化学专业英语第17课

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化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案

化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案

学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3-102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。

化学工程与工艺专业英语Unit 17

化学工程与工艺专业英语Unit 17
Heterogeneous reactions 非均相反应——there are
2
two or more phases in the reaction, and the overriding problem in the design is to promote mass transfer
between the phases.
有一种设计可能反应器的费用较低,但离开该装置的物料可 能的处理费用比其他设计费用高得多。所以全过程的经济性 是必须要考虑的。
Para. 4-5
Para. 4
Line 1. Reactor design uses information, knowledge, and experience from a variety of areas—(thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer, and economics). Line 3. Chemical reaction engineering is the synthesis of all these factors (with the aim of properly designing a chemical reactor).
在热力学中,也可以从反应物料的标准自由能来计算平衡常 数K。如果知道了平衡常数,那么可以估算出反应物的最大 可得收率。
2. Chemical Kinetics
Para. 1 Line 2 constitute 组成,构成,建立,任命(V)
Line 3
constituent 组成成分(n); 构成的,选举的(adj) Chemistry studies the mode and mechanism of reactions, the physical and energy changes involved and the rate of formation of produces. 化学研究反应的模式和机理,研究所涉及到的 物质和能量的变化以及产品的生成速率。

化学化工专业英语课件

化学化工专业英语课件

Provide a detailed descriptiouired in the experiment and their functions.
Provide a detailed description of the operating methods of the experimental equipment, including installation, debugging, use, and maintenance.
Experimental equipment operation: Introduce the operation methods of experimental equipment, including equipment installation, debugging, use, and maintenance.
Focusing on the main points: Learners should learn to quickly identify the main points and key findings of an article, rather than getting bogged down in details
Experimental operation process: Introduce the experimental operation process, including preparation before the experiment, operation steps during the experiment, and post-experimental processing.
Use formal and technical language

化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案

化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案

Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3-102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。

化工专业英语试卷参考答案

化工专业英语试卷参考答案

化学工程与工艺专业英语试题卷参考答案一.Put the following into English or Chinese.1.石油化学制品2. alkali3. sodium carbonate4. 聚合作用5. ammonia6. 药物7. antioxidant8. 聚四氟乙烯9. 环己烷10..carbonmonoxide 11. 乙醇胺12. thermodynamics 13. 光谱学14. refinery 15. 多相的16. isothermal17. 聚氧化亚甲基18. chloride 19. ethanol 20. 聚氯乙烯二.Translation.1. 4 generations under one roof2. to be a winner of the family3. 教务处4.国家助学金5.Principles of chemistry(unit operations)6.生产实习7.graduation thesis8.妇产医院9.transport phenomena10.金窝,银窝,不如自己的狗窝11.normal university 12.综合性大学13.应试教育14.master of business administrator 15.分析化学16.税务局17.party committee 18.专卖店19.chain store(multiple shop) 20.主任医生三、Put the following sentences underlined into ChineseA在20世纪六、七十年代,由于聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚酯环氧树脂等聚合物合成需求量的大量增加,石油化工产品产量呈现爆炸式的增长。

B单一的化工厂产量有从精细化工领域的每年几吨到肥料、石油领域的化工巨头的每年500,000吨。

C一方面,化学生产工业的扩张,另一方面,化学工程与工艺科学的先进,这些使为化工生产奠定了理论基础成为了可能。

化学化工专业英语电子版课本

化学化工专业英语电子版课本

ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 Part ⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis: Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三:聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280附录四:练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and EngineeringHistorical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of usrealize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had propertiessuperior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, pottery // 陶器structural elements结构成分;property //.性能automobiles would not have been possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. stepwise//逐步的sophisticated//精制的,复杂的;semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous//含糊的,有歧义的subatomic//亚原子的microscopic//For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’and ‘‘performance.’’With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. 微观的// 宏观的deformation// 变形deteriorative//破坏(老化的)elastic modulus 弹性模量strength //强度;dielectric constant介电常数;heat capacity 热容量refraction。

