糖尿病全英文
医学常见疾病中英文名称对照表
医学常见疾病中英文名称对照表在医学领域中，了解疾病的中英文对照名称是非常重要的。
这有助于医务人员之间的沟通以及医疗文件的准确填写。
下面是一份医学常见疾病的中英文对照表，旨在帮助读者更好地理解和运用医学术语。
1.感冒 - Common Cold2.发烧 - Fever3.肺炎 - Pneumonia4.流感 - Influenza5.哮喘 - Asthma6.鼻炎 - Rhinitis7.咳嗽 - Cough8.胃炎 - Gastritis9.病毒性肝炎 - Viral Hepatitis10.糖尿病 - Diabetes11.高血压 - Hypertension12.心脏病 - Heart Disease13.中风 - Stroke14.肺癌 - Lung Cancer15.乳腺癌 - Breast Cancer16.糖尿病 - Diabetes17.结肠癌 - Colon Cancer18.肾炎 - Nephritis19.结石 - Kidney Stones20.脑炎 - Encephalitis21.关节炎 - Arthritis22.精神分裂症 - Schizophrenia23.抑郁症 - Depression24.帕金森氏综合症 - Parkinson's disease25.带状疱疹 - Shingles26.痔疮 - Hemorrhoids27.溃疡 - Ulcer28.白血病 - Leukemia29.贫血 - Anemia30.哮喘 - Asthma31.癫痫 - Epilepsy32.脑震荡 - Concussion33.鼻窦炎 - Sinusitis34.失眠 - Insomnia35.口腔溃疡 - Mouth Ulcer36.胰腺炎 - Pancreatitis37.食道炎 - Esophagitis38.乙肝 - Hepatitis B39.皮炎 - Dermatitis40.耳聋 - Hearing Loss41.近视 - Myopia42.视力矫正 - Vision Correction43.青光眼 - Glaucoma44.白内障 - Cataract45.斑秃 - Alopecia Areata46.牙龈炎 - Periodontitis47.口腔癌 - Oral Cancer48.食管癌 - Esophageal Cancer49.脑膜炎 - Meningitis50.心肌梗塞 - Myocardial Infarction51.胃溃疡 - Gastric Ulcer52.胆囊炎 - Cholecystitis53.甲状腺癌 - Thyroid Cancer54.乙状结肠炎 - Ulcerative Colitis55.脑瘤 - Brain Tumor56.胰腺癌 - Pancreatic Cancer57.子宫肌瘤 - Uterine Fibroids58.子宫内膜异位症 - Endometriosis59.前列腺炎 - Prostatitis60.尿道感染 - Urinary Tract Infection61.卵巢癌 - Ovarian Cancer62.霍奇金淋巴瘤 - Hodgkin's Lymphoma63.肺气肿 - Emphysema64.动脉硬化 - Arteriosclerosis65.心律失常 - Arrhythmia66.肾功能衰竭 - Renal Failure67.脂肪肝 - Fatty Liver68.颈椎病 - Cervical Spondylosis69.胆结石 - Gallstones70.乳腺纤维瘤 - Breast Fibroadenoma71.淋巴结炎 - Lymphadenitis72.胰腺瘤 - Pancreatic Tumor73.高血脂 - Hyperlipidemia74.直肠癌 - Rectal Cancer75.食管瘤 - Esophageal Tumor76.胰腺囊肿 - Pancreatic Cyst77.肝脏肿瘤 - Liver Tumor78.子宫颈炎 - Cervicitis79.子宫肌腺症 - Adenomyosis80.乳腺增生 - Breast Hyperplasia81.肠胃炎 - Gastroenteritis82.胰腺功能不全 - Pancreatic Insufficiency83.髋关节炎 - Hip Arthritis84.慢性阻塞性肺疾病 - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)85.痤疮 - Acne86.甲状腺炎 - Thyroiditis87.脂溢性皮炎 - Seborrheic Dermatitis88.扁平苔藓 - Tinea Versicolor89.神经性斑秃 - Androgenic Alopecia90.子宫肌瘤 - Uterine Leiomyoma这是一份医学常见疾病的中英文名称对照表，仅供参考。
糖尿病
糖尿病疾病常识英文名称：diabetes mellitus, DM别称：消渴症临床症状：多饮、多食、多尿、乏力并发疾病：肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、糖尿病酮症酸中毒好发人群：肥胖者、长期高糖、高脂饮食者、直系亲属有糖尿病病史者就诊指南就诊科室：内分泌科治疗周期：需要终身间歇性治疗常用药品：磺酰脲类、二甲双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、胰岛素增敏常用检查：尿糖测定、口服葡萄糖耐量试验、糖化血红蛋白测定是否医保：是概览定义糖尿病是一组由多病因引起以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病，是由于膜岛素分泌和（或）利用缺陷所引起。
长期碳水化合物以及脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱可引起多系统损害，导致眼、肾、神经、心脏、血管等组织器官慢性进行性病变、功能减退及衰竭；病情严重或应激时可发生急性严重代谢紊乱，如糖尿病酣症酸中毒（DKA）、高渗高血糖综合征。
流行病学糖尿病是常见病、多发病，目前在全球范围内，糖尿病的患病率与发病率极攀升。
1.以2型糖尿病为例，2013年全国调查中2型糖尿病患病率为10.4%，男性高于女性（11.1%比9.6%）。
2.各民族间的糖尿病患病率存在较大差异：满族15.0%、汉族14.7%、维吾尔族12.2%、壮族12.0%、回族10.6%、藏族4.3%。
3.未诊断糖尿病比例较高。
2013年全国调查中，未诊断的糖尿病患者占总数的63%。
4.肥胖和超重人群糖尿病患病率显著增加，肥胖人群糖尿病患病率升高了2倍。
2013年按体质指数（BMI）分层显示，BMI<25 kg/m^2者糖尿病患病率为7.8%、25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m^2者患病率为15.4%，BMI≥30 kg/m^2者患病率为21.2%。
疾病分类我国目前采用WHO1999年的病因学分型体系，将糖尿病分为以下四大类：1.1型糖尿病：胰岛B细胞破坏，导致胰岛素绝对缺乏。
又分为免疫介导性和特发性（无自身免疫证据）。
2.2型糖尿病：以胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素进行性分泌不足和以胰岛素进行性分泌不足为主伴胰岛素抵抗。
糖尿病英文简介
Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseas es in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications ca n include diabetic ketoacidosis（酮症酸中毒）, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma（高糖昏迷）, or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney f ailure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.There are three main types of diab etes mellitus:Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistanceGestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels.Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintai ning proper foot care are important for people with the disease. Type 1 DM must be m anaged with insulin injections.Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or witho ut insulin.Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.Weight loss surger y in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.Gest ational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.。
糖尿病全英文课件(共23张PPT)可编辑全文
foot disease
infection
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
Sensory neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy
Motor neuropathy
Gastroparesis
Bladder neuropathy
Diarrhea or Constipation
Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms Oral Medications
[stimulating the pancreas produce more insulin ]
oral glucose ≥11.1
tolerance test ≥ 7.8 and ＜11.1
＜7.8
diagnose
diabetes
Gestational diabetes absence of insulin
Use of alcohol
Sulfonylureas Biguanides being a member of a high-risk group
Other types
Types
Ⅰ、Definition and Types Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms
1 accompanied with symptoms Sulfonylureas complications Differences between type1 and type2
Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms Sulfonylureas
Thiazolidinediones insufficient insulin Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms life depends on insulin.
