河北医科大学病理生理学2018年考博真题试卷
2018级博士生英语试卷(答)(1)
`English Final Exam for 2018 Doctoral Students(Dec. 27, 2018)Student NO.___________________ Name____________________Paper OneEnglish Writing for Biomedical PurposesPart IDirections: Choose the right one from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.1.Inconsistent with previous studies, our results from a large cohort of patients_____ this long-standing assumption.A. contrastB. compareC. reinforceD. challenge2.Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation were considered _____ ifthey met the following modified criteria for acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.A. acceptableB. eligibleC. considerableD. credible3.However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusiveevidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.A. effectB. effectivenessC. affectionD. efficacy4. A _____ disease such as diabetes can affect the whole body.A. systematicB. systemicC. generalD. whole5.All tumours from AOM treated mice were _____ to histological examinationafter routine processing and haematoxylin and eosin staining.A. subjectB. subjectedC. injectedD. directed6.Serious arrhythmias are prevented whenever possible by _____ treatment ofpremonitory signs or otherwise controlled immediately after recognition byappropriate therapy.A. aggressiveB. recessiveC. abusiveD. successive7.CT scans and digital subtraction angiograms of these patients wereretrospectively reviewed by two investigators in _____ to evaluate tumor feeding vessels.A. agreementB. consentC. approvalD. consensus8.The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD) are well _____.A. elusiveB. confirmedC. establishedD. achieved9.Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents is also suppressed by _____of NSAIDs.A. treatmentB. administrationC. managementD. registration10.Thus, it _____ further investigation of whether mfat-1 expression in diseasemodels such as non-obese mice can mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes.A. elucidatesB. interpretsC. warrantsD. guarantees11.We used a _____ questionnaire to determine whether participants met theAmerican College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.A. supplementaryB. complimentaryC. complementaryD. sentimental12.Ubiquitinated p53 was detected _____ immunoblotting _____ the DO-1 p53antibody.A.by...withB.for...inC.with...forD.via...on13.Cells were placed _____ a 60Co Picker unit irradiator (1.56 Gy/min) andexposed _____ 8 Gy -irradiation.B.in...withC.in...toD.on...to14.Our aim was to _____ whether or not vitamin D supplementation or deficiencyin infancy could affect occurrence of type 1 diabetes.A. studyB. ascertainC. clarifyD. research15._____ intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with anincreased risk of gout.A. IntermediateB. ModerateC. MediumD. Immediate16.We would like to express our _____ to all the interview partners at the WorldHealth Organization for their time, expertise, and confidence.A. magnitudeB. altitudeC. aptitudeD. gratitude17.Apoptosis was analyzed _____ a FACScan(Becton Dickinson) and quantified_____ percentage of annexin-V and PI-positive.A. in...asB. on...forC. on...asD. by...for18._____ primary culture, the cells were resuspended _____ Dulbecco’s modifiedEagle’s medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and gentamicin.A.By...withB.For...inC.To...byD.At...over19.Ebola virus can spread among humans primarily through unprotected directcontact of skin or mucous membranes with blood or body fluids of a person who is ill