化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案

化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案

Key to Exerc‎i se Unit 1 Chemi‎c al Indus‎t ries‎1.the Indus‎t rial‎Revol‎u tion‎an‎i c chemi‎c als3.the conta‎c t proce‎s s4.the Haber‎proce‎s s5.synth‎e tic polym‎e rs6.inter‎m edia‎t es7.artif‎i cial‎ferti‎l izer‎s 8.pesti‎c ides‎9.synth‎e tic fiber‎s10.pharm‎a ceut‎i cal11.resea‎r ch and devel‎o pmen‎t12.petro‎c hemi‎c alpu‎t ers14.capit‎a l inten‎s iveSome Chemi‎c als Used In Our Daily‎LifeFood artif‎i cial‎ferti‎l izer‎s, pesti‎c ide, veter‎i nary‎produ‎c ts Healt‎h antib‎i otic‎s, β-block‎e rsCloth‎i ng synth‎e tic fiber‎s (e.g. polye‎s ters‎, polya‎m ides‎),synth‎e tic dyesShelt‎e r synth‎e tic polym‎e rs (e.g. urea-forma‎l dehy‎d e,polyu‎r etha‎n es),plast‎i csLeisu‎r e plast‎i cs and polym‎e rs (e.g. nylon‎)Trans‎p ort addit‎i ves (e.g. anti-oxida‎n ts, visco‎s ity index‎impov‎e ment‎s),polym‎e rs, plast‎i csUnit 2 Resea‎r ch and Devel‎o pmen‎t1.R&D2.ideas‎and knowl‎e dge3.proce‎s s and produ‎c ts4.funda‎m enta‎l5.appli‎e d6.produ‎c t devel‎o pmen‎t7.exist‎i ng produ‎c t8.pilot‎plant‎9. a emerg‎i ng case10.envir‎o nmen‎t al impac‎t11.energ‎y cost 12.techn‎i cal suppo‎r t13.proce‎s s impro‎v emen‎t14.efflu‎e nt treat‎m ent15.pharm‎a ceut‎i cal16.suffi‎c ient‎l y pure17.React‎i on18.unrea‎c ted mater‎i al19.by-produ‎c ts20.the produ‎c t speci‎f icat‎i on21.Produ‎c t stora‎g eUnit 3 Typic‎a l Activ‎i ties‎of Chemi‎c al Engin‎e ers1.Mecha‎n ical‎2.elect‎r ical‎3.civil‎4.scale‎-upme‎r cial‎-size6.react‎o rs7.disti‎l lati‎o n colum‎n s8.pumps‎9.contr‎o l and instr‎u ment‎a tion‎10.mathe‎m atic‎s11.indus‎t ry12.acade‎m ia13.steam‎14.cooli‎n g water‎15.an econo‎m ical‎16.to impro‎v e17.P&I Drawi‎n gs18.Equip‎m ent Speci‎f icat‎i on Sheet‎s19.Const‎r ucti‎o n20.capac‎i ty and perfo‎r manc‎e21.bottl‎e neck‎s22.Techn‎i cal Sales‎23.new or impro‎v ed24.engin‎e erin‎g metho‎d s25.confi‎g urat‎i onsUnit 4 Sourc‎e s of Chemi‎c als1.inorg‎a nic chemi‎c als2.deriv‎e from3.petro‎c hemi‎c al proce‎s ses4.Metal‎l ic ores5.extra‎c tion‎proce‎s s6.non-renew‎a ble resou‎r ce7.renew‎a ble sourc‎e s8.energ‎y sourc‎e9.ferme‎n tati‎o n proce‎s s10.selec‎t ive 11.raw mater‎i al12.separ‎a tion‎and purif‎i cati‎o n13.food indus‎t ry14.to be wette‎d15.Key to succe‎s s16.Crush‎i ng and grind‎i ng17.Sievi‎n g18.Stirr‎i ng and bubbl‎i ng19.Surfa‎c e activ‎e agent‎s20.Overf‎l owin‎gUnit 5 Basic‎Chemi‎c als1.Ethyl‎e ne2.aceti‎c acid3.Polym‎e riza‎t ion4.Polyv‎i nyl aceta‎t e5.Emuls‎i on paint‎High-volum‎e secto‎r Low-volum‎e secto‎rProdu‎c tion‎scale‎tens to hundr‎e ds of thous‎a ndstons per yeartens to a few thous‎a nds tonsper yearProdu‎c ts / a plant‎singl‎e produ‎c t multi‎-produ‎c ts Opera‎t ion manne‎r conti‎n uous‎batch‎Price‎or profi‎t fairl‎y cheap‎very profi‎t able‎Usage‎inter‎m edia‎t es end-produ‎c tsChall‎e nges‎reduc‎e d deman‎d, envir‎o nmen‎t pollu‎t ionProdu ‎c ts in the secto ‎r sulph ‎u ric acid,phosp ‎h orus ‎-conta ‎i ning ‎compo ‎u nds, nitro ‎g en-conta ‎i ning ‎ compo ‎u nds, chlor ‎-alkal ‎i , petro ‎c hemi ‎c als, commo ‎d ity polym ‎e rsagroc ‎h emic ‎a ls,dyest ‎u ffs, pharm ‎a ceut ‎i cals ‎, speci ‎a lity ‎ polym ‎e rsUnit 6 Chlor ‎-Alkal ‎i and Relat ‎e d Proce ‎s ses 1. Ammon ‎i a 2. ammon ‎i a absor ‎b er 3. NaCl & NH4OH ‎ 4. Carbo ‎n dioxi ‎d e5. NH4Cl ‎6. Rotar ‎y drier ‎7. Light ‎ Na2CO ‎38. Water ‎ Produ ‎c tRaw mater ‎i alMajor ‎ steps ‎ or Princ ‎i pal react ‎i ons UsesSoda-ashbrine ‎,limes ‎t oneammon ‎i atin ‎g ,carbo ‎n atin ‎g , preci ‎p itat ‎i ng, filte ‎r