糖尿病简介英文版
糖尿病简介英文版Diabetes Mellitus: An OverviewIntroduction:Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It affects millions of individuals worldwide and poses a significant healthcare challenge. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of diabetes, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.Types of Diabetes:There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.1. Type 1 Diabetes:Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, typically occurs in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. It is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Initially, it can be managed with lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and possibly oral medications. In severe cases, insulin therapy may be required.3. Gestational Diabetes:Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. It occurs when hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can pose risks for both the mother and the baby. Proper monitoring and management are crucial to prevent complications.Causes of Diabetes:The causes of diabetes vary depending on the type:1. Type 1 Diabetes:The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes make individuals more susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes, and environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may initiate the autoimmune response.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes is primarily attributed to lifestyle factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, and genetic predisposition. Excessive body weight and abdominal fat accumulation increase insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.3. Gestational Diabetes:The hormonal changes during pregnancy are the main cause of gestational diabetes. These hormones can obstruct the action of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels.Symptoms of Diabetes:The symptoms of diabetes can vary, but some common signs include:1. Frequent urination2. Excessive thirst3. Unexplained weight loss4. Fatigue5. Blurred vision6. Slow healing of wounds7. Tingling sensation or numbness in the hands and feetDiagnosis of Diabetes:Diabetes can be diagnosed through various tests, including:1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Measures blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink.3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test: Measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months.Management of Diabetes:Diabetes management aims to keep blood sugar levels within the target range to prevent complications. It primarily involves:1. Healthy Eating: A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential. Avoiding sugary foods and drinks helps control blood sugar levels.2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.3. Medications: Depending on the type and severity of diabetes, oral medications, injectable drugs, or insulin may be prescribed to manage blood sugar levels effectively.4. Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and periodic check-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for adjusting treatment plans and preventing complications.Conclusion:Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies is crucial in effectively controlling blood sugar levels and preventing complications. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and working closely with healthcare professionals, individuals with diabetes can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risks associated with the disease.。
糖尿病英文简介
Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseas es in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications ca n include diabetic ketoacidosis(酮症酸中毒), nonketotic hyperosmolar coma(高糖昏迷), or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney f ailure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.There are three main types of diab etes mellitus:Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistanceGestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop highblood-sugar levels.Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet,regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintai ning proper foot care are important for people with the disease. Type 1 DM must be m anaged withinsulin injections.Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or witho ut insulin.Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.Weight loss surger y in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.Gest ational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.。
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
few
less then type 2 DM leading cause of death
low or lack
usually + insulin dependence
FPG FPG
(mmol/L)
DM
7.0
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱIFG
IG
6.1
T
NGT
IGT
7.8 11.1
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
75gOGTT 2hPG
(mmol/L)
Comparison of type 1 and type 2 DM
Usual age of onset Mode of onset weight
symptoms
Other specific types Gestational diabetes**
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
