magnitude of effluents from energy systems has led to saturation of the environment’s capacity to absorb such effluents without disruption. Third, the monetary costs of controlling pollution tend to increase with the percentage of pollutants removed.Despite these expenditures, the remaining uninternalized environmental costs have been substantial and in many cases are growing.Those of greatest concern are the risk of death or disease as a result of emissions or accidents at energy facilities and the impact of energy supplied on the global ecosystem and on international relations.The impacts of energy technologies on public health and safety are difficult to pin down with much confidence. In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emissions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved impossible. Widely differing estimates result from different assumptions about fuel compositions, air pollution control technology, power-plant sitting in relation to population distribution, meteorological conditions affecting sulfate formation, and, above all, the relation between sulfate concentrations and disease.Large uncertainties also apply to the health and safety impacts of nuclear fission. In this case, differing estimates result in part from differences among sites and reactor types, in part from uncertainties about emissions from fuel-cycle steps that are not yet fully operational (especially fuel reprocessing and management of uranium-mill tailings) and in part from different assumptions about the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation. The biggest uncertainties, however, relate to the probabilities and consequences of large accidents at reactors, at reprocessing plants and in the transport of wastes.Altogether, the ranges of estimated hazards to public health from both coal-fired and nuclear-power plants are so wide as to extend from negligible to substantial in comparison with other risks to the population. There is little basis, in these ranges, for preferring one of these energy sources over the other. For both, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.Often neglected, but no less important, is the public health menace from traditional fuels widely used for cooking and water heating in the developing world. Perhaps 80 percent of global exposure to particulate air pollution occurs indoors in developing countries, where the smoke from primitive stoves is heavily laden with dangerous hydrocarbons. A disproportionate share of this burden is borne, moreover, by women (who do the cooking) and small children (who indoors with their mothers).The ecological threats posed by energy supply are even harder to quantify than the threats to human health and safety from effluents and accidents. Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being. This damage potential arises from the combination of two circumstances.First, civilization depends heavily on services provided by ecological and geophysical processes such as building and fertilizing soil, regulating water supply, controlling pests and pathogens, and maintaining a tolerable climate; yet it lacks the knowledge and the resources to replace nature’sservices with technology. Second, human activities are now clearly capable of disrupting globally the processes that provide these services. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity. The environmental transition of the past 100 years －driven above all by a 20-fold increase in fossil-fuel use and augmented by a tripling in the use of traditional energy forms －has amounted to no less than the emergence of civilization as a global ecological and geochemical force.Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change. And the greenhouse gases most responsible for the danger of rapid climate change come largely from human endeavors too massive, widespread and central to the functioning of our societies to be easily altered: carbon dioxide (CO2) from deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels; methane from rice paddies, cattle gusts and the exploitation of oil and natural gas; and nitrous oxides from fuel combustions and fertilizer use.The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating large-scale military conflict. One such threat is the potential for conflict over access to petroleum resources. Another threat is the link between nuclear energy and the spread of nuclear weapons. The issue is hardly less complex and controversial than the link between CO2 and climate; many analysts,including me, think it is threatening indeed.能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
