部分规划用语中英文对照
规划常用中英文对照
常见规划专用词汇中英规 划planning绿 地草图sketch、rough、map绿化覆盖率平面plan绿地率剖面section工厂绿化立面elevation广场绿化透视perspective居住区绿化示意图diagram谷底植栽场容积率cubage公共建筑绿化覆盖率coverage室内绿化城市设计urban design、civic design城市绿化区域规划regional planning城市绿化系统步行轴ped.axis公共绿地总体规划general planning，master planning专用绿地分区规划district planning防护绿地近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning控制性详细规划control detailed planning修建性详细规划site plan建筑空间居住区规划residential district planning城市化urbanization剧院城市生态urban ecology茶楼可持续发展sustainable development专卖店历史文化名城保护设计Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities博物馆旧城改建urban redevelopment电影院开发区development area商场城市化水平urbanization level超市城市群agglomeration体育馆城镇体系urban system青少年宫卫星城satellite town图书馆城市基础设施urban infrastructure棋牌室居民点settlement健身房城市city书店市municipality公园镇town客厅市域administrative region of a city卫生间商业区commercial district阳台行政中心administration center浴室商业街commercial street卧室科技园technological region橱柜、柜、密室校园规划campus planning合院式建筑城市中心区urban center district餐厅居住单元flat入口历史地段history district厨房民政区域civil district屋顶水警区waters guard district小孩房居住区规划residential district planning儿童游乐室护林区ranger district起居室工业区industrial district更衣室林木种子园tree seed orchard私家花园快速公路thruway居民城市美学urban esthetics共享地带游憩空间esplanade卫生间交通traffic工人房系统工程systems engineering比例城市更新理论urban renewal theory元素会议中心用词汇中英文对照greanbelt园林景观View of the gar乔木arbor 绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage灌木shrubratio铺石band stone 工厂绿化landscaping within factory地下车库car park below 广场绿化landscaping of square曲线形铺地curved paving ba 居住区绿化landscaping of residential area庭园cartilage ，Gart 谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wildlife标志牌courtyard identi 公共建筑绿化landscaping around pubic building庭院courtyard 室内绿化indoor garden瀑布fall城市绿化urban virescence水景feature城市绿化系统urban green space system步道footpath公共绿地public green space园桥garden bridge 专用绿地specified green space园林garden and 绿地green buffer草本植物herbage藤本植物liane蔓藤植物liana砌石natural cut ston 建筑空间architecture铺地pave亭、阁pavilionshowplace，theater榭pavilion on terrcaff，tea shop植被plantingmonopolistic shop花坛planting bedsmuseumcinema，movie houseemporium ，shopping mallsupermarketpalaestra青少年宫callan house，childrens'palacelibraryrelaxation roomgymnasiumbook storeparkparlorwashroombalconybathroombedroom橱柜、柜、密室cabinet合院式建筑courtyard Buildingdining—room，dining hallentrancekitchenroofkid room儿童游乐室dollhouseliving roompavilion私家花园 private gardenresident共享地带shared zonetoiletservants hallscaleelement会议中心conference centerof the gardenband stonecar park belowcurved paving bandscartilage ，Garthcourtyard identification sign courtyardfootpathgarden bridgen and parkal cut stonepavilionpavilion on terraceplantingplanting beds。
建筑规划景观常用中英文对照
草图draft drawing / sketch平面plan总平面master plan/site plan剖面section立面elevation正立面facede透视图perspective轴测图axonometric view示意图/分析图axonometric view地图分析/制图Mapping/mapping diagram图表chart/table容积率floor area ratio覆盖率coverage城市设计urban design/civic design区域规划regional planning总体规划comprehensive planning/master planning/overall planning 分区规划district planning/zoning act修建性详细规划site planning/constructive-detailed planning场地规划site planning近期建设规划immediate planning步行轴walking axis概念设计conceptual design方案设计schematic design扩初设计design development详细设计、细部设计detail design城市化urbanization城市生态urban ecology城市农业urban farming/urban agriculture经济能量来源economy energy sources可持续发展sustainable development历史性城市的保护规划preservation plan of historic cities旧城更新、改造urban regeneration/urban revitalization/retrofitting plan城市再开发urban redevelopment开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level城市群urban agglomeration/metropolitan area/metropolitan coordinating region/mega region城市系统urban system卫星城市satellite town/affiliate township城市基础设施urban infrastructure市政基础设施municipal infrastructure绿色基础设施green infrastructure生态基础设施ecological infrastructure居民点settlement城市city市municipality/city城镇town城市管理区域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district民政区域civil district居住区规划residential area planning护林区ranger district绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率ratio of green space工厂绿化landscaping within factory广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building 室外绿化indoor garden城市绿化urban green城市绿化系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space公园park绿地green belt专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer客厅parlor卫生间washroom/toilet阳台、包厢balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet庭院建筑courtyard building 餐厅dining-room/dining hall 入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof儿童房kid room儿童游乐室dollhouse起居室living room亭、阁pavilion私家花园private garden住宅resident共享空间shared zone洗手间toilet用人房servants hall比例scale要素.自然环境element会议中心conference center 零售商店retail shop剧院theatre园林景观乔木arbor灌木shrub铺石band stone地下车库car park below曲线形铺地carved paving bands 庭园cartilage garth标志牌courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard瀑布fall景色feature步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park草本植物herbage藤本植物liana砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭、阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture主入口大门main entrance gate次入口2ND entrance gate商业中心入口entrance to shopping CTR.水景water feature小型露天剧场mini amphitheatre迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck viewing竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza露天咖啡廊outdoor café巨大迎宾水景grand welcoming feature木桥timber brige石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台rock’s cape/waterfall’s/grotto/viewing terrace 吊桥hanging brige休憩台地（低处）lounging terrace(lower)休憩台地（高出）lounging terrace(upper)特色踏步feature stepping stone野趣小溪river wild儿童乐园children’s playground旱冰道slide羽毛球场badminton court网球场tennis court旱景dry landscape日艺园Japanese garen旱喷泉dry fountain景观台viewing deck游泳池swimming pool嬉水池wading pool儿童泳池children’s pool蜿蜒水墙winding wall石景雕塑rock sculpture中心广场central plaza健身广场exercise plaza桥brige交流广场meditating plaza趣味树阵tree battle formation停车场parking area特色花架trellis雕塑小道sculpture trail高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit 篮球场basketball court广场main plaza森林、瀑布forest garden waterfall拉膜结构tensile structure台阶stair车道/人行道driveway/sidewalk漫步道promenade。
园林常用中英文对照-自己整理
项目背景分析Project Background1。
1 规划用地分析Analysis of land use planning1.2 区位及项目背景分析Location and project background1.3 场地现状分析Venues situation analysis1.4 项目定位Project orientation1。
5 项目设计说明description of project design总图部分General Plan section2。
1 总平面图general plan/layout2。
2 总平面示意图total schematic plan2.3 功能分区和交通分析图Functional zoning and traffic analysis chart分区大样部分Large parts of the partition sample3。
1 设计手法展示Design techniques3.2 参考意向Intention3.3 主入口部分节点放大意向图Main entrance node amplify intention3.4 次入口部分节点放大意向图Part time entrance node enlargement intention3.5 景观元素意向图The elements of landscape intention3.6 植物配置分析Plant configuration analysis3.7 植物配置意向图Plant configuration intention儿童嬉水池Children Water Play特色凉亭/栏杆/雕塑/灯笼/景墙Typical/Feature ［Pavilion/ Fence/Sculpture/Lantern/Wall 木质平台Wooden Platform棋牌活动中心Board Games Area汀步Step Stone木平台Wood Deck草坪Lawn功能分区图Functional Zoning交通分析图Traffic Analysis标高分析图Level Analysis景观节点图Nodes Analysis剖面图Section主入口Main Entrance次入口Secondary Entrance人行道Sidewalk车行道Driveway观景方向/视线方向Direction Of View视线轴线View Corridor绿化缓冲带Green Buffer保安亭Guard House中心广场Central Plaza停车场区Parking Area用地红线Site Limits游客中心Visitor Center图例Legend容积率coverage城市设计urban design; civic design区域规划regional planning步行轴ped axis总体规划general planning；master planning分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning控制性详细规划control detailed planning修建性详细规划site plan居住区规划residential district planning城市化urbanization城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality; city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district行政中心administration center商业街commercial street科技园technological region校园规划campus planning城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat历史地段history district民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district居住区规划residential district planning护林区ranger district工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory绿地/绿化带greenbelt绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率ratio of green space工厂绿化landscaping within factory广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wild life公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building 室内绿化indoor garden城市绿化urban virescence城市绿化系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer建筑空间architecture剧院show place; theater茶楼（馆）caff;tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema；movie house商场emporium; shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house；children’s palace图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining—room；dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden乔木arbor灌木shrub铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands庭园cartilage; Garth标志牌（sign) courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard瀑布fall步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park草本植物herbage藤本植物liane蔓本植物liana砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭,阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪turf;grass园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula常用的景观英文1。