Other specific types
Genetic defects of beta-cell function Genetic defects in insulin action Diseases of the exocrine pancreas Endocrinopathies Drug- or chemical-induced Infections Uncommon forms of immune-
Type 2 DM：amyloidosis of pancreas
糖尿病相关英文词汇
DM相关英文词汇小结1、Diabetes mellitus糖尿病2、hyperglycemia高血糖3、abnormalities异常4、insulin secretion胰岛素分泌5、insulin sensitivity胰岛素敏感性6、microvascular complications微血管并发症7、macrovascular complications大血管并发症8、neuropathic complications神经并发症9、ensue出现、发生10、immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β -cells免疫介导的胰岛β细胞损伤11、long preclinical period亚临床期长12、transient remission疾病短暂好转13、honeymoon phase蜜月期14、autoantibodies自身抗体15、islet cell antibody胰岛细胞抗体17、insulin antibodies胰岛素抗体18、lipolysis脂肪分解19、free fatty acid production游离脂肪酸生成20、increased hepatic glucose production 肝糖生成增加21、decreased skeletal muscle uptake of glucose肌肉组织对葡萄糖摄取下降22、a diabetogenic lifestyle (excessive calories, inadequate exercise, and obesity)易导致糖尿病的生活方式(能量过度摄入、锻炼不足、肥胖)23、superimposed upon协同24、a susceptible genotype易感基因25、glucocorticoids糖皮质激素26、pentamidine喷她脒27、niacin烟酸28、α-interferonα-干扰素29、Impaired fasting glucose,IFG空腹血糖受损(5、6–6、9 mmol/L)30、impaired glucose tolerance,IGT糖耐量受损(7、8–11、0 mmol/L)31、retinopathyDM视网膜病变32、neuropathyDM神经病变33、nephropathyDM肾病34、coronary heart disease冠心病35、stroke中风36、peripheral vascular disease外周血管病变37、prone to develop diabetic ketoacidosis 自发酮症倾向38、severe stress严重应激39、insulin counterregulatory hormones胰岛素对抗激素40、asymptomatic无症状41、unrelated blood testing随机血糖42、Lethargy无精打采43、polyuria多尿44、nocturia夜尿45、polydipsia烦渴46、Hemoglobin A1C(glycosylated hemoglobin)糖化血红蛋白(≥6、5%为诊断标准) 46、Fasting plasma glucose空腹血糖(≥126 mg/dL (7、0 mmol/L)为诊断标准)47、oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)口服糖耐量检测48、75 g anhydrous glucose75g无水葡萄糖(折合82、5g一水葡萄糖) 49、Two-hour plasma glucose2小时血糖(≥200 mg/dL (111、1 mmol/L)为诊断标准)50、 A random plasma glucose concentration 随机血糖(≥200 mg/dL (111、1 mmol/L)为诊断标准)51、hyperglycemic crisis高血糖危象52、positive family history家族史阳性53、ameliorate symptoms of hyperglycemia 控制高血糖症状54、Glycemic Goals血糖控制目标55、Preprandial plasma glucose餐前血糖56、Postprandial plasma glucose餐后血糖57、American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists美国临床内分泌医师学会AACE58、American College of Endocrinology 美国内分泌学会ACE59、American Diabetes Association美国糖尿病协会ADA60、aggressive management 强化控制61、smoking cessation戒烟62、treatment of dyslipidemia调节血脂异常63、intensive blood pressure强化血压控制64、antiplatelet therapy抗血小板治疗65、dietary and exercise modifications 改变饮食锻炼习惯66、self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)自我血糖监测67、low in saturated fat饱与脂肪限量68、caloric restriction控制热量69、Bedtime and between meal snacks 睡前及餐间零食70、Aerobic exercise有氧锻炼71、sedentary patients既往运动较少的病人72、atherosclerotic disease动脉粥样硬化疾病73、subcutaneously皮下注射74、Humalog (insulin lispro)赖脯胰岛素(优泌乐®)75、NovoLog (insulin aspart)门冬胰岛素(诺与锐®)76、Apidra (insulin glulisine)赖谷胰岛素(Apidra®,目前还没有中文名) 77、Rapid-acting insulins速效胰岛素78、Short-acting insulins短效胰岛素79、Humulin R (regular)优泌林®R80、Novolin R (regular)诺与灵®R81、Intermediate-acting insulins (neutral protamine Hagedorn)120、Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors二肽基转肽酶-4抑制剂121、Sitagliptin西格列汀(捷诺维®,Januvia®)122、Saxagliptin沙格列汀(安立泽®,Onglyza®)123、Glyburide/metformin格列本脲/二甲双胍(Glucovance®)124、Glipizide/metformin (N) Metaglip格列吡嗪/二甲双胍(Metaglip®)125、Rosiglitazone/metformin罗格列酮/二甲双胍(文达敏®,Avandamet®) 126、long half-life drugs长半衰期药物127、skip meals,误餐128、exercise vigorously高强度锻炼129、skin rash皮疹130、hemolytic anemia溶血性贫血131、GI upset胃肠道不适132、cholestasis胆汁淤积133、Hyponatremia低钠血症134、glucose dependent insulin release葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素释放(格列奈类) 135、the medication should also be skipped 误餐,当餐药物也无需服用136、insulin-sensitive tissues胰岛素敏感组织137、hepatic and peripheral (muscle) tissues肝脏及外周(肌肉)组织138、basal-bolus therapy基础联合餐时胰岛素方案136、glycemic lability、血糖不稳定137、preprandial SMBG level餐前血糖监测水平138、upcoming activity level未来运动量139、anticipated carbohydrate intake预计摄食水平140、Carbohydrate counting碳水化合物计量141、diminish aggregation减少聚集142、greater glycemic control严格控制血糖143、erratic postprandial control餐后血糖控制不佳144、judiciously titrated based on GI adverse effects and postprandial glycemic goals根据胃肠道不良反应及血糖控制水平调整剂量145、Symptomatic patients有症状的患者146、worsen insulin resistance加重胰岛素抵抗147、therapeutic lifestyle measures治疗性生活方式改善148、Obese patients (>120% ideal body weight)肥胖患者(标准体重120%)149、Near-normal-weight patients体重基本正常的患者150、disease progresses on metformin therapy应用二甲双胍期间病情进展151、on multiple therapies正在应用多种治疗方案152、bedtime injection晚间(胰岛素)注射153、Intensify management强化治疗方案154、Less intensive management非强化治疗方案155、intact hypoglycemia awareness有低血糖症状(未受损伤)156、used at the discretion of the clinician 在医师的监护下用药157、ophthalmologist201、fibrate贝特类药物202、polyuria多尿203、polydipsia多饮,烦渴204、Finer insulin adjustments更为精细的血糖调节205、nocturnal sweating夜汗206、palpitations心悸207、microalbuminuria微量白蛋白尿208、albuminuria白蛋白尿209、dilated ophthalmologic exams散瞳查眼底210、influenza and pneumococcal vaccine 流感及肺炎疫苗。
医学术语DM指的是
医学术语DM指的是
医学上DM是糖尿病的英文缩写。
糖尿病是因为胰岛素绝对或者相对分泌不足或利用障碍而引起的代谢紊乱性疾病。