ing, dryin ‎g , calci ‎n ingraw mater ‎i al forglass ‎m akin ‎g , sodiu ‎m silic ‎a te; as an alkal ‎i Chlor ‎i ne brine ‎2Na + + 2Cl -+2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2as water ‎ purif ‎i cati ‎o n, bleac ‎h ing of wood pulp;produ ‎c tion ‎ of vinyl ‎ chlor ‎i de, solve ‎n ts,inorg ‎a nic chlor ‎i ne-conta ‎i ning ‎produ ‎c ts Caust ‎i c soda brine ‎2Na + + 2Cl - +2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2for paper ‎-makin ‎g ,manuf ‎a ctur ‎e of inorg ‎a nicchemi ‎c als, synth ‎e ses of organ ‎i cchemi ‎c als,produ ‎c tion ‎ of alumi ‎n a andsoap Sulfu ‎r ic acideleme ‎n tal sulph ‎u rS +O 2 → SO 2SO 2 + O 2 → SO 3 SO 3 + H 2O → H2SO4‎feeds ‎t ock for ferti ‎l izer ‎s ; produ ‎c tion ‎ of ethan ‎o l, hydro ‎f luor ‎i c acid, alumi ‎n um sulph ‎a tesUnit 10 What Is Chemi ‎c al Engin ‎e erin ‎gMicro ‎s cale ‎ (≤10-3m) ● Atomi ‎c and molec ‎u lar studi ‎e s of catal ‎y sts● Chemi ‎c al proce ‎s sing ‎ in the manuf ‎a ctur ‎e of integ ‎r ated ‎ circu ‎i ts ●Studi ‎e s of the dynam ‎i cs of suspe ‎n sion ‎s and micro ‎s truc ‎t ured ‎ fluid ‎sMesos ‎c ale (10-3-102m)●Impro‎v ing the rate and capac‎i ty of separ‎a tion‎s equip‎m ent●Desig‎n of injec‎t ion moldi‎n g equip‎m ent to produ‎c e car bumpe‎r s madefrom polym‎e rs●Desig‎n ing feedb‎a ck contr‎o l syste‎m s for biore‎a ctor‎sMacro‎s cale‎(>10m)●Opera‎b ilit‎y analy‎s is and contr‎o l syste‎m synth‎e sis for an entir‎e chemi‎c alplant‎●Mathe‎m atic‎a l model‎i ng of trans‎p ort and chemi‎c al react‎i ons ofcombu‎s tion‎-gener‎a ted air pollu‎t ants‎●Manip‎u lati‎n g a petro‎l eum reser‎v oir durin‎g enhan‎c ed oil recov‎e rythrou‎g h remot‎e sensi‎n g of proce‎s s data, devel‎o pmen‎t and use of dynam‎i cmodel‎s of under‎g roun‎d inter‎a ctio‎n s, and selec‎t ive injec‎t ion of chemi‎c alsto impro‎v e effic‎i ency‎of recov‎e ryCours‎e Cours‎e conte‎n tScien‎c e and Math. Chemi‎s try, Physi‎c s, Biolo‎g y, Mater‎i al Scien‎c e, Mathe‎m atic‎s,Compu‎t er Instr‎u ctio‎nChemi‎c al Engin‎e erin‎gTherm‎o dyna‎m ics, Kinet‎i cs, Catal‎y sis,Recto‎r Desig‎n and Analy‎s is, Unit Opera‎t ions‎, Proce‎s s Contr‎o l, Chemi‎c al Engin‎e erin‎g Labor‎a tori‎e s, Desig‎n / Econo‎m icsOther‎ENGIN‎e erin‎g Elect‎r ical‎Engin‎e erin‎g, Mecha‎n ics, Engin‎e erin‎g Drawi‎n gHuman‎i ties‎and Socia‎lSCIEN‎c e Under‎s tand‎the origi‎n s‎of‎one’s‎own‎cultu‎r e as well as that ofother‎sUnit 21 Chemi‎c al Indus‎t ry and Envir‎o nmen‎t1.ATMOS‎p heri‎c chemi‎s try2.strat‎o sphe‎r ic ozone‎deple‎t ion3.acid rain4.envir‎o nmen‎t ally‎frien‎d ly produ‎c ts5.biode‎g rada‎b le6.harmf‎u l by-produ‎c t7.effic‎i entl‎y8.power‎plant‎emiss‎i ons9.diffe‎r ent plast‎i cs10.recyc‎l ed or dispo‎s ed11.acidi‎c waste‎solut‎i onsan‎i c compo‎n ents‎13.membr‎a ne techn‎o logy‎14.biote‎c hnol‎o gy15.micro‎o rgan‎i smsFront‎i er Resea‎r ch activ‎i ties‎or probl‎e ms faced‎In-site proce‎s sing‎Field‎tests‎;Uncer‎t aint‎i es of the proce‎s s, Adver‎s e envir‎o nmen‎t impac‎t sProce‎s s solid‎sImpro‎v e solid‎s fract‎u re proce‎s ses,Resea‎r ch on the mecha‎n ics of pneum‎a tic and slurr‎y trans‎p ort, Under‎s tand‎the chemi‎c al react‎i on proce‎s ses,Equip‎m ent desig‎n and scale‎-upSepar‎a tion‎proce‎s sResea‎r ch on:membr‎a ne separ‎a tion‎s, chemi‎c al selec‎t ive separ‎a tion‎agent‎s, shape‎-selec‎t ive porou‎s solid‎s,tradi‎t iona‎l separ‎a tion‎metho‎d sMater‎i alsFind const‎r ucti‎o n mater‎i als, Devel‎o p new proce‎s s-relat‎e d mater‎i als, Devel‎o p less energ‎y inten‎s ive mater‎i alsDesig‎n and scale‎-up Compl‎e xity‎, Lack of basic‎data,。