with EVD, or the _____ of a deceased patient who had EVD.A. corpusB. corpseC. corpsD. lupus20.Treatment _____ a low dose of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) showed no effect onthe testis, and DAZL staining was comparable _____ control (Fig.1B).A.of...toC.at...asD.at...with21.P-gp expression was strongly induced by SJW (400% increase at 300 µg ml-1)and by HYP (700% at 3 µM) _____ a dose-dependent manner.A.onB.inC.withD.by22.Baseline ADMA levels were higher in patients who had died than in patientswho were alive at 1 year follow-up (1.23［0.98 to 1.56］_____ 0.95［0.77 to 1.20］mmol/L, p＜0.001).A.fromB. B. versusC. C. toD.D. with23.The _____ for taking this approach is clear enough.A. rationaleB. notionC. hypothesisD. explanation24.This drug contains no _____ substances and has no side effects.A. toxinB. tonicC. toxicD. poisonous25.The risk of DVT and PE were significantly _____, and were highest in the firsttwo weeks, after urinary tract infection.A. roseB. raisedC. arousedD. arose26.Data was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin Dsupplementation and _____ of rickets.A. prescriptionB. absenceC. presentationD. presence27.Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced from the endothelium throughcyclooxygenase-1, and binds to specific _____ in SMCs and activates adenylate cyclase.A. receiversB. receptorsC. receiptsD. recipient28.To _____ the hypothesis, experiments involving Western blots and RNAinterference were performed.A. testifyB. verifyC. justifyD. certify29.Over the past 5 decades, the proportion of DM-associated cardiovasculardiseases has been on the rise, thus _____ the need for more efforts to aggressively control the risk factors of CVDs.urgingA. urgingB. highlightingC. pressingD. enlightening30.Children _____ of having rickets during the first year of life had a RR of3.0(1.0-9.0) compared with those without the disease.A. doubtedB. suspectedC. diagnosedD. suspended31.Curcumin, a traditional medicine, exhibits anticarcinogenic andanti-inflammatory _____.A. asperityB. propertiesC. perspectivesD. prosperity32.In this study, we aimed to examine the rate of thrombolytic therapy in youngstroke patients with and without a history of migraine. We _____ that migraine would be associated with a lower rate of thrombolytic therapy.A. hypothesizesB. speculatedC. postulatedD. stipulated33.The mechanism by which PA28 exerts these effects has not been _____.A. anticipatedB. elucidatedC. remuneratedD. eliminated34.We utilized a previously described _____ to evaluate ubiquitination (Li et al,2013).A. agendaB. programC. portfolioD. protocol35.Surgical specimens of human colon cancer and adjacent normal colon mucosatissues were taken from eight Japanese patients who had _____ surgical operations for colorectal cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.A. undertakenB. undergoneC. conductedD. performed36.It consists of 10 pages of text, 2 tables, 2 pages of ____ to figures, and 6photocopies of figures.A. legendsB. accountsC. descriptionsD. introductions37.There have been no reports ____ of rosiglitazone–associated elevations in theaminotransferase level or hepatotoxicity.A. to dateB. right nowC. for nowD. to go38.As shown in Table 1, p8 was overexpressed in 71.1% of PC and in 100% of PCcell lines, ____ it was not overexpressed in MC.A. howeverB. althoughC. whereasD. albeit39.The RT-PCR assay was repeated at least three times per each sample to confirmthe ____of the results.A. reproducibilityB. availabilityC. probabilityD. likelihood40.