托福阅读十大题型-Artisans and Industrialization

托福阅读题型分类练习之句子简化题

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名师详解新托福阅读考试十种题型

根据美国ETS发⾏的新托福考试官⽅指南，在新托福阅读考试中共有⼗种题型，我们现在就来对这⼗种题型进⾏⼀个详细的介绍和评价。

希望备考的考⽣们能通过这篇评价，对于托福阅读考试有⼀个准确的把握。

阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set ) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题 3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞⽬的题 5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题 6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题 7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句⼦题 8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插⼊句⼦题 Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set ) 9. Prose Summary ⽂章内容⼩结题 10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题其中，前⼋种为微观题，解题不需要联系⽂章主旨。

TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型PPT课件

The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus
As a meteorological concept, “eye” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance.
该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。
Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.
.
2
1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）
Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Sentence Simplification questions
.
3
① Factual Information questions
TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型
.
1
TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类
1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) Insert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose Summary Fill in Table 5. 词汇题

托福阅读十种题型详解及方法论

iBT毕竟是⼀个考试考试就有他的思路和⽅法，以及题型的设计在这⾥，我们⾸先熟悉⼀下新托福阅读出题的基本思路，和10种基本题型，以及应对10种题型的技巧要点： an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试 reading---a variety of different subjects passages---3 different categories based on author purpose: 1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Historical 你需要了解general organization of the passage * classification * comparison/contrast * cause/effect * problem/solution 每篇阅读的平均字数是700，当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少 iBT的阅读有10种题型，下⾯我们⼀种⼀种的来回顾：经验：第1，第5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不⼤，要保证⼀个也不错第9种和第10种题⽬，难度，想取得⾼分，必须要多做综合练习剩下的题型也很重要，想取得⾼分，⼀个都不能少 1. Factual Information Questions 这样的题⽬，⼀般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句话中技巧：你不可能在第⼀遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题⽬以后，回头再找排出那些本⾝就很⽭盾的选项千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句⼦在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，⼀定要回答问题 2. Negative Factual Information Questions 做这样的题⽬，你⾸先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage 注意，这种问题你要选择的正确答案，是那个不正确的，问题⾥⾯会明确的指出：which one is NOT true 技巧：选项⾥⾯的答案，可能叙述了⼀段的意思，也可能叙述了好⼏段正确的那个答案，要么是直接和⽂章的意思⽭盾，要么是⽂章⾥⾯没有提到的 3. Inference Questions 注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred 技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从⽂章已给内容推出的,特别注意 4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively. 他不关⼼作者说了什么,关⼼的是作者为什么要这样说技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of 这样的题⽬尤其会侧重句⼦还有段落之间的逻辑联系 [ /toefl ] 5. Vocabulary Questions ⼤家不要太在意这个单词在字典⾥⾯什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在⽂章⾥⾯的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant 技巧：问题是问你单词在⽂章⾥⾯的意思，再次强调 6. Reference Questions 这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，⼀般来说就在你这个代词的前⾯，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...⼀般来说， XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远] 技巧：代词， pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，⼀定要注意⼀致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person 当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义 7. Sentence Simplification Questions 并不是每⼀篇⽂章都有这样的题⽬，如果有，⼀篇⽂章最多只有1个 8. Insert Text Questions 不是每篇阅读都有这样的题⽬，如果有，⼀篇⽂章最多只有1个技巧：从⽂章结构下⼿， structure; 从逻辑下⼿， logic 尤其注意逻辑的链接单词和语句，例⼦：on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally⼀定要注意，你插⼊的语句，⼀定要承上启下，即对前⾯的语句负责，⼜对后⾯的语句负责新托福，总要有他新的地⽅，阅读⽅⾯，第9，第10种类型的题⽬，就是他新颖的地⽅，也是⽐较难的2种题⽬ 9. Prose Summary Questions 正确的答案， will synthesize major ideas in the passage 你将会碰到6选3的情况，最低得分0分，得分2分：选择0正确答案，或者1个正确答案，0分；选择2个正确答案，1分；选择3个所有的正确答案，2分做这种归纳的题⽬，最重要的是，你要通篇的阅读，不能偷懒根据我的经验，技巧有2点：1.区别例⼦和主旨，例⼦是⽤来说明主旨的，例⼦不是主旨； 2. 局限性的答案⼀定是错误的，主旨是让你找到major oint, 千万不要让minor给迷惑了 10. Fill in a Table Questions 这种题⽬，就是题⽬给了你⼏个空，让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置，需要通篇阅读，不简单关键是你要明⽩⼏种关系：cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like. 也可以称作⽂章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like 在真实考试的时候：drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text. 知道这10个题⽬的类型，剩下的就是⽅法论，methodoly的问题，我们怎样针对这10种题型，在平时的学习和阅读当中，可以的训练⾃⼰：主旨：的培养阅读的⽅法，就是多去阅读，⽽且要阅读各种不同题材的⽂章，科学的，社科类的，艺术的，商务的，等等等等。

