How to Translate Well
翻译意合法
plex sentence复合句
英语的复句(是借助于主从连词(Subordinating Conjunctions ) 或并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions )分 别将两个或两个以上的子句(Clauses )有机地连接起来, 从 而形成的一个整体。
(1)It has been a long time since I saw you. 好久不见了。 (2) As she talked on she got more and more excited. 她越讲越兴奋。 (3) Come when you are free. 有空就来。 (4) If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了， 春天还会远吗？
5The monks may run away, but he temple can not run away with them .跑了和尚跑不了庙
6.If you fail to enter the tiger's den, how can you get the tiger's cub. .不入虎穴, 焉得虎子 。
3.We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. 我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。
Advantages of parataxis
1.simple & pure 2.smooth& faithful
1.While the prospects are bright，the road has twists and turns。 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 2.If you confer a benefit, never remember it; but if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。
抽象与具体的翻译
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C-t-E Translation
7
•只要你嫁给我，鸡鸭鱼肉，绫罗绸缎，一辈子享受不 尽。 •If you are willing to marry me, you will enjoy the luxuries all your life.
A jolly dog A small potato Hot potatoes A surly dog A work horse
More examples:
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C-t-E Translation
11
具体—抽象
想起年轻时的一些事情，他心里感到甚是欣慰。 It was the memories of his youth that gave
•我们都来自五湖四海。 •We are from all corners of the country.
•不知黄连苦，怎知蜂蜜甜。 •Who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.
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C-t-E Translation
8
具体译法指的是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象 的成分用具体的成分表达出来，从而消除或 降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产 生与原文同样的效果。
21
Exercise
这是他们自己的事情，你去插一脚干嘛？ 别人家里鸡毛蒜皮的事情你都知道得这么全，真
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C-t-E Translation
7-汉语无主句的英译
after the exposition.
3) 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 前功尽弃 to waste all the previous efforts All labour is lost. All one's labour has been in vain. If things are not properly handled, all our work so far/till now will be waing the Earth from space, we can further understand its structure, explore its resources and predict earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other natural calamities, so that we can better protect our human lives and property.
3) 可以说，这个期间我国财富有了巨额增加，整个国 民经济上了一个新的台阶。 It can be said that during this period China‟s wealth expanded considerably, and the national economy as a whole was raised to a new level. ……China has accumulated considerable wealth, with its whole national economy rising to/reaching a new level.
如何学好英语HowtolearnEnglishWell-(大学英语作文)
怎样学好英语How to learn EnglishWell?大学英语作文Withthe development of the society, China has stepped on the road ofinternationalizaion. And as all sides of reasons,English has become theinternational language. Thus, there aremore and more Chinese learn English asto catch up with theworld. Chinese government also realize this, so theyrequire Chinese, especialy students, learn English. Then there i s still aquestion that how to learn English well.跟着社会的发展，中国已经踏上了国际化的道路。
因为方方面面的原由，英语也成为了国际语言。
所以，愈来愈多的中国人为了与世界接轨而学习英语。
而中国政府也意识到这一点，所以他们要求中国人学习英语，特别是学生。
问题是怎样学好英语呢？Firstof all, learning English well needs perseverance. Because learning English wellis a long-term process. If we insist on leraning Eglish everyday, we will masterit one day. Ifwe just s tudy it for a short time and t hen give up, we will gainnothing in the end. Therefore, we should stick to learnEnglish erveryday inorder to learn it well.第一，学好英语需要毅力。
How_to_Translate_English_for_Science_and_Technology(EST)_Materials
How to Translate English for Science and Technology(EST) MaterialsContentsBrief introduction of EST translationFeatures of EST in Vocabulary, Sentence, and Grammer and the specific translating methods Te conclusionI.Brief introduction of EST translation1.1 what is translationTranslation, essentiall ,is the faithful representation ,in on language ,of what is written or said in another language.(摘自钟述孔著，英汉翻译手册（增订版）)1.2. Principles of TranslationThe main principles of translation are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance which were first proposed by Yan Fu. The English for Science and Technology (EST) emphasizes particularly the principles of faithfulness and elegance.1.3. The Characteristics of EST Translation1.3.1The principle of EST Translation:The translation target of EST is scientific documents. The scientific materials are characterized by preciseness. So EST translation is marked by objectivity, standardization, distinctive feature in literary form, regular syntax.Objectivity means that the translator cannot change the original ideas, neglect the information or put own comments in the process of translation. He must translate the original into Chinese version accurately.standardization means that we should always use some professional expressions like technical terms. As we know, newly created technical terms are pouring into English for science and technology. The accumulation of new words is quite important. The characteristics of EST will be discussed in following chapters.1.3.2 The Characteristic V ocabulary of EST:The most remarkable characteristic of EST is extensive use of technical terms. A great number of them come from the words used commonly in our daily life. But they have strict technical meaning in EST. EST borrows words in common use to explain the professional technical concepts.So during the translation we must pay attention to those common words.1.4 The requirements for EST translator1.4.1 lingustic prficiency: the translator must be good at both the English and Chinese. To cite a saying ― A good translator reads a foreign language but thinks in his own.‖ We have to bear always in mind that Chinese and English are two entirely diffenent languages, each having its ownusage and idiom, its own grammar and stylistic devices,own cultural and social background.1.4.2 encyclopedic knowledge: we all know that EST is different from generaly English for it has lots of technical terms, and relates to science and technology which is not familiar to us.Only when we have encyclopedic knowledge, can we fully understand the original material.1.4.3 Having a konwledge about the features of EST Science material unlikeessay ,narration,or any other kind of style has its own features, which we must bear in mind. Having a grasp of the features of EST will do good to EST translation.II.Features of EST in V ocabulary,Sentence,and GrammerThe general features of EST is objective,accuracy,conciseness.In order to achieve such kind of features, there are some special devices such as general use of nominalization ,extensive use of the passive voice ,long and complicated sentences,as well as more non-finite forms of verbs ,that we al should pay special attention during our translation.2.1 Features of EST in V ocabulary,2.1.1 As we have talked before some features of vocabulary before, now let us talk about the specific translation methods of EST vocabularies.Generally, there are two methods in the translation of EST vocabularies: literal translation and