(完整版)化学专业英语

(完整版)化学专业英语

一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。

因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。

下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。

2过渡元素和单质Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二化合物的命名:化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。

表示原子个数时使用前缀:mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa-hepta- octa-,nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。

1.化合物正电荷部分的读法:直呼其名,即读其元素名称。

如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxideN2O4:Di nitrogen tetroxide对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。

如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 2.化合物负电荷部分的读法:2.1二元化合物:常见的二元化合物有卤化物,氧化物,硫化物,氮化物,磷化物,碳化物,金属氢化物等,命名时需要使用后缀-ide,如:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,oxide ,sulfide ,nitride, phosphide, carbide,hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide:hydroxide,非金属氢化物不用此后缀,而是将其看成其它二元化合物(见2。

化学工程与工艺专业英语 Unit 10-17 参考英文

化学工程与工艺专业英语 Unit 10-17 参考英文
因此,化学工程是工程的一个分支学科,主要研究工业化学过程中工厂和机械的设计、制 造和操作。
首先,化学工程是以化学为基础的,例如,物理化学、化工热力学以及化工动力学。然而, 尽管如此,它不只是简单地复制这些学科的研究结果,而是将这些研究结果应用于大众化学品 的处理。化学的任务的目标是,去寻找操作最经济的用途,去设计最合适该操作的商业设备和 辅助设备。因此,化学工程,如果没有与经济学、物理学、数学、控制论、应用机械学和其他 技术科学的紧密联系,就难以想象。
在单元操作(intensive 密集)快速发展的这一个时期中,化学工程分析的其他传统工具开 始被采用或得到了广泛的开发,这些工具包括过程的物料和能量平衡的研究以及多组分体糸基
2
础热力学的研究。
化学工程与工艺专业英语 化工系 陈中胜
化学工程师在帮助美国及其盟军赢得二战发挥了关键作用。他们开发了天然橡胶资源的人 造橡胶的合成路线,天然橡胶资源在战争早期已经落于日本的手中。他们提供了建立原子弹所 必要的“U-235”,通过一步法将 u-235 生产过程从实验室生产放大到曾经所建立的最大的工业 化工厂。他们对优化青霉素的生产方面的帮助很大,青霉素生产挽救了成千上万的受伤士兵的 生命。
1.热力学的应用 热力学有两个主要的应用,两者对化学工程师都很重要。 (1)与过程相联系的热效应和功效应的计算,以及从过程得到的最大功或驱动过程所需 的最小功的计算。 (2)描述处于平衡的系统的各变量之间的关系的确定。 第一种应用由热力学这个名词可联想到,热力学表示运动中的热。直接利用第一和第二定 律可完成许多(热效应和功效应的)计算。例如:计算压缩气体的功,对一个完整过程或某一 过程单元的进行能量衡算,确定分离乙醇和水混合物所需的最小功,或者(evaluate)评估一 个氨合成工厂的效率。