托福阅读十大题型

Porcelain
不会背
词根词缀CerPaomt ics
Skeleton Sediment Skull SInpv背ienrete了brat忘e F，o忘ss了il 背，循 CWoa环lrdm-b-往lbolood 音，图像，多个SV单cuelsp词stuerl编e 段子）
反义概念
TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○flexible ○believable ○debatable ○predictable
Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect.
认识托福阅读——考什么？
Reading measures the ability to understand academic reading matter
准确、迅速把握关键信息的能力
托福阅读考试简介
四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-
细节题
出题方式
According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?
The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?
According to the paragraph, X occurs because… According to the paragraph, X did Y because… According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?

托福阅读的十大题型特点_

托福阅读的十大题型特点_托福阅读的十大题型特点一、列举和并列句列举指的是：First,. Second,... Third,.。

等逐条列出。

并列句是指：A ，B andC，即逐项列出。

它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。

该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：1. Which 题型该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。

在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。

例如：All ofthe following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。

利用这一特点。

我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句托福听力段落题型及解题要点如何用逆向搜索法得高分如何提高托福听力水平否定句是指带有NO 或NOT ，NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有__ ，BUT 或RATHER等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明：A is notB ，asC ，but isD 。

对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句句中由as 或such as ，for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。

上面句型中的as C为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如1996 年10 月第48 题。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇文章中若出现must ，all ，only ，anyone ，always ，never 等绝对性词汇或first ，mostbeautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。

托福阅读真题OG Artisans and Industrialization答案与解析

Artisans and Industrialization1.核心词汇总结steady 稳定的，不变的intense 强烈的，紧张的alternate 交替，轮流manufacturing 制造业impart 给予，传授apprentice 学徒journeyman 学徒capitalist 资本家give way to 让位于credit 贷款stimulate 刺激shift 变化，转变accustomed to 习惯于artisan 工匠supervise 监督finished 精湛的elegant 高雅的regimented 严格管制的constant 持续的discard 丢弃alert 警觉的dependable 可靠的self-disciplined 自律的obedience 服从carpenter 木匠momentum 动力depression 萧条collapse 衰弱spearhead 带头agitation 鼓动resent 愤恨2.长难句总结(1)After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.(2)Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.(3)With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.(4)Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management.(5)Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business.(6)Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.P1: introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 & after 1815Before 1815 manufacturing(制造业) in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted(给予，传授) the knowledge of their trades to apprentices(学徒) and journeymen(学徒). In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists(资本家). After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to(让位于) factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit(贷款) all stimulated(刺激) the shift(变化，转变) to factory production.P2: ways of manufacturing before 1815The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to(习惯于) working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans(工匠) had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising(监督) their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady(稳定的，不变的) pace, but rather in bursts of intense(强烈的，紧张的) labor alternating(交替，轮流) with more leisurely time.P3: ways of manufacturing after 1815The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished(精湛的) or elegant (高雅的)as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented(严格管制的) schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant(持续的) pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard(丢弃) old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert(警觉的), dependable(可靠地), and self-disciplined(自律的). Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.P4: workers were hard to accustomed to new systemThe first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. Thefactory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience(服从) to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.P5: workers organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of lifeIn this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters(木匠), printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum(动力) in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression(萧条) that followed, labor's strength collapsed(衰弱). During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头)the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation(鼓动) did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.P6: workers were dividedWorkers were united in resenting(愤恨) the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms(敌意), gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilledcredit all stimulated the shift to factory production.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?推断题○They were primarily produced by women.○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 句子简化题○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.3. The word “disrupted” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○prolonged○established○followed○upsetParagraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we aremasters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan'sEven well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to 目的题○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of 选非题○freedom○status in the community○opportunities for advancement○contact among workers who were not managersParagraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头) the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.means to advance with increasing speed6. The phrase “gathered some momentum” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○made progress○became active○caused changes○combined forces7. The word “spearheaded” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○led○accepted○changed○resisted8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5? 细节题○It was most successful during times of economic crisis.○Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.○It was slow to improve conditions for workers.○It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives,For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that 目的题○encouraged workers to demand higher wages○created divisions among workers○caused work to become more specialized○increased workers' resentment of the industrial system10. The word “them” in the passage refers to 指代题○workers○political patty loyalties○disagreements over tactics○agents of opportunityParagraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. 句子插入题This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1850 period. This question is worth 3 points. 配对题Before 18151815-1850●● ●●Answer choices○A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.○Workers took pride in their workmanship.○The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.○Transportation networks began to decline.○Emphasis was placed on following schedules.○Workers went through an extensive period of training.○Few workers expected to own their own businesses.Key: C B D A D A A C B A D BF CEG。

