英语语言学 形态学 Morphology
最新新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter-Three-Morphology
Chapter Three Morphology形态学一、定义1. Morphology形态学：t he study of the internal structure of words (内部研究), and the rules by which words are formed.对单词的内部结构和单词构成规则的研究。
2. Morpheme 词素：The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.最小的语言单位,携带信息的意义或功能。
二、知识点3.2 Distinctions between open and close classes word1. Open class words开放性词类: In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are content words of a language.，which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly. 在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。
他们是一门语言中的实义词，由于我们经常可以在这类词中加入新词，所以他们有时也称开放性词类。
2. Close classes word封闭性词类：Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added , therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words. 构成连词、介词、冠词和代词的词相对较少，通常不添加新词，所以被称为封闭性词类。
高中英语教师资格考试形态学
Morphology：形态学是研究词内部结构和构词结构的语言分支1.基本概念Morpheme 词素（a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function 最小的表示语义或者语法功能的单位）Allomorphs 词素变体●Cat（意义词素）+plural（语法功能的词素：复数）●Bus（意义词素）+plural（语法功能的词素：复数）Sheep（意义词素）+plural（语法功能的词素：复数）这个“复数”词素可以有几个不同的morphs (形素：the actual forms used to realize morphemes, 表现词素的实际形式)所以-s,-es,-ies就是一个复数morpheme的allomorphes【Sheep+zero-morph】例子2：walk + past tense （ed）Go + past tense（went）went（zero-morph）和-ed都是past tense这个词素的不同的变体或者形素考试技巧：ungentlemanliness 有几个词素？就看这里面有几个意义词素和几个语法功能的词素Un-否定前缀词素Gentle 意义词素Man 意义词素Li-(ly) 形容词后缀词素（gentlemanly adj. 绅士的，绅士派头的）Ness 名词后缀词素2.Types of morphemes 词素类型（1）Free morpheme & Bound morpheme自由词素可以单独出现（boy man baby）黏着词素不能单独出现（-ish，-un，-tion）（2）Root 词根the part of a word that has the main meaning and that its other forms are based on; a word that other words are formed from词根（相对于其他由他生成的单词来说）（3）Affix 词缀Prefix 前缀Suffix 后缀（4）Stem词干: the base form to which affixes are attached in the formation of wordsA stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology（只在屈折形态学）. Inflectional affix （不改变词性）Derivational affix （改变词性，产生新词）3.Word formation （构词法）①CompoundingEndocentric compoundingExocentric compounding②Derivation③Invention④Blending⑤Initialism⑥Acronym⑦Borrowing➢Loanword➢Loanblend➢Loanshift➢Loan translation⑧Back-formation⑨Analogical creation⑩Coinage听力技能Sound discriminationMaking predictionsListening for detailsListening for main ideasGuessing meanings of unfamiliar words Drawing inferencesTaking notesRecognizing communicative intention阅读技能PredictingSkimmingScanningUnderstanding main ideas Understanding important details Guessing meanings of unfamiliar words Drawing inferencesUnderstanding the structure。
语言学Morphology形态学课件
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
英语语言学词汇汇总
英语语言学词汇汇总下面是一些英语语言学常用的词汇：1. Phonetics: 语音学2. Phonology: 音位学3. Morphology: 形态学4. Syntax: 句法学5. Semantics: 语义学6. Pragmatics: 语用学7. Lexicon: 词典8. Phoneme: 音位9. Allophone: 变体音位10. Morpheme: 形态素11. Inflection: 屈折变化12. Derivation: 派生13. Sentence: 句子14. Phrase: 短语15. Noun: 名词16. Verb: 动词17. Adjective: 形容词18. Adverb: 副词19. Pronoun: 代词20. Preposition: 介词21. Conjunction: 连词22. Interjection: 感叹词23. Tense: 时态24. Aspect: 体25. Agreement: 一致26. Case: 格27. Subject: 主语28. Object: 宾语29. Modifier: 修饰成分30. Agent: 施事31. Theme: 主题32. Topic: 谈论的主题33. Discourse: 语篇34. Sentential ambiguity: 句子歧义35. Homonym: 同音异义词36. Synonym: 同义词37. Antonym: 反义词38. Hypernym: 上义词39. Hyponym: 下义词40. Polysemy: 一词多义41. Collocation: 词语搭配42. Idiom: 成语43. Metaphor: 隐喻44. Metonymy: 转喻45. Discourse analysis: 语篇分析46. Sociolinguistics: 社会语言学47. Psycholinguistics: 心理语言学48. Historical linguistics: 历史语言学49. Contrastive linguistics: 对比语言学。
语言学Morphology形态学课件
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
