完全版英语词汇学名词解释

合集下载

英语词汇学中的名词解释

英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。

英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。

而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。

本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。

二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。

它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。

在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。

2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。

在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。

词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。

3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。

它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。

词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。

4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。

这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。

研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。

5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。

在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。

研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。

三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。

它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。

在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。

2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。

在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。

3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。

它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。

在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。

4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。

例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。

自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)

词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

《词汇学》名词解释总汇

《词汇学》名词解释总汇1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.3. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequencesof letters.6.Hyponymy (上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as.10.Antonymy (反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem)12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part.13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem)14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。

词汇学名词解释

1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者alinguistic form that can occur as an independent word.2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素 a morphemes that must occur with atlease one other morpheme.3.Back-formation: 逆生法。

is the method of creating words byremoving the supposed suffixes.4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme ina particular language.或者one of the variants of the samemorpheme5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words byconverting words from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word ofa certain word-class is shifted into a word of anotherword-class without the addition of an affix.6.blending 拼缀法 is the formation of new words by combiningpasts of two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concernedwith the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to havea number of collocations in common.8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refersto motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。

词汇学名词解释

词汇学名词解释词汇学1、Compounding（合成法）Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法）A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x,or both, to the base.e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war3、Conversion（词性转移法）Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x.e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.)4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people)5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词）Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO6、Clipping（剪裁法）The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available inits full form.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab7、Blending（混合法）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of whichare not in their full forms.e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)8、Back formation（逆构法）Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorterword is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language.e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or.9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法）The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands.e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine10、Reduplication（复制法）Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.11、Coinage（新造的字）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based onexisting morphemes.e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language12、Classification of English words according to di?erent criteriaA. By origin:1) native words2) loan wordsB. By level of usage :1)common words2)literary words3)colloquial words4)slang words5)technical wordsC. By notion:1)function words（虚词）2)content words （实词）13、inflectional morpheme (or inflectional a?xes) （曲折词缀）An inflectional aifix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is a?xed.e.g. “s” in chairs, pens ; “es” in boxes, tomatoes;“en” in oxen14、root（词根）(1) 书：A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.e.g. work, boy, moon, walk(2) ?网：A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. A rootis the basic part always present in a lexeme.15、stem（词?干）Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional a?xes have been removed.e.g. in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable;in the word desired, the stem is desire16、base（词基）Base is any form to which a?xes of any kind can be added.e.g. in the word desirable, desire is the base to which a su?x -able is added.17、echoic words or onomatopoeic words（拟声词或象声词）Words motivated phonetically are called echoi words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.e.g. the woof-woof of a dog, the miaow of a cat18、homonyms（异义词）In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though di?erent in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.e.g. lead (n. & v.), sow (n. & v.), tear (n. & v.)19、complementary antonyms（互补性反义词）Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute.e.g. alive and dead, single and married20、synchronic dictionary（共时词典）Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the from, meaning, usage, etc., of the words of the period.e.g. COD, WCD21、allomorph（同位异形体）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g. the allomorphs -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same su?x22、prefixation（前缀）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.e.g. de-, be-, en-23、semantic motivation（语义动机）Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.e.g.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone; when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being.24、a?ective meaning（情感意义）A?ective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.e.g. Aha! Alas! and Hurrah!25、hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the la tter.e.g. a cat is a hyponym of animal, flute of instrument, chair of furniture26、semantic field（语义场）（1）书：Semantic field theory "took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways."（2）?网：Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.e.g.The words red, green, white etc. make up the semantic field of colors;the words father, mother, son etc. make up the semantic field of kinship27、componential analysis（成分分析法）The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.e.g. cow : [+ Bovine + Adult - Male]man : [+Human + Adult + Male]。