居住区规划交往空间中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献Planning and Design of Association Space of residential AreaAbstract: The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents．The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimu—late good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony．Keywords:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality0 forewordAs the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space.At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue.How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development experience and try to contact the living room area of need, level of functionality for a Review.A residential area of exchanges between the need for spaceExchanges between the residential areas to create space for the process, in a sense, is in the course of exchanges between the people and the natural world and define the space environment between the development process.1.1 exchanges create a space to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of residents.Jan • Gaelic in the "contacts and space," a book, the residents will live within the community of contacts divided into three categories: ① necessity of activities (such as school, work, etc.), the participants did not have much choice, subject to very little Material and environmental impact; ②spontaneous activities (such as walking, wait-and-see stop, etc.), greatly dependent on the quality of material and the space environment: ③social activities (such as children's games, chatting and people-to-people contacts between the passive January 1 simple See, hear, etc.), also, to a certain extent, the impact of material and the space environment. Therefore, the exchanges between the residential area of the space will create a direct impact on the residents of the contacts. As people's living standards gradually improved, the residents of the spiritual and cultural needs arising from the exchanges with the requirements will be getting higher and higher.Create a space of 120 contacts is the need to maintain traditional family ties Traditional historical neighborhoods and the living units Daza Yuan on the shape of an objective to maintain and develop the neighbourhood family. As the market economy and the development of new residential development and construction, and many residents to move to multi-storey high-rise residential, the link between households and households reduce, and even people are not familiar with the portal. At the same one floor, did not know each other very common phenomenon, the traditional relations in the neighbourhood gradually indifferent. Carry forward the traditional virtues, to promote family residential, Healthy demonstration projects in the country has long been proposed for residential"High-quality, new life", which "new life", including guidance on the new concept of living, to guide the new consumer awareness, a new form of exchanges, to form a new management model, and so on five aspects. According to this standard, the exchanges create a space it is very important.Create a space of 130 contacts is the need to build a harmonious society Residential area is to build a harmonious society space unit, a harmonious society is an important part. A residential area of a harmonious society can be harmonious. Harmonious residential areas should be a moderate consumption of economic, social management, diversification and harmonious relations between the neighbours, living environment, and with the humanistic spirit and the rich local cultural characteristics of the geographical space. From the hardware side, there should be a scientific and rational planning, good construction quality, improve infrastructure, the complete establishment of contacts, good landscape. From the software side, there should be quality property management, and improve the community-based organizations, the rich cultural atmosphere, good morality. Therefore, the exchanges between the space as an integral part of residential areas, create a far-reaching significance, and China recently and residential real estate will be put on the "build a harmonious family residential district," the objective is consistent.2 residential district-level exchanges between the space ofThe living space planning and construction in accordance with people at different times, different locations, different activities in different levels of privacy, can be divided into private space, semi-private room, semi-public space, public space, the formation of four space-related fields. The level and the field of space will help create a sense of belonging among the residents and enhance the interaction and pro-neighborhood and. People from the private space into the public space, is a gradual process. In this process, after all the residents of different levels of outdoor space, making contacts to become a necessity.2.1 residential building space to create exchangesDwellers in privacy is assured and meet under the premise of hope neighbourhood close, harmonious and to mutual exchanges and contacts. Therefore, the need to have exchanges between the space settings, and create a way as follows:2.11 expand the staircase depthStaircase is home residents in the buffer space, but also public housing tenants upstairs room at the break. The platform is too small to affect the length of stay of residents, not conducive to the exchanges between the residents. Expand the staircase depth, increase platform space, will increase their contacts, exchanges of opportunity.2.12 set up home gardensGarden is home residents into the indoor space for the transition, here, achieved a semi-private room for the transition to private space, residents here can support grassflowers, reception guests. Nanjing-day Hong Villa-home platform into the home in the Garden set up a grill door, both outdoor green landscape will be conducted to the interior of the extension, for two people through the grille gate to create an opportunity for exchange.2.13 expand the unit foyer areaUnit in the entrance foyer area and configure the appropriate expansion of some facilities such as rest stool, reading Baolan, a resident contacts, rest places, and units of the immediate household contacts. Conditional foyer can also do a lobby for households in this exchange, chat.2.14 bottom overheadResidential Design for the elevated bottom of open space and ensure the smooth flow of green space on the ground. Supported by flowers, Zuodeng facilities as residents of rest, such as chat room, and in connection with outdoor landscape, easy to create a good atmosphere for exchanges. Even rainy day also will not be affected, adding unlimited life for fun.2.15 set-Gallery- Gallery of traditional Chinese architecture is a form of construction, is a form can be effective in promoting exchanges between the people of the fun of space incentives, are widely used in modern residential design, such as the Osmanthus Hangzhou City District, Guangzhou Zhuyun Villa And so on. Gallery-factor here is traffic, and the exchange of places, played a role in the integration of the adjacent space, people can chat here, the sun, and