英语语言学2 Morphology形态学word讲义
Chapter 3 Morphology形态学Nothing is more important to language than words.Words can carry meaning.Words are the fundamental building blocks of a language.So, is word the most basic or the minimal unit of meaning?If not, then what is?How words are formed?---morphology3.1 what is morphology?Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3.2 Open class and closed class (开放词类和封闭词类)Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.New words can be added to open class words regularly with the development of human civilization.However, the number of closed class words is small and stable since few new words are added.3.3Morphemes--the minimal units of meaning（词素，最小的意义单位）Word is the smallest free from found in language.Word can be further divided into smaller meaningful units---morphemes.So, morpheme is---the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boyish, desirable3-morpheme boyishness, desirability4-morpheme gentlemanliness,undesir(e)abl(e)ity5-morpheme ungentlemanliness6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismFree morpheme & bound morphemeFree morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as ―-s‖ in ―dogs‖, ―al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis-‖ in ―disclose‖, ―ed‖ in ―recorded‖, AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as ―dog, bark, cat‖,etc.In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.the plural morpheme may be represented by:map----maps [s]dog----dogs [z]watch----watches [iz]mouse----mice [ai]ox----oxen [n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEach of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.3.4 Analyzing word structuresIdentify each of the major component morphemes.Classify these morphemes in terms of their contribution to the meaning and function of the larger word.Generally speaking, a complex word often consists of a root and one or more affixes.Root: constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.Roots typically belong to lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions. Affix: is always a bound morpheme, and does not belong to a lexical category.Tree diagram (teach-er)NV Afteach er3.5 Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme 派生词素和屈折词素Derivational morphemes---- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.when derivational morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes, a new word is derived or formed--- may change grammatical classeg. light –lighten; nasal –nasalize;eat—edible; grave--engrave--- may not change grammatical classeg. net---internet; happy—unhappy;national—multinational; terror-terroristMany prefixes and suffixes belong to derivational morphemeseg. tele-phone; music-ianConsider: is there any prefix or suffix which doesn’t fall into derivational morphemes? Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, person, mood, voice, case, number, aspect and degree;e.g.:1) number: tables apples cars2) tense: talk/talks/talking/talked3) case: John/John’s4) degree: large/larger/largestInflectional morphemes never change lexical category, never add any lexical meaning,Morphemefree morpheme bound morphemefree root affix bound root (-ceive)derivational morpheme inflectional morphemeprefix suffixproductive morphological rulesSome of the rules can be used quite freely to form new wordseg. un + derived words (adj.) = not ---adj. [un-Rule]unimaginable unthinkable; unmentionedunbrave (×)(un-rule more productive for adj. derived from verbs than for adj. of just one morpheme like sad---unsad??)eg. sincere---sincerity; scarce—scarcity [ity –Rule]fierce---fiercity (×)(ity-Rule becomes less productive than before)Word-formationDerivation派生: the most common word-formation process, by affixationeg. Derivational + free morphemesgirlish; reliableCompounding复合(stringing words together; juxtaposition of two or more than two words to form a new, composite one with distinct properties of its own)Adj. N. V. Prep. Adj. Bittersweet clearway whitewash blackoutN. Headstrong rainbow spoon-feed head-onV. Carryall pickpocket sleepwalk cutupPrep. Inborn off-licence undertake withoutSome points about compounds1) two words in the same grammatical category, compound in this category;eg. landlord; bedroom; icy-cold;2) two words in different categories, compound in the class of second or final word;eg. pickpocket; headstrong; blackboard; swearwordcompound with preposition, nonpreposition part decideseg. undertake; uplift; overtake; oversee; overdoseexceptions: blackout ( n.) ; head-on (adv.);3) compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequence;e.g. 'blackbird & black 'bird;'washing machine'greenhouse & green 'house;red 'coat &'redcoat4) meaning of a compound not necessarily the sum of the meaning of its partsmeaning of each compound includes at least to some extent the meaning of individual partseg. reading room; a falling star; a looking glass (窥镜)meanings of compounds do not relate to the meanings of the individual parts at alleg. bigwig(要人,大亨); greenhorns (生手,不懂世故的人)highbrow(知识分子,自命不凡的人)/lowbrow(教养浅薄的人);turncoat变节者Conversion 转类构词(a change in the grammatical function of a word without adding or removing any part of it)Eg. a walk---to walk; a play---to playincrease (n.)--- increase (v.)conduct (n.) --- conduct (v.)I have no knowledge of the political dos and don’tsBackformation 反向构词(a reverse process of affixation. The word is not formed by adding a morpheme to a stem but by assuming a part of the stem as a suffix and removing it)Eg. editor --- edit; beggar --- begtelevision – televise; enthusiasm--- enthuseBorrowing外来语构词(adopting foreign words)--- loan-words借词(retaining their original phonetic or even written forms)eg. bungalow (Hindi); spaghetti (Italian);veranda (Portuguese 阳台)bok choy (Chinese baice); alcohol (Arabic)--- loan-translation or calques(直译,译借) 仿造词( a direct translation of the foreign word into English)eg. superman ---Ubermensch (German)Kongfu (Chinese)Clipping缩略构词( a reduction process in which a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often used in informal speech)Eg. ad--- advertisement; lab---laboratoryfan---fanatic; flu---influenza;math---mathematicsBlending混合构词(join the beginning of the first word to the end of the other words)Eg. smog (smoke + fog)brunch (breakfast + lunch)motel (motor + hotel)telecast (television + broadcast)Acronym首字构词(string together the initial letters of the words in a phrase, typically the names of technical apparatus and institutions, sometimes, the phrasal origin is lost )Eg. radar (radio detecting and ranging)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)Coinage 创新构词(invention of totally new terms, least common, often brand names)eg. xerox; nylon; kleenex(面巾纸)ConclusionsMorphological rules provide means for forming new words, or coin new words (eg. hair spray, tea ceremony, space walk, etc.)Morphological rules may be productive or less productive (un-Rule) ;may become less productive with the passage of time (ity-Rule)。
Chapter-Morphology--形态学现代语言学
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。
前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language 词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table,room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