free translation. The literal translation includes transplant, transliteration and pictographic translation, etc. The free translation includes deduction, extension and explanation, etc.2.1.2 General Use of NominalizationAnother striking feature of EST vocabulary is the gereral use of nominalation. Then, what is nominalizationn? In linguistics, nominalization is the use of a verb or an adjective as a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can now act as the head of a noun phrase.As we all know,English is static, and nouns are frequently used to replace verbs, while Chinese is dynamic, using more verbs in a single sentence.Compared with general English, noun phrases are more frequently used in EST. This is because scientific literature contains more abstract concepts such as definitions, principles, laws, conclusions, etc., and manifold modification and restriction are required to elaborate these concepts or ideas. As the semantic meaning of a noun phrase that consists of several words is usually complicated, the translation should go beyond the surface structure.There is a variety of nominalization ,for example:a. Lexical nominalizationFor example:计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用PC applications in data and information processing声音识别设备voice recognition equipmentb. Expanded Noun Premodifiers水泵阀例：water pump valve3. 1) verb-nounThe paper analyzes the problem and solves it.The paper gives an analysis of the problem and offers a solution.2)adjective-nounIt is doubtful how accurate the results are.The accuracy of these results is doubtful.3) sentence-nounThus, we should have specific methods of translating in terms of differend kinds of ually ,we have some methods,as follows:1.translate Nominalization into verbAll substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。
How to translate
成童 舞象之年 志学年 及笄 笄年 破瓜 破瓜年华（瓜-二八） 桃李年华 加冠 弱冠 及冠 花信之年 花信年华 而立之年 而立岁 立年 英年 英发之年 不惑之年 不惑 强仕之年 春秋鼎盛 壮盛之年
年将五十 五十 五十一 六十 六十一 七十 七十一 七十七
Her
He
is well over forty years old.
Answers
他已年逾花甲。或
他已年过六旬。？他已经
六十多了。 我母亲已步入古稀之年。或 我母亲已年过七 旬。？我母亲已经七十多岁。 她兄弟今年已到了而立之年。或 她兄弟今 年已三十多岁了。 他早过了不惑之年。？他早过了四十岁。
年龄的书面译法
胎儿 不满周岁 一岁 二、三岁 七、八岁 十岁以下 女十二岁 十三岁 女十三、十四岁
六甲 襁褓 周岁 孩提 总发 黄口小儿、黄口 金钗之年 舞勺之年 豆蔻年华、豆蔻之年
十五岁 女十五 女十六岁 女十七至二十岁 男二十岁 女二十四岁 三十岁 青年 四十岁 壮年
How to translate “age”?
Translate the following sentences
He
is over sixty years old. mother is in her seventies. brother is thirty years o 开六 花甲 耳顺之年 六旬 开七 古稀 致事/ 古稀之年 开八 喜寿
八十 八十八 八十---九十 九十 九十九 一百
中寿 常珍 书屏 杖朝 米寿 耄耋之年 有秩 从游 白寿 期颐 上寿 大齐
定语从句的翻译技巧
1．译成定语“的”字结构
这是最为常见的一种英译汉的方式，翻译成中 文时，将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。 例1：He is not the one who will give up easily. 译文：他不是一个轻易服输的人。 例2：Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 译文：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。
1．译出关系代词或关系副词
根据逻辑的需要，在翻译前，我们首先应该弄清关系词 所指代的内容，进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。 例1: He has learned French, which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world. 译文：他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。 例2: This is a college of science and technology, the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists. 译文：这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程 师或科学工作者。
5．译成“这”字句
有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词，它还指代 前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成 “这”或“这一点”。 例1：He admired Mrs. Brown, which surprises me most. 译文：他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。 例2：She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 译文：她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
英语中的修辞
1Synaesthesia 通感[,sinis'θi:zi ə]Synaesthesia refers to the mixing of sensations; the concurrent appeal to more than one sense; the response through several senses to the stimulation.E.g.：a sour look 酸溜溜的一瞥What a noisy scarf it is! 好艳丽的一条围巾！Metonymy 换喻is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.英语中常见的换喻有以下几种：1人体器官代替其行为或能力：e.g. He has an eye for beaty .2用工具指代相关的物或人：e.g. That farmer gave up the plough.3用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西：e.g. They chatted over a bottle 。
4明显的特点或特色代表人或物：e.g. His elder sister went to the stage; the young one has taken the veil. Our eleven has won the game.5用制造者名字代表制成品：e.g. Do you like to read Shakespeare?6用地方代替事物：e.g. The world is watching closely what the White House will do next.Synecdoche 提喻1用局部代替整体e.g. Many hands make light work.2用整体代替局部e.g. It (the volleyball match) is a close contest. In the end, China won.3用个体代替整个一类e.g. She is another Madam Curie.4用具体代替抽象e.g. Every life has its roses and thorns.5用抽象带具体e.g. Life was a wearing to him.6用材料代替事物e.g. Have you any coppers?C.F. Metonymy & Synecdoche1But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. Metonymy2There is a limit to What flesh and blood can bear. SynecdocheHyperbole 夸张 or overstatement 夸张It distorts the truth by great exaggeration.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry ,And the rocks melt wi ’ the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall run.Understatement/litotes['lait əuti:z]A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.E.g. His recent book is no small accomplishment.The face wasn’t a bad one; It had what they called charm.Euphemism 委婉死亡 to pass away , to be no more, to be gone, to go west, to fall asleep, to lose one’s life, to breathe one’s last, to meet on e’s Maker, to go the way of all earth, to return to dust/the earth2 厕所 washroom, bathroom, restroom, comfort station, powder room, ladies’ gents’, men’sto be expecting, to be in a family wayold people the elderly/senior citizensgarbage collector sanitation engineerundertaker funeral directorgardener landscape architectfile clerk research consultantAntonomasia 换称[,ænt əno'me ʒɪə]Antonomasi 就是借用一个具有某些家喻户晓的特点的专有名称,来代换一个具有共同特征的普通名称; Antonomasia 代体的主要渊源是西方宗教、历史和文学,换称与转喻十分相近,但又有所不同.恰当地使用换称,能达到多种修辞效果.Examples:Both sides are looking for a virgin birth, a deal with no obvious father.There is no reason to expect that Iraq will stop its byzantine procurement practice soon.The National Aeronautics and space Administration had called it a ―success -oriented‖ schedule to get the space shuttle flying again, but the odyssey of ―Discovery‖ was beset wi th various problems. Allusion 指文学作品中引用的史料性文字E.g. He has some reasonable causes, but most of the times fight with windmills.动词短语‖fight with windmills‖出自文艺复兴时期西班牙文学巨匠塞万提斯的名著《堂·吉珂德》。
如何成为一个有效的跨文化交际者英语作文