学术英语社科课文翻译
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.人们会对激励做出反应6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。
因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。
你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。
一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。
其余的评论。
”11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的co at-benefi t计算。
安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。
换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。
人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。
安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。
安全驾驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。
12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。
然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltz nab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。
根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。
他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。
13.peltma n对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。
在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。
Unit2 Energy for Planet Earth 课文翻译
Unit2 Energy for Planet Earth A课文翻译（学术综合英语教材(研究生课程）P52）能源转型能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
约翰∙R∙霍德雷恩了解这一转变，需首先考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。
从积极的意义上说，能源为人类幸福作出了贡献，它为经济生产活动提供必要投人的同时，也提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务。
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不但包括为获取和利用能源所投人的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
人类历史发展长河中，人们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式关系中有利的一面。
能源资源不足或者(更经常)开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术与机构的不足，会影响能源为人类带来利益，同时意味着能源的增长遭到干扰、损害或限制。
到了20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点。
此前的几十年中，能源的资金成本一直保持稳定，甚或有所下降，而且，其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政治成本一直处于次要地位。
但20世纪70年代开始，开发和利用能源的多方成本均显著增长。
人们自然有理由认为:高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的危险不相上下。
同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。
20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。
廉价能源时代是真正一去不复返，还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施，有可能重登历史舞台?回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100 年以来因人口空前增长带来令人瞠目的能源需求以及同样使人无从应对的人均工业能源需求。
急剧增长的能源需求使得人类对能源的使用无所不用其极:不管是清洁煤炭还是劣质煤炭，见煤就挖;无论是陆上石油还是海底石油，深层气还是浅层气，见油气就采;水电站建设不论适宜与否，见水就上; 一边绿化造林以求燃料树木可持续发展，一边却砍树毁林。
学术英语 Unit 2 课文翻译
《业务营销化》1 问街上一般的人什么是营销时，他们会告诉你那大概就是“卖东西的”。
这从根本上说是正确的，但营销不是简单的销售行为，而是怎样做成的销售。
我们都被全天候不间断营销所围绕，而我们每一个人都已经以我们自己的方式成了一名营销人。
2 专家是怎么定义营销的呢根据美国市场营销协会，市场营销是一种组织职能，是为组织自身及利益相关者（stakeholders n. 利益相关者；股东）而创造、传播、传递客户价值，管理客户关系的一系列过程。
3 根据世界市场营销协会对营销的定义，“核心的经营理念是指导通过交换来识别和满足个人和组织需要的过程，从而为各方创造出众的价值。
”4 最后，英国特许营销学会说，“营销是有利地识别，预测，和满足顾客需求的管理过程”。
5 如果我们只是看这三个定义的共性，我们可以看出，营销本质上（in essence）是：a)发现和给顾客他们所想要的和需要的东西， b)通过做这些来获利。
4Ps或5Ps营销策略6 密歇根州立大学（Michigan State University）的杰罗姆·麦卡锡（Jerome McCarthy）教授在20世纪50年代写了一本书并且定义了4Ps营销策略，包括产品、渠道、价格和促销。
这本书为这个星球上最古老的专业提供了一个清晰的结构，而这个结构成为市场营销的定义。
7 为了更好地理解营销，你应该有你自己对术语的定义。
例如，我认为营销是对产品的价格、分配、促销以及人员进行控制，满足顾客以获得利益。
控制是个充满感情的词语，尤其在我们谈及控制人的时候。
无论怎样，控制是很重要的，因为作为一名营销人员，我要控制市场营销的每一个工具并且操纵它们来使市场的影响力达到最大化。
8 作为一名营销经理，我控制一个产品的形象、味道和触感。
我控制我的产品应该要价多少。
我在促销工具中操纵工具，希望吸引（enticing）消费者购买我的产品。
下面便是被麦卡锡强调的4Ps营销策略。
此外，我们加入了第五个P：人。
外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 (教师用书U2
Unit 2 EconomicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 2, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in pairs and do the task in Lead-in. Then invite several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys1.The invisible hand.2.Our economic life is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of totalstrangers.The activities of countless far-flung men and women have to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed. However, no one coordinates it, and yet they do cooperate. It’s “the invisible hand” —the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneousText AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•the invisible hand•free-market economy•economic downturn•An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the invisible hand in the author’s eyes by doing Task 1 inCritical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.free-market economyIn a free market economy, the laws and forces of supply and demand, rather than a central government, regulate production and labor. The prices for goods and services are self-regulated by buyers and sellers negotiating in an open market.Most companies and resources are not owned by the state. Instead, they are owned by private individuals or entities who are free to trade contracts with each other. 