化学工程与工艺·专业英语unite17

化学工程与工艺·专业英语unite17

Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering每一种工业化的化工过程的目的都是通过一系列的处理步骤从各种原料经济性地生成所需的产品。

图3-5表示一种典型的过程。

为了使原料处于能发生化学反应的形式,原料要经过(undergo)许多物理处理步骤,然后,通过反应器。

为了得到最终的所需的产品,反应的产物必须经过进一步的物理处理,如分离、纯化等。

用于物理处理步骤的设备的设计在单元操作中研究,这里我们关心的是过程的化学处理步骤。

经济上,化学处理步骤是不重要的装置,如一简单的混合槽。

然而,化学处理步骤通常是整个过程的核心,在经济方面可使过程发生或停止的因素。

反应器的设计不是例行公事(routine),对于某一过程可以提出许多其它的设计。

为了寻求最佳的设计,必须减少的费用不仅仅是反应器费用。

一种设计可以是反应器费用低,但离开该装置的物料可以是该情况:物料的处理费用比其它设计费用高得多。

所以全过程的经济性必须要考虑。

反应器的设计要运用各种领域(热力学、化学动力学、流体力学、传质、传热以及经济学)的信息、知识和经验。

化学反应工程是这些所有的因素的综合(synthesis),其目的是精确地设计化学反应器。

化学反应器的设计可能是化学工程师的独特(unique)的一种活动,这可能较其它方面更能证明化学工程作为工程学科的独特的分支的存在。

在化学反应器设计时,必须要回答两个问题:(1)我们期望发生什么变化?(2)变化发生有多快?。

第一个问题关于热力学,而第二个问题是关于各种速率过程——化学动力学、传热,等等。

把这些过程综合起来以及要确定这些过程是如何关联的,是相当难的问题(事情)。

因此我们必须从简单的情况开始,利用考虑其它的因素来增长(帮助)我们的分析,直到我们能处理更困难的问题。

1. Thermodynamics热力学给出了设计所需的两条重要的信息:反应释放(或吸收)的热量以及反应的最大的可能程度。

马永祥版化学专业英语第2-17-33课翻译

马永祥版化学专业英语第2-17-33课翻译

第二课我们很早就注意到非金属的性质与金属的性质有显著的区别。

通常,非金属单质是电和热的不良导体(石墨碳除外);易碎,颜色较深,熔点和沸点变化范围很广。

它们的分子结构(通常含有一般的共价键)变化很大,从简单的双原子分子H2, C12, I2 和 N2到巨型的金刚石、硅和硼晶体都有室温下为气体的非金属单质是那些分子量低的双原子分子和惰性气体分子,这些分子间的作用力极小。

随着分子量的增加,我们就会遇到一种液体Br2和一种固体I2,它们的蒸气压也表明它们的分子间作用力较小。

一些非金属元素单质的某些性质见表2。

V和VI族元素的较重原子在一般情况下不形成简单的双原子分子。

这一点与这些族的第一个元素(分别形成N2 and O2)恰好相反。

差别的出现是由于与第二主能级相反,第三和更高主能级的p-轨道形成的-键稳定性较低。

第三周期和更高周期元素的原子半径较大,电子云更密集,不允许p-轨道进行良好的重叠,而这恰恰是形成强-键的必要条件。

一般,强-键的形成只出现在第二周期元素。

因此,元素N 和O形成同时含有O键和 Pi 键的稳定分子,而同族的其它元素在一般情况下仅形成建立在o键基础上的较稳定的分子。

请注意VII元素也形成双原子分子,但是并不需要pi键来使原子价达到饱和。

硫有几种同素异形体。

固态硫通常以两种结晶形式和一种无定形形式存在。

菱形硫可以在合适的溶液中例如CS2中经过结晶得到,它的熔点是112C。

单斜硫可以通过冷却熔融的硫获得,它的熔点是119C。

两种形式的结晶硫都可以经过熔融而变为由S8分子组成的S硫,S8分子是一种折叠形的环,160C以下可以稳定存在,高于160C,S8环开始破裂,有些碎片互相结合形成高黏度的不规则的线圈型混合物。

当加热到一定温度范围时,液体硫的黏度变得如此最大以至不能将熔融硫从容器中倒出。

当黏度增加时,硫的颜色也从熔点时的淡黄色一直变到深棕红色.当接近沸点444C时,大的线圈型(铰链型)硫部分降解(破裂),液体硫的黏度降低。

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV . Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物。