一般以血糖增高为主要的标志，临床的表现为三多一少，也就是喝得多，尿得多，吃得多，体重下降。
糖尿病容易引起急性并发症，如糖尿病酮症酸中毒、乳酸性酸中毒、高血糖昏迷、低血糖昏迷。
慢性并发症容易出现糖尿病大血管病变，诱发心脑血管疾病，出现心绞痛、脑血管疾病、四肢动脉的血栓；糖尿病微血管病变可以造成糖尿病眼病和糖尿病肾病，出现眼底出血、视物模糊、蛋白尿、肾功能不全等等；糖尿病的神经病变容易导致四肢末梢出现疼痛、发凉、麻木，影响胃肠道神经会出现消化不良；糖尿病足的症状会出现足部的缺血破溃，严重的时候坏死、截肢。
所以糖尿病人要随时监测血糖和糖化血红蛋白，日常多注意锻炼，避免进食过多的糖分，保持心情舒畅和良好的饮食习惯。
diabetes mellitus 翻译
diabetes mellitus 翻译关于糖尿病的介绍糖尿病（diabetes mellitus）是由胰岛素分泌不足或者胰岛素作用异常所导致的一类慢性代谢紊乱疾病。
它的发生机制主要是由于胰岛素分泌不足或作用异常导致人体内的葡萄糖无法被很好的利用，从而导致人体内部的代谢紊乱以及机体的损伤。
糖尿病的分类根据糖尿病的发生机制以及发生时间不同，糖尿病根据其临床表现可以分为1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病以及妊娠期糖尿病等3种类型。
1型糖尿病1型糖尿病，也叫做胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（英文缩写为IDDM），主要是由于免疫系统对胰岛β细胞的破坏导致的胰岛素分泌不足。
患者需要持续注射胰岛素进行控制。
2型糖尿病2型糖尿病，也叫做非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（英文缩写为NIDDM），主要是由于胰岛素分泌不足以及胰岛素作用异常导致的糖代谢紊乱。
患者可以通过调整饮食、运动以及药物控制血糖。
妊娠期糖尿病妊娠期糖尿病是指孕期发生的糖代谢紊乱，妊娠期糖尿病的特点是妊娠后期症状较明显，出现频率较高，但是大多数患者在产后都会痊愈。
糖尿病的症状表现糖尿病患者会出现头痛、口渴、口干、多饮、多食等症状，还有特别的是尿多、尿频、尿糖、夜尿增多等表现。
如果没有及时有效的治疗，糖尿病会引起严重的健康问题，比如心脏病、脑卒中、肾功能不全、失明、足部坏疽等。
糖尿病的预防和治疗糖尿病的预防和治疗都需要患者保持良好的生活习惯，比如要保持饮食均衡、正常体重、适当运动、不吸烟等。
如果患者已经发生了糖尿病，需要及时的接受医学治疗。
根据不同型号的糖尿病，医生会制定不同的治疗方案，包括饮食调整、运动锻炼和药物治疗等。
总之，糖尿病是一种很危险的疾病，患者需要做好自我管理，加强自我监测和药物治疗，才能够控制病情。
如果出现了糖尿病所引发的严重并发症，那么患者就需要通过手术治疗等手段进行治疗。
因此，及早预防和治疗糖尿病尤为关键。
糖尿病简介 英文版
Diabetes - IntroductionIntroductionDiabetes is a disease that affects millions of Americans every year. Your health care provider may have informed you that you have diabetes. Although there is no known cure for diabetes, there are several treatments which can control this disease. The success of any diabetes treatment depends largely on you, the patient. This reference summary will help you develop a better understanding of diabetes and how to control this disease.What is DiabetesThe body is made of millions of cells that need energy to function. The food you eat is turned into sugar, called glucose. Glucose is carried to the cells through the blood stream. It is one of many substances needed by the cells to make energy.For glucose to enter the cells, two conditions must be present. First, the cells should have enough “doors,” called receptors. Second, a hormone called insulin is needed to “unlock the receptors.” Once these two conditions are met, glucose enters the cell and is used by the cell to make energy. Without energy, all cells die.Insulin is a hormone, which is manufacturedin the pancreas. Insulin levels in the bloodvary with the amount of glucose present inthe blood. Diabetes is a disease that makesit difficult for the cells of the body to get theglucose they need to make energy.There are two ways in which diabetes canmake it difficult for the cells of the body toreceive adequate amounts of glucose. First,insulin may not be made by the pancreas.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Because insulin is needed to “unlock the receptors,” glucose cannot enter the cells. Therefore, glucose levels increase in the blood. This is known as Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is present in enough quantities, but there is a decrease in the number of receptors on the cells to allow glucose to enter. Even though insulin is present, it cannot be used effectively, a situation called “Insulin Resistance” and results in high levels of glucose in the blood.Type 2 diabetes is more common than Type 1. The exact causes of diabetes are unknown. However, it tends to run in families. Diabetes is not contagious.Signs and Symptoms Of DiabetesDiabetes is detected when your health care provider finds a high level of sugar in your blood or urine. The most reliable test results are obtained when the sugar level in the blood is checked before any food or liquid is ingested. This is known as a fasting blood sugar. A range for a normal fasting blood sugar is between 60 and 99 mg/dL. Levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL are considered pre-diabetic levels.Common signs and symptoms of diabetesinclude:•Excessive thirst.• Frequent urination.• Excessive Hunger.• Weight loss.• Fatigue.• Changes in vision.•Slow-healing cuts or infections.•Persistent itching of the skin.Treatment OptionsDiabetes cannot be cured. It can, however, be controlled by keeping the level of glucose in the blood within its normal range. The treatment and management of diabetes varies from patient to patient. Your health care provider and diabetic care team will decide what form of treatment is best for you.The success of your treatment depends largely on you. When you learn AND practice how to control your glucose level, you will enjoy a healthier life.