2.economic downturnAn economic downturn is a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. It occurs when the value of stocks, property, and commodities fall, productivity either grows more slowly or declines, and GDP shrinks, stands still or expands more slowly. It can happen in a specific region (e.g.the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s) or on a global scale (e.g. the global financial crisis in the late 2000s). The main features of an economic downturn include rising unemployment, falling share and house prices, low consumer confidence and declining investment.4．An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（《国富论》）An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smith’s masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of theIndustrial Revolution, the book touches upon broad topics such as the division of labor, productivity and free markets.Language Support1.Individual buyers and sellers will act according to what is in their own bestinterests. (Para. 2)The phrase “in one’s interest” means “for one’s benefit or advantage”（为了……的利益；为……着想）. There are some relevant expressions, such as “in the interest of one”, “in one’s own interest”, and “in one’s best interest”.e.g. It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits.I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.2.Customers are likewise typically looking out for their self-interests. (Para. 4)The word “likewise” is used to signal a comparison that explains how things are similar（同样的；此外）.e.g. In this episode, we will likewise deal with another extremely commonquestion.Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.Other special words and expressions are often used to signal the comparison of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts for your reference:similarly, both, just as, and also, resemble, parallel, in the same manner, inthe same way, alike, equally3.The market becomes more efficient as buyers and sellers move in the samedirection—as if directed by an invisible hand. (Para. 5)这里的as if用于省略句。
学术英语unit 2译文
第二单元Passage A圣诞节圣诞节是庆祝耶稣基督诞生的基督教节日。
圣诞节的名称源于古英语“基督的弥撒”，目前的拼法大约是从16世纪起开始使用的。
几乎所有的基督教会都在12月25日庆祝耶稣基督的诞生。
这一日期在西方直到大约4世纪中期才被确定下来，而在东方的确立则又迟了大约1个世纪。
几乎从一开始，大多数基督徒就已经把圣诞节看作了圣日和假期。
由于基督的诞生为世间带来了新的欢乐气息，从耶稣基督诞生的第一个故事的出现开始，人们就以文字、艺术、歌曲、舞蹈以及戏剧等多种形式不断为圣诞节增添变化，人们甚至还创造了具有特别象征意义的节日食品。
几个世纪以来，随着各地习俗的融入，今天的圣诞节已成为世界上最大的民间节日。
为了适应圣诞节的需要，英国人对许多老的民间节日进行了调整。
中世纪英国的圣诞节充满了乐趣、洋溢着欢乐的气氛，盛大的宴会也在此时举行。
为了纪念一年中最短的一天——冬至，古斯堪的纳维亚人在这一天将巨大的篝火点燃，英国习俗燃烧圣诞柴就衍生于此。
在圣诞期间使用常绿植物的想法则是来源于基督教之前的北欧人的信仰。
凯尔特和日耳曼人的部落在冬至节到来时向常绿植物表达敬意，因为他们认为这些植物象征永恒的生命。
常绿的冬青树作为太阳回归的吉兆受到崇拜，也有人说基督的荆棘冠冕（被钉死在十字架上时所戴）是由冬青树制成的。
传说中冬青树结的浆果曾是白色的，但当冬青树做成的荆棘冠冕压在耶稣的额头上时，滴滴鲜血将浆果染成了鲜红色。
因此，有人认为圣诞花环起源于这个传说。
其它的一些著名的圣诞习俗来自于不同的国家。
关于圣诞树的起源有多种说法。
受到普遍认可的说法是马丁·路德在德国开启了这一习俗。
据说平安夜里的常青树、群星闪烁的天空给马丁·路德留下了深刻的印象，于是他将一颗用燃烧的蜡烛点缀的类似的树木放在了自己家中。
有些学者认为，对于非基督教徒而言常青树是生命的象征，常青树成为了救世主的象征，于是也就成为了他出生庆典的组成部分。
学术英语Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
学术英语综合第二单元
Corporate Social Responsibility
▪ Definitions ▪ Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is
about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society ▪ Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to a business practice that involves participating in activities that benefit society.
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ Stakeholder Perspective
▪ The phrase corporate social responsibility is often used in discussions of business ethics. The idea behind this concept is the belief that companies should consider the needs and interests of multiple stakeholder groups, not just those with a direct financial stake in the organization's profits and losses.