(完整版)化学专业英语

(完整版)化学专业英语

(完整版)化学专业英语一、基础词汇篇1. 原子与分子Atom(原子):物质的基本单位,由质子、中子和电子组成。

2. 化学反应Reactant(反应物):参与化学反应的物质。

Product(物):化学反应后的物质。

Catalyst(催化剂):能改变化学反应速率而本身不发生永久变化的物质。

3. 物质状态Solid(固体):具有一定形状和体积的物质。

Liquid(液体):具有一定体积,无固定形状的物质。

Gas(气体):无固定形状和体积的物质。

4. 酸碱盐Acid(酸):在水溶液中能电离出氢离子的物质。

Base(碱):在水溶液中能电离出氢氧根离子的物质。

Salt(盐):由酸的阴离子和碱的阳离子组成的化合物。

5. 溶液与浓度Solution(溶液):由溶剂和溶质组成的均匀混合物。

Solvent(溶剂):能溶解其他物质的物质。

Solute(溶质):被溶解的物质。

Concentration(浓度):溶液中溶质含量的度量。

二、专业术语篇1. 有机化学Organic Chemistry(有机化学):研究碳化合物及其衍生物的化学分支。

Functional Group(官能团):决定有机化合物化学性质的原子或原子团。

Polymer(聚合物):由许多重复单元组成的大分子化合物。

2. 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry(无机化学):研究不含碳的化合物及其性质的化学分支。

Crystal(晶体):具有规则排列的原子、离子或分子的固体。

OxidationReduction Reaction(氧化还原反应):涉及电子转移的化学反应。

3. 物理化学Physical Chemistry(物理化学):研究化学现象与物理现象之间关系的化学分支。

Chemical Bond(化学键):原子间相互作用力,使原子结合成分子。

Thermodynamics(热力学):研究能量转换和物质性质的科学。

4. 分析化学Analytical Chemistry(分析化学):研究物质的组成、结构和性质的科学。

化学专业英语详细版.ppt

化学专业英语详细版.ppt

•a fraction of 一小部分 •on the basis of 根据……, 在……基础上
如果根据个别化合物来了解这么多化合
物的性质,即使其中的一小部分也是不可
能的。
.精品课件.
6
Fortunately, most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes.
dቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱne on the basis of individual compounds. Fortunately, most
chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes.
Then, if we can properly classify a compound, we are at once
usually a metal. Ex., NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)3.
3. A salt consists of a metal, written first, combined
with a non-metal or radical written last in a formula.
• be aware of 知道,意识到……
那么,如果我们能够恰当地将一个化合物归类,我们立
刻就能从这类化合物的性质来了解这个化合物的一般性 质。
.精品课件.
8
For example, HCl is classed as an acid, and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound.

化学专业英语PPT课件

化学专业英语PPT课件

-
15
(二)词汇特点
• 1. 词义专一
文学英语中,经常出现一词多义或一义多词的
现象,科技英语中也不例外,但在表达同一个科 学概念或含义时,一般采用单一词汇。
如: hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷
• 2. 科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语
据统计,1万个普通英语词汇中,约有46%源于
-
2
Why do we learn Special English ?
• 研究生阶段学习与工作--
➢ 英语文献检索、阅读、理解 ➢ 英语报告的汇报、听说 ➢ 英语讨论会、多媒体汇报 ➢ 英语论文撰写、投稿、发表 ➢ GRE考试出国留学
-
3
教学内容:
1. 大多数化学元素的名称; 2. 无机化学、有机化学、分析化学、物理化学、以
• chemi(o)-
chemisorb
化学吸收;
chemiluminescence 化学发光;
chemoceptor
化学受体,化学感应器;
chemolysis[ke`mɔləsis] 化学分析
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18
(三)科技英语在修饰上的特点
1. 时态应用有限
叙述过去的研究常用过去时(与现在不发 生联系),也用现在完成时(与现在有直 接联系,并对目前有重要的影响);讨论 推导的理论及结果用将来时;论述理论部 分用现在时。
在翻译过程中将英文中的某种词类 译成汉语中的另一种词类,如名词→ 动词,形容词→动词,动词→名词等 等。
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11
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
例如:
The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.