so on.2.16 exchanges of high-rise buildingThe rising high-rise building in the physical environment restrictions on the freedom of the people exchanges, to reduce contact between the residents, the elderly rest, the lack of children's play space. Therefore, the high-rise building in the interval to set up a number of similar exchanges in the Chamber of good will to solve these problems. In this way, for the elderly in the rest of the space, to provide children with a playground, and the promotion of social interaction among residents.2.17 Roof GardenOn the platform set up in the roof garden, an increase of green space, was restored to the construction of the ground. People in this walk, fitness, chat, natural contact, an increase of exchanges between the residents of places to create a multi-level exchanges between the space.220 yards, a delegation of the association space"To achieve effective settlements between the groups and the exchanges have recognized the need for clear and appropriate areas of the border and logo." China's traditional courtyard space is part of building space, the area is a strong sense of space and border patterns, the neighbourhood is to increase exchanges and contacts between the effective means. Beijing Da Zayuan the old mode of living, residents of harmonious relations in harmony, a human face. Renowned architect Wu Liangyong design of the Beijing-ju infants alley, inheritance and development of this form of living.Shanqiang residential use of the wrong column, platform height difference, changes in residential space, residential settings between Lianlang, plants of the tube, creating a "siege without closure, without dredging through" the group space and formed a semi-private, semi-public The field of space. In the courtyard between the layout Zuodeng, the elderly here Xiejiao, Cuxitanxin, no longer feel lonely: reserve some space, children play in the home, mothers can be seen here in the kitchen, children no longer worried about the safety of: Members of mutual Reference , And mutual exchanges, and exchanges are deep-seated. Not only enhance the feelings and prevent the formation of a collective consciousness, to effectively prevent the destruction and crime, security, have been protected.So that more people can enjoy the environmental landscape comfort, more and more developers are good attention to the landscape of the building. Pichu in the group in a space, as a delegation of the public landscape. However, they often re-design of "visual effect" light "social effect." Although the construction of a large number of hardware shops, flower beds, shrubs planted Joe, it lacks some residents to promote exchanges between the rest of the shelters, chairs, and affected the exchanges between the extension of the neighbourhood. Therefore, the delegation landscape in the strengthening of public infrastructure construction, and create a space for exchanges, will promote exchanges between the residents of outreach.2.3 exchanges between the public spaces to create spaceBy the semi-public space to public space, people exchanges between the exchanges from the neighbourhood to the public exchanges, contacts between the characteristics of exchanges between the decision to create a space for the different practices.2.3.1 open space for public relationsResidential area of central green space is often the area of public venues, as shared by the entire population, is the residential area of the "living room." Here, residents of various gatherings, community activities, fitness. Open space should be designed,without borders and at the same time, various groups in the residential area green space to the center of the road, should be easily accessible, guide the people into public space, to participate in contacts and exchanges.2.3-2 and landscape combine PiecesResidential area of landscape and people's exchanges with the interaction between people in the landscape before the stop watch, the exchanges have the desire, with the landscape, more full of vigor. Therefore, public exchanges between the space and landscape Pieces should be combined, such as sculpture on the square, around the fountain Waterscape layout Zuodeng, people appreciate the side of sculpture, fountain, while exchanges and reduce the distance between people. At the same time should play a guiding role in the landscape, emphasizing participation, attractive to flow through the landscape, gathering popularity.3 exchanges between the living room area of the building featuresDifferent groups of people because of their age, occupation, cultural background of different exchanges of the functions of space have different needs. According to the characteristics of different populations and demand for space contacts between the different functions of the building, creating a different theme of space, will help attract people from outside, spontaneous interaction.3.1 exchanges between the functions of space and building occupants should be suited to the age structureChildren naturally active, have a strong sense of curiosity, games and more activities for climbing, jumping, leisure, such as Xishua. Therefore, the venue should be set up in the slides, swings, Leisure Pool, bunkers and other facilities, taking into account the needs of adults to care for children, some blocks in the surrounding layout stool. On the one hand, children in the game was physical and mental exercise, on the other hand, care for the children of people have been exchanges.Young people like sports. Therefore, in order to increase the sports facilities, planning to basketball courts, tennis courts and other sports space. However, it should be far from some residential, so as to avoid interference on the daily life of residents. Like the elderly in the early morning fitness, such as doing Qigong, a tai chi, like the rest of the time playing chess, play cards, chat, Yangniao such activities. Therefore, to make space in the small square, booths, equipped with Taiwan, tables, chairs and other facilities.3.2 exchanges between the space to take into account the function of building barrier-free facilities layoutExchanges between the living room area is a complex environment, including roads, green space, Pieces, facilities and other environmental factors. Exchanges between the functions of building space in addition to meet the normal use, should give full consideration to the disabled, the elderly vulnerable groups, such as the use of a barrier-free design. Barrier-free environment of space means exchanges with no obstruction and dangerous. If the import unit designed around 1.5 m x 1.5m above the level of space for wheelchair users stay; unit foyer reserved space for wheelchairs and Childs vehicles to facilitate wheelchair and Childs vehicles stored: in public relations to the road space On both sides, who set up blind road trip on the trail for the blind walking: the sidewalk in the end, a height difference of the junction, a height difference of public platform set up the ramp for wheelchair users access; elderly morning exercises in the square, as far as possible Be flat no height difference, the use of anti-skid surfacing materials: children playing in the park, the use of soft mats and safety warning signs in different exchanges of space, by setting up the Pieces and personalized theme sculpture, to enhance space And the recognition of sexual orientation, and so on.4 ConclusionIn residential areas of planning and construction, we must be people-centered, according to create a functional level and living space area contacts at all levels, from the psychological and physical needs of starting, through the space environment to create, create a positive, healthy exchanges between the atmosphere, Residential area into a harmonious family homes. Meanwhile, the exchanges between the living room area of thinking and innovation, and developers need to continue to carry out exploration.References[1] Yang • Gaelic. Exchanges and space [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.[2] Wang. Living in the community, "the neighbourhood exchanges" and "space" of [J], building knowledge, 2004 (3) :13-1 5.[3] Nielan Health, Song Kun. Create a pleasant living space - LJ. Architectural Journal, 1997 (11) :29-31中文翻译居住区交往空间规划与设计【摘要】居住区交往空间是居民进行沟通与交流的户内、户外空间：文章从交往空间营造的必要性、层次性、功能性加以综述，旨在通过交往空间的营造，创造出积极、健康的交往氛围，促进居民交往，使居住区成为亲情和谐的家园。