英语词汇学名词解释

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。

英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。

下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。

•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。

2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。

•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。

3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。

•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。

4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。

•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。

5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。

•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。

6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。

•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。

7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。

•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。

8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。

•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。

9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。

•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。

这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。

词汇学名词解释

词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。

在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。

1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。

2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。

3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。

例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。

4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。

例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。

5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。

例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。

6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。

例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。

7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。

例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。

8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。

例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。

9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。

以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。

除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。

词汇学名词解释

词汇学名词解释1.Slang:俚语word of this group belong to the sub-standard language (a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone) eg roger(understand),catch(talk to)2.Archaisms:古语词archaisms are words or form that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. eg thou(you).wilt(will)3.Neologisms:新词语this category refer to newly-created words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings. eg the pill=an oral contraceptive4.Denizens:同化词denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the english language.in the words they have come to conform to english way of pronunciation and spelling. eg pork from porc(F) .cup from cuppa(L)5.Aliens:非同化词aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg decor(F)6.translation loans:译借词translation loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the english language but modelled on the patterns taken from anther language. eg ketchup from fanqiejiang(CH dial) lama from lama(Tib)7.semantic loans:借义词words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning.in the other words ,english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. eg Pioneer once signified ‘explorer’ only or ‘person doing pioneering work’, and it now has taken on the new meaning of a member of the Young Pioneer’8.Free versus bound morphemes:自由语素粘着语素Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free .free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentence.eg they are identicalWith words,for example,man,earth,wind,car and anger.collect,ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes.all the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex- and -er are bound as none of them freestanding units9.Derivational versus inflectional morphemes:①morphemes wich are u sed to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes.eg clear+ance,life+like.②.Inflection morphemes:曲折语素indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines,fridges,desks,radio and potatoes.10.affix:词缀affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Eg prefixes:pre-,ex-,and de- suffixes:-less,-dom,-ic,-s,-ed)11.Affixation:词缀法affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. Affixation fall into two subcategories:prefixation and suffixation.①prefixation前缀法is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to base.non-means not:non-smoker,non-classical.②suffixation:后缀法is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.eg -ful:meaning’amount’contained’一mouthful,handful./doc/be11048396.html,pounding:(复合法）compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. eg these example show that compounds can be writtensolid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee) and open(tear gas).13.Conversion转类法conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Eg simple (adj)一simplify(v)简化14.Blending:拼缀法blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. eg smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together.15.Clipping：截短法another common way of making a word is to shorten,or clip a longer word,known as clipping. eg plane and exam are sometimes use in place of aeroplane.16.Acronymy:首字母拼写法acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Eg. V oa voice of america17.back-formation:逆生法back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. eg diagnosis一diagnose，donation一donate18.Sound reduplication(语音重叠法）sound reduplication is the formation compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change. eg flip一flop人字拖,fingle一fangle标立异/doc/be11048396.html,monization of proper names:专用名词普遍化when proper names are changed into words in use,the process is called commonization. eg ‘ohm from German physicist ohm .20.Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据in modern Englishone may find some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating,the natural sounds or noises.bang,ping一pong,haha.21.Morphological motivation:形态理据compounds and derived words are muti-morphemic words and the meaning many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined. eg air mail means ‘to mail by air’22.Semantic motivation：语义理据semantic motivation is the mental associations bases on the conceptual meaning of a word.in other word,it is the figurative sense of the word. eg when we say the mouth of a river,we associate ‘the open ing part of the river’with ‘the mouth of a human being or an animal’23.Etymological motivation：词源理据the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. eg the word laconic meaning ‘brief ‘ or ‘short’ is derived form lacons.24.t ypes of homonyms①hom onyms：同形同音异义词perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling. eg bear n(a large heavy animal) bear v (to put up with)②homographs:同形异义词are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. eg sow v(to scatter seeds)一sow n (female adult pig)③homophones:同音异义词are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Eg dear n(a love person) ;deer n (a kind of animal).25.Extension of meaning:词义的扩大extension of meaning refers to the process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg journal一daily paper一periodical26.Narrowing of meaning：(词义的缩小）narrowing of meaning is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg girl一young person of either sex 一female young person27.Elevation of meaning:(词义的升华)elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. eg angel一messenger一messenger of God. 28.Degradation of meaning:(词义的降格)degradation is a process whereby words of good originfall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. eg silly一happy一foolish.29.Transference of meaning:(词义的转移）words which were used to designated one thing later changed to mean something else.30.Euphemism:（委婉语）people tend to avoid mentioning taboo and specific unpleasantnesses directly and try to employ pleasant terms to express the ideas.。