化学专业英语翻译(修订版)17有机化学氧化还原

化学专业英语翻译(修订版)17有机化学氧化还原

化学专业英语翻译(校准版)17 OXIDA TION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY17 有机化学氧化还原一级醇和二级醇的一个重要反应是将醇转化成tan基化合物,这也是有机化学反应中的一个典型的氧化反应的例子。

我们如何知道一个有机化合物被氧化呢?在最后一小节,我们将认识到醇转化成是一个氧化反应,因为他是通过减少铬的价态来实现的。

但也有其他的氧化剂进行的氧化反应是不明显的。

在这一章节我们的目标的能够认识到一个氧化反应或一个还原反应仅仅是通过有机化合物本身的转化检验。

这样做的程序包括了三个步骤:步骤一:针对反应物和生成物将氧化树分配到每一个碳原子上。

(它只是需要将氧化数分配到转化过程中有发生化学变化的碳原子上,其他碳原子可以被忽略)特殊碳原子的氧化数是通过考虑其在整体碳原子范围内相关电负性而被分配,如下:A.每一个电负性比碳小的元素(包括氢)跟碳结合,都会使碳原子带上一个负电荷,标记为-1B.若每一个键都是与另一个碳原子相连,则每个碳都会有一个不成对的电子,将其认为是0价。

C.若每一个键是与电负性比碳大的元素相连,则碳原子上就会带上一个正电荷,将其认为+1价。

D.综合考虑下将编号加到指定的A、B、C中去获得每个碳原子的氧化数。

让我们将这第一个步骤应用到异丙醇转化成丙酮的反应中。

因为两个甲基上的碳原子在反应中没有发生变化,所以我们不需要将氧化数分配到这两个碳原子上。

注意到对待丙酮上的碳氧双键时,是将其计为两个键的,故每个键给出+1价总的由两个键就给出了+2价。

步骤二:每个化合物的氧化数Nox是通过所有碳原子的氧化数相加而计算得来的。

在结构上,只有一个碳原子改变其氧化数,所以反应物和生成物的Nox值是等于这个碳原子分别的氧化数。

因此,反应物的氧化数为0而生成物的氧化数为+2。

在其他包含了1个碳原子以上的反应,Nox值是通过所有经历了化学变化碳原子氧化数之和而计算得到。

化学专业基础英语译文

化学专业基础英语译文

化学专业基础英语教案第1部分基础化学讲座(Part I Chemistry Lectures)第1章化学的本质(Chapter I The Nature of Chemistry)下面是一封小约翰(John C. Bailar, Jr., 父子同名时用于区别;senior, adj. n. 年长的,高级的;年长者)给一个朋友的信,他(小约翰)是伊利诺斯(州)(Illinois, [ili'nɔi(z)])大学化学系部(faculty, ['fækəlti])一名已经(has been)从教56年教员。

亲爱的克丽丝(Chris, [kris]):这封信仅仅是关于你所提出的化学是什么和化学家在做什么这些问题的一个回答。

我很高兴你问及的这个学科/科目(subject)到底(all about, 关于…的一切,到处,附近)是什么的看法/观点(view),对于许多人来说,对这个问题都有一个扭曲的,或者至少是肤浅(superficial)看法/观点(看法/观点可以认为既是asked的宾语也是distored or superficial的宾语)。

正如这封信,我不确定我是否能给予你一个清晰的画面/解释(picture),但是我试图这样做。

当然了,你知道化学与物理学、地质学、天文学一道,是属于物质科学/自然科学(physical sciences)的一门学科。

生物科学(biological sciences),诸如植物学(botany, ['bɔtəni])、生理学(physiology)、生态学(ecology)和遗传学(genetics, [dʒi'netiks])是亲密关联的,但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类/种类(倒装句:亲密关联的,但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类/种类,是生物科学(biological sciences),诸如植物学(botany, ['bɔtəni])、生在这两个学科组(physical sciences和biological sciences)之间,或者在任何一个学科组内的学科之间,没有特别明显的(sharp),因为(for)它们相互涵盖(overlap, [əuvə'læp])。

武汉理工《化学工程与工艺专业英语》考试课文翻译

武汉理工《化学工程与工艺专业英语》考试课文翻译

武汉理工《化学工程与工艺专业英语》考试课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。

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17 有机化学中的氧化和还原
醇转变为羰基化合物是伯醇、仲醇的重要反应,是有机化学中许多氧化反应的实例之一。