城市规划与建筑设计术语中英文对照
文对照城市和城市化2.0.1 居民点 settlement人类按照生产和生活需要而形成的集聚定居地点。
按性质和人口规模，居民点分为城市和乡村两大类。
2.0.2 城市（城镇）city以非农不业和非农业人口聚集为主要特征的居民点。
包括按国家行政建制设立的市和镇。
2.0.3 市 municipality;city经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。
2.0.4 镇 town.经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。
2.0.5 市域 administrative region of a city城市行政管辖的全部地域。
2.0.6 城市化 urbanization人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程，表现为乡村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。
又称城镇化、都市化。
2.0.7 城市化水平 urbanization level衡量城市化发展程度的数量指标，一般用一定地域内城市人口占总人口的比例来表示。
2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。
2.0.9 城镇体系 urban system一定区域内在经济、社会和空间发展上具有有机联系的城市群体。
2.0.10 卫星城（卫星城镇）satellite town在大城市市区外围兴建的、与市区既有一定距离又相互间密切联系的城市。
城市规划概述3.0.1 城镇体系规划 urban system planning一定地域范围内，以区域生产力合理布局和城镇职能分工为依据，确定不同人口规模等级和职能分工的城镇的分布和发展规划。
3.0.2 城市规划 urban planning对一定时期内城市的经济和社会发展、土地利用、空间布局以及各项建设的综合部署、具体安排和实施管理。
3.0.3 城市设计 urban design对城市体型和空间环境所作的整体构思和安排，贯穿于城市规划的全过程。
3.0.4 城市总体规划纲要master planning outline确定城市总体规划和重大原则的纲领性文件，是编制城市总体规划的依据。
建筑专业名词中英文对照
1．设计指标：statistics用地面积：site area建筑占地面积：building foot print总建筑面积：total area建筑面积floor area，building area地上建筑面积：ground area地下建筑面积：underground area整体面积需求: Demand for built area公共绿地：public green land备用地用地：reserved land容积率：FAR建筑密度：building coverage绿地率：green ratio绿化率：green landscape ratio建筑高度：building height层数：number of floors停车位：parking unit地面停车：ground parking地下停车：underground parking使用面积：usable area公用面积：public area实用面积：effective area居住面积：living area计租面积rental area?租用面积得房率：effien开间bay进深depth跨度span坡度：slope，grade净空：clearance净高：clear height净空（楼梯间下）：headroom净距：clear distance套内面积：unit constraction area公摊面积：shared public area竣工面积：辅助面积：service area结构面积：structural area交通面积：communication area，passage area共有建筑面积：common building area共有建筑面积分摊系数：common building area amount coefficient 公用建筑面积：public building area销售面积：sales area绿化覆盖率：green coverage ratio净高：clear height公用建筑面积分摊系数：public building area amount coefficient住宅用地：residential area其他用地：公共服务设施用地：land for public facilities道路用地：land for roads公共绿地：public green space道路红线：road property line建筑线（建筑红线）：set back line用地红线：property line，boundary line第一轮：1 round计划和程序：schedule and program工程进度表：working schedule构造材料表：list of building materials and construction设计说明：design statement图纸目录和说明：list of drawings and descriptions项目标准：project standards总结：conclusion文本及陈述：封皮：cover目录：content技术经济指标：technical and economical index概念规划设计：conceptual master paln and architectural design基地分析：location analysis项目区位分析图：description of the region site and city space view analyze 概念构思说明：chief design concept指导思想（设计主旨）：key concepts概述：introduction宗旨：mission statement愿景及设计效果：vision and design concept城市空间景观分析：urban space landscape identity绿化景观分析：landscape analysis交通分析：traffic analysis生态系统：ecological system地块A：area A模型照片：model images案例分析：case study草图：sketches设计构思草图：concept sketches规划总平面图：site plan功能分区图：function organization单体透视图：unit perspective1-1剖面图：section 1-1立面图：elevation沿街立面图：street elevation平面图：plan地下一层平面图：basement plan；B1 plan首层平面图：F1 plan；ground floor plan二层平面图：2F floor plan设计阶段stages of design草图sketch方案scheme初步设计preliminary design施工图working drawing平面图plan平面放大图plan in enlarged scale剖面图section立面图elevation节点详图detail drawing透视图perspective drawings鸟瞰图birds-eye view示意图schematic diagram区划图block plan位置图location示意图：schematic diagram背景介绍：project background报告书目的：purpose of report专案区位背景：Context of 。
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献现代企业面临的挑战尽管企业进行了大量的IT资本投资，但许多公司发现，大部分关键网络资源和信息资产仍处于自由状态。
实际上，许多"孤立"的应用程序和数据库无法相互通信，这是一种常见的商业现象。
2.The n: Service-Oriented ork Architecture (SONA)___'___(SONA) ___ is based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach。
___.解决方案：面向服务的网络架构（SONA）___的面向服务的网络架构（SONA）是一个全面的框架，帮助企业克服网络设计和规划的挑战。
SONA基于面向服务的架构（SOA）方法，使企业能够将不同的应用程序和数据库集成到一个统一的网络中。
3.___ SONABy implementing SONA。
businesses ___ of benefits。
___。
increased security。
___。
___ security features。
such as identity and access management。
to protect critical n assets。
Finally。
___.SONA的好处通过实施SONA，企业可以获得许多好处，包括提高网络敏捷性、增加安全性和降低成本。
SONA通过提供灵活和可扩展的网络架构，使企业能够快速适应不断变化的业务需求。
此外，SONA提供了增强的安全功能，如身份和访问管理，以保护关键信息资产。
最后，SONA通过简化网络管理和减少对额外硬件和软件的需求，帮助企业降低成本。
4.nIn today's fast-paced business environment。
it is essential for ___。
secure。
and cost-effective ork architecture.结论在今天快节奏的商业环境中，企业必须拥有一个可以快速适应不断变化的业务需求的网络基础设施。
项目管理专用中英文术语词汇
项目管理专用中英文术语词汇22、沟通规划，Communications Planning1、活动，Activity2、活动定义，Activity Definition 23、并行工程，Concurrent Engineering3、活动描述/ 说明，AD=Activity Description 24、意外费用，Contingencies4、活动历时估算，Activity Duration Estimating 25、意外准备金，contingency Allowance5、箭线网络图（双代号网络图），AOA=Activity-On-Arrow 26、意外规划，Contingency Planning6、节点式网络图（单代号网络图），AON=Activity-on-Node 27、意外储备，Contingency Reserve 7、已执行工作实际成本，ACWP=Actual Cost of Work 28、合同，ContractPerformed29、合同管理，Contract Administration8、实际完成日期，AF=Actual Finish Date30、合同收尾，Contract Close-out9、实际开始日期，AS=Actual Start Date31、控制，Control10、行政收尾，Administrative Closure32、控制图，Control Chart11、箭线，Arrow33、纠正措施，Corrective Action12、箭线图示法，ADM=Arrow Diagramming Method34、费用预算，Cost Budgeting13、逆推计算法，Backward Pass35、费用控制，Cost Control14、横道图，Bar Chart36、费用做算，Cost Estimating15、基准计划，Baseline37、质量成本，Cost of Quality16、完工预算，BAC=Budget At Completion38、费用绩效指数，CPI=Cost Performance Index 17、概算，Budget Estimate39、费用偏差，CV=Cost Variance18、已执行预算成本，BCWP=Budgeted Cost of WorkPerformed 40、赶工，Crashing19、计划执行预算成本，BCWS=Budgeted Cost of Scheduled 41、关键工序，Critical Activity20、日历单位，Calendar Unit 42、关键路线，Critical Path21、变更控制委员会，CCB=Chang Control Board 43、关键路线法，CPM=Critical Path Method44、当前完成日期，Current Finish Date45、当前开始日期，Current Start Date46、数据日期，DD=Data Date47、交付物，Deliverable48、依赖关系，Dependency49、虚活动，Dummy Activity50、延续时间，DU=Duration51、延续时间压缩，Duration Compression52、最早完工日期，EF=Early Finish Date53、最早开始日期，ES=Early Start Date54、挣值法，EV=Earned Value55、挣值分析，Earned Value Analysis56、人工量，Effort57、估算，概算，Estimate58、在完成时的费用估算，EAC=Estimate At Completion59、到完成时的估算，ETC=Estimate To Complete60、单节点事件图，Event-on-Node61、例外报告，Exception Report62、完成日期，Finish Date63、完成到完成关系，FF=Finish-to-Finish64、完成到开始关系，FS=Finish-to-Start65、时差，机动时间，浮动时间，Float66、顺推计算法，Forward Pass67、自由时差，FF=Free Float68、职能经理，Functional Manager69、职能组织，Functional Organization70、甘特图，Gantt Chart71、图解评审技术，GERT=Graphical Evaluation and ReviewTechnique72、集合工作，Hammock73、悬摆，Hanger74、信息分发，Information Distribution75、立项，Initiation76、成本/ 进度综合报告，Integrated Cost/Schedule Reporting77、邀标，IFB= Invitation for Bid78、关键事件进度计划，Key Event Schedule79、滞后量，Lag80、最晚完成日期，LF=Late Finish Date81、最晚开始日期，LS=Late Start Date82、提前量，Lead83、全生命期成本估算，Life-cycle Costing84、产品经理，Line Manager85、逻辑图，Logic Diagram86、逻辑关系，Logical Relationship108、线路时差，Path Float87、回路，Loop109、完成百分比，PC=Percent Complete88、管理储备量，Management Reserve110、执行报告，Performance Reporting89、主进度计划，Master Schedule111、执行机构，Performing organization90、矩阵型组织，Matrix Organization112、计划评审技术图，PERT Chart91、里程碑，Milestone113、计划的完成日期，PF=Planned Finish Date92、里程碑进度计划，Milestone Schedule114、计划的开始日期，PS=Planned Start Date93、现代项目管理，MPM=Modern Project Management115、优先图示法，PDM=Precedence Diagramming Method 94、监控，Monitoring116、优先关系，Precedence Relationship95、蒙托卡罗分析，Monte Carlo Analysis117、紧前工作，Predecessor Activity96、次关键工作，Near-Critical Activity118、采购规划，Procurement Planning97、网络，Network119、工程，Program98、网络分析，Network Analysis120、计划评审技术，PERT=ProgramEvaluation and Review 99、网络逻辑，Network LogicTechnique100、网络路线，Network Path 121、项目，Project101、节点，Node 122、项目许可证，Project Charter102、组织分解结构，OBS=Organizational Breakdown 123、项目沟通管理，Project Communication Management Structure124、项目费用管理，Project Cost Management 103、组织规划，Organizational Planning104、整体变更控制，Overall Change Control 125、项目人力资源管理，Project Human ResourceManagement105、重叠，Overlap 126、项目综合管理，Project Integration Management 106、参数估算法，Parametric Estimating 127、项目生命周期，Project Life Cycle128、项目管理，PM=Project Management107、线路，Path129、项目管理知识体系，PMBOK=Project Management Bodyof Knowledge 151、请求建议书，RFP=Request