托福阅读十大题型

托福阅读十大题型介绍相比较于国内的英语阅读考试，托福阅读不仅文章篇幅较长，句式丰富，词汇较为学术，阅读的题型更是五花八门。

同学们很难判断究竟是先看文章还是先看题目，同学们也有诸如，做题前，是否要看每个段落的首末句？做题的基本步骤？两步？三步？做题前是否要优先花费时间通读全文？此类的新手入门问题，本文通过十大题型给同学们做出详细的回答。

为了回答好这些问题，同学们首先要了解托福阅读考试的题型大致可分为三大类，基础理解，推理，以及总结。

当然，每一大类又可细分为具体的题型，以此类推，又可细化出10大类。

具体分类如下：基础理解类1.事实信息2.否定信息3.句子简化4.指代5.词汇推理类6.推理题7.目的题8.插入题总结类9.文章总结题10.表格分类题不同类型的题目，对于同学们技能的考察也不相同。

基础理解类的题目强调同学们的同义替换，总结，扫读及语法的能力。

而对于推理类的题目，则更多得考察同学们对文章段落结构的把握以及推论的能力。

总结类题型则强调对文章段落的总结和具体知识点的考察。

因此，对于不同的题型，在回答的技巧和策略上也需要进行调整。

就三大类而言，题目的难度由低到高，总结类的题目可以说难度最高，基础理解类最低，也是占比较高的题型。

所以，如果同学能够提高基础理解类题型准确率，能够很大程度上提高自己的整体阅读成绩。

毕竟，这一大类的题型占到考试比重的80%左右。

Type 1 事实信息题这个类别的题型和否定信息题加在一起可以几乎达到考试整体的百分之四十。

也就是说一篇文章12-14道题可以有4题左右的事实信息和否定信息类的题目。

这类题目的解答通常并不需要阅读完整篇文章或段落，而仅仅需要某一句话，精准的定位能力是回答此类问题的关键。

此类题目多以true来询问，以下题为例：P1.Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout theCretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder th an today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.Q1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?A. Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.B. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.C. The climate was very similar to today’s climate.D. The climate did not change dramatically from season to season以上是一道典型的托福阅读的细节题型，虽然是给出整段，但是同学们不需要通读整段。

托福考试：托福阅读十大题型分析

托福考试：托福阅读十大题型分析托福考试：托福阅读十大题型分析新托福阅读题型偶尔会出现的“新题型”往往会令许多考生感到茫然和恐慌，其实这些新题型并不是进入2009年，2010年以或者是2011年新出现的题型。

这些题型其实是新托福考试自从诞生之日起，就已经出现了的托福阅读题型，但是由于ETS的官方指南一直没有将这部分题型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出现之后，才慢慢被人们知晓的，在这之前，只有传言，但是都是捕风捉影。