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Controlling DiabetesYou can control diabetes by:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.1. Eating right.2. Exercising.3. Monitoring your blood glucose level.4. Taking prescribed medications.5. Learning about diabetes.Your dietitian or diabetes educator will explain to you howyou can plan your meals and answer any questions youmay have. The three goals of eating right are:1. Controlling your weight2. Keeping the level of blood glucose at normal levels,and3. Reducing fat in the body.A healthy diet may include changing what you eat, howmuch you eat, and how often you eat. However, you maybe surprised by how many healthy and tasty food options you have.Exercise helps people with diabetes in many ways. It lowers glucose levels, helps weight-loss, and maintains a healthy heart and circulation. In addition, exercisinghelps relieve stress and strengthens muscles. Your health care team will discuss your exercise plan with you. Always check with your health care team before starting a new exercise program.Blood glucose testing is important to find out if your blood glucose level is where itshould be. If your blood glucose is too low or too high, you may need a change in your diabetes medication, diet, or exercise plan. If a change is needed, your health care provider or diabetic care team will give you instructions on what you should do. Your blood glucose level is determined by testing asmall drop of blood obtained from one of your fingers.This drop of blood is obtained by sticking your fingerwith a lancet. Blood glucose is usually checked one tofour times each day, usually before meals. This can bedone at home. Most people with diabetes become verycompetent at checking their own blood glucose.Your diabetes educator will teach you how to test your blood glucose correctly and will tell you the times of day to do the tests. He or she will also teach you how to make changes in diabetes medication, diet, or exercise to help control your blood glucose. The diabetes educator will also review your blood glucose records and make any necessary changes in your therapy.In cases of very high blood glucose levels that do not respond to diet and exercise plans, medications may be needed. You health care provider will tell you if you need medications or insulin. If insulin is needed, it can onlybe injected. Insulin is needed for all patients with Type1 diabetes and for some patients with Type2 diabetes.Blood glucose levels are very important to determinewhether diabetes is controlled at the specific time theblood test is done. There is also another blood testknown as Hemoglobin A1C. This blood test determineshow well glucose has been controlled over the previous3 months. A normal level in people who do not have diabetes is usually 5% or less.People with diabetes should try to maintain their Hemoglobin A1C at 6% or less as long as they don’t have symptoms of hypoglycemia. A 6% level is equivalent to an estimated average blood sugar of 126 mg/dL. The lower the Hemoglobin A1C is, the less the chances of having complications from diabetes.Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)When controlling your diabetes, your blood glucose can become too high or too low. These conditions should be taken seriously. Fortunately, you can regain control of your blood glucose.When too much sugar is in your blood, this condition is called hyperglycemia. Hyper is Greek and means “more.” Glycemia is also Greek and means, "sugar in the blood." Hyperglycemia can be caused by eating too much food, eating sugary, sweet foods, or by not taking your medication. It can also happen when you are sick. If not treated, hyperglycemia can cause you to go into a coma.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.Signs of high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, include:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.• Dry mouth.• Thirst.• Frequent urination.• Blurry vision.• Fatigue or drowsiness.• Weight loss.When you have high blood glucose, drink water or othersugar-free liquids. Check your blood glucose and stick toyour diet plan. If your blood glucose remains high callyour health care team. Your health care team will tell you what is considered high foryou. If it is too high, you may need to go to the hospital.Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)Hypoglycemia occurs when too little glucose is present in your blood. Hypo is Greek and means “less.” Hypoglycemia usually occurs with patients who take insulin or other medications. It can be caused by taking too much insulin. That is why it is also known as insulin shock. It can also be caused when you decrease your food intake or skip a meal, or when you exercise more than usual.Signs of low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, include:• Sweating, shaking, nervousness.• Hunger, dizziness, faintness.• Pounding heart, personality change, confused thinking,impatience, crankiness.