医学模式的发展过程(1)

(一)医学模式已经历的几个阶段Medical model has experienced several stages

1.神灵主义的医学模式Medical model of the gods

远古时代,人们把人类的健康与疾病,生与死都归之于无所不在的神灵,就是人类早期的健康与疾病观,即神灵主义医学模式。在该种模式下治病的主要手段是求神问卜,即使医师使用药物治疗,也必须秉承神的意志。主要原因是当时的自然科学发展水平有限,人们只能像对待其它事物一样,靠企求上天神灵的恩赐。

Ancient times, people would like to put human health and disease, birth and death to omnipresent gods, which is the early concept of human health and disease: the medical mode of the gods. In this kind of mode, The primary method of cure is Praying for the imago, even using drugs, doctors must also be adhering to the will of god. Science development level at that time is limited, diseases can only be treated like other things, by asking for the gift of the gods.

2.自然哲学的医学模式 Medical model of the Natural philosophy

在人类开始以自然哲学理论解释健康与疾病的时候,产生了将健康和疾病与外界环境以及心理活动联系起来进行观察和思考,概括起来是“天人相应医学模式”。这种医学模式能够从自然与人的关系角度看待生命,是十分值得推崇的先进思想,但由于科学发展水平的落后,缺乏理论根据。

When explaining the health and disease by natural philosophy theory, humans began to observe and think to link health and disease with environment and psychological activity, in summary is “Heaven corresponding medical model”. This medical mode can treat life from the view of the relation between nature and human, which is advanced thought that is very worthy to promote. Due to the low level of scientific development, this thought is lack of theory.

3.机械论的医学模式Medical model of the mechanistic

15世纪在“机械文化”的影响下,盛行着以机械运动解释一切生命活动的观点,法国著名的哲学家笛卡儿出版了《运动是机器》一书,把人体看成是由许多零件组成的复杂机器。但是这种医学模式忽视了人类机体的生物复杂性以及社会复杂性,产生了对人体观察的片面性和机械性。

In the 15th century, under the influence of "mechanical" culture, there was a point of view that explaining all life activities by mechanical movement. The famous French philosopher, Descartes, published one book that is named < Sport is the machine >, which treated human body as complex machine that is made up of many parts. However, this medical mode ignored the biological complexity and social complexity of human body, such observation is one-sided and mechanical.

4.生物医学模式The biomedical model

随着人类对自然科学认识的提高,在18世纪下半叶到19世纪,人们开始运用生物—医学的观点认识生命、健康与疾病。人们认为健康是宿主(人体)、环境与病因三者之间的动态平衡,这种平衡被破坏人便会发生疾病。但是这种医学模式仍然存在关键的缺陷。传染病、寄生虫病等虽然有了有效的控制手段,但心理、社会因素起很大作用的心血管病、脑血管病、癌症等等仍然是无法完全解决。

With the improvement of human understanding of natural science, in the second half of the 18th century to the 19th century, people began to treat life, health and disease by biology-medical view. People thought health is a kind of dynamic balance between the host, environment and cause, diseases happened when the dynamic balance destroyed. But there are serious defects still in this medical mode. Though infectious diseases and parasitic diseases are controlled effectively, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer, which are affected by psychological and social factors deeply, are still not fully resolved.

5.社会心理生物医学模式Social psychological biomedical model

1977年美国学者恩格尔提出了生物心理社会医学模式,也有人称之为现代医学模式。这种模式是以人类的疾病谱以及健康观念的变化为依据的,认为导致人类疾病的不只是生物因素,而且还有社会因素和心理因素,因而治疗方法除了传统的生物学方法以外,还应当包括社会科学法和心理学方法。该模式为医学的发展提供了新的指导思想，并逐渐被众人所接受。

In 1977, the American scholar, Engel, put forward the biopsychosocial medical model, some people also called it the modern medical model. This mode is on the basis of the human diseases’ariations and the changes of health ideas, which believed that the biological factor is not the only reason leading to human diseases, social factors and psychological factors are also important. Due to this point, in addition to traditional biological methods, treatments should also including social science methods and psychology methods. In a word, this mode provides a new guiding ideology for the development of medicine, and gradually accepted by the people.