如何成为一个有效的跨文化交际者英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Be a Great Cross-Cultural CommunicatorHave you ever talked to someone from another country and felt confused? Maybe their words sounded a bit funny or they did things differently than you. That's because we all come from different cultures! Cultures have their own languages, customs, beliefs, and ways of life. Learning how to communicate across cultures is super important if you want to make friends from all over the world.The first step is being curious and open-minded. You can't judge other people's cultures as weird or wrong, because to them, your culture is the weird one! Every culture has reasons for why they do things a certain way. Instead of thinking badly of different customs, try asking questions politely so you can understand where they come from. A great cross-cultural communicator is always eager to learn new things.Listening is also really important when talking to people from other cultures. You have to pay close attention not just tothe words they say, but their body language, tone of voice, and the context too. Sometimes things can get lost in translation if you only focus on the literal meanings. An awesomecross-cultural communicator knows how to read between the lines. You also need patience, because communication across cultures takes extra time and effort on both sides.Another useful skill is being able to adapt your communication style. You might need to speak more slowly and simply if the other person is still learning your language. Or you may have to use more formal or informal language depending on their cultural norms around things like respect and social status. A flexible communicator can adjust how they say things so the message comes across clearly.Of course, learning other languages is extremely helpful too! The more you can communicate in someone's native tongue, the better you'll understand their way of thinking and expressing themselves. You don't have to become fluent - even basic greetings and phrases show respect and make people feel more comfortable opening up to you.Probably the most vital quality is having an open and respectful attitude. Never mock how someone speaks your language, as that's very rude and discouraging. Instead,appreciate that they're trying their best and help them out kindly if they make mistakes. Always stay positive about cultural differences instead of judging them as superior or inferior to your own ways.Cross-cultural communication can be challenging for sure, but keeping an open mind is key. If you hit a misunderstanding, don't get frustrated - it's just a chance to learn more about one another! Ask questions, listen carefully, be flexible and keep practicing. The more you interact with people from diverse backgrounds, the easier and more rewarding it becomes.Making friends from all over shows that you're a true world citizen. You get to experience so many fascinating cultures and gain a wider perspective on life. Cross-cultural communication allows you to connect with people you might never have met otherwise. It opens up your world in the most amazing ways. So go out there, be curious and respectful, and start becoming an awesome cross-cultural communicator today!篇2How to Be a Great Cross-Cultural CommunicatorDo you ever talk to people from other countries or cultures? It can be really fun to learn about different ways of life! But it canalso be confusing if you don't understand each other well. That's why it's important to be a good cross-cultural communicator. Let me share some tips!First, you need to be a good listener. Don't just wait for your turn to talk. Really pay attention when the other person is speaking. Look at their face and body language. Try to understand not just their words, but their tone and gestures too. People from different cultures might communicate in different ways. Some cultures value loud, emotional speaking styles. Others prefer soft and subtle tones. If you listen closely, you'll start to pick up on those differences.Next, ask lots of questions if you're confused! It's okay not to understand everything right away when communicating across cultures. Maybe a word or gesture has a different meaning where they're from. Rather than making assumptions, just ask them to explain. Say something like "I want to make sure I understand properly. Could you clarify what you meant by...?" Most people will be happy to help you learn.Another useful tip is to share examples from your own culture. That can help the other person understand where you're coming from. Like if you're talking about holidays, you could say "Oh that reminds me of how my family celebrates Christmas..."and describe your traditions. Then ask about their cultural traditions for that holiday or event. Swapping examples creates connections between your experiences.Sometimes there will be cultural differences that are hard to understand at first. Maybe you're from a culture where it's rude to be late, but your friend comes from a culture where being "fashionably late" is normal. Instead of judging too quickly, approach it with curiosity. You could say "I noticed in your culture it seems more acceptable to arrive later than the scheduled time. Could you help me understand the cultural reasons behind that?" Having an open mind and wanting to learn prevents misunderstandings.Speaking of misunderstandings, there's bound to be a few when bridging cultures! If you accidentally offend someone without meaning to, apologize sincerely. Say you're still learning about their culture and ask for patience. Likewise, if someone's words or actions offend you, speak up politely and explain why. They may not have realized it was offensive in your culture. Clear communication helps prevent bigger conflicts down the road.To become a master cross-cultural communicator, you need loads of practice! Read books and watch movies about other cultures. If you can travel, even better - you'll experience somany wonderful traditions and viewpoints. But you can practice anywhere by striking up conversations with people from different backgrounds. Ask them about their cultures and share about yours. The more you learn from each other, the easier it becomes to find common ground.Being an awesome cross-cultural communicator means being curious, respectful and purposefully bridging gaps in understanding. It's such an important skill in our globalized world. Every conversation creates connections between people, cultures and communities. Why not spread a little more kindness and knowledge today by engaging with someone new? Who knows what amazing cultural experiences await if you do!篇3How to Become an Awesome Cross-Cultural CommunicatorHi friends! Today I'm going to teach you all about how to be a really great cross-cultural communicator. That's a big fancy phrase, but it just means being able to talk to people from other cultures and understand them. It's a super important skill because the world is getting smaller and smaller with all the new technology. You might have classmates or neighbors from other countries and cultures. Or you might travel somewhere new oneday. Wouldn't it be cool to be able to make friends no matter where you go?First things first, what even is culture? Culture is the way a group of people live, their customs, beliefs, foods, holidays, music, art, and so much more. Every single person belongs to at least one culture, sometimes more! The culture I belong to is American culture. But there are lots of other cultures too like Mexican culture, Chinese culture, Indian culture, and zillions more.Different cultures have different ways of seeing the world and different rules about things like personal space, manners, communicating with elders, and so on. Things that seem totally normal in your culture might seem strange or even rude in another culture! That's why it's so important to learn about other cultures if you