for Proposal130、项目管理软件，Project Management Software 152、请求报价单，RFQ=Request for Quotation 131、项目管理团队，Project Management Team 153、储备量，Reserve132、项目经理，PM=Project Manager 154、资源平衡，Resource Leveling133、项目网络图，Project Network Diagram 155、资源约束进度计划，Resource-Limited Schedule 134、项目阶段，Project Phase 156、资源规划，Resource Planning135、项目计划，Project Plan 157、责任分配矩阵，RAM=Responsibility AssignmentMatrix136、项目计划开发，Project Plan Development158、责任图，Responsibility Chart 137、项目计划实施，Project Plan Execution159、责任矩阵，Responsibility Matrix 138、项目规划，Project Planning160、保留金，Retain age139、项目采购管理，Project Procurement Management161、突发事件，Risk Event 140、项目质量管理，Project Quality Management162、风险识别，Risk Identification 141、项目风险管理，Project Risk Management163、风险应对控制，Risk Response Control 142、项目进度计划，Project Schedule164、风险应对开发，Risk Response Development 143、项目范围管理，Project Scope Management165、 S 曲线，S-Curve144、项目团队成员，Project Team Member166、进度计划，Schedule 145、项目时间管理，Project Time Management167、进度计划分析，Schedule Analysis 146、项目型组织，Project Organization168、进度计划压缩，Schedule Compression 147、质量保证，QA=Quality Assurance169、进度计划控制，Schedule Control 148、质量控制，QC=Quality Control170、进度执行指数，SPI=Schedule Performance Index 149、质量规划，Quality Planning171、进度偏差，SV=Schedule Variance150、剩余持续时间，RDU=Remaining Duration计划完成日期，SF=Scheduled Fi nish Date 194、目标时度计划，Target Schedule计划开始日期，SS=Scheduled Start Date 195、任务，Task范围，Scope 196、团队建设，Team Developme nt范围基准计划，Scope Baseli ne 197、团队成员，Team members范围变更，Scope Cha nge 198、时标网络图，Time-Scaled Network Diagram范围变更控制，Scope Cha nge Co ntrol 199、目标完成日期，TF=Target Fi nish Date范围定义，Scope Defi ni tio n 200、目标开始日期，Ts=Target Start Date范围规划，Scope Pla nning 201、总时差，TF=Total Float范围验证，Scope Verificatio n 202、全面质量管理，TQM=Total Quality Ma nagement时差，Slack 203、权变措施，Workarou nd询价，Solicitati on 204、工作分解结构，WBS=Work Breakdow nStructure询价规划，Solicitati on 205、工作包，Work Package工作人员招募，Staff Acquisiti on项目相关者，Stakeholder开始日期，Start Date开始到完成关系，Start-to-Fi nish开始到开始关系，Start-to-Start工作说明，SOW=Stateme nt of Work子网，Sub net子网络，Sub net Work后续工作，Successor Activity目标完成日期，TC=Target Completion Date 项目管理专业术语中英文对照表验收-(Acceptance)指客户检查接受项目交付物的过程。
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络设计与规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA)1.T he challenges facing businessesAlthough a large number of IT capital investment, but many companies have found that most of the critical network resources and information assets remain in the free state. In fact, can not have hundreds of "orphaned" applications and databases communicate with each other is a common business phenomenon.This is partly due to growing internal and external customers, but due to unpredictable demand. Many companies have been forced to rapidly deploy new technologies, often leading to the deployment of a plurality of discrete systems, and thus can not effectively share information across the organization. For example, if you do not create the applications and information together various overlapping networks, sales, customer service or purchasing department will not be able to easily access customer records. Many companies have found that the blind expansion brought them multiple underutilized and irreconcilable separation systems and resources. These disparate systems while also difficult to manage and expensive to administer.2. Intelligent Information Network - The Cisco AdvantageCisco Systems, Inc. ® With the Intelligent Information Network (IIN) program, is helping global IT organizations solve these problems and meet new challenges, such as the deployment of service-oriented architecture, Web services and virtualization. IIN elaborated network in terms of promoting the development of integrated hardware and software, which will enable organizations to better align IT resources with business priorities. By intelligent built into the existing network infrastructure, IIN will help organizations achieve lower infrastructure complexity and cost advantages.3. Power NetworksInnovative IT environment focused on by traditional server-based system to distributenew business applications. However, the network is still transparent connectivity and support IT infrastructure platform for all components. Cisco ® Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA), enterprises can optimize applications, processes and resources to achieve greater business benefits. By providing better network capabilities and intelligence, companies can improve the efficiency of network-related activities, as well as more funds for new strategic investments and innovation.Standardization reduces the amount of assets needed to support the same operating costs, thereby improving asset efficiency. Virtualization optimizes the use of assets, physical resources can be divided logically for use in all sectors of the dispersion. Improve the efficiency of the entire network can enhance the flexibility and scalability, and then have a huge impact on business development, customer loyalty and profits - thereby enhancing their competitive advantage.4. Use architecture to succeedCisco SONA framework illustrates how companies should develop into intelligent information network to accelerate applications, business processes and resources, and to IT to provide enterprises with better service.Cisco SONA Cisco and Cisco partner solutions in the industry, services and experience to provide proven, scalable business solutions.Cisco SONA framework illustrates how to build on the full integration of the intelligent network integration system, in order to greatly improve the flexibility and efficiency.Enterprises can deploy this integrated intelligence among the entire network, including data centers, branch offices and campus environments.4-1 Cisco Service-Oriented Network ArchitectureApplication layer business applications collaborative applicationsInteractive Services Layer Application Networking Services Adaptive Management ServicesInfrastructure ServicesNetwork infrastructure virtualizationNetwork infrastructure layer Park branch office data center WAN / MAN teleworkers Client server storageIntelligent Information Network5. Three levels of Cisco SONANetwork infrastructure layer, where all the IT resources on the Internet converged network platformInteractive services layer, the use of network infrastructure, applications and business processes efficient allocation of resourcesApplication layer, contains business applications and collaboration applications, take advantage of the efficiency of interactive servicesIn the network infrastructure layer of Cisco's proven enterprise architecture provides comprehensive design guide that provides a comprehensive, integrated end-system design guidelines for your entire network.In the interactive services layer, Cisco will integrate a full-service intelligent systems to optimize the distribution business and collaboration applications, thereby providing more predictable, more reliable performance, while reducing operating costs.At the application layer, through deep integration with the network fabric, Cisco application networking solutions without having to install the client or change the application, the entire application delivery while maintaining application visibility and security.6. Build business advantage of Cisco SONASimpler, more flexible, integrated infrastructure will provide greater flexibility and adaptability, and thus a lower cost for higher commercial returns. Use Cisco SONA, you will be able to improve overall IT efficiency and utilization, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of IT, we call network multiplicative effect.7. Network amplification effectZoom effect refers to the network to help enterprises enhance the contribution of IT across the enterprise through Cisco SONA. Optimal efficiency and use IT resources will be more low-cost to produce higher impact on the business, so that your network of value-added resources become profitable.Network amplification effect is calculated as follows:Efficiency = Cost ÷ IT assets (IT assets cost + operating costs)Utilization percentage (such as the percentage of available storage being used) assets