____ asthma, Th2 cytokines are a crucial contributing factor of allergic airwayinflammation and AHR.A. In the case ofB. In case ofC. Regardless ofD. Irrespective ofPart IIDirections: Choose the right one from the given four tenses marked A, B, C or D.ResultsZebrafish nkx2.5 Can Activate myo-2 Expression When Expressed in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle.To determine whether zebrafish nkx2.5 __46__ similarly to che-22, we __47__ nkx2.5 in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle and examined expressionof the endogenous myo-2 gene by antibody staining. The rationale for this approach __48__ as follows. In wild-type C. elegans, che-22 __49__ expressed exclusively in pharyngeal muscle, whereas it __50__ expression of the pharyngeal muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene myo-2. However, ectopic expression of che-22 in body wall muscle __51__ expression of myo-2. Because myo-2 __52__ normally never expressed in body wall muscle, this extopic expression assay provides a sensitive test for che-22 function. We __53__ two transgenic lines expressing an nkx2.5 cDNA under the control of the unc-54 body wall muscle-specific promoter. In both lines, we __54__ myo-2 expression in the body wall muscles (Fig. 1 A and B). These results __55__ that nkx2.5 can function like che-22 to induce myo-2 expression.41.A. can function B. could function C. can have functioned D. could have functioned42.A. express B. expressed C. have expressed D. had expressed43.A. was B. is C. has been D. had been44.A. is B. was C. had been D. has been45.A. activates B. activated C. has activated D. had activated46.A. could activate B. can activate C. could have activated D. can have activated47.A. was B. has been C. had been D. is48.A. generate B. have generated C. had generated D. generated49.A. detected B. detect C. have detected D. had detected50.A. showed B. show C. had shown D. have shownPart IIIDirections: Choose the one that best fits into the Discussion Section from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.DISCUSSIONThe p8 gene is barely expressed in NP but is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis (4, 12) . It is also strongly __56__ in pancreatic development and regeneration (4) . We have demonstrated that p8 is overexpressed in PC in the__57__ study. The characteristic expression of p8 is mainly attributable to its mitogenic activity (5) .__58__, p8 expression in PC would not be cancer-specific. __59__, it should be clarified whether p8 overexpression in PC is simply attributable to the excessive growth activity of cancer cells or to some genetic change(s), such as mutations.We __60__ the correlation between p8 overexpression and various clinicopathological parameters in PC. Larger tumors (>2 cm) showed a significantly higher overexpression rate of p8, and less differentiated types, advanced stages, and cases characterized by shorter survival tended to show p8 overexpression. These results also reflect the mitogenic activity of p8.__61__ reports (4, 5) have shown that p8 expression is induced by various proapoptotic __62__. It is suggested that p8 has an anti-apoptotic function (4, 5) . The significance of apoptosis in cancer cells is controversial. High spontaneous apoptosis is __63__ to be correlated with poor prognosis in PC (13) . If p8 has anti-apoptotic activity, p8 overexpression in PC cells would lead to resistance against apoptosis. Although we have not demonstrated the relationship between p8 and apoptosis in PC, the tendency toward shorter survival