want to be able to communicate well with people from different backgrounds.So how do you become a cross-cultural super star? Here are my top tips:Learn a new language! The more languages you can speak, the better you'll be able to communicate across cultures. If you can speak someone's native language, even just a little bit, they'll be so impressed and it will make them feel more comfortablearound you. My Spanish teacher says knowing other languages opens doors to new worlds. Plus, learning a language helps you understand how another culture thinks.Read books, watch movies, and listen to music from other cultures. This is a fun way to start learning about different cultures without even leaving your house! You can read folktales, watch movies from other countries, or listen to K-pop, reggaeton, or Bollywood tunes. Pay attention to the values, customs, and perspectives that are portrayed.Ask questions and be curious. If you meet someone from another country or culture, ask them respectful questions about their traditions and way of life. What holidays do they celebrate? What foods do they enjoy? What cultural values are important to them? People usually love sharing about their cultures if you are genuinely interested. Just be polite and don't make judgements.Travel abroad if you can. There's no better way to experience another culture than to go there yourself! Even if it's just a short trip, you'll learn so much by being immersed in the sights, sounds, smells, and way of life. Be open-minded and ready for things to be very different from what you're used to. That's all part of the fun!Check your assumptions at the door. We all have preconceived notions about cultures that aren't our own. Maybe you think certain cultures are rude, misogynistic, or strange. Those assumptions can really get in the way of cross-cultural communication and understanding. Try to let go of stereotypes and judge people as individuals, not by their cultural background.Be a cross-cultural diplomat. When communicating across cultures, move slowly, speak clearly, and be patient. Watch your body language and tone of voice too. Humor and idioms often don't translate well. If you're confused, ask questions rather than making assumptions. See miscommunications as opportunities to learn, not sources of frustration.Appreciate differences, don't judge them. Different cultures have different norms and values around things like time, directness, family roles, personal space, emotional expression, and more. Instead of deciding one way is "right" or "wrong," just notice and accept that humans have diverse perspectives and practices. Variety is the spice of life!Share your own culture too. Cross-cultural communication is a two-way street. While you're learning about others, share traditions, food, music, and aspects of your own culture too.Seeing each other's ways of life can bring people together through mutual understanding.Develop cross-cultural friendships. Some of the best ways to understand other cultures is to befriend people from different backgrounds. You can learn so much through conversation, shared experiences, and being welcomed into different cultural spaces and events.Stay humble and never stop learning. Even if you feel like you really "get" a certain culture, there's always more to discover. Cultures are complex and constantly evolving. Approach every cross-cultural interaction with an open mind and the humility to realize you don't know everything.See, becoming an awesome cross-cultural communicator is super fun and interesting! By learning about different ways of life, you get to explore tons of new ideas, traditions, foods, and perspectives. The world will feel much bigger and more vibrant. You'll make new friends and develop important skills for our interconnected world. What cultures are you most excited to learn about? Maybe I'll join you on the adventure ofcross-cultural communication and understanding!篇4Title: Becoming a Star Cross-Cultural CommunicatorHave you ever met someone from another country and felt like you were speaking totally different languages? Maybe their words sounded funny, or they did things that seemed really weird to you. Well, that's because we all come from different cultures which can make communicating across cultures pretty challenging. But don't worry, I've got some awesome tips to help you become a star cross-cultural communicator!Tip #1: Be Curious, Not JudgmentalWhen someone does something different than what you're used to, don't just think it's wrong or stupid. Remember, their way might seem strange to you, but it's normal for their culture. Instead of judging, get curious! Ask them politely about their traditions and why they do things that way. Keeping an open mind is key to understanding different cultures.Tip #2: Use Simple LanguageIf you're talking to someone who doesn't speak your language perfectly, use easy words and short sentences. Avoid slangy sayings or idioms they might not understand. Speak slowly and clearly. If they look confused, rephrase things or use simpler terms. A little patience goes a long way!Tip #3: Watch Your Body LanguageSometimes we communicate even more through our gestures, facial expressions, and body movements than our words. In some cultures, it's rude to make direct eye contact. In others, standing very close is normal. Do some research on the culture's norms for things like personal space, hand gestures, and eye contact. And pay attention to the other person's body language too!Tip #4: Ask Questions to ClarifyIf you're not 100% sure you understand something about the other person's culture, just ask! Say something like "Could you help me understand why...?" or "I want to make sure I'm not misinterpreting, is it correct that...?" Asking questions respectfully shows you want to learn, not judge.Tip #5: Share About Your Culture TooCultural exchange is a two-way street. As you're learning about the other person's traditions and norms, share some of your own in a friendly way. Explain your customs and why they're important to you. Finding similarities between cultures can really help you relate.Tip #6: Be Patient and Don't Get FrustratedBridging cultural gaps takes time and effort from everyone involved. If you accidentally offend someone or misunderstand them, don't get upset or angry. Simply apologize sincerely and move on. Communicating across cultures means making some mistakes along the way - that's totally normal! The key is to keep trying with an open heart and open mind.Mastering cross-cultural communication isn't easy, but it's an awesome skill that will help you make friends all around the world. By being curious, using clear language, paying attention to body cues, asking questions, sharing your own culture, and staying patient, you'll be a cross-cultural superstar! Who knows, you might even get to travel the globe and meet people from every amazing culture out there. How cool would that be? So keep practicing and having fun learning about all the incredible cultures in our world!