下面为你详细分析：托福的十大题型有：①主题型，局部段落主题;②代词题型，短语和句子指代;③词汇;④NOT和EXCEPT排除题型;⑤INFER推理和IMPLY暗示题型;⑥原理和例证题型;⑦章法组织，支持结论题型;⑧作者观点，态度;⑨上文和下文推断;⑩比喻和类比题型。

一、主题特征词1、专业段子中主题标志词：WHY 和HOWTHE MECHANISM OF / MECHANICSTHE CHARACTERISTICSTHE EXPLANATION OFTHE REASON OFTHE EFFECTS OFTHE ANALYSIS OFTHE IMPACT OFATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN3、人物题材文章的主题标志词：THE LIFE AND WORK OF二、主题型题目命题特征：顺序第一原则：命题点在文章的第一题，概括性原则：全文每段第一句的.概括，复现率法则：某个单词(名词)在每段第一句中的反复出现就构成主题词三、解体顺序利弊分析：1、首先处理主题型：条件：(1)阅读概括能力较强;(2)主题标识明显;(3)平时解体习惯使然，而且命中率高。

好处：利于全局把握文章，解细节题时有方向性坏处：如果解错，对后面解题有影响2、最后处理主题型：条件：(1)对每段第一句读得模糊;(2)整体概括能力欠缺;(3)对选项的判断不清。

措施：从细节题中找出主题线索错误选项特点：(1)局部整体差异;(2)不相干，未提及和原文矛盾的干扰项。

托福阅读10大题型提问形式和题目数量盘点介绍

托福阅读10大题型提问形式和题目数量盘点介绍【入门基础】托福阅读10大题型提问形式和题目数量盘点介绍1. 事实信息题(Factual information)事实信息题是托福阅读中数量最多的题型，在每篇阅读文章中都会有3-6题为事实信息题。

这个题型如同其字面含义，就是考察大家对阅读文章中包含的各类信息的掌握程度。

这类题目的提问方式主要有两种，分别是：According to the paragraph，...?The author's description of X mentions which of the following?2. 否认事实信息题(Negative Factual Infomation)这个题型和上面的事实信息题正好相反，如果说事实信息题问的是文章里讲了什么，那么否认事实信息题问的就是文章里没讲没有提及什么。

这类题型的考察目的和事实信息题相同，也是考察考生对文章包含信息的了解。

每篇文章中这样的题目数量最多2题，也有可能1道都没有。

这个题型的提问方式是：According to the passage, which of the following is NOT trueof X?The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT...3. 暗示推理题(Inference)这个题型同样问的是事实，但并不是文章直接提到的事实，而是需要考生结合文章给出信息进行一定推理后得出的结论，对考生的逻辑推理分析能力有一定要求。

这个题型每篇阅读中都会有1到3题，常见提问方式是：Which of the following can be inferred about X?The author of the passage implies that X...Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?4. 修辞目的题(Rhetorical Purpose)这个题型的题数为1-2题，光看名字似乎有点不太好理解，其实通俗来说就是问目的或者说原因，比如作者会什么要提某人某事，或者作者提及某人某事是为了什么等等。