to total assets used =Effectiveness = Efficiency x usageAsset Effectiveness Network amplifying effect = assets ÷ efficacy when using the Cisco SONA when not in use Cisco SONA8. Investment incomeCisco Advantage Cisco SONA in intelligent systems is not only to improve efficiency and reduce costs. By Cisco SONA, through the power of your network can achieve:Increase in income and opportunityImproved customer relationsImprove business resiliency and flexibilityIncrease productivity and efficiency and reduce costs9. Real-Time DevelopmentBy Cisco SONA toward more intelligent integrated network development, enterprises can be completed in phases: integration, standardization, virtualization and automation. Working with Cisco channel partner or customer groups, you can use the Cisco SONA framework to develop a blueprint for the development of enterprises. With rich experience in Cisco Lifecycle Management Services, a leading position in the field of standardization, mature enterprise architecture and create targeted industry solutions, Cisco account team can help you meet business requirements in real time.10.The development of the Intelligent Information NetworkRole of the network is evolving. Tomorrow's intelligent network will provide more than basic connectivity, bandwidth and application user access services, which will provide end functionality and centralized control, to achieve true enterprise transparency and flexibility.Cisco SONA enables enterprises to extend their existing infrastructure, towards the development of intelligent network to accelerate applications and improve business processes. Cisco provides design, support and financing services to maximize your return on investment.服务导向网络架构(SONA)1．企业面临的挑战尽管投入大量IT资金，但许多企业发现大多数的关键网络资源和信息资产仍处于游离状态。
十二五规划中英文对照
十二五规划中英文对照(1)A and accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development, and create a new situation of scientific development加快转变经济发展方式，开创科学发展新局面the "11th five-year plan" period of economic and social development achievements. "11th five-year plan" period in history is very common in the past five years. Facing the complex environment changes at home and abroad and major risk challenge, the party to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups, seize the first affair of governing party, implement the party's theory, line, principles and policies implemented correctly and effectively, and give full play to the macro-control of China's socialist system, give full play to the advantages of the politics of the market in resource allocation, the basic role of national historic changes new outlook. We effectively deal with international financial crisis huge impact, and maintain the fast yet steady economic development, and for the long-term good laid an important basis for sustainable development. We overcame the wenchuan earthquake and major natural disaster, the success of Beijing Olympic Games was held in Shanghai world expo, and successful completion of the eleventh five-year plan for the determination of the objectives and tasks. After five years, our country social productive forces strive fast development, the comprehensive national strength increases, people's living standards improved markedly, the international status and influence significantly increased, the socialist economic, political, cultural and social development and the construction of ecological civilization and the party's construction, has made great progress in compose the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The achievements of five hard-won, experience, create the precious spiritual wealth of far-reaching influence.“十一五”时期经济社会发展取得巨大成就。
建筑设计中英文对照
●房屋各部分 Parts of house屋面 roof屋脊 ridge坡屋顶 pitched roof单坡屋顶 pent roof, lean-to roof 人字屋顶 gable roof四坡顶 hipped roof屋面排水沟 valley卷材防水屋面 membrane roof找平层 screed-coat防水层 damp-proof course泛水 flashing屋顶层 garret阁楼 penthouse, loft, attic 天台 roof-deck晒台 drying stage组合烟囱 chimney stack屋檐 eave屋面排水 roofing drainage檐沟，明沟 gutter水落管 down-pipe, downspout雨棚 canopy, awning柱廊 colonnade走廊 corridor中庭 atrium山墙 gable女儿墙 parapet山花 pediment隅石砌 quoins阳台 balcony, veranda阳台栏杆 balustrade阳台栏杆柱 baluster, banister平台 terrace台阶 steps梯子 ladder梯级 step楼梯 staircase(＝step)楼梯踏步平板 tread楼梯踏步竖板 riser楼梯休息平台 landing直角转弯平台 quarter-space landing 梯宽 run of stair梯高 rise of stair楼梯扶手 rail, railing回转梯 corkscrew staircase，caracole 踏步突沿 nosing窗子 window百叶窗 blinds, louvers旋转窗 balance window平开窗，窗叶 casement窗扇 sash中旋窗 awning window上下推拉窗 double-hung window 屋顶通气窗 clerestory门窗亮子 transom窗框 window frame窗台 sill，cill采光顶 sunroof天窗 sunlight老虎窗 dormer-window通风窗 ventlight落地窗 French window墙壁 wall承重墙 bearing wall隔间 partition空心墙 cavity wall防火隔断(分区) compartmentation 剪力墙 shear panel墙裙 wainscot窗间墙 pier幕墙 curtain wall电梯 elevator, lift自动扶梯 escalator地板，楼面 floor夹层楼面 entresol，mezzanine 楼座 balcony楼板 slab天花板 ceiling壁炉 andiron，fireplace，grate 地下室 basement防火 fire-cut防火门 fire door耐热涂料 heat-resisting paints 绝热 heat insulation门槛 head-rail, sill柱子 column，post，pillar 柱头 column cap, head斜撑 knee brace悬索 catenary梁 beam基础梁 grade beam钢板梁 plate girder工字梁 I-beam过梁 lintel, lintol, head 椽子 purlin基础 foundation碎石垫层 hard core混凝土地基 concrete foundation 基座、柱础 pedestal独立基础 isolated footing放大基础 spreading footing条形基础 strip footing筏式基础 mat foundation浮筏基础 floating foundation 沉箱基础 caisson化粪池 cesspool, septic tank 伸缩缝 expansion joint冷桥 thermal bridge散水 wash, apron披水板 weathering-board桁架 truss组合桁架 composite truss框架 framework模板 formwork拱券 arch穹顶 dome平拱 flat arch筒拱 vault, vaulted roof半圆穹顶 concha瓦 shingle, tile砖 brick瓷砖 ceramic tile玻璃砖 glass blocks大理石 marble花岗岩 granite水磨石 terrazzo砌块 masonry混凝土 concrete预制混凝土 pre-ｃａｓｔ concrete钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete钢筋 steel reinforcement水泥 cement抹灰，灰泥 plaster, stucco熟石灰 hydrate of lime, slaked-lime 砂浆 mortar抹灰层 floated coat饰面 finish木砖 grounds, timber brick 石膏 gypsum石膏板 plaster slab夹胶玻璃 plyglass胶合板 plywood, clip-board脚手架 scaffolding悬臂 cantilever叠涩，牛腿 corbel遮阳 sun shading●制图与构图用语草图 sketch, draft图纸 drawing施工图 working drawings工程 project方案 plan总图 grid总平面 site平面 floor立面 elevation正立面 facade剖面 section详图 detail门厅上部 upper foyer比例尺 scale=透视图，表现图 rendering透视 perspective轴测 isometric perspectiveAxonometric projection轴线 axis建筑面积 floor area, architecture area 相对标高 relative elevation/level层高，净空 headroom, headway室内 interior室外 exterior室内装修 interior decoration装饰 ornament广场 square, plaza, public square 流线 circulation解构 deconstruction空间 space, spatial比例 proportion统一 unity均衡 balance协调 harmony尺度 scale韵律 rhythm风格 style功能 function关系 relationship●房屋House高层建筑 high-rise building社区 housing complex家舍 house茅舍 cottage平房 one-story house，bungalow， plain-house二楼 two-story house公寓(建筑) apartment house公寓(房间) apartment(flat)(英)别墅 villa花园洋房 garden house寄宿舍 dormitory(美)供膳出租房间 board and lodging出租房间 room for rent(美)乡村旅舍 country inn供膳寄宿舍 boardinghouse大厦 mansions, edifice大楼 building预制装配式房屋 pre-fabricate house 小木屋 shack一个单元 one unit车库 garage报告厅 auditorium, lecture hall 多功能厅 multi-use hall阅览室 browsing room, reading room 茶室 refreshment room操作间 cab, utility room●居住Dwelling套房 suit主人套房 master suit门厅，前厅 lobby大厅 hall, main hall过厅 gallery起居间 living RM，family RM聚会厅 gathering RM，keeping RM休息厅 lounge, sitting RM客厅 parlor衣帽间 cloakroom更衣、衣橱间 walk-in-closet, W.I.C.厨房 kitchen餐厅 dinning room早餐厅 nook, breakfast room食品、餐具间 pantry, butlery浴室，洗手间 bathroom盥洗室 toilet room卫生间 water closet, W.C.前室，门厅 foyer寝室，卧房 bedroom主人房 master bedroom书斋，书房 study, library工作室，画室 studio私室，书斋 den化妆室 boudoir, dressing RM, powder RM 婴儿室 nursery客房 guestroom壁厨 closet, ambry洗衣间 laundry room地窖 cellar储藏室 storage健身房 exercise RM服务入口 service entry换鞋处 mud room游艺室 games room活动室 activities room音乐室 music alcove工人房 maid bedroom台球室 billiards room温室 greenhouse●家具Furniture方桌 square table圆桌 round table长方桌 rectangle table伸缩桌 extension table 小桌 side table凳子 stool有肘的椅子 armchair摇椅，安乐椅 rocking chair 藤椅 rattan chair塑料椅 plastic chair 帆布椅 deck chair折椅 folding chair 沙发 sofa长椅 couch桌子，餐桌 table玻璃桌子 glass table塑料桌子 acrylic table 木制饭桌 wooden-table。
室内设计中英文对照
室内设计中英文对照室内设计是一门旨在创造舒适、实用和美观空间的艺术和科学。
它涉及到空间规划、设计布局、材料选择、色彩搭配、家具摆放等方面。