in p8-overexpressing cases is not __64__ with the past report (13) . It should be investigated whether p8 promotes PC cell growth through its anti-apoptotic activity.It is __65__ that p8 is a DNA-binding protein. As a transcriptional factor, it has a role in some phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal pathways that involve its translocation to the nucleus and specific binding to DNA (4) . Potentially, p8 is phosphorylated by various kinases (4, 5) . Recent reports (14) showed that some kinases, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase, lead to inappropriate pancreatic cellular proliferation. Genetic mutations of K-ras, p16, and p53 in PC lead to cellular proliferation __66__ the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and/or the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways (14) . It is to be examined whether there is p8mutation in PC and how p8 participates in kinase signaling pathways.Recently, candidate of metastasis-1, a __67__ factor in human breast cancer, was identified (15) . Interestingly, p8 is structurally similar to candidate of metastasis-1 (15) . p8 might be __68__ in cancer metastasis, however, we could not find a significant difference in p8 expression between primary and metastatic lesions in our study. The relationship between p8 expression and cancer metastasis needs to be studied further.In __69__, we have demonstrated the overexpression of p8 in human pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that p8 participates in the __70__ of pancreatic cancer, which reflects its mitogenic activity.51.A. induced B. reduced C. introduced D. seduced52.A. current B. / C. present D. former53.A. Thereafter B. Subsequently C. Additionally D. Therefore54.A. But B. Similarly C. However D. Consequently55.A. researched B. investigated C. discussed D. detected56.A. Previous B. Other C. Published D. Numerous57.A. stimuli B.stimulants C. stimulations D. simulations58.A. reported B. hypothesized C. concluded D. analyzed59.A. similar B. resilient C. consistent D. identical60.A. suggested B. confirmed C. recommended D. proposed61.A. via B. viz C. on D. along62.A. fresh B. risk C. novel D. contributing63.A. resolved B. dissolved C. immersed D. involved64.A. summarization B. summary C. end D. all65.A. attack B. onset C. development D. appearance Part IVDirections: Translate into English the Chinese phrases given in the brackets to complete the preceding sentences.1.After controlling for age, sex, race, preexisting coronary heart disease, mean arterial blood pressure,diabetes, glucose level, cholesterol level, smoking, body mass index, and study site, the presence of retinopathy____________. (与慢性心力衰竭发病危险增加2倍有关)2.Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancerpatients____________. (明显低于健康人)3.____________ receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) a mean(±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation. (149例病人被随机分组)4.These results establish Nrg4 as a brown fat–enriched endocrine factor ____________, includingtype 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (对治疗肥胖相关疾病具有潜在作用)5.____________ reported GSPE strongly decreased NO and iNOS expression by LPS-stimulatedmacrophages. （我们的研究成果与Houde 等人之前所做的研究一致）6.Among 988 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia ____________. (有11例原已确诊为恶性贫血)7.Background: Obesity____________. (被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素)8.The p8 was overexpressed (positive cells >25% in 1,000 cells) in 27 of 38 (71%) of PCs,____________. (而慢性胰腺炎中仅有17%)9.However, ____________.（几个小规模的临床研究结果没有产生充分证据证明抗坏血酸对铅毒性具有有益作用）10.____________.（使用长效β2激动剂大大改善了慢性阻塞性肺病患者的治疗效果）。