第三章 形态学
3．1复合词的类型
Types of compound words
• 复合法指把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。复 合词可以用不同的标准来分类。根据复合词构成成分的词性来分 类，复合词通常有： • 1）名词+名词:end product; efficiency expert; food chain • Noun + noun 名词＋名词 如：handbook, sunshine • 2）形容词+名词: white elephant; red tape; hot line • Adjective +noun 形容词＋名词 如：highway, sweetheart • 3）形容词+名词+ed: white-haired; blue-eyed;short-sighted 3 + +ed: • 4）动词+名词Verb +noun : pickpocket; call-girl; push-button • 5）副词+名词Adverb +noun :downtown; overburden • 6）名词+动词Noun +verb :daybreak;nightfall;earthquake; birth control • 7）动词+副词Verb +adverb :breakdown; handout;makeup • 8）名词+形容词Noun +adjective :knee-deep; life-long;duty-free • 9）ing+名词-ing+noun:swimming pool; sewing machine; • 10）其它形式Other forms :never-to- be-forgotten; go-between; on-the-spot;
英语语言学分支
英语语言学分支语言学是研究语言的科学，包括多个分支，每个分支关注语言的不同方面。
以下是一些主要的英语语言学分支：1. 音韵学（Phonetics and Phonology）：研究语音的产生、传播和接收，以及语音单位在语言中的组合和分布。
音韵学关注语音的物理性质和声学特征。
2. 形态学（Morphology）：研究语言中的词的内部结构和形态变化。
形态学关注单词如何形成，以及单词内部构建的规则。
3. 句法学（Syntax）：研究句子的结构，包括词与词之间的关系，以及句子的组成方式。
句法学关注语法规则是如何用来生成合乎语法规范的句子的。
4. 语义学（Semantics）：研究词和句子的意义。
语义学关注语言中词汇和句法单位的意义，以及它们如何组合形成合适的语言表达。
5. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言使用的上下文依赖性和语境中的语言交际。
语用学关注说话者和听话者之间的信息传递，以及言语行为在特定情境中的作用。
6. 社会语言学（Sociolinguistics）：研究语言和社会之间的关系。
社会语言学关注方言、语言变异、语言政策等与社会因素相关的语言现象。
7. 心理语言学（Psycholinguistics）：研究语言的心理过程，包括语言习得、语言记忆、语言理解等。
心理语言学关注语言在认知过程中的作用。
8. 历史语言学（Historical Linguistics）：研究语言的历史演变和变化。
历史语言学关注语言家族、语言演化、语言接触等方面的变化。
9. 比较语言学（Comparative Linguistics）：研究不同语言之间的相似性和差异。
比较语言学关注语言之间的语法结构、词汇和语音的比较。
这些分支共同构成了语言学的广阔领域，每个分支都有其独特的研究对象和方法。
morphology名词解释
morphology名词解释Morphology是语言学的一个重要分支，主要研究词形变化及其规律。
通俗地说，它关注的是词汇的构成和变化规则。
在语言学中，Morphology与其他语言层次如音韵学、句法学、语义学等密不可分。
一、Morphology的含义及分类Morphology来源于希腊文，意为“形态学”。
传统上，Morphology可以分为屈折语言和孤立语言。
屈折语言是指通过词形变化来表达语法变化的语言，例如德语、拉丁语、日语等。
而孤立语言则是指没有词形变化而通过词序和上下文来表达语法关系的语言，例如汉语、越南语、泰语等。
二、Morphology的研究方法Morphology的研究方法有两种：归纳法和演绎法。
归纳法是通过大量的数据来发现规律，从而得到结论；演绎法则是通过已知的规律推导出新的结论。
此外，Morphology的研究方法也包括对比分析、实证研究等。
三、Morphology的重要性Morphology在语言学中占有重要地位。
它不仅可以协助我们理解语言，还可以帮助我们分析语言的结构和变化规律。
在语言教学中，Morphology也具有重要的应用价值。
它可以帮助学生更好地掌握语法规则，提高语言表达能力，同时也可以帮助学者更好地创造新词汇和语法结构。
四、Morphology的研究对象Morphology研究的主要对象是单词及其构成形式。
单词是语言的基本单位，是形式与意义相结合的最小单位。
在不同的语言中，单词的构成形式可能包括前缀、后缀、词根、词缀、复合词等。
五、Morphology的研究内容Morphology研究的主要内容包括词素结构、词形变化和词汇的构成规则。
词素是单词的最小单位，它是具有一定语义的字或字组合。
词素结构指的是一个单词内部各个词素的组成方式。
词形变化是指单词在不同语法环境下形态的变化，例如英语的时态、语态、比较级等。
词汇构成规则是指单词的构成方式以及单词之间的关系，例如英语中的复合词、派生词等。
形态的名词解释
形态的名词解释在语言学领域，形态（morphology）是研究词汇内部结构和形态变化的学科。
它探讨了词语及其构成变化的规律与原理。
形态学家关注词素（morpheme）这个基本的语言单位，通过分析词素的组合方式和形态变化规则来揭示语言的内在规律。
一、形态的定义和作用1. 定义形态是指由词素（morpheme）组成的语言单位。
词素是语言中具有独立语义和形式的最小单位，具有词汇意义。
形态学研究的对象就是这些词素的构成和词汇形态变化规则。
2. 作用形态学的研究有助于我们理解词汇的结构和演变。
通过分析词素的组合方式，我们可以发现语言中隐藏的规律，进而推测词汇的衍生关系和意义变化。
形态学的研究还有助于我们理解词法、语法等各个层面的语言现象，为其他语言学子学科提供理论基础。
二、基本形态单位1. 词根（root）词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有最基本的意义。
它是形态变化和词派衍生的基础。
例如，在英语中，“play”（玩耍）是一个词根，可以通过前缀和后缀的加入，形成新的词语：playful（爱玩的）、player（玩家）等。
2. 前缀（prefix）前缀是指加在词根之前的一种修饰语素。
它可以改变词语的意义或语法功能。
例如，英语中的“pre-”可以表示“在前”或“先于”之意，如：preview（预览）、prefix （前缀）等。
3. 后缀（suffix）后缀是指加在词根之后的一种修饰语素。
它通常用于改变词性、数量、格调或其他语法功能。
例如，英语中的“-ly”可以将形容词转变为副词，如：quick（快的）→quickly（快速地）。
4. 词缀（affix）词缀是前缀和后缀的统称。
它是一种可独立存在并能在词汇中产生变化的语素。
在形态结构上，它可以是前缀、后缀或同时具有前后缀的形式。
例如，在中文中，“买”是一个词根，“买家”中的“-家”是一个后缀。
三、形态变化类型1. 词形变化（inflection）词形变化是形态学研究的重要内容之一。
英语专八人文知识 语言学必背第4讲-形态学
英语专八人文知识语言学必背第4讲:形态学第四节形态学Morphology一、基本概念研究单词内部结构及其构成的规则It studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.二、相关概念1．语素Morpheme：研究的basic unit，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或者彻底改变词汇/语法意义的单位，desire是 a morpheme，desir+able就是two morphemes自由语素free morpheme：可以独立出现、独立成词的语素。