• Numbness of lips and tongue, headache, blurred vision,and slurred or slowed speech.If not treated, low blood sugar can lead to fainting or seizures. Alow blood sugar can happen quickly and be life threatening.People with diabetes experience different signs when theirblood glucose is low. You should become aware of how youfeel when your blood glucose is too low. Some patients do notexperience any signs when their blood glucose is low.These patients must depend on blood glucose testing to find out if they have hypoglycemia.If you have low blood glucose, immediately eat or drink something containing fast-acting glucose. Examples include any of the following: 3-4 glucose tables, half a cup of fruit juice, 1/2 can of regular soda pop, ten gumdrops, or 2 teaspoons of sugar or honey. If your symptoms do not disappear in 15 minutes or your blood glucose remains less than 80 mg/dL, take another dose of fast-acting sugar. Repeat every 10 to 15 minutes until the blood glucose is greater than 80.If it is less than 30 minutes until your next meal, eat that meal. If it is more than 30 minutes, eat a snack such as half a sandwich or 3 Graham Crackers. Eat the meal or snack after you have taken a dose of fast-acting sugar. Do not subtract the snack from your next meal plan.Do not drive or operate equipment if you feel your blood glucose is low. You should inform your family members and friends that you have diabetes, and if they ever find you unconscious or not making sense, they should take you to a hospital immediately or call “911.”Complications of DiabetesWhen you control the level of glucose in your blood, the signs of diabetes become less frequent. You will feel better and have more energy. If you do not follow your diet, exercise, and perform blood glucose tests, serious complications can arise. Complications of diabetes include damage to the nerves and blood vessels of the body.Nerve damage is known as diabetic neuropathy. It usuallyinvolves the nerves going to the legs and feet. The feet orlegs could feel numb or unusually cold. Non traumaticlower limb amputations can occur in people withuncontrolled diabetes.People with diabetes who have poor sensation in theirfeet must be very careful to avoid damaging their feet withill-fitting shoes, hot water, or other forms of injury. Checkyour feet every day for cuts, sores, redness, or swelling.Use a mirror if needed.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.When visiting the clinic, ask your health care provider to check your feet.Sexual dysfunction can occur. In men with diabetes, the most common problem is impotence due to damaged nerves going to the sexual organs. Urologists can help treat impotence with surgical and non-surgical treatments. In women with diabetes, damaged nerves in the pelvic organs and genitals can lead to impaired sexual arousal and painful intercourse. If this happens, your health care provider can recommend a treatment.Because the nerves that go to the heart may be affected, people with diabetes who have a heart attack may not experience the typically described chest pain. People with diabetes should therefore be very suspicious when they feel chest heaviness, arm numbness or indigestion. These could be symptoms of a heart attack. Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates 2 to 4 times higher than adults without diabetes. The risk of stroke is 2 to 4 times higher among people with diabetes.High blood glucose can cause damage to large and small blood vessels. Fat in the blood is deposited on the walls of blood vessels. This causes hardening of the arteries or arteriosclerosis. Hardening of the arteries can occur in arteries leaving or entering the heart. It can also occur in the legs.Your diet plan is designed to lower the level of fat and cholesterol in the blood. When small blood vessels are narrowed by plaque and fat, the blood flow to the organs becomes insufficient. This causes the death of cells dependent on receiving the blood. It can also cause bleeding from narrowed blood vessels.The thickening of small blood vessels is mostnoticeable in the kidney and in the back of the eye.Diabetes is the leading cause of new cases ofblindness among adults.Diabetes may stop the kidneys from cleaning wasteout of the blood. In addition, proteins that shouldstay in the body may leak into the urine. Yourhealth care provider can test for small amounts ofprotein in your urine to determine if there are earlysigns of kidney diseases. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure.This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or a recommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.People with diabetic kidney disease often develop high blood pressure. It is very important that the high blood pressure be treated with blood pressure lowering medicines because this helps to prevent worsening of the kidney problems.If you have diabetic kidney disease, your health care provider may also prescribe a special diet that is low in protein and restricted in salt. In rare cases, dialysis and even kidney transplants may become necessary.Gum disease is more common in people with diabetes. Among young adults, those with diabetes have about twice the risk of gum disease as those without diabetes. If you have diabetes and smoke, talk to you health care provider about smoking cessation support.All health care providers feel that controlling your diabetes will help prevent damage to blood vessels and nerves. Proper control of diabetes is a combination of diet plan, medication, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and good hygiene.SummaryThanks to advances in medicine, diabetes can be successfully controlled. The role of the patient is essential in making a diabetes management plan succeed.Diabetes management consists of:This document is for informational purposes and is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a doctor or healthcare professional or arecommendation for any particular treatment plan. Like any printed material, it may become out of date over time. It is important that you rely on the advice of a doctor or a healthcare professional for your specific condition.