Text A Striking the Right Balance
▪ But the world has changed since 1776. Firms today are much larger, they operated globally, they have thousands of employees, and they are owned by millions of stockholders. This make us wonder if the “invisible hand” still provides reliable guidance. Should companies still try to maximize profits, or should they take broader view and take more balanced actions designed to benefit customers, employees, suppliers, and society as a whole?
学术英语(社科)-Unit2含答案
Unit2阅读练习
阅读是学术研究和理解的核心。本节我们将介绍一些阅读练习，有助于提高你的阅读理解和识别关键信 息的能力。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Unit2写作练习
写作是学术领域中的核心技能之一。通过练习本单元的写作任务，你将提高 学术论文、报告和其他文本的写作能力。
Unit2答案解析
在本节中，我们将详细解析Unit2的答案，帮助你更好地理解并掌握学术英语 （社科）这一重要领域。
学术英语（社科）-Unit2 含答案
本节演示主题为“学术英语（社科）-Unit2含答案”。它提供了对该单元的全面 概述，并包括词汇表、语法、口语练习、阅读练习、写作练习和答案解析。
Unit2概览
本单元提供了学术英语（社科）的全面概览。我们将探讨重要词汇、语法以 及口语、阅读和写作练习。
Unit2词汇表
学术英语（社科）的词汇是提高你专业领域知识的关键。这一部分将介绍本 单元涵盖的核心词汇。
Unit2语法
语法是学术写作和口语表达的基础。我们将深入探讨本单元涵盖的重要语法 规则和结构。
Unit2口语练习
口语表达是与他人交流的关键。通过练习本单元的口语技巧，你将提高在学 术场景中自如表达自己的能力。
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
学术英语社科类unit原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and otherdiverse aspects worldcultures resultedfromthe isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music,and other such aspects of pop culture,but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theoryargues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andevenglobal schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术英语综合Unit2 译文
第二单元商业道德Text A努力追求平衡尤金·F·布里格姆，乔尔·F·休斯敦1776年，亚当·斯密描述了“看不见的手”是如何指导公司获取利益，并指导他们做出有益于社会的决定。
通过经验和感悟，亚当·斯密总结出利益最大化是一个企业的正确目标，并且自由企业制度是对社会最有利的。
但是1776年以来，世界开始改变了。
现在公司的规模更大，采用全球化经营模式，它们有成千上万的员工，并且公司有成百万的股东。
这让我们怀疑是否“看不见的手”仍然能够提供可靠的指导，公司是否应该继续追求利益最大化，或者他们是否应该放宽眼界，采取更加均衡的行动来使顾客、员工、供应商和社会共同受益？今天的大多数学者都认同以下修订版本的亚当·斯密理论：∙一个公司的首要目标应该是使股东的财富最大化，这就意味着股值的最大化。
∙从整体来看，自由企业仍然是对国家最有益的经济体系。
在自由企业的机制下，公司生产顾客需要的、对社会有益的产品和服务。
∙然而，一些限制也是必要的——公司不应当造成空气污染和水污染，不应当存在不正当的雇佣行为，也不应通过垄断来剥削消费者。
这些限制有多种表现形式。
通过政治手段，社会强制推行一系列规章制度以防止公司参与有害社会的活动。
另一种限制是根据公司危害社会的程度来估算其应付出的代价。
操作合理的话，这些费用将公平合理地把价值转移到受害方并激励防止未来再有类似事件发生。
最近两件事戏剧性地例证了这些观点。
第一，许多在华尔街上的公司参与了非常有风险的活动，这些活动使金融体系在2007年和2008年濒临崩溃。
挽救这个金融系统需要银行和其他财务集团的紧急援助，而这个紧急援助不仅花费了大量纳税人的钱，而且造成了更严重的经济衰退。
除了强加在社会上的巨大成本，金融企业也付出了沉重的代价——许多领头金融机构的股价大幅下跌，其中一些破产退出了市场，还有许多华尔街高管失去了工作。
最近，在2010年，英国石油公司（BP）的石油在墨西哥湾大量泄漏对墨西哥地区的环境和经济造成了恶劣的影响。