如girl，rely等黏着语素bound morpheme：必须与其它语素一起出现的语素，词缀居多。
如pre-，-al，-ment，dis-等2．语速变体Allomorph：相对抽象，是语素的实际体现，不改变词义，但会在形式上有所变化similar to allophone3．词的曲折变化Inflection：其实就是在原词上加上词缀的过程-ed，-ing，-s etc.不会改变词义，也不会引起词的语法类别的改变4．几个易混的概念词素Lexemes：就是同底数幂的概念，是一组词的共有因子，如writer、writing、wrote等拥有的write就是词素，必须有一群词词根Root：单词的基础，无法再分割成更小的单位。
两类：若词根是自由语素，则为自由词根，否则是黏着词根词干Stem：是可以附加词缀的语素或者语素群：friend in friends；friendship in friendships，词干词根，如education是词干，词根是educate5．词语Word：词的三种含义a physically definable unit, a common facter underlying a set of forms, a grammatical unit，介于词组和语素之间实词Lexical words：传递实际语义内容的词，包括nouns, verbs, adj., 大部分adv.虚词Functional words：承担语法意义、执行句法或结构功能的词，包括prep. Articles冠词，pronoun. Conj.连词等开放词open classes：可无限容纳新成员的词，如名形、部分动词/副词等；封闭词类closed classes无法或很难容纳新成员的词，如介代连指情态等6．三种语言：黏着语言Agglutinating or Agglutinative Language：在英语中一般用介词、所有格来表达的概念，在黏着语言中一般作为语素出现在一个单词中曲折语言Inflecting Language：指那些大量使用曲折形式的语言孤立语言Isolated Language/分析语言Analytical Language：一般使用独立的词语来表示单独的概念和功能。
英语语言学专业术语
英语语言学专业术语英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、发展、结构和使用的学科。
以下是常见的英语语言学专业术语及其解释。
1. Phonetics（音系学）：研究语音的学科。
主要研究语音发音过程，包括语音的组成、发音方式和特点等。
2. Phonology（音韵学）：研究语音在语言中的功能和规律的学科。
主要研究语音在不同语境下的变化规律和相互关系，包括音素、音位和音系等。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究语言中单词的形态和构成的学科。
主要研究单词的基本单位和构成规律，包括词根、词缀和词类等。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和句子组成的学科。
主要研究句子的构成和排列方式，包括短语、从句和主谓结构等。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科。
主要研究语言符号和意义之间的关系，包括单词、短语和句子的意义等。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言使用的学科。
主要研究语言与社会文化环境的关系，包括语境、语用规则和交际意图等。
7. Discourse analysis（话语分析）：研究语篇结构和语篇功能的学科。
主要研究语言在话语交际中的组织和作用，包括话语行为、话语结构和话语分析方法等。
8. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会文化因素之间的关系和影响的学科。
主要研究不同社会群体、文化背景和地理区域中语言使用的差异和变化，包括方言、语言变体和语言政策等。
9. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科。
主要研究语言理解、语言产生和语言习得等心理过程，包括语音知觉、语法处理和语言记忆等。
以上是英语语言学常见的专业术语及其解释，希望能够帮助你更好地了解英语语言学。
chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT
Derivational and inflectional morphemes (p.55)
Some derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of words (or grammatical class of words) and others
➢ the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,
➢ a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
When the root of the word is a free morpheme, we say the word has a free root, such as e.g. hopeful, interpersonal
When it is a bound morpheme, we say the word has a bound root, such as e.g. precede, receive, submit, retain, recur
The identification of words
(2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可 隔 断 性 ): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-me-not)
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
{z}: /s/: after voiceless consonants except /s/, / /, and / /, books, maps streets; /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z/, / /, / /.bags, cars keys /iz/ after /s/, /z/, / /, / /, / /, / /. sizes, bridges bosses, matches
Semantically:root(词根 and affix 词根) 词根 affix( 词缀): prefix(前缀 suffix(后缀 ; 前缀), 后缀) 词缀 前缀 后缀 derivational affixes(派生词缀 and 派生词缀) 派生词缀 inflectional affixes(屈折词缀 屈折词缀) 屈折词缀 Structurally: free morphemes(自由词素 自由词素, 自由词素 即自由词根) and bound morphemes(粘 即自由词根 粘 着词素) 着词素
Affixes(词缀 those that lexically 词缀): 词缀 depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. Interralation: all free morphemes(like bird) are roots but not all roots are free morphemes. (like spect). All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes (like ceive)
morphology语言学定义
morphology语言学定义【形态学morphology】是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。