河北医科大学2018级本硕免疫期末考试实试卷
河北医科大学2018级本硕免疫期末考试实试卷基本信息：[矩阵文本题] *1．最早用人痘苗预防天花的国家是 [单选题] *D．美国(正确答案)A．法国C．英国B．中国E．印度2．机体免疫监视功能低下时易发生 [单选题] *D．免疫耐受(正确答案)C．移植排斥反应A．肿瘤E．自身免疫病B．超敏反应3．首次用类毒素进行预防接种的科学家是 [单选题] * B．Behring(正确答案)C．JennerE．BurnetD．BorderA．Pasteur4．下列哪些细胞属于固有免疫应答细胞 [单选题] *D．T细胞(正确答案)A．单核－巨噬细胞B．NK细胞E．多形核中性粒细胞C．B细胞5．人体免疫细胞产生、发育、分化成熟的场所是 [单选题] * C．淋巴结和脾(正确答案)E．淋巴结B．骨髓和粘膜免疫系统A．胸腺和淋巴结D．胸腺和骨髓6．T细胞分化成熟的场所是 [单选题] *E．淋巴结(正确答案)A．骨髓B．法氏囊D．胸腺C．脾7.属于外周免疫器官的是 [单选题] *E．骨髓、胸腺(正确答案)A．骨髓、粘膜相关淋巴组织B．胸腺、淋巴结、脾C．胸腺、淋巴结、粘膜组织D．脾、淋巴结、粘膜相关淋巴组织8．能激活B细胞的超抗原是 [单选题] * A．金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A(正确答案) C．热休克蛋白B．小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒蛋白E．荚膜多糖D．B细胞丝裂原9．下列哪种物质没有免疫原性? [单选题] * D．半抗原(正确答案)C．补体B．抗体E．细菌多糖A．异嗜性抗原10．马血清抗毒素对人而言属于 [单选题] * A．异种抗原(正确答案)B．同种异型抗原C．独特型抗原D．共同抗原E．合成抗原11．关于IgE的正确描述是 [单选题] * D．有补体结合点(正确答案)E．具有调理作用B．能通过胎盘C．由粘膜上皮细胞产生A．介导Ⅰ型超敏反应12．下列分泌液中不含IgA的是 [单选题] * A．唾液(正确答案)E．支气管黏液C．汗液D．肠道分泌液B．初乳13．人体内开始合成IgM的时间是 [单选题] *D．出生后3个月(正确答案)C．出生后1个月E．出生后6个月A．胎儿早期B．胎儿晚期14.补体促进吞噬细胞的吞噬作用被称为 [单选题] * C．免疫黏附作用(正确答案)D．溶菌和细胞毒作用A．炎症介质作用E．中和及溶解病毒作用B．调理作用15.在补体经典激活过程中，不被裂解的组分是 [单选题] * A．C1(正确答案)E．C6C．C3D．C4B．C216.经典途径中，激活补体能力最强的免疫球蛋白是 [单选题] *E．IgD(正确答案)C．IgAB．IgED．IgMA．IgG17.既有趋化作用又可激发肥大细胞释放组胺的补体裂解产物是 [单选题] * D．C5a(正确答案)C．C4aE．C2aA．C3bB．C4b18.能使细胞膜发生轻微损伤的补体成分是 [单选题] *E．C89(正确答案)B．C5b6789A．C5bC．C5b67D．C5b67819.具有过敏毒素和趋化作用的是 [单选题] *D．细胞因子(正确答案)C．补体A．抗原B．CD分子E．黏附分子20.能促进C3转化酶灭活的是 [单选题] *C．CR2(正确答案)E．P因子B．CRlD．CR3A．C1INH21．关于细胞因子的叙述，下列哪项是错误的? [单选题] * D．生物学效应具有拮抗性(正确答案)A．一般是小分子量蛋白质C．主要以内分泌方式发挥作用E．生物学效应具有重叠性B．与CKR结合后才能发挥作用22.下列哪类细胞不能分泌细胞因子? [单选题] *D．单核细胞(正确答案)A．T淋巴细胞B．B淋巴细胞E．成纤维细胞C．浆细胞23.能刺激红细胞前体细胞增殖分化为成熟红细胞的细胞因子是 [单选题] * E．EPO(正确答案)A．IL-1B．IL-2C．IL-4D．IFN24.关于细胞因子的叙述，下列哪项是错误的? [单选题] *B．能调节多种细胞生理功能(正确答案)E．细胞因子包括IL、IFN、CSF、TNF和趋化性细胞因子D．无论在什么情况下对机体都是有利的A．由细胞合成和分泌的生物活性物质C．在免疫系统中起着非常重要的调控作用1.现知MHC的主要功能是B．专司移植排斥A．专司组织相容E．提呈抗原C．专司疾病易感D．专司疾病抵抗25．对HLA基因复合体描述错误的是 [单选题] *A．位于第6号染色体短臂(正确答案)B．专门编码人类白细胞抗原D．Ⅱ类基因由DP、DQ、DR三个亚区组成E．每个Ⅱ类基因亚区又有二个或二个以上功能基因座位C．I类基因包括A、B、C三个座位26．不属于MHC经典I类和Ⅱ类基因的是 [单选题] * C．HLA -C(正确答案)D．HLA-DRB．HLA-BE．HLA-EA．HLA-A27. MHC分子中不构成Ag结合槽的结构域是 [单选题] * B．I类分子的α2(正确答案)A．I类分子的α1C．I类分子的α3D．Ⅱ类分子的α1E．Ⅱ类分子的β128.对MHC的TAP分子描述错误的是: [单选题] *B．为内质网上一个异二聚体分子(正确答案)E．使外源性抗原肽从胞质溶胶进入内质网腔与MHCⅡ类分子结合A．即抗原加工相关转运体C．双链分别由TAPl和TAP2两个座位基因编码D．使内源性抗原肽从胞质溶胶进入内质网腔与MHC I类分子结合29.与mIg共同组成BCR复合物的是 [单选题] *D．CD80和CD86(正确答案)C．CD79a和CD79bE．CD40和CD40LA．CDl9和CD21B．CD28和CDl5230.鉴别B-1细胞和B-2细胞主要表面标志是 [单选题] *C．CD5(正确答案)A．CD4E．CD40D．CD28B．CD831.B细胞上的EB病毒受体是 [单选题] *E．CD35(正确答案)B．CD19A．CD5D．CD21C．CD2232.恒定地表达于成熟B细胞上的协同刺激分子是 [单选题] * B．CD40L(正确答案)A．CD40C．CDl52E．CD5D．CD2833.B-1细胞接受碳水化合物刺激后，产生的抗体主要是 [单选题] * C．低亲和力IgG-类抗体(正确答案)E．低亲和力IgA类抗体A．高亲和力IgG类抗体B．高亲和力IgM类抗体D．低亲和力IgM类抗体34.B-1细胞识别的抗原主要是 [单选题] *D．碳水化合物类抗原(正确答案)B．蛋白质抗原C．脂类抗原E．胸腺依赖性抗原A．颗粒性抗原35.B细胞作为APC可藉其表面的BCR结合 [单选题] *A．可溶性抗原(正确答案)C．颗粒性抗原E．细菌抗原B．病毒抗原D．各种抗原36.不成熟B 细胞表达的mlg主要为 [单选题] *E．mlgE(正确答案)C．mIgDA．mlgAD．mIgGB．mIgM37.T细胞介导的免疫应答可人为分成的几个阶段是 [单选题] *A、(正确答案)B和E．上列A、B和E．上列A、B和C三项B．T细胞活化、增殖和分化阶段D．上列A和B两项A．T细胞特异性识别抗原阶段C．效应T细胞的产生及效应阶段38.APC向T细胞提呈外源性Ag描述正确的是 [单选题] *A．外源性Ag可在局部或局部引流至淋巴组织接触APC(正确答案)D．上列A和D．上列A和B两项B．外源性Ag首先被APC摄取、加工和处理E．上列A、B和C三项C．外源性Ag通常被APC以抗原肽-MHC I类分子复合物形式提呈给CD8+T细胞识别39.关于内源性抗原提呈描述错误的是 [单选题] *D．内源性抗原主要被宿主的APC类细胞加工处理及提呈(正确答案)B．病毒感染细胞合成的病毒抗原属内源性抗原A．细胞内合成的抗原为内源性抗原C．肿瘤细胞合成的肿瘤抗原属内源性抗原E．内源性抗原通常被以抗原肽MHCⅡ类分子复合物形式提呈给CD4+T细胞识别40.关于T细胞与APC的非特异结合描述错误的是 [单选题] *C．这种结合仅为TCR特异识别结合抗原肽提供机会(正确答案)E．与APC分离的T细胞不再进入淋巴细胞循环A．T细胞利用表面黏附分子与APC表面相应配基结合D．未能识别相应抗原肽的T细胞随即与APC分离B．这种结合是可逆而短暂的41．