托福阅读真题OG Artisans and Industrialization答案与解析

Artisans and Industrialization1.核心词汇总结steady 稳定的，不变的intense 强烈的，紧张的alternate 交替，轮流manufacturing 制造业impart 给予，传授apprentice 学徒journeyman 学徒capitalist 资本家give way to 让位于credit 贷款stimulate 刺激shift 变化，转变accustomed to 习惯于artisan 工匠supervise 监督finished 精湛的elegant 高雅的regimented 严格管制的constant 持续的discard 丢弃alert 警觉的dependable 可靠的self-disciplined 自律的obedience 服从carpenter 木匠momentum 动力depression 萧条collapse 衰弱spearhead 带头agitation 鼓动resent 愤恨2.长难句总结(1)After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.(2)Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.(3)With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.(4)Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management.(5)Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business.(6)Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.P1: introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 & after 1815Before 1815 manufacturing(制造业) in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted(给予，传授) the knowledge of their trades to apprentices(学徒) and journeymen(学徒). In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists(资本家). After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to(让位于) factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit(贷款) all stimulated(刺激) the shift(变化，转变) to factory production.P2: ways of manufacturing before 1815The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to(习惯于) working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans(工匠) had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising(监督) their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady(稳定的，不变的) pace, but rather in bursts of intense(强烈的，紧张的) labor alternating(交替，轮流) with more leisurely time.P3: ways of manufacturing after 1815The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished(精湛的) or elegant (高雅的)as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented(严格管制的) schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant(持续的) pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard(丢弃) old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert(警觉的), dependable(可靠地), and self-disciplined(自律的). Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.P4: workers were hard to accustomed to new systemThe first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. Thefactory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience(服从) to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.P5: workers organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of lifeIn this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters(木匠), printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum(动力) in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression(萧条) that followed, labor's strength collapsed(衰弱). During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头)the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation(鼓动) did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.P6: workers were dividedWorkers were united in resenting(愤恨) the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms(敌意), gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilledcredit all stimulated the shift to factory production.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?推断题○They were primarily produced by women.○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 句子简化题○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.3. The word “disrupted” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○prolonged○established○followed○upsetParagraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we aremasters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan'sEven well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to 目的题○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of 选非题○freedom○status in the community○opportunities for advancement○contact among workers who were not managersParagraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头) the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.means to advance with increasing speed6. The phrase “gathered some momentum” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○made progress○became active○caused changes○combined forces7. The word “spearheaded” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○led○accepted○changed○resisted8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5? 细节题○It was most successful during times of economic crisis.○Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.○It was slow to improve conditions for workers.○It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives,For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that 目的题○encouraged workers to demand higher wages○created divisions among workers○caused work to become more specialized○increased workers' resentment of the industrial system10. The word “them” in the passage refers to 指代题○workers○political patty loyalties○disagreements over tactics○agents of opportunityParagraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. 句子插入题This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1850 period. This question is worth 3 points. 配对题Before 18151815-1850●● ●●Answer choices○A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.○Workers took pride in their workmanship.○The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.○Transportation networks began to decline.○Emphasis was placed on following schedules.○Workers went through an extensive period of training.○Few workers expected to own their own businesses.Key: C B D A D A A C B A D BF CEG。

新托福阅读10大题型解析

新托福阅读10大题型解析新托福考试不仅会考察托福考生的托福阅读能力，并且托福考试不仅有单独的新托福阅读理解测试，还从各类型题全方位的考查考生的阅读理解能力本文将带来新托福阅读10大题型超强解析的内容，希望能够帮助正在备考托福的同学们!新托福阅读10大题型超强解析1.托福阅读的细节题(Factual Information)解法：a. 提取题干中关键词定位原文段落中关键词所在的所有句子. 阅读定位句理解。

c. 正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。

必须在意思上和语言逻辑结构上完全符合定位句。

细节的题的错误选项主要有以下几种：a. 该选项的全部或者局部出现了该段落根本就没有涉及的信息，概念，特有名词等等。

b. 原文定位句没有出现比较级，最高级一类的语言现象，但是选项中出现了这种无端的比较。

c. 选项中出现了定位句范围以外的信息，尽管这些信息在本段落中的确被完全提及。

d. 选项中有某些形容词或者副词起到了加重语气从而使选项的叙述程度甚至方向发生了改变脱离原文语言风格叙述。

注意：做细节题必须定位，切忌凭自己阅读后的总体感觉不定位某句话而做题。

2. 托福阅读的事实否定题解法：定位题干关键词回原文。

正确选项应具备：a. 原文未提及的. 与原文叙述矛盾的;3. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时，优先选择明显矛盾的选项。

所以，在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。

3. 托福阅读的推论题(Inference)解法：提取题干中的关键词回文定位所有出现关键词的句子，综合各句提取结论性的信息。

该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来，通常是言外之意。

错误选项的特征与细节题的错误选项特征基本相同。

一般对于推论题来说，更保险的方法是用排除法做题。

如果能排除3个错误选项，即使正确选项找不到定位点也可以把题目做出来。

但是使用排除法前提是必须阅读理解到足够多的信息。

这对阅读能力的要求是相对较高的。