• Following a diet plan• Testing blood sugar• Exercising• Taking all prescribed medication on time• Ensuring good hygiene• Learning about diabetesYour diabetic health care team will explain to you yourspecific diabetes control plan. When you follow these instructions, the possibility of experiencing the problems of diabetes discussed in this program can be significantlyreduced.This reference summary is made available to you by your health care team to help you enjoy a healthier lifestyle while controlling diabetes.。
内分泌科需记住的英文缩写
3 步掌握内分泌科需记住的英文缩写17 个缩写个个精悍1. DM：Diabetic Mellitus 糖尿病2. GDM：Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 妊娠糖尿病3. FPG：Fasting Plasma Glucose 空腹血糖4. PPG：Post-prandial Glucosese 餐后血糖5. NGT：Normal Glucose Tolerance 糖耐量正常6. IGT：Impaired Glucose Tolerance 糖耐量受损7. GIGT：Gestational Impaired Glucose Tolerance 妊娠期糖耐量受损8. IFG：Impaired Fasting Glucose 空腹血糖受损9. I-IFG：Isolated Impaired Fasting Glucose 单纯性空腹血糖受损10. I-IGT：Isolated Impaired Glucose Tolerance 单纯性糖耐量受损11. IFH：Impaired Fasting hyperglycemia 单纯性空腹高血糖12. IPH：Impaired Postchalenge Hyperglycemia 单纯性餐后高血糖13. CH：Compound Hyperglycemia 复合性高血糖14. MS：Metabolic Syndrome 代谢综合征15. IGF-1：Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 胰岛素样生长因子-116. GLP-1：Glucagon-like Peptide 1 胰高糖素样多肽类似物17. DPP-IV：Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV 二肽基肽酶-IV还记不住？记住长了角的猪就行！咳咳，啥？长了角的猪？知道牛角，没听过猪角！话说，PIG HORN 又怎么快速让你记住众多重要缩写？莫急，且看：P：代表Plasma（血浆）、Post-prandial（餐后）I: 代表Impaired（受损）、Isolated（单纯性）、Insulin（胰岛素）G: 代表Glucose（葡萄糖）、Glucagon（胰高血糖素）、Gestation（妊娠）H: 代表Hyperglycemia（高血糖）、Hypoglycemia（低血糖）O: 代表Oral（口的）R: 代表Regulation（调节）、Risistance（抵抗）N: 代表Normal（正常的）再特别提醒几个，如Prandial 指的是正餐，所以Post-prandial 为餐后；怀孕许多人都知道是pregnancy，但妊娠知道的恐怕不多：gestation；Isolated 单纯性、Compound 复合性；都知道fast 是快速的意思，Fasting 空腹也好联想：快速吃肯定是空腹饿了才吃那么快的（其实许多词是来自拉丁语）。
糖尿病查房相关英文词汇
糖尿病相关词汇：AER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率Bolus 药物指药丸丸剂Diabetes Mellitus ( DM) 糖尿病Ty pe 2 DiabetesMellitus ( T2DM ) 2 型糖尿病Impaired Glucose Tolerance( IGT) 糖耐量低减或糖耐量减退Impaired Fasting Glucose ( IFG) 空腹血糖损害Latent Autoimmune Diabetes In Adults( LADA) 成人自身免疫迟发性1 型糖尿病Maturity- onset Diabetes Of The Young (MODY) 青少年发病的2 型糖尿病Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( GDM) 妊娠糖尿病Diabetic Nephropathy ( DN) 糖尿病肾病Diabetic Retinopathy( DR) 糖尿病视网膜病变Diabetic Ketoacidosis ( DKA) 糖尿病酮症酸中毒Hy perosmolar Nonketotic Hy pergly cemic Coma (HONK) 高渗性非酮症高血糖昏迷Oral Glucose Tolerance Test( OGTT) 糖耐量试验Fasting Blood Sugar( FBS) 空腹血糖Pasting Blood Sugar ( PBS) 餐后血糖Gly cosylated Hemoglobin( GHB) 糖化血红蛋白Insulin Resistance ( IR) 胰岛素抵抗Insulin Sensitiv ity Indices ( ISI) 胰岛素敏感指数Body- mass Index ( BMI) 体重指数Metabolic Syndrome 代谢综合征Hypoglycemia 低血糖状态Hyperthy roidism 甲亢Hypothy roidism 甲减Obesity 肥胖症Hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症Hyperlipidemia 高脂血症Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用Insulin Basal 胰岛素基础用量Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion ( SCII) ( 胰岛素泵) 持续皮下胰岛素注射能量及营养素相关词汇：glucose 葡萄糖蛋白质protein维生素v itamins水water脂肪f at碳水化合物carbohy drate矿物质minera : 钙calcium 锌zinc饮食相关词汇：snack start 零食或辅助饮食Meal Markers 膳食标准一．肉类：1.鸡鸭：Fresh Grade Legs(thigh) 鸡大腿Fresh Grade Breast 鸡胸chicken f ry er 小鸡块Chicken Drumsticks 鸡小腿Chicken Wings 鸡翅Turkey 火鸡chick gizzard鸡杂Duck trim drum鸭翼脾2.猪肉：Liv er 猪Pork ribs 排骨f eet 猪脚Kidney猪腰bag 猪肚Hearts 猪心Pork Steak 猪排Pork-pieces 廋肉块Pork Chops 连骨猪排Rolled Pork loin 卷好的腰部瘦肉Rolled Pork Belly卷好的腰部瘦肉连带皮Pork sausage meat 做香肠的绞肉Pork Fillet 小里肌肉Spare Rib Pork chops 带骨的瘦肉Spare Rib of Pork 小排骨肉Pork Dripping 猪油滴Lard 猪油Joint 有骨的大块肉Hock 蹄膀Casserole Pork 中间带骨的腿肉Butt猪的肩前腿肉3.牛肉: Stewing Beef小块的瘦肉Steak & Kidney牛肉块加牛腰ground beef已铰好的牛肉Fry ing steak 可煎食的大片牛排Rump Steak 大块牛排Leg Beef牛键肉OX-Tail 牛尾OX-heart 牛心Homey come Tripe 蜂窝牛肚OX-Tongues 牛舌Barnsley Chops 带骨的腿肉Shoulder Chops 肩肉Porter House Steak 腰上的牛排肉Chuck Steak 头肩肉筋、油较多Tenderised Steak 拍打过的牛排Roll 牛肠Cowhells 牛筋Tripe Pieces 牛肚块Best thick seam 白牛肚4.羊肉：lamb chops羊肉片leg of lamb 羊腿二. .海产类(Seaf ood)1.鱼（f ish）：Herring 青鱼，鲱Salmon三文鱼Bass 鲈鱼Corv ina黄花鱼Milkf ish奶鱼Mullet梭鱼,胭脂鱼, 鲻鱼Cod 鳕鱼Tuna金枪鱼Sea Bream 海鲤Hake 鳕鱼类Carp 鲤鱼Halibut 大比目鱼f lounder比目鱼Plaice欧蝶鱼Swordf ish箭鱼Octopus 鱆鱼Squid 乌贼cuttlef ish 墨鱼Dressed squid 花枝Mackerel 鲭Haddock 北大西洋鳕鱼Trout鲑鱼Cod Fillets 鳕鱼块Conger (Eel)鳗鱼Tilapia罗非鱼Dace鲮鱼Red Mullet 红鲣Herring roes 鲱鱼子Boiled Cod roes 鳕鱼子 2.贝类海鲜(Shellf ish): Oysters 牡_? Mussels 蚌类、黑色、椭圆形、没壳的是淡菜Crab 螃蟹Prawn 虾clams 蛤蚌scallops扇贝(小) Crab stick 蟹肉条Peeled Prawns 虾仁King Prawns 大虾Tiger Prawns 虎虾Whelks Tops 小螺肉Shrimps 基围虾Cockles 小贝肉Lobster 龙Winkles 田螺三.