篇5How to Become an Awesome Cross-Cultural CommunicatorHey there, friends! Have you ever met someone from another country or culture and felt like you just couldn't understand each other? Maybe their way of speaking or behaving seemed really weird to you. Well, that's totally normal!People from different parts of the world can have very different customs, values, and ways of communicating. But don't worry, with a little effort, you can become a superstar cross-cultural communicator!What is cross-cultural communication, you ask? It's all about exchanging ideas and information with people from cultures different than your own. And being good at it is super important in our big, diverse world. Just think about it - your classroom probably has kids from all sorts of backgrounds. And when you grow up, you might work with people from every corner of the globe! Learning to communicate effectively across cultures will help you make tons of new friends and get along with everybody.So, how can you become a cross-cultural communication champ? Here are some tips that will make you a pro in no time:Tip #1: Be Curious and Open-MindedThe first step is to approach other cultures with curiosity instead of judgment. Don't just assume that your way of doing things is the only right way. Every culture has its own customs and traditions that might seem strange at first, but are meaningful to the people who practice them. When you meet someone from a different background, ask them questionsabout their culture. What kinds of foods do they eat? What holidays do they celebrate? What's considered polite or rude in their society? The more you learn, the better you'll understand where they're coming from.Tip #2: Listen ActivelyCommunicating across cultures isn't just about talking – it's also about being a great listener. When someone is explaining something about their culture, give them your full attention. Nod, make eye contact, and ask follow-up questions to show you're interested. If there's something you don't understand, politely ask for clarification. Don't just tune out or pretend you get it when you're totally lost. Active listening shows respect and helps avoid misunderstandings.Tip #3: Watch Your Body LanguageDid you know that body language can mean totally different things in different cultures? In some places, looking someone right in the eye is a sign of respect. But in other cultures, it's considered rude. Or think about personal space – some people are comfortable standing super close when they talk, while others need more breathing room. When communicating across cultures, be aware of your body language and observe the otherperson's too. If you notice them getting uncomfortable, adjust accordingly.Tip #4: Learn Key PhrasesWhile you probably can't become fluent in every language, learning a few key phrases in someone's native tongue can go a loooong way. Simple greetings like "hello" and "thank you", or expressions of politeness, show that you're making an effort to connect with their culture. And using the right formal or informal forms of address (like saying "Mr." or "Mrs.") is important too. Just knowing a tiny bit of the language creates a much friendlier atmosphere for cross-cultural communication.Tip #5: Avoid Slang and IdiomsWhen you're speaking to someone from a different linguistic background, it's best to stick to clear, direct language. Slang words and idioms (like "piece of cake" or "let the cat out of the bag") might not make any sense to them. These expressions are confusing enough for kids learning English as their first language! Speaking plainly, without too many metaphors or colloquialisms, makes it way easier for cross-cultural listeners to understand you.Tip #6: Be Patient and Don't Give UpCommunicating across cultures can sometimes lead to misunderstandings, confusion, or frustration. That's totally normal! There might be times when you have no idea what someone is saying or doing. Instead of getting upset or giving up, take a deep breath and keep trying. Ask for clarification, repeat things back to make sure you've got it right, or find another way to explain your point. A little patience and persistence go a long way when navigating cultural differences.Tip #7: Share Your Culture TooCross-cultural communication is a two-way street. While you're learning about someone else's traditions, be open to sharing your own cultural experiences too. Tell them about your favorite festivals, cuisines, or customs. Explain why those things are meaningful to you and your community. An exchange of cultural knowledge helps build understanding and connections between people.So there you have it, folks – seven terrific tips to level up your cross-cultural communication skills! By being curious, respectful, and patient, you can make friends from all over the world. You'll get to learn about their awesome cultures while sharing your own. And who knows, you might even pick up a few new languages and traditions along the way! How cool is that?The world is such an amazing place, filled with people from every background imaginable. If we can all learn to communicate effectively across cultures, just imagine how much closer we could all become. So what are you waiting for? Put these tips into practice and get ready to be a cross-cultural superstar!。
英语实训报告(英文)
Summary of translation courseWe have spent three weeks on the course of translation. The English translation is one of the most important courses for English majors. It is set to improve our translation skills of English and improve our abilities of English reading, language organization and so on. It also lays a solid foundation of English language so that we can make a great advantage in translation skills during the process of learning English.As an English major student, it is very essential for us to understand and control interpreting and translating well. The skilled use of the English translation will enable us in many competitors. During the three weeks, the knowledge of culture, learning experience and self-awareness all benefit me a lot. I also recognize that if you want to become a good translator you should pay much attention to many aspects about translation.During the three weeks, we have to translate more professional English materials of different styles into Chinese. The most impressed feeling is that the exercises we do before are much easier than the materials a true translation may have to deal with.I have difficulty in translating these kinds of materials. Firstly, it's the translation of the scenic brochure. The brochure contains many names of tourist spots and names of rivers and mountains which are very confusing. In addition, the terrains are also very difficult to translate An English word has many Chinese meaning, so I feel very confused in choosing the correct meaning. Secondly, it's the translation of invoice. The professional vocabulary should be translated in the correct and fixed way. It is not just to translate the meaning but to use a professional and recognized expression. Besides, this kind of translation needs serious tone and very accurate equals. Sometime, I translate it in freer style so it lacks formality. Thirdly, it's the translation of literatures. Literature is one of the