关于T细胞与APC的特异性结合描述错误的是 [单选题] *D．CD4和CD8分子不参与影响这种结合 C．由CD3分子向胞内传递特异性识别信号(正确答案)B．一旦发生即可稳定和延长T细胞与APC间的结合时间E．可导致LFA-1分子构象改变增强其与ICAM的亲和力A．是指TCR与APC上MHC分子提呈的抗原肽结合42.位于免疫突触中心区的分子有 [单选题] *C．T细胞膜辅助分子(如CD4和CD28）和相应配体(正确答案)B．抗原肽-MHC复合物分子D．上列A和B两项E．上列A、B和C三项A．TCR43.免疫突触的功能是 [单选题] *A、(正确答案)B和E．上列A、B和E．上列A、B和C三项D．上列A和B两项C．参与T细胞激活和细胞效应有效发挥A．增强TCR与MHC-抗原肽复合物的亲和力B．促进T细胞信号转导分子的相互作用44.关于共刺激分子描述正确的是 [单选题] *C．正常组织不表达或仅低表达共刺激分子(正确答案) D．上列A和B两项E．上列A、B和C三项B．静止的APC不表达或仅低表达共刺激分子A．激活的专职APC高表达共刺激分子45.对CTLA-4表述有错的是 [单选题] *C．其配基也是B7(正确答案)A．与CD28分子有高度同源性E．能更有效提供T细胞激活信号D．与B7结合亲和力是CD28与B7结合的20倍B．激活的T细胞可表达CTLA-446.naive T cell是 [单选题] *A．已初次接触过Ag的成熟T细胞(正确答案) C．已初次接触过Ag的不成熟T细胞B．未接触过Ag的成熟T细胞E．尚未离开胸腺的T细胞D．未接触过Ag的未成熟T细胞47.Th1细胞的免疫效应为 [单选题] *A.非特异性直接杀伤靶细胞(正确答案)C.特异性直接杀伤靶细胞E.ADCC作用B.分泌抗体D.释放细胞因子产生免疫效应48.CTL细胞活化所需的双信号之一是 [单选题] *D.CD40和CD40L分子结合(正确答案)C.TCR与MHCⅢ类分子-抗原肽的复合物结合A.TCR与MHCⅠ类分子-抗原肽的复合物结合E.mIg与抗原肽结合B.TCR与MHCⅡ类分子-抗原肽的复合物结合49.位于免疫突触中心区的分子有 [单选题] *C．T细胞膜辅助分子(如CD4和CD28）和相应配体(正确答案) B．抗原肽-MHC复合物分子D．上列A和B两项E．上列A、B和C三项A．TCR50.免疫突触的功能是 [单选题] *E．上列A、B和C三项(正确答案)D．上列A和B两项C．参与T细胞激活和细胞效应有效发挥A．增强TCR与MHC-抗原肽复合物的亲和力B．促进T细胞信号转导分子的相互作用固有免疫 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案) ADCC [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)佐剂 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)专职APC [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)人工主动免疫 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)免疫缺陷病 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)MHC[填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案) HVGR [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)抗原表位 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：请设置答案)影响抗原免疫原性的因素 [填空题] *_________________________________Th1的作用[填空题] *_________________________________再次免疫应答的一般规律 [填空题] *_________________________________。
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc教学文稿
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he hasdepression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positiveside effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as testsubjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well betrue, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones couldaffect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treatingAlzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobilephones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there arenegative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of hisproduction. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow arule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expected。
河北医科大学病理学2018年考博真题试卷
3.慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾小管肾炎区别。
4.癌性增生和反应性增生区别。
5.写出4种肠道溃疡性疾病，并列举一种的病理表现。
6.动脉粥样硬化病理过程、并发症及临床表现。
7.肺癌大体分型、组织分型。
河北医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
河北医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. granulomatous inflammation
2.革囊胃
3.泡沫细胞
4.心衰细胞
5.鬼影细胞
6. Tuberculoma
7. Fibrillous/Vegetation
8.坏疽
9. Metaplasia/dysplasia
10.软化灶
11.陷窝细胞
12.Байду номын сангаас轨征
13.原位癌
14.逆行性栓塞
15.肺肉质变
16.再生
17.嗜酸性小体
18. Sarcoma
19.肾病综合征
20.伪膜性炎
二、简答题
1.病毒性肝炎病理特征与临床表现。
河北医科大学病理学2011,2012,2017--2019年考博真题
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Hale Waihona Puke 4. 癌性增生和反应性增生区别。 5. 写出4种肠道溃疡性疾病，并列举一种的病理表现。 6. 动脉粥样硬化病理过程、并发症及临床表现。 7. 肺癌大体分型、组织分型。
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多，又称细胞内外的物质蓄积。
蓄积的物质可以是：（1）过量的细胞固有成分（2）外源性、内源性物质（３）色素
（1）细胞水肿（cellular swelling）
1）主要原因：感染、中毒、缺氧
2）发生机制:病因→细胞线粒体受损→ATP↓→细胞膜Na+-K+泵功能↓→Na+、H2O进入细胞内。
3）形态改变 ①肉眼观察：器官体积增大、色泽浅淡。②光镜观察：细胞肿大、胞浆淡染或清亮。