蔬菜类(Vegetables):Daikon白萝卜Carrot 胡萝卜Radish 小胡萝卜Tomato 蕃茄Parsnip 欧洲萝卜Bok-choy小白菜long napa(suey choy) 大白菜Spinach菠菜Cabbage 卷心菜Potato 马铃薯russet potato褐色土豆Sweet potato红薯（红苕）Eggplant茄子Celery芹菜Celery stalk芹菜梗Asparagus芦笋Lotus root莲藕Cilantro芫荽叶Caulif lower 白花菜Broccoli 绿花菜Spring onions（scallion 或green onion）葱Zucchini美洲南瓜（西葫芦）Mushroom 洋菇Chiv es Flower韭菜花shallot葱Red cabbage 紫色包心菜Squash(pumpkin)南瓜acorn squash小青南瓜Watercress 西洋菜豆瓣菜Baby corn 玉米尖Sweet corn 玉米Bitter melon苦瓜Beet甜菜chard甜菜Onion 洋葱lima bean 青豆Brussels sprout 球芽甘蓝（小包菜）Garlic 大蒜Ginger（root）姜Leeks韭菜Scallion(green onion) 葱Mustard & cress 芥菜苗Artichoke洋蓟Escarole 菊苣, 茅菜Chilly辣椒Green Pepper 青椒Red pepper 红椒Yellow pepper 黄椒Courgette小胡瓜,绿皮番瓜(不可生食)Coriander 香菜Cucumber黄瓜String bean（green bean）四季豆Pea豌豆lima bean青豆Bean sprout 绿豆芽Iceberg 透明包菜Lettuce 生菜romaine莴苣Swede or Turnip 芜菁Okra 秋葵Taro 大芋头Eddo 小芋头y am山药, 洋芋kale羽衣甘蓝四.水果类(f ruits)：apple苹果peach桃子Lemon 柠檬Pear 梨子av ocado南美梨cantaloupe美国香瓜Banana 香蕉Grape 葡萄raisins葡萄干plum 李子apricot杏子nectarine油桃honey dew(melon)哈密瓜orange 橙子tangerine 橘子guav a番石榴Golden apple 黄绿苹果、脆甜Granny smith 绿苹果papay a木瓜Bramley绿苹果Mclntosh麦金托什红苹果coconut椰子nut核果,坚果Strawberry草莓prunes干梅子blueberry乌饭果cranberry酸莓raspberry山霉Mango 芒果f ig 无花果pineapple 菠萝Kiwi 奇异果（弥猴桃）Star f ruit 杨桃Cherry 樱桃watermelon西瓜grapef ruit柚子lime 酸橙Dates 枣子ly chee 荔枝Grape f ruit 葡萄柚Coconut 椰子f ig 无花果五.熟食类(deli):sausages 香肠corned beef腌咸牛肉bologna大红肠salami 意大利香肠bacon熏肉ham火腿肉stewing beef炖牛肉Smoked Bacon 熏肉roast烤肉corned beef咸牛肉Pork Burgers 汉堡肉potato salad凉拌马铃薯core slaw凉拌卷心菜丝macaroni salad 凉拌空心面seaf ood salad凉拌海鲜Smoked mackerel with crushed pepper corn 带有黑胡椒粒的熏鲭Dried f ish 鱼干Canned罐装的Black Pudding 黑香肠smoked Salmon 熏三文鱼六.谷类食品(Cereals):1.米类:Long rice 长米，较硬Pudding rice or short rice 软短米Brown rice 糙米THAI Fragrant rice 泰国香米Glutinous rice 糯米Sago 西贾米oat燕麦, 麦片粥2.面类:Strong f lour 高筋面粉Plain f lour 中筋面粉macaroni 意大利空心面spaghetti意大利式细面条Self- raising f lour 低筋面粉Whole meal f lour 小麦面粉Instant noodle方便面Noodles 面条Rice-noodle 米粉Vermicelli（rice stick）细面条, 粉条七.调味品类（Seasoning，condiments,relish）:Brown sugar 砂糖dark Brown Sugar 红糖Rock Sugar 冰糖Maltose 麦芽糖Custer sugar 白砂糖（适用于做糕点）Icing Sugar 糖粉（可用在打鲜奶油及装饰蛋糕外层）Soy sauce 酱油，分生抽（light）及老抽两种Vinegar 醋Cornstarch 太白粉,玉米淀粉Sesame Seeds 芝麻Sesame oil 麻油cooking oil 菜油oliv e oil橄榄油（植物油）Creamed Coconut 椰油Oy ster sauce 蚝油Canola oil 加拿大芥花油（菜油）broth 肉汤Pepper 胡椒Chinese red pepper 花椒monosodium glutamate味精Red chilli powder 辣椒粉sesame芝麻Sesame paste 芝麻酱Salt black bean 豆鼓peanut butter花生酱Bean curd sheet 腐皮Tof u 豆腐bean curd豆干，干子Sea v egetable or Sea weed 海带Green bean 绿豆Red Bean 红豆Black bean 黑豆Red kidney bean 大红豆Dried mushroom 冬菇Silk noodles 粉丝hazelnut榛子almond杏仁Agar-agar 燕菜Bamboo shoots 竹笋罐头Star anise 八角f ennel茴香clov e丁香Wantun skin 馄饨皮Dried chestnut 干粟子Tiger lily buds 金针Red date 红枣Water chestnuts 荸荠罐头Dried shrimps 虾米Cashew nuts 腰果walnut胡桃cream 奶油cheddar cheese 英国切达干酪butter 黄油margarine 植物奶油cream cheese干酪cottage cheese 白干酪mozzarella 意大利白干酪y ogurt 酸奶juice 果汁marmalade橘子或柠檬酱jelly果冻Cake mix蛋糕粉sy rup糖浆, 果汁salad dressing沙拉酱mashed potatoes土豆泥sundae圣代冰淇淋jam果酱marmalade橘子酱mustard 芥末ketchup调味番茄酱spices 香料Skim milk脱脂牛奶Low-f at milk低脂牛奶Buttermilk 脱脂酸牛奶soy a drink 豆浆八.零食糖果类(Snack Foods and Conf ectionery):Biscuits 点心crackers 咸饼干bulk bagels 散装硬面包圈Cookies 小甜饼干muff ins 松饼Pretzels 焦盐脆饼条popcorn爆玉米花nuts果仁peanut花生potato chips 炸马铃薯片corn chips炸玉米片tortilla chips 墨西哥炸玉米片nacho chips墨西哥辣炸玉米片crisps 各式洋芋片tortilla玉米粉圆饼Bun小圆面包,圈taco墨西哥玉米面豆卷pancake薄烤饼French f ries炸薯条ice cream cone 圆筒冰淇淋九.腌菜(Pickles)Sour mustard 咸酸菜preserv ed mustard 泡菜preserv ed pickle榨菜Pickled mustard-green 酸菜。
糖尿病相关英文词汇
胃排空
103.Sulfonylureas
磺脲类
104.equipotent doses
等效剂量
105.Glipizide
格列吡嗪（普通片，控释片（XL）瑞易宁®）
106.glyburide
格列本脲（普通片：Diabeta®,优降糖®；微乳制剂：Micronase®）
(70% aspart protamine
suspension, 30% aspart)阿福特罗
诺和锐®MIX70/30(70%鱼精蛋白门冬胰岛素；30%门冬胰岛素)
91.NPH-regular combinations
中效-短效组合
92.Humulin 70/30
优泌林®70/30
93.Novolin 70/30
糖化血红蛋白（≥6.5%为诊断标准）
46.Fasting plasma glucose
空腹血糖（≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)为诊断标准）
47.oralglucose tolerance test (OGTT)
口服糖耐量检测
48.75 g anhydrous glucose
75g无水葡萄糖（折合82.5g一水葡萄糖）
格列吡嗪/二甲双胍（Metaglip®）
125.Rosiglitazone/metformin
罗格列酮/二甲双胍（文达敏®，Avandamet®）
126.long half-life drugs
长半衰期药物
127.skip meals,
误餐
128.exercise vigorously
高强度锻炼
129.skin rash
易导致糖尿病的生活方式（能量过度摄入、锻炼不足、肥胖）
糖尿病全英文
Postural hypotension
Impotence
Ⅰ、Definition and Types Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms Ⅲ、Diagnosis and Treatment
Time of Check Plasma blood glucose
Range (mmol/l)
Diabetes in Adults )
Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms
About Type 2 diabetes
insufficient insulin Insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia X Syndrome
insulin resistance hyperlipidimia hypertension obesity(apple figure) coronary heart disease
Ⅱ、Signs and symptoms
Differences between type1 and type2
feature
Type 1
Type 2
Insulin production Age at onset
Physical appearance Symptoms
Treatment
absent
normal or abnormal
insulin
Diabetes complications
Acute decompensation
Hyperosmolar coma
ketoacidosis
chronic complications
nerve damage
Macrovascular disease