styles we are very familiar with, but it is very difficult to translate well. The first trouble is to understand it accurately. Writers may use rhetoric such as metaphor and written skill such as flashback in the articles in order to achieve artistic effects. However, it enlarges the difficulties in translating. Another problem is the underlying meaning of the literatures which we may fail to notice. For the readers of your translation, it can lead to misunderstanding of the original articles if you just translate out the literal meaning. Last but not least, we may ignore the artistic effects of original articles. It is very difficult for me to use graceful language, elegant wording and exquisite artistic conception in my translation.In a word, it's true that all kinds of styles are not easy. However, I have a better understanding and sense of how to be a good translator and how to improve the translation ability after practicing.Firstly, the foundation of a good translation is to have a deep understanding of the materials required to translate. Secondly, we should express the content of the original meaning in a faithful and fluent way. At last, proofreading your translation once again after finishing the full text is also very important. When we are translating professional materials such as technology articles, we usually don't know how to begin. It's not strange thing because you don't even understand the meaning of theoriginal content. Therefore, before translating, you need to search for some information about the original articles to help you understand the meaning of it. After that, you can translate it into Chinese word by word. Only in this way can you express the meaning of the original articles faithfully and fluently.The course is over. On the one hand, I find that I still have some disadvantages.First of all, the lack of vocabulary is a lion in my way. For example, I know one or two meaning of a word, but unfamiliar with the other meaning such as extended meaning or unusual meaning. So I just try to understand sentences on the base of the familiar but unfit meaning of the words. Obviously, I may have wrong understanding or cannot understand the meaning at all. It turns out that learning to use some translation tools such as electronic dictionary is of great importance. Secondly, complex sentence structures always affect my understanding of meaning. I have to spend a lot of time in analyzing the structure of sentences and I feel difficult in expressing it in Chinese in a fluent and easy-understanding way even I know the meaning. And then, lacking some professional vocabulary and knowledge of cultural background is also a big problem. Taking the poem "a thousand kisses deep" as an example, it is written for Sandy. However, I don't know anything about sandy as a result that I cannot have the same feeling with the poet and cannot understand why poet wrote this poem in this way. The next, translating the materials in the same way is also a problem. Whether the scenic brochure or the articles of baby care, I just try to express the meaning of the articles without considering the readers of my translations. Actually, the tone of translations should change with the readers. If the readers are children, we should express in a simple and comfortable way and try our best to make it more interesting or sweet to attract them. Finally, my Chinese level is not as good as I think. Many sentences may have expressed the meaning of the original articles but still are very strange. In other words, they are not real Chinese. And just like my teacher said that we should read more Chinese works and improve our Chinese level if we want to be a good translator.On the other hand, I have benefited from the course as well. I come to realize that we should apply different translate skills to different kinds of articles and we should use different tones when facing readers. I also learn some skills of baby care which are very useful in my future life. The most important thing is that the course reminds of my disadvantages and I still have a long way to go if I want to be a good translator.Through three weeks of translation practice, I also recognize that I must work harder on the following aspects if I want to be a qualified translator. Firstly, it's to have a high Chinese level, especially to make effort to improve our Chinese presentation skills. Secondly, it's to have the high level of English, especially with strong reading comprehension and appreciation ability. Thirdly, it's to have a wide range of knowledge because a good translator should unconditionally be interested in any subject. Fourthly, it's to get familiar with and master the basic skills of the translation. I promise that I will make great efforts on practicing in order to be a better translator.。
汉语无主句的英译
编辑ppt
17
2) 看完展览之后，也许还有时间进了书店。 ➢展览
exposition (较大规模的)博览会, 展览会 Eg: Shanghai Expo 上海世博会 show (小规模的)展示会，展览会
➢I might still have time to visit bookstores after the exposition.
➢……China has accumulated considerable wealth, with its whole national economy rising to/reaching a new level.
编辑ppt
8
总结
➢据了解/据报道……
➢It has been learned/reported that…… ➢据估计……
➢It is estimated that…… ➢据说/据信/据预测……
➢It is said/believed/predicted that…… ➢可以想象/断言/断定/肯定……
➢It can be imagined/asserted/decided/affirmed that…… ➢必须指出……
➢It must be pointed that…… ➢人们有时会问……
➢It is sometimes asked that……
编辑ppt
9
➢由此可见…… ➢It will be seen from this that…… ➢不用说谁都知道…… ➢It is understood that…… ➢无可否认…… ➢It cannot be denied that…… ➢已经证明…… ➢It has been proved that…… ➢可以有把握地说 ➢It may be safely said that…… ➢人们希望…… ➢It is expected/hoped that……
翻译伦理
• The essence of translation is to be an opening, a dialogue, a cross-breeding,a decentering. • The original text and the difference of language and culture should be respected and accordingly, the objective of the ethics of translation is to enrich Self by introducing Other. (Antoine Berman)
• 1984年初，在一个有关哲学问题的国际学 术研讨会上，贝尔曼对长期统治西方翻译 界的以“意义的传达”为中心的翻译思想 展开批判，主张将为一 种“我族中心主义”的倾向，只注重对出 发语文本中意义的传达，而对“文字”却 漠不关心。
• The Translator's Invisibilty traces the histor y of translation from the seventeenth centu ry to the present day. It shows how fluency prevailed over other translation strategies to shape the canon of foreign literatures in English, and investigates the cultural cons equences of the domestic values which we re simultaneously inscribed and masked in foreign texts during this period.
土木工程专业英语unit 6(1)
The principle portions(parts) of a bridge may be said to be the “superstructure” and “substructure”.
1. substructure n. 下部结构 superstructure 上部结 构
2. predominate vi. 占支配地位；在……中占优n势.元帅
3. precipitation n. 沉淀，降雨量 4. marshal vt. 安排，调度，整理
v. arrange/dispatch order/organize
Aluminum alloys,( which were used in bridges as early as 1933,) greatly reduce the dead weight of the bridge, but they are not widely used because they are relatively expensive.
的
21. octagonal adj. 八边（角）形的；n. 八边（角）形 22. terminus n. 终点站，终点，边界 23. embankment n. 路堤，岸堤，堤 24. sill n. 底梁，底座，基础 25. batter n. 倾斜，坡度，倾斜度 (v.smash/slap猛击、
桥梁的主要结构被称为上部结构和下部结构
This divisionnce, since in many bridges there is no clear dividing line (分界线)between the two.