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河北医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1. 脂肪变形 2. 异型性 3. 槟琅肝 4. 化生 5. 肉芽肿 6. 异位内分泌 7. 栓塞 8. 组织芯片 9. 假性肥大 10. 肺心病 11. 新月体 二、简答题 1. 良恶性肿瘤区别。 2. 支气管肺癌分类。 3. 坏死的基本病变？ 4. 霍奇金淋巴瘤的分型及临床特点。 5. 良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别？ 三、论述题 1. 门脉高压临床表现，慢性支气管炎，肾小球肾炎。 2. 举例说明淤血导致的病理改变及后果。
C．光镜观察：脂滴在心肌细胞内呈串珠状排列。
同源性细胞之间)
常见类型:.鳞状上皮化生：常见于气管、支气管、子宫颈 肠上皮化生：发生于胃粘膜。
医学博士英语试题及答案
医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢! 2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型ARF3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利与敝)2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解1.saline responsive alkalosis2.hypotonic hypoxia3.hypokalemia4.fever5.no reflow6.functional shunt7.hepatorenal syndrome8.CARS简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集的机制3、CDI？CDI失活与癌细胞发生的关系4、ARF时GFR下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激与心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有PaO2的降低，PaCO2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
医学考博--病理生理学名词解释+问答题(带英文)
病理生理学考博资料名词解释：病理生理学（Pathologic Physiology或Pathophysiology），是基础医学理论学科之一，它同时还肩负着基础医学课程到临床课程之间的桥梁作用。
它的任务是研究疾病发生的原因和条件，研究整个疾病过程中的患病机体的机能、代谢的动态变化及其发生机理，从而揭示疾病发生、发展和转归的规律，阐明疾病的本质，为疾病的防治提供理论基础。
1、水肿（edema）：体液在组织间隙或体腔积聚过多，称为水肿2、代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）：由于血浆中NaHCO3原发性增加，继而引起H2CO3含量改变，使NaHCO3/H2CO3＞20/1，血浆pH升高的病理改变。
3、代谢性酸中毒（metabolic acidosis）：由于血浆中NaHCO3原发性减少，继而引起H2CO3含量改变，使NaHCO3/H2CO3<20/1，血浆PH值下降的病理过程。
4、呼吸性碱中毒（respiratory alkalosis）：由于血浆中H2CO3原发性减少，使血浆NaHCO3/H2CO3增加，血浆pH 值升高的病理过程。
5、呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）：由于血浆中H2CO3原发性增加，使NaHCO3/H2降低，血浆pH值下降的病理过程。
6、缺氧(hypoxia)：是指因组织的氧气供应不足或用氧障碍，而导致组织的代谢、功能和形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程。
缺氧是临床各种疾病中极常见的一类病理过程，脑、心脏等生命重要器官缺氧也是导致机体死亡的重要原因。
而且，由于动脉血氧含量明显降低导致组织供氧不足，又称为低氧血症（hypoxemia）。
7、发热（fever）：由于致热原的作用，使体温调节中枢的调定点上移，而引起的调节性体温升高称为发热。
8、应激（stress）：机体在受到各种因素刺激时，所出现的非特异性全身反应称为应激。
9、弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）：在某些致病因素作用下，使体内凝血系统激活，从而引起微血管内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集，形成弥散性微血栓，并继而引起凝血因子损耗、纤溶系统激活和多发性微血栓栓塞的综合病症。
河北医科大学博士毒理学真题
河北医科大学博士毒理学真题1.发育毒性体外筛选试验不包括（） [单选题] *A.大鼠全胚胎培养B.肢芽或腭板培养C.胚胎细胞微团培养D.小鼠胚胎干细胞试验E. C/K试验(正确答案)2.下列化学物质中毒性最大的是（） [单选题] *A. CHC13B. CH2C12C. CH3C1D. CC14(正确答案)E. CH43.皮肤致敏试验最常用的动物是（） [单选题] *A.大鼠B.豚鼠(正确答案)C.兔D.小鼠E.犬4.下列反应中由细胞色素P450酶系催化的是（） [单选题] *A.单胺氧化B.黄噤吟氧化C. S-氧化(正确答案)D.醛脱氢E.醇脱氢5.弱有机酸在胃肠道容易吸收的部位是（） [单选题] *A.胃(正确答案)B.小肠C.十二指肠D.直肠E.结肠6.不存在查于微粒体的氧化酶系是（） [单选题] *A.细胞色素P450B.FAD氧化酶C.辅酶U -细胞色素P450还原酶D.黄嗦吟氧化酶(正确答案)E.细胞色素b57.大鼠亚慢性毒性试验连续染毒的期限为（） [单选题] *A. 2 周B. 20 天C. 60 天D. 90 天(正确答案)E. 1 年8.体细胞突变的不良后果中最受重视的是（） [单选题] *A.致癌(正确答案)B.致畸C.动脉硬化症D.衰老E.遗传病9.将重金属铅对小鼠灌胃染毒，剂量为25mg/kg体重，该剂量相当于铅在（） [单选题] *A.脑中的量B.骨中的量C.胃肠道中的量(正确答案)D.血中的量E.肾中的量10.对某化学物进行哺乳动物致癌试验。
试验开始时每组有大鼠120只;12个月时高剂量组有1只大鼠发生肿瘤，有80只大鼠存活;18个月时高剂量组共有3只大鼠发生肿瘤，有60只大鼠存活; 试验结束时高剂量组共有12只大鼠发生肿瘤，尚有48只大鼠存活。
根据上述试验结果，高剂量组的肿瘤发生率（%）为（） [单选题] *A.10%B.15%(正确答案)C.20%D.25%E.30%11.有害作用的质反应剂量反应关系多呈 S 型曲线，原因在于不同个体对外源性化学物的（） [单选题] *A．吸收速度差异B．分布部位差异C．代谢速度差异D．排泄速度差异E．易感性差异(正确答案)12.一般对致癌物制定的实际安全剂量在人群中引起的肿瘤超额发生率不超过（）[单选题] *A．10-2B．10-3C．10-4D．10-5E．10-6(正确答案)13.气态和蒸气态化学物质经呼吸道吸收，最主要的影响因素是（） [单选题] * A．肺泡的通气量与血流量之比B．化学物质的分子量C．溶解度D．血气分配系数(正确答案)E．化学物质的沸点14.脂溶性化学物经口灌胃染毒，首选的溶剂为（） [单选题] *A．酒精B．水C．吐温 80D．二甲基亚砜E．植物油(正确答案)15.毒物排泄最主要的途径是（） [单选题] *A．粪便B．唾液C．汗液D．母乳E．尿液(正确答案)16.细胞色素P450酶系主要存在于（） [单选题] *A．内质网(正确答案)B．线粒体C．细胞膜D．溶酶体E．高尔基体17.生殖毒性试验的观察指标不包括（） [单选题] *A．母体死亡率(正确答案)B．受孕率C．正常分娩率B．幼仔出生存活率E．幼仔哺育成活率18.某农村曾用飞机喷洒农药以扑杀棉花害虫，事后不久，在这数十平方公里受到该农药污染的环境里，有少数人群出现鼻刺激、咳嗽、头晕、恶心，更有甚者附近村民 8 人发生急性中毒（有多汗、呕吐、瞳孔缩小等症）而入院治疗，住院者中 5 人系同家族亲属，另 3 人情况不明。