在室内设计中，很多术语需要使用中英文对照，以下是一些常用的室内设计术语与对应的英文翻译：1. 室内设计 Interior design2. 空间规划 Space planning3. 设计布局 Design layout4. 材料选择 Material selection5. 色彩搭配 Color coordination6. 家具摆放 Furniture placement7. 灯光设计 Lighting design8. 装饰品选择 Decoration selection9. 墙面处理 Wall treatment10. 地面处理 Floor treatment11. 窗帘选择 Curtain selection12. 空调布局 Air conditioning layout13. 平面图 Floor plan14. 剖面图 Sectional plan15. 立面图 Elevation plan16. 饰面材料 Finishing material17. 承重墙 Load-bearing wall18. 非承重墙 Non-load-bearing wall19. 抗震设计 Seismic design20. 防水处理 Waterproof treatment21. 施工图 Construction drawing22. 三维设计 3D design23. 翻新装修 Renovation24. 工艺美术 Decorative art25. 排风系统 Ventilation system26. 空调系统 Air conditioning system27. 通风系统 Ventilation system28. 照明系统 Lighting system29. 沙发 Sofa30. 床 Bed31. 餐桌 Dining table32. 椅子 Chair33. 书架 Bookshelf34. 电视柜 TV cabinet35. 橱柜 Kitchen cabinet36. 墙壁 Wall37. 地板 Floor38. 顶棚 Ceiling39. 窗户 Window40. 镜子 Mirror41. 窗帘 Curtain42. 地毯 Carpet43. 灯具 Lighting fixtures44. 花盆 Flower pot45. 装饰画 Wall art46. 装饰品 Decoration47. 绘画 Painting48. 柜台 Counter49. 凳子 Stool50. 酒柜 Wine cabinet以上是一些常见的室内设计术语及其英文对照。
新产品开发用语中英文对照及全拼
新产品开发用语中英文对照及全拼节点主题确定（TS）概念开发阶段概念批准（CA）开发策划完成（CC）总布置批准（AA）设计工程阶段设计发放（FER）工程批准（PA）手工件样车完成（RP）全拼Kick Off Theme Selection Concept Approval Concept Complete Architecture Approval Final Engineering Release Program Approval Rapid Prototype 备注总布置批准（LHA）产品规划阶段项目启动（KO）Design Cut-off 设计终冻结（DC）工程开发与产工艺装备连线验证（TTO）Tool Trial Out 品验证阶段工装件样车完成（SF）Sample Finish A图签发（ASO）小批量验证（PP）生产准备阶段工程签发（ESO）批产（SOP）试销与批产项目总签发（PT）A-Sign Off pilot production Engineering Sign Off Start of Production Program Transfer KO---项目启动（Kick Off）TS---主题确定（Theme Selection）CA---概念批准（Concept Approval）CC---开发策划完成（Concept Complete ）AA---总布置批准（Architecture Approval) FER---设计发放（Final Engineering Release) PA---工程批准（Program Approval ) RP---RP样车完成（Rapid Prototype) DC---设计终冻结（Design Cut-off) SF---试制样车完成（Sample Finish) ASO---A图签发（A-Sign Off）ESO---工程签发（Engineering Sign Off) SOP---生产启动（Start ofProduction) PT---项目总签发（Program Transfer) DFMEA---设计失效模式分析PFMEA-- 过程失效模式及后果分析DVP ---设计验证计划TTO---工装和工艺的连线调试PV---生产验证计划PPAP---供应商生产件批准程序PP---小批试生产PP签发---小批量试生产确认S图---指通过初步设计评审，下发的工程图样和相关技术文件A图---指通过设计验证确认的图样及技术文件B图---指通过设计签发及RP样车---指在非工装件（快速成型样件）状态下进行的、验证产品设计关系的试制样车CP样车---指在工装件状态下进行组装的、可用于试验验证和零部件认证的试制样车S.E同步开发活动---指在新产品开发过程中，生产、质量、制造等部门与设计部门同步开展的相关活动。
部分规划用语中英文对照
部分规划用语中英文对照（持续更新中）2011年12月05日 09:38:51Contents 目录Overall Site 总场地Global position 地理位置Location Plan 位置图Site photos 现场照片 Vision 规划远视Overall master plan 总体规划 Concept plan 概念图Multi-cultural area-concept plan 多元文化区 - 概念图Hot spring well-being area-concept plan 温泉安康区 - 概念图Agri-recreational area-concept plan 休闲农业区 - 概念图 Outdoor sports 户外运动区Land use schedule 用地指标Land use plan 用地规划图 Circulation 交通流线Infrastructure 基础设施配套Infrastructure plan 基础设施配套图Ecology environment protection 生态环境保护文档冲亿季，好礼乐相随mini ipad移动硬盘拍立得百度书包Planning basis 规划根据Investment return analysis 投入产出分析 Event calendar 项目览表 E x amp l e s 案例Detail plan 大样图Shadow studies 日照分析图 Building height 建筑高度 Building use 建筑用途Circulation plan 交通流线图On ground parking+circulation 地面停车场 + 交通流线 Building levels 建筑标高Basement parking 地下室停车场 Section lines 剖面图引线 Section 剖面图Road section 道路剖面图 Phase 1一期 ( A )开发 Starting area 起步区 Phasing 分期Cycling trail 自行车道继续更新中。
建筑设计中英文对照
・房屋各部分Parts of house屋面roof屋脊ridge坡屋顶pitched roof单坡屋顶pent roof, lean-to roof 人字屋顶gable roof四坡顶hipped roof屋面排水沟valley卷材防水屋面membrane roof找平层screed-coat防水层damp-proof course 泛水flashing屋顶层garret阁楼penthouse, loft, attic天台roof-deck晒台drying stage组合烟囱chimney stack屋檐eave屋面排水roofing drainage檐沟，明沟gutter水落管down-pipe, downspout 雨棚canopy, awning 柱廊colonnade走廊corridor中庭atrium山墙gable女儿墙parapet山花pediment隅石砌quoins阳台balcony, veranda阳台栏杆balustrade阳台栏杆柱baluster, banister平台terrace台阶steps梯子ladder梯级step楼梯staircase(=step)楼梯踏步平板tread楼梯踏步竖板riser楼梯休息平台landing直角转弯平台quarter-space landing 梯宽run of stair梯高rise of stair楼梯扶手rail, railing回转梯 corkscrew staircase, caracole踏步突沿nosing窗子window百叶窗blinds, louvers 旋转窗balance window平开窗，窗叶casement窗扇sash中旋窗awning window上下推拉窗double-hung window 屋顶通气窗clerestory门窗亮子transom窗木框window frame窗台sill, cill采光顶sunroof天窗sunlight老虎窗dormer-window通风窗ventlight落地窗French window墙壁wall承重墙bearing wall隔间partition空心墙cavity wall防火隔断（分区）compartmentation 剪力墙shear panel墙裙wainscot窗间墙pier幕墙curtain wall电梯elevator, lift自动扶梯escalator地板，楼面 floor夹层楼面entresol， mezzanine 楼座balcony楼板slab天花板ceiling壁炉andiron， fireplace，grate地下室basement防火fire-cut防火门fire door耐热涂料heat-resisting paints绝热heat insulation 门槛head-rail, sill柱子column， post，pillar柱头column cap, head斜撑knee brace悬索catenary梁beam基础梁grade beam钢板梁plate girder工字梁I-beam过梁lintel, lintol, head 椽子purlin基础foundation碎石垫层hard core混凝土地基concrete foundation 基座、柱础pedestal独立基础isolated footing放大基础spreading footing条形基础strip footing筏式基础mat foundation浮筏基础floating foundation 沉箱基础caisson化粪池cesspool, septic tank伸缩缝expansion joint冷桥thermal bridge散水wash, apron披水板weathering-board 桁架truss组合桁架composite truss框架framework模板formwork拱券arch穹顶dome平拱flat arch筒拱vault, vaulted roof 半圆穹顶concha瓦shingle, tile砖brick瓷砖ceramic tile玻璃砖glass blocks大理石marble花岗岩granite水磨石terrazzo砌块masonry混凝土concrete预制混凝土pre- cast concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 钢筋steel reinforcement 水泥cement抹灰，灰泥plaster, stucco熟石灰 hydrate of lime, slaked-lime 砂浆mortar抹灰层floated coat饰面finish木砖grounds, timber brick 石膏gypsum石膏板plaster slab夹胶玻璃plyglass胶合板plywood, clip-board 脚手架scaffolding悬臂cantilever叠涩，牛腿corbel遮阳sun shading・制图与构图用语草图sketch, draft图纸drawing施工图working drawings工程project、 1 一:一, 方案plan总图grid总平面site平面floorelevation立面正立面facade剖面section详图detail门厅上部upper foyer比例尺scale二透视图，表现图rendering透视perspective轴测isometric perspectiveAxonometric projection轴线axis 建筑面积 floor area, architecture area 相对标高relative elevation/level层高，净空 headroom, headway室内interior室外exterior室内装修interior decoration 装饰ornament广场 square, plaza, public square 流线circulation解构deconstruction空间space, spatial比例proportion统一unity均衡balance协调harmony高层建筑high-rise building 社区housing complex 家舍house 茅舍cottage 平房 one-story house ， bungalow ，plain-house二楼 two-story house 公寓（建筑） apartment house公寓（房间） apartment （flat ）（英） 别墅villa 花园洋房garden house 寄宿舍 dormitory （美）出租房间room for rent （美） 乡村旅舍 country inn供膳寄宿舍 boardinghouse大厦mansions, edifice 大楼 building预制装配式房屋pre-fabricate house 小木屋尺度韵律风格功能关系・房屋 Housescale rhythm style function relationship 供膳出租房间board and lodgingshack一个单元one unit 车库garage报告厅auditorium, lecture hall多功能厅multi-use hall阅览室 browsing room, reading room茶室refreshment room操作间cab, utility room・居住 Dwelling套房suit主人套房master suit门厅，前厅lobby大厅hall, main hall过厅gallery起居间living RM， family RM 聚会厅 gathering RM, keeping RM休息厅lounge, sitting RM客厅parlor衣帽间cloakroom更衣、衣橱间 walk-in-closet, W.I.C.厨房kitchen餐厅dinning room早餐厅nook, breakfast room食品、餐具间 pantry, butlery浴室，洗手间bathroom盥洗室toilet room卫生间water closet, W.C.前室，门厅foyer寝室，卧房bedroom主人房master bedroom 书斋，书房study, library 工作室，画室studio私室，书斋den化妆室boudoir, dressing RM, powder RM婴儿室nursery客房guestroom壁厨closet, ambry 洗衣间laundry room地窖cellar储藏室storage健身房exercise RM服务入口service entry 换鞋处mud room游艺室games room活动室activities room 音乐室music alcove工人房maid bedroom台球室billiards room 温室greenhouse•家具 Furniture方桌square table圆桌round table长方桌rectangle table伸缩桌小桌凳子有肘的椅子摇椅，安乐椅藤椅塑料椅帆布椅折椅沙发长椅桌子，餐桌玻璃桌子塑料桌子木制饭桌table glass tableacrylic tablewooden-table extension table side tablestool armchair rocking chair rattan chair plastic chair deck chair folding chair sofa couch。
联合国人类发展报告中国部分(2007-2008)中英文对照词汇表
“以人为本”的发展观
people-based developmentapproach
shed some light on thequestion
病床使用率
utilization rate ofhospital beds
剥夺人的可行能力
denials of capability
不断扩大的收入差距
rapid increases in incomeinequality
不同所有制（国有制和集体所有制）
按收入消费高低次序以10%人口为一组
Successive subsets of 10percent of the population
按照法律规定支付工资
entitled to wages accordingto the law
把经济增长视为发展的目标
taking economic growth asthe end of development
毕业生升学率
progression rate, rate ofprogression for primaryschool graduates intomiddle schools
边际消费
marginal consumption
边疆地区
border area
编辑委员会
Editorial board
表明
《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划》
the 8-7 National Plan forPriority Poverty Reduction
软件开发中常用语中英文对照