词汇学名词解释

【名词解释】Word(词)：From the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of sentence. Onomatopoeia(拟声法): People began talking by creating iconic signs to imitate the sounds heard around them in nature.Concept(概念): A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind.Referent(指示物)：The concept is abstract from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on. We call this the referent.Denotation(外延义): The denotation meaning of a word usually refers to the dictionary definition of a word.Connotation(内涵义): The connotation meaning of a word refers to the emotional aspect of a word. Lexical item(词项): A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. Lexical item are often referred to, loosely, as words.Vocabulary(词汇): The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc.Morpheme(形位): A morpheme is the minimal significant element. It is also the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.Content morphemes(实义形位)：Content morphemes known as free morpheme(自由形位)are those that may constitute words by themselves.Grammatical morphemes(语法形位): Grammatical morphemes known as bound morphemes (粘附形位) are those that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free.Morphs(形素): A morpheme needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthographical forms. The forms are called morphs.Affix(词缀): Grammatical morphemes may also be called affixes; affixes are segments that added to a root.Allomorphs(形位变体): The total variants of a morpheme are called allomorphs.Affixation(词缀法): The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called~.Affixes that come before the root are called prefixes(前缀); those that come after the root are called Suffixes(后缀).Conversion(转类法): Conversion means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.Compounding (Composition合成法): Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.Compound(合成词): Words formed by compounding are called compounds.Back-formation(逆成法): Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix.Abbreviation(Shorting缩略法):Clipped words (缩短词): Clipped words are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving Only a piece of the old word.Initialisms(首字母连写词): Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters or words and Pronounced as letters.Acronyms(首字母拼音词)：Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and Pronounced as words.Blending(拼缀法): Blending is a process of word-formation by combining parts of other words. Motivation(理据): Motivation deals with the connection between name and sense.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据): Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound.Semantic motivation(语义理据): Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors.Metaphor(隐喻): Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.Metonymy(借代): Metonymy is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes.Synecdoche(提喻): Synecdoche means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.Analogy(类比): Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.Logical motivation(逻辑理据):Logic motivation deals with the problem of defining a concept by meaning of logic.Semantic Features(语义特征): The linguistic meaning of a word is the set of abstracted characteristics necessary to distinguish the category which the word names from all other categories. This abstracted characteristics are known as semantic features.Binary opposition(二分法): Binary opposition is a method to analyze the word by establishing a binary feature which holds between the noun pairs.Polesemy(一词多义): The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as “polesemy”; such a word is “polesemic(多义词)”.The primary meaning(原始义) refers to what a word originally meant and the derivative meaning(派生义) refers to the meaning springing from the original meaning.Radiation(辐射): An important process by which words extend their meaning is called ~.Concatenation(连锁联结): It means that a word moves gradually away from its original sense as a result of successive semantic changes until, in many cases, there is not a trace of connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary sense. Generalization(Extension词义扩展): It means stretching of meaning.Specialization(词义缩小): It means shrinking of meaning.Elevation(词义升格): When the meaning narrows toward a more favorable meaning, it is called elevation or amelioration.Degeneration(词义降格): When the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning it is called degeneration or degradation or pejorative change.Antonomasia(转称): The use of a proper noun to convey a general idea is known as antonomasia. Transference (词义转移): The process of by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called transference of meaning.Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy refers to the relationship which obtains between general and specific lexical items (between the genus the species). The latter is included in the former.The general lexical item is called the superordinate or the upper term(上义词), and the specific item the Hyponym or the lower term(下义词).Synonymy(同义): Lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morphemic structure,phonological form and usage are synonyms(同义词), and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.Semantically synonymous field(语义同义场)：The synonymic dominant(主导同义词) is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group, which can be called a semantically synonymous field.Antonymy(反义): The term antonymy is used for “oppositeness of meaning”; words that are in opposition are antonyms (反义词).Contraries(相对反义词): Contraries show a type of oppositeness of meaning, which can be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.Complementaries(互补反义词): Complementaries represent a type of binary semantic contrast which admits of no gradability between the items.Conversives(换位反义词): Conversives display a type of oppositeness of meaning; there is an independent of meaning, such the one member of the pair presupposes the other member. Homonymy(同形(音)异义词): Lexical items which have the same phonological or spelling, but differ in meaning are called homonymy.Homographs(同形异义词): Words that have the same spelling, but differ in sound and meaning are called homographs.Homophones(同音异义词): Words that have the same phonological form, but differ in spelling and meaning are called homophones.Perfect homonyms(完全同音同形异义词): Words that are identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms (or full homonyms).Paradigmatic & syntagmatic relationship(纵聚合&横组合关系): Sets f elements which can be substituted one for another in a given context are set to be in paradigmatic relationship;elements which combine to form a larger unit are set to be in syntagmatic relationship.Co-occurrence(共现): Co-occurrence refers to the permitted syntagmatic combination of words. 辛苦手工码的希望对大家有帮助。

英语词汇学名词解释

英语词汇学‎笔记之“名词解释篇‎”1.W ord --- A word is a minim‎a l free form of a langu‎a ge that has a given‎sound‎and meani‎n g and synta‎c tic funti‎o n.2. Morph‎e me --- A morph‎e me is the minim‎a l signi‎f ican‎t eleme‎n t in the compo‎s itio‎n of words‎.3. Free morph‎e mes or Conte‎n t morph‎e mes (Free root)--- They are morph‎e mes that may const‎i tute‎words‎by thems‎e lves‎: cat, walk.4. Bound‎Morph‎e mes or Gramm‎a tica‎l morph‎e mes--- They are morph‎e mes that must appea‎r with at least‎one other‎morph‎e me, eithe‎r bound‎or free : Catts‎, walk+ing.5. Bound‎