Lecture 2-新视野大学英语第四册Unit 2 第二讲
Summary
The confusing pursuit of beauty When a woman asks a man how she looks, come it is very difficult for him to up ___________ the with right answer. Men do not think of their looks in the same way as women do. They stick to ________ an opinion and like to think of themselves as affixThey much value don’t to average-looking. __________________ to their looks. However, women tend to think their appearance is magnify “not good enough”. They would _______ the smallest imperfections in their bodies.
How to Translate English into Chinese
一些好感。 2．副词转译成名词 It is officially announced that China has
successfully launched her fist manned spaceship. 官方宣布，中国已经成功的实现了载人航天。
与欲望相关的形容词：desirous渴望…的 , hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous热心的，等。
Chapter 3 Shift the parts of speech 词性的转换
（三）副词转译成动词 She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。 After careful investigation they found the design
questions. 8. I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and over the sea. 9. We can house you if the hotels are full. 10. It is well known that wood is not as strong as steel. 11. It is a pleasure to work with you. 12. Life here is full of interest and excitement.
latter is weak. 这两种都是酸。前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。
Chapter 3 Shift the parts of speech 词性的转换
如何翻译抖音英语作文
如何翻译抖音英语作文How to Translate Douyin English。
With the rapid development of social media, Douyin,also known as TikTok, has become a popular platform for people to share their daily life and showcase their talents. However, as an international app, there are many English words and phrases that may be difficult to translate fornon-native speakers. In this article, we will discuss some tips on how to translate Douyin English effectively.1. Understand the Context。
The first step in translating Douyin English is to understand the context. Douyin is a platform where people share short videos, so the language used is often informal and colloquial. It is important to understand the tone and style of the content before attempting to translate it. For example, if the video is a comedy skit, the language used will be different than if it is a makeup tutorial.2. Use Online Translation Tools。
同意做家务的理由英语作文
Housework as a ResponsibilityAgreeing to do housework is firstly an acknowledgment of personal responsibility. In a household, every member contributes to its functioning, whether it's through earning an income, providing emotional support, or maintaining the physical environment. Housework, which includes cleaning, cooking, and other domestic tasks, is an essential part of this maintenance. By agreeing to do housework, an individual recognizes their role in keeping the shared living space comfortable and orderly, contributing to the overall well-being of the household.同意做家务首先是承认个人责任。
在一个家庭中，每个成员都对其运转做出贡献，无论是通过赚取收入、提供情感支持，还是维护物质环境。
家务劳动，包括清洁、烹饪和其他家务活，是这种维护的重要组成部分。
通过同意做家务，个人认识到自己在保持共享生活空间舒适和整洁方面的作用，为家庭的整体福祉做出贡献。
Housework Fosters IndependenceDoing housework fosters independence, especially in young adults and children. It teaches them life skills that are crucial for functioning independently in the future. Learning how to manage a household, from budgeting for groceries to cleaning up after oneself, builds confidence and self-reliance. These skills are not just limited to domestic life; they translate into other areas of life, such as time management, prioritizing tasks, and problem-solving.做家务培养独立性，尤其是在年轻人和儿童中。
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How to Translate WellAfter a few month of English translation,I have gained a new skill.Now I know how to translate a article beautifully.Translation is a discipline based on comprehensive ability , it covers the comprehensive knowledge and the differences between Chinese and western culture.It has higher requirements to the personal ability and daily accumulation.Before I start this work, I always have a misunderstanding: If I master a large vocabulary, I will translate well. Translation is just put a lot of vocabulary spliced together.But when I really come into contact with this work, I find that my original thinking is pretty narrow.When I translate a sentence, I don't know how to mix the words up.If We simple put the words together,it will be Chinese-English.The essence of translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text.At this time,I must stress that“in the way that author intended the text”。
We should pay attention to the Writing skills ,intention and style of author.Modern translator Fu Yan‟s translation standard "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" is highly expressed in the concept."Faithfulness" means making the translation correct. It should be loyal to the original, and the translations should strike to the facts ."Expressiveness" means the repression is smooth .We should make the translation conform to the modern Chinese grammar and language habits. In the translation,there should not be too many error. "Elegant" refers that the translation is beautiful and nature, and we should make the translation vivid, image.In the follows,I will tell you how to translate a article well.1.Translation stepsThe first step is reading article.We should know the content of the article, and then analyze the article from the perspective of a translator. Understanding the cultural background of the article ,the author's writing intention, writing technique, can help us translate more smoothly .Taking Evaluation of Second Language Acquisition Research for example, I am an engineering senior, I donot know too much knowledge of linguistics.Before translating,I have read some article about linguistics,such as Foreign Language Teaching Research Under the Perspective of Contrastive Linguistics written by Ligang Yang. In the process of translation, the practice of the modified should account for a big proportion, as the teacher said, we should read the translated articles again and again until it is read as fluently as yours writing.The intention of course should be taken into consideration when we translate.General speaking,there are three kinds of readers——experts, the highly educated and the man without highly education. When we choose the appropriate translationmethods ,we should consider the translation purpose and their level of understanding.About The Natural Sciences,The Social Sciences And Politics ,in the translation,we must know some name of institution such as President‟s Science Advisory Committee,Council of Economic Advisers and so on.I do not know the politics of America,I have study when I meet it.The social sciences sometimes do not have too many relationship with logic,I have to comprehend it and remember it.2.Translation methodsThere are many kinds of translation methods, such as literal translation, free translation, faithful translation, idiomatic translation, but mostly we use "literal translation" and "free translation". "Literal translation" usually has too many limits, and "free translation" should be measured,it should be straight and alive.Although, now our translation can not join literal translation with free translation, but the whole translation chapter should be fluent and the words we choose should be properly.In Evaluation of Second Language Acquisition Research, I mostly use literal translation,because the sentences do not have too much literary connotation,and we do not have to express an emotion in the article,so I don‟t use free translation.The Natural Sciences,The Social Sciences And Politics i s the same as the first one.But some sentence I use clause.By using it, the sentence sounds more smoothly.For example,”This article is based on a large number of literatures we collected “.3.Culture strategyAbout the culture strategy,there are three levels.The first is about the material,it includes construction ,clothes, foods and so on.The second one is about the regime,it includes system,laws and some custom.The third one is about the spiritual culture,it includes Philosophy, science, literature and art. In translation, the cultural factors are crucial points. There are big cultural differences between the east and the west. A good translation should cooperate with a language