A.A.I. 人工智能A2A integration A2A整合abstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、访问access function 访问函数access level访问级别account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 活动的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空间address-of operator 取地址操作符ADL (argument-dependent lookup)ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advanced 高级的aggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别名align 排列、对齐allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口app domain (application domain)应用域appearance 外观append 附加application 应用、应用程序application framework 应用程序框架Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档文件、存档文件argument引数(传给函式的值)。
参见parameterarrow operator 箭头操作符ASP(Active Server Page)活动服务器页面 worker process 工作者进程assembly 装配件、配件assembly language 汇编语言assembly manifest 装配件清单assert(ion) 断言assign 赋值assignment 赋值、分配assignment operator 赋值操作符associated 相关的、相关联的associative container 关联式容器(对应sequential container) asynchronous 异步的atomic 原子的atomic operation 原子操作attribute 特性、属性audio 音频authentication service 验证服务authorization 授权B.B2B integration B2B整合、B2B集成(business-to-business integration) background 背景、后台(进程)backup 备份backup device备份设备backup file 备份文件backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容bandwidth 带宽Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩base class 基类base type 基类型batch 批处理BCL (base class library)基类库Bin Packing 装箱问题binary 二进制binary function 双参函数binary large object二进制大对象binary operator 二元操作符binary search 二分查找binary tree 二叉树binding 绑定bit 位bitwise 按位…bitwise copy 为单元进行复制；位元逐一复制,按位拷bitwise operation 按位运算block 块、区块、语句块bookkeeping 簿记boolean 布林值(真假值，true或false)border 边框bounds checking 边界检查boxing 装箱、装箱转换brace (curly brace) 大括号、花括号bracket (square brakcet) 中括号、方括号breakpoint 断点browser applications 浏览器应用(程序)browser-accessible application 可经由浏览器访问的应用程序bug 臭虫build 编连(专指编译和连接built-in 内建、内置bus 总线business 业务、商务(看场合)business Logic 业务逻辑business rules 业务规则buttons 按钮by/through 通过byte 位元组(由8 bits组成)C.cache 高速缓存calendar 日历Calendrical Calculations 日期call 调用call operator 调用操作符call-level interface (CLI)调用级接口(CLI)callback 回调candidate key 候选键(for database)cascading delete 级联删除(for database)cascading update 级联更新(for database)casting 转型、造型转换catalog 目录chain 链(function calls)character 字符character format 字符格式character set 字符集check box 复选框check button 复选按钮CHECK constraints CHECK约束(for database)checkpoint 检查点(for database)child class 子类CIL (common intermediate language)通用中间语言、通用中介语言class 类class declaration 类声明class definition 类定义class derivation list 类继承列表class factory 类厂class hierarchy 类层次结构class library 类库class loader 类装载器class template 类模板class template partial specializations 类模板部分特化class template specializations 类模板特化classification 分类clause 子句cleanup 清理、清除CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) 通用语言基础设施client 客户、客户端client application 客户端应用程序client area 客户区client cursor 客户端游标(for database)client-server 客户机/服务器、客户端/服务器clipboard 剪贴板Clique 最大团clone 克隆CLS (common language specification) 通用语言规范code access security 代码访问安全code page 代码页COFF (Common Object File Format) 通用对象文件格式collection 集合COM (Component Object Model) 组件对象模型Combinatorial Problems 组合问题combo box 组合框command line 命令行comment 注释commit 提交(for database)communication 通讯compatible 兼容compile time 编译期、编译时compiler 编译器component组件composite index 复合索引、组合索引(for database)composite key 复合键、组合键(for database)composition 复合、组合Computational Geometry 计算几何concept 概念concrete具体的concrete class 具体类concurrency 并发、并发机制configuration 配置、组态Connected Components 连通分支connection 连接(for database)connection pooling 连接池console 控制台constant 常量Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题constraint 约束(for database)construct 构件、成分、概念、构造（for language）constructor (ctor) 构造函数、构造器container 容器containment包容context 环境、上下文control 控件Convex Hull 凸包cookie (不译)copy 拷贝CORBA 通用对象请求中介架构(Common Object Request Broker Architecture) cover 覆盖、涵盖create/creation 创建、生成crosstab query 交叉表查询(for database)CRTP (curiously recurring template pattern)Cryptography 密码CTS (common type system)通用类型系统cube 多维数据集(for database)cursor 光标cursor 游标(for database)custom 定制、自定义D.data 数据data connection 数据连接(for database)Data Control Language (DCL) 数据控制语言(DCL) (for database)Data Definition Language (DDL) 数据定义语言(DDL) (for database)data dictionary 数据字典(for database)data dictionary view 数据字典视图(for database)data file 数据文件(for database)data integrity 数据完整性(for database)data manipulation language (DML)数据操作语言(DML) (for database) data mart 数据集市(for database)data member 数据成员、成员变量data pump 数据抽取(for database)data scrubbing 数据清理(for database)data source 数据源(for database)data source 数据源(for database)Data source name (DSN) 数据源名称(DSN) (for database)data structure数据结构Data Structures 基本数据结构data table 数据表(for database)data warehouse 数据仓库(for database)data-aware control数据感知控件(for database)data-bound 数据绑定(for database)database 数据库(for database)database catalog 数据库目录(for database)database diagram 数据关系图(for database)database file 数据库文件(for database)database object 数据库对象(for database)database owner 数据库所有者(for database)database project 数据库工程(for database)database role 数据库角色(for database)database schema 数据库模式、数据库架构(for database)database script 数据库脚本(for database)datagram 数据报文dataset 数据集(for database)dataset 数据集(for database)DBMS (database management system)数据库管理系统(for database) DCOM (distributed COM)分布式COMdead lock 死锁(for database)deallocate 归还debug 调试debugger 调试器decay 退化decision support 决策支持declaration 声明declarative referential integrity (DRI)声明引用完整性(DRI) (for database) deduction 推导default 缺省、默认值DEFAULT constraint默认约束(for database)default database 默认数据库(for database)default instance 默认实例(for database)default result set 默认结果集(for database)defer 推迟definition 定义delegate 委托Delegates 一般译法为”委托”，微软没有对这个术语进行正式解释或翻译。
中英文对照的40个工作计划
中英文对照的40个工作计划(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--中英文对照的40个工作计划中英文对照的40个工作计划1.找一个工作导师2.组织一个志愿者活动3.记下成就4.向老板要工作反馈5.设定每月目标6.去掉桌上的杂乱7.更快回邮件8.找一个新的工作伙伴9.发更多专业的邮件10.帮助同事11.承担新责任12.寻求晋升13.参加一门对工作有益的课程14.参加更多的.社交活动15.更新LinkedIn的个人资料16.把更多事情委派给下属做17.经营工作人脉圈18.提前规划未来19.抽出时间度假20.更早醒来21.寄感谢卡表达谢意22.下午短暂休息下，出去散散步23.关注工作的积极方面，而不是消极方面24.读与职业相关的书籍25.找一个更好的系统整理邮件26.为他人提供指导27.为工作准备午餐28.在管理事物方面要做得更好29.别在办公室八卦30.乘公共交通工具去工作31.在工作时间减少咖啡因和糖的摄入32.给同事积极有建设性的反馈33.从同龄人处获得更多反馈'tdoworkonvacationunlessrequired 34.除非被要求，不然别在假日工作'trelayimportantnewsoveremail 35.不要用电子邮件转达重要讯息36.定时记录花销37.在最后期限前做好项目38.当有空闲时找点工作做39.好好利用保健福利金40.参加自己地区的Toastmasters。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
部分规划用语中英文对照（持续更新中）
2011 年12 月05 日09:38:51
Conten ts 目录
Overall Site 总场地
Global position 地理位置
Locatio n Plan 位置图
Site photos现场照片Vision规划远视
Overall master plan 总体规划Concept plan 概念图
Multi-cultural area-concept plan 多元文化区-概念图
Hot spring well-being area-concept plan 温泉安康区-概念图
Agri-recreational area-concept plan 休闲农业区-概念图Outdoor sports 户外运动区Land use schedule 用地指标
Land use plan用地规划图Circulation交通流线
In frastructure基础设施配套
In frastructure pla n基础设施配套图
Ecology environment protection 生态环境保护
文档冲亿季，好礼乐相随mini ipad移动硬盘拍立得百度书包
Pla nning basis 规划根据
In vestme nt return an alysis 投入产出分析Eve nt cale ndar 项目览表E x amp l e s 案例
Detail pla n 大样图
Shadow studies日照分析图Building height建筑高度Building use建筑用途
Circulation plan交通流线图
On ground parking+circulation 地面停车场+ 交通流线Building levels 建筑标高
Basement parking地下室停车场Section lines剖面图引线Section剖面图
Road section 道路剖面图Phase 1
一期（A ）开发Starting area起步区Phasing分期
Cycling trail自行车道
继续更新中。
今天给出的是《城市规划标准规范集》中的第二部分保留地reserved land步行街pedestrian street 仓储区warehouse district 仓储用地warehouse 城市city
城市布局urban layout
城市道路面积率urban road area ratio城市道路网urban road network
城市道路网密度den sity of urba n road network 城市道路系统urban road system城市对外交
通in tercity tran sportatio n 城市发展目标goals for urba n developme nt 城市发展战略strategy for urban development 城市防洪urban flood control
城市防洪标准standard for urban flood control 城市防洪工程urban flood control engineering 城市防空urban air defense 城市防灾disaster protection
城市防震urba n earthquake hazard protect ion
城市工程管线综合规戈U urban engineering pipeline comprehensive planning 城市供电电源power source 城市功能分区functional division 城市供热系统district heating system 城市规戈U urba n pla nning
城市规划法贝U codes of urba n pla nning 城市规划管理urba n pla nning adm ini strati on
城市规划建设管理urba n pla nning and build ing adm ini strati on 城市规模city size 城市化urba ni zati on
城市化水平urbanization level
城市环境保护urba n environmen tal protect ion 城市环境污染urba n environmen tal pollutio n 城市环境质量urban environmental quality
城市环境质量评价evaluati on of the urba n environmen tal quality。