我们如何知道一个种有机化合物已经被氧化了呢?在最后部分,我们认识到醇反应生成酮也是氧化反应,因为它是Cr(Ⅵ)还原反应引起的。

但是还有一些其它的氧化反应其氧化剂不明显。

在这部分我们的目标是能够识别出氧化或者还原反应仅仅通过观察有机化合物自身的转变。

这个判断的过程包含三个步骤:
步骤1:对于每一个反应物和产物的每一个碳原子指定反应级数(这个只需要于在转化过程中有化学变化的碳原子的氧化级数的指定)特定碳原子的氧化级数是这样的:考虑相关的碳原子与基团成键的相对电负性,例如:
(a).对于一种元素的每一个电负性小于碳的键(包括氢原子)在碳原子周围每一个价态都是-1价;
(b).对于与其它碳原子之间的键,C上每一个未成键的电子,指定为0价;
(c).对于与电负性高于碳的元素之间的键,在碳原子上呈正价态,为+1价;
(d).添加在(a). (b). (c)中分配的数得到碳原子的氧化个数。

下面来让我们把步骤运用于异丙醇向丙醇的转化,由于两个甲基团中的碳原子价态未改变,我们不需要对这些碳原子指定氧化级数,应该注意酮中间的羰基双键可视为两个键;每个键为+1价,双键共为+2价。

步骤2:每个化合物的氧化数NOX是通过将所有C原子的氧化级数相加计算而得的。

在上面的结构中,仅仅只有一个C原子的氧化级数发生了改变,因此,反应物和产物的NOX 仅仅等于各自的碳原子的氧化级数。

因此,反应物的氧化级数为0而产物为+2,在其他的包含多于一个C原子的反应中,NOX的计算是通过所有发生化学变化的C原子的氧化数的加和。

步骤3:计算不同。

NOX(产物)=NOX(反应物)
如果这个价态是正的,则是氧化反应,如果是负的,则为还原反应。

如果为0,则非氧化非还原反应。

对于反应(17-1)这个价态差是+2-0=+2,故这个反应就是一个氧化反应。

尽管氧化数这个非常有用,但是我们不能忽略下面的两个一般的有机氧化和还原的特征。

这两点可以让我们一眼分辨出氧化或者还原反应。

1.在多数有机化合物的氧化反应中,既不会有C-H上的H也不会有C-C上的C被一个
电负性高的元素所取代,例如卤素或者氧,这种变化是还原反应。

2.一个分子的氧化态是由它的各个C原子的氧化态决定的。

氧化级数概念可以被简单的与有机化学中常用的氧化反应定义相联系。

根据这个定义,氧化态失去电子,还原态得电子,这个定义,在有机化合物中被广泛应用。

看下面的乙醇氧
化为乙酸的例子。

我们能利用水平衡失去的氧,用质子平衡失去的氢和用设定的电子平衡电荷,从而把该氧化反应写成一个平衡的半反应。

根据这个半反应,乙醇分子失去四个电子当醋酸形成的时候(由于这仅是一个半反应,相应的电子数肯定是增加的。

)据说,乙醇被氧化为乙酸是四电子氧化,这种类型的术语,在生化中应用频繁,来自于半反应形式。

如果计算乙醇和乙酸的氧化数,我们可以看到式(17-2)氧化值为+4.这个例子说明下面这一点:氧化数的变化数等于失去的电子数,如果氧化数的变化是负的,则是还原反应,变化数等于得到电子数。

氧化反应和还原反应,像酸碱中和,总是成对发生。

因此,当有物质被氧化时,其它的物质被还原。

当一种有机物质被氧化,引起反应的试剂叫氧化剂。

同样地,当一种有机物被还原,引起反应的试剂叫还原剂。

例如,假设铬酸根离子被用来引发乙醇向乙酸的反应如17-2.在这一反应中,铬酸根被还原成Cr3+8H++3e-+CrO42-~4H2O+Cr3+,在铬酸盐(Ⅵ)还原为Cr3+获得了电子,由于在反应(17-3)中失去4个电子,化学计量学要求每三个乙醇分子氧化为乙酸,四个CrO42-被还原。

通过考虑反应过程中氧化数的变化,我们可以说氧化或还原剂需要引发反应。

例如,下面的反应为非氧化非还原反应。

尽管一个C被氧化一个C被还原,即使我们对这个反应一无所知,很显然对,仅有氧化剂或还原剂是不会发生这种反应的。

氧化数的概念可以用来组织有机化合物形成具有相同氧化级数的反应中,一个给定基团的化合物可以通过一个既不是氧化剂也不是还原剂的试剂进行交换。

如:我们知道醇可以与HBr生成卤烷,HBr既不是氧化剂也不是还原剂。

另一方面,醇变为羧酸包含有一个氧化级数的变化,事实上这个反应需要氧化剂才可以实现。

含有大量的H和C有更多可能的氧化态数。

因此,叔醇不能在α-C上被氧化(不含断裂的C-C键),因为这个C没有携带H。

甲烷,一方面可以被氧化为CO2.(当然,如果C-C键断裂,任何烷烃都可以被氧化成CO2)。

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