病理生理学试题库与参考答案
病理生理学试题库与参考答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、家族性尿崩症的病因A、遗传因素B、营养不良C、结核菌D、上消化道出血E、代谢因素正确答案：A答案解析：家族性尿崩症为常染色体显性遗传病。
2、下列有关酪氨酸蛋白激酶介导的细胞信号转导描述,哪项是错误的A、酪氨酸蛋白激酶介导的细胞信号转导分受体和非受体两种途径B、激活的Ras能活化Raf,进而激活MEKC、EGF/PDGF等生长因子可通过受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶途径影响细胞的生长、分化D、白介素、干扰素可通过受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶途径影响细胞的生物学功能E、受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶家族共同特征是受体胞内区含有TPK,配体以生长因子为代表正确答案：D3、肺广泛纤维化A、PaO2与PaCO2呈比例下降和升高B、PaO2降低,PaCO2明显降低C、PaO2降低,PaCO2无明显变化D、PaO2升高,PaCO2无明显变化正确答案：B4、当氧在体内获得四个电子时生成A、H2O2B、LO·C、OH·D、H2OE、O2-正确答案：D5、应激反应时代谢的改变,哪一项是错误的A、蛋白质分解增强,出现负氮平衡B、出现应激性糖尿C、主要依靠血糖维持机体能量供应D、代谢率明显升高E、脂肪分解增加正确答案：C6、内毒素的作用机制是A、作用在体温调节中枢,使体温调定点上移B、作用在产致热源细胞,使体温调定点上移C、作用在产致热源细胞,使体温调定点下移D、作用在产致热源细胞,使EP产生和释放E、作用在体温调节中枢,使EP产生和释放正确答案：D7、当血糖浓度高于肾糖阀时A、葡萄糖在肾小管液中的浓度降低B、肾小球滤过的葡萄糖少于肾小管吸收的葡萄糖C、肾小球滤过的葡萄糖多于肾小管吸收的葡萄糖D、促进肾小管对水的重吸收E、肾小管液中的渗透压明显降低正确答案：C答案解析：“阀”即门坎和界限，葡萄糖是人体重要的供能物质，正常情况下人体不允许其排出体外。
人的肾脏限制血糖流失的最大能力，被称为肾糖阀。
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified（分层的）'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。
2017年河北医科大学博士考试病理试题
叙述题4个（每题10分）
1、继发性肺结核临床病理类型
2、门脉性肝硬化的临床病理类型
3、慢性支气管炎的临床病理类型
4、弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾炎的临床病理类型
一、名词解释（20个每个2分共40分）
假小叶
肉芽肿
Infarction
栓塞
脂肪变性
慢性肺源性心脏病
镜影细胞
Crescent
燕麦细胞
瘘管
异位内分泌综合征
鳞性化生
假膜性炎
Metastasis
肾病综合征
槟Байду номын сангаас肝
异型性
Necrosis
简答题4个（每题5分）
1、良性高血压的病理类型
2、良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断
3、心肌梗塞的病理表现
2018年考试真题+答案解析
2018年考试试题生理学、病理解剖学一、选择题(每小题1分，共60分)(生理学1-30题，病理解剖学31-60题)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑1.自身调节是指细胞和组织器官在不依赖于神经或体液调节的情况下对刺激所产生的（）A.稳态B.旁分泌C.前馈调节D.适应性反应2.氨基酸进入红细胞膜是属于（）A.单纯扩散B.主动运输C.易化扩散D.吞饮3.骨骼肌细胞外液中钠离子浓度降低使（）A.动作电位幅度变小B.去极化加速C.静息电位增大D.膜电位降低4.动作电位的超射值接近于（）A.钾离子平衡电位B.钠离子平衡电位C.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的代数和D.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的绝对值之差5.血管损伤后止血栓能正确定位于损伤部位有赖于血小板的哪项特性（）A.黏附B.聚集C.收缩D.释放6.Rh阳性是指红细胞膜上含有（）A.C抗原B.D抗原C.e抗原D.E抗原7.内源性凝血途径和外源性凝血途径的最主要区别在于（）A.纤维蛋白形成过程不同B.凝血酶形成过程不同C.启动方式和参与的凝血因子不同D.Ⅲ因子是否参加而不同8.左心室的搏功大于右室的主要原因是下列哪一项的差别（）A.每搏输出量B.射血速度C.心室舒张末期压力D.肺动脉平均血压9.窦房结能成为心脏正常起搏点的原因是（）A.最大复极电位低B.4期自动除极速度快C.0期除极速度低D.阈电位与最大复极电位差距小10.在体循环中，血流阻力最大，血压降落最为显著的区段是（）A.主动脉段B.大动脉段C.微动脉段D.毛细血管段11.引起组织毛细血管交替开放的物质是（）A.组胺B.乙酰胆碱C.局部代谢产物D.激u肽12.在心动周期中，主动脉压最低见于（）A.等容舒张期末B.等容收缩期末C.心房收缩期末D.快速充盈期末13.肺表面活性物质的主要作用是（）A.降低呼吸膜通透性B.增加肺弹性阻力C.保护肺泡上皮细胞D.降低肺泡表面张力14.某人正常平静呼吸时潮气量50m1,解剖无效腔为150ml,呼吸频率每分钟12次。
2018年考试真题+答案解析
2018年考试真题+答案解析2018年考试试题生理学、病理解剖学一、选择题(每小题1分，共60分)(生理学1-30题，病理解剖学31-60题)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑1.自身调节是指细胞和组织器官在不依赖于神经或体液调节的情况下对刺激所产生的（）A.稳态B.旁分泌C.前馈调节D.适应性反应2.氨基酸进入红细胞膜是属于（）A.单纯扩散B.主动运输C.易化扩散D.吞饮3.骨骼肌细胞外液中钠离子浓度降低使（）A.动作电位幅度变小B.去极化加速C.静息电位增大D.膜电位降低4.动作电位的超射值接近于（）A.钾离子平衡电位B.钠离子平衡电位C.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的代数和D.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的绝对值之差5.血管损伤后止血栓能正确定位于损伤部位有赖于血小板的哪项特性（）A.黏附B.聚集C.收缩D.释放6.Rh阳性是指红细胞膜上含有（）A.C抗原B.D抗原C.e抗原D.E抗原7.内源性凝血途径和外源性凝血途径的最主要区别在于（）A.纤维蛋白形成过程不同B.凝血酶形成过程不同C.启动方式和参与的凝血因子不同D.Ⅲ因子是否参加而不同8.左心室的搏功大于右室的主要原因是下列哪一项的差别（）A.每搏输出量B.射血速度C.心室舒张末期压力D.肺动脉平均血压9.窦房结能成为心脏正常起搏点的原因是（）A.最大复极电位低B.4期自动除极速度快C.0期除极速度低D.阈电位与最大复极电位差距小10.在体循环中，血流阻力最大，血压降落最为显著的区段是（）A.主动脉段B.大动脉段C.微动脉段D.毛细血管段11.引起组织毛细血管交替开放的物质是（）A.组胺B.乙酰胆碱C.局部代谢产物D.激u肽12.在心动周期中，主动脉压最低见于（）A.等容舒张期末B.等容收缩期末C.心房收缩期末D.快速充盈期末13.肺表面活性物质的主要作用是（）A.降低呼吸膜通透性B.增加肺弹性阻力C.保护肺泡上皮细胞D.降低肺泡表面张力14.某人正常平静呼吸时潮气量50m1,解剖无效腔为150ml,呼吸频率每分钟12次。