形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。
曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。
morphology什么意思？1、词法：词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法. 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数，格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。
2、句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律，。
3、构词学：构词学(morphology)是语言学中的一门比较简单的学问，主要研究的是词的构成. 最近几年，电脑领域的某些词汇有了一些改变，某些词汇渐渐不被人们使用，新的词汇取而代之. 例如说，以前我们说「执行」一个程式，现在则说「跑」一个程式。
资料拓展：morphology.n.形态学，形态论；词法，词态学。
短语：soil morphology土壤形态学；土壤形态。
urban morphology城市形态；城市形态学。
例句：And morphology and performance of the coating has been examined. 并对镀层的表面形貌和性能进行了测定。
We also analyzed the effect of morphology on field emission properties.我们还分析了形貌对场发射性能的影响。
He also gave a very accurate description of the morphology of his cells.他给他所发现的.细胞的形态学特征进行了非常精细的描述。
They attain complex morphology, appearing as branched, tubular processes.它们达到复杂的形态，出现分枝，管状突起。
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3.1 What is morphology?
simple
adj. just adj. quality n. identity n. beauty n.
—— —— —— —— ——
simplify v. justify v. qualify v. identify v. beautify v.
为自由词素是因为它们可以作为单词 独立使用，如helpful中的help就是自 由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单 词来使用。
能单独出现独立成词的是自由词素。
所有的单词素词都是自由词素，如 dog, nation, close等。
除了可以作为独立的单词使用以外，
它们也可以和其它词素相结合构成单 词。
组成部分都是自由语素的多词素词叫
复合词，如 babysit, godfather, sunflower, blackbird等。
helper — help-er timetable — time-table quicken — quick-en roommate --- room-mate disabled — dis-able-ed assistant — assist-ant carelessly — care-less-ly frightening — fright-en-ing
open class and Байду номын сангаасlosed class
Open
class words: 开放类词 new words can be regularly added indefinite in number content words nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
Words
are not formed at random, rather they are formed according to certain rules. aim of morphology is, thus, to find out these rules.
The
morphology:
the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
形态学：研究词的内部结构以及构词规则
3.2 morpheme （词素）
Words
are further analyzable, i.e., words can be broken down into even smaller components.
Here
Some
words in English consist of only one morpheme, such as man, desk, sun, run, eat, dark.
consist of two or even more morphemes, such as manly, purify, darken, dissatisfaction and undesirability.
Others
3.2.2 types of morphemes
1)
free morphemes 自由词素 free morphemes : independent units of meaning which can be used freely all by themselves
自由词素有着完整的语义，它们被称
Morphemes
单词不是语义的最小单位，因为有些单词可 以解析为在意义上更小的意义成分。语义的 最小单位是词素。
词素表达的意义有两种：词汇意义和语法意
义。
teaches
: teach + -es; played: play + -ed; raining: rain + -ing
–es, -ed, -ing are morphemes, because they are not further analyzable and they convey grammatical meaning.
class words: 封闭类词 consisting of relatively few words; new words are usually not added to them grammatical or functional words conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns
e.g. boyish, incorrect, unselfishness, internationalism cats, sitting, reads, jumped, cooler, biggest, teacher’s
morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language ；the basic unit in the study of morphology convey two kinds of meaning: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.
3.3 word formation 3.3.1 derivation / affixation 派生 3.3.2 compounding 复合 3.3.3 conversion 转类 3.3.4 blending 拼缀法 3.3.5 coinage / invention 新创造词语 3.3.6 clipping 截断法 3.3.6 abbreviation 缩略法 3.3.7 back-formation 逆构法 3.3.8 borrowing 借词
Chapter Three Morphology
3.1
morphology
3.1.1 open class and closed class 3.1.2 What is morphology?
3.2
morpheme
3.2.1 morpheme 3.2.2 types of morphemes 3.2.3 morphological rules