environment, after all, the translation purpose is to let the person understand the meaning easily and the intentions of the author faithfully .In The Natural Sciences,The Social Sciences And Politics ,the system is a important point.The management department of American government is quite different from Chinese,if we can‟t understand which belongs to which,then we can‟t translate it well.The strategy to do it well,in my opinion,we should center on the original author,then we can transmit the author‟s idea to the reader more accurately.About the name that is appeared in the article,I don‟t translate it because if the readers want to know more about the details,they can look up easier.4.ResponsibilityFirstly, we should be responsible for the author, that is to say not distort the author's means.Don‟t write down the words the author did not say ,or it may misunderstand him.But we must know that the translator can't enter the author‟s brain,we can‟t understand what the author want to say at that time one hundred percent.What can we do is only according to our ability to surmise the intentions of the author.Secondly,we should be responsible for the readers.We should translate according to the conditions of readers such as cultural background,levels of knowledge and reading habits.The last but one, we should be responsible to ourselves,at least it should for our satisfaction. Or even if the translation really reach the expected of our reacher, but we will feel ashame due to some of the original cause, and translation work is a failure.The last but not least,we must be responsible for the media .Media refers to Chinese and English.So we can‟t use mixed language ——Chinese-English.It will be a shame if we do so,because we have read so much and learned so many,and Chinese-English is not official,the foreigners may not understand it.5.Way to Improve TranslationBefore the translation what we should do first is to strengthen our basic quality.The basic quality refers that the translator must have some basic conditions.Except for the serious and meticulous scientific attitude, the translator must have three other aspects of quality, namely a high level English ,higher English culture and abundant subject professional knowledge.A lot of translation practice shows that the higher the three aspects of quality is , the more successfully the translation work is.About how to promote the English level, more attention should be paid to build up the foundation, expand the vocabulary and extensive our read scope. it is best to train listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating the five aspects together at the same time, we can improve your English more quickly compared with single translation .In the aspect of English culture, we should strengthen the aspects such as grammar, logic and rhetoric knowledge study.Spending more time in modifying articleswill be more helpful.In terms of discipline knowledge, we can learn more about related knowledge,we can read more English journals if we have time and grasp the subject development.The language translation is a creative activity, it has a strong practicality.In the translation study we should pay more attention to practice in the future.Without practice is the same as wanting to learn swimming but not staying in the water. Of course, we should practice in a scientific way.As a beginner without useful advice, it is better to find some materials that suits their level for translation practice.After our English levels are improved, we can find some simple knowledge articles of related professional to translate.The more we practice,the more we will gain.6.Problems Met in the Translation1.English nouns and the prepositions are used often,so does Chinese verb.For example,”Political issues that rarely emerge in public in the natural sciences may touch on social scientists in ways that cost them heavily.”There are 4 prepositions and 4 nouns in this short sentence.When I translate in ,I use 2 clauses,then it is read smoothly and concise.2.English passive voice is used more than Chinese passive voice, and we sometimes don‟t passive voice but we can also express a passive meaning sometimes even without a subject.”It is significant that individual natural scientists are not held responsible for the political uses to which their research is put.”At here,”natural scientists”is the subject,but the author uses passive voice.When we translate it ,we should use the active voice.3.Often in English ,generally we should avoid repetition, therefore, not only can we use pronouns to replace nouns, verbs, adjectives, but also we have a corresponding word to replace it.But when we translate English into Chinese ,we are not afraid of repeating.The more specific the noun is,the vivider the sentence is.”The National Science Foundation yielded to the demand that it permit them to come into the programme,but nearly two decades later was still issuing its warning that it would not support studies …designed to endorse particular social policies or to promulgate solutions of specific social problems‟.”In this sentence,the author uses two pronouns to replace nouns.The first it leads an attributive clause,the second it replaces The National Science ing it can avoid repeating.4.To express the same meaning, the structure of English is tight, while the structure of Chinese is pine.Many times,an English sentence in always only a few words, but when it is translated into Chinese,it will be very long.Because a word may have many means, and often an adjective contains the author‟s emotion,when we translate it,we must show his emotion,then the sentence becomes longer.5.The subject part of the English can be very long, it may includes a few attributive led by the preposition phrase , when we translate it into Chinese ,we often use clauses to express or divide it into a few sentences.For example,”The social scientists‟involvement as individuals is all the more conspicuous,by comparison with that of the natural scientists,because they have a less formidable set of professional organisations to represent them.”When I translate,the subject is divided into a sentence,and the rest is another sentence.7.SummarizeLanguage is the important tool of human communication, translation is also a kind of cultural communication.As Newmark said, translation is a science, art, technology as well as a kind of taste.Translation is not just being proficient in a foreign language .Only with the help of dictionaries and reference books but lacking deep study of primitive culture,it is difficult to guarantee the quality of translation.When we are doing translation,we must be familiar with the two languages,we should transmit information through the language as well as understand its behind the cultural and spiritual so as to realize the differences between Chinese and western nguage is not only the carrier of information but also the carrier of culture.Different ethnic groups tend to form their own unique cultural patterns because of different environment and different understanding of the world.Human understanding of information form and content in a great extent depends on the ethnic cultural pattern.The original readers and the author generally have common culture background, so the original readers will be effected through the surface of the word formed to understand the the original cultural connotation, and the translator have to base on their own language and culture background to convey information and express feelings, therefore the translator must be a real sense.Translators should not only be proficient in the original language and translation of person the two languages but also go through various information channels to understand both culture reflected by language.Being familiar with their differences and finding the spot of maximum limit to reduce the gap between the original and the translated language.In a highly informational and globalization of the modern society, the translation has been playing a more and more important role.As wo second major is English, translation is a difficult but long-term task for us.We should learn English as well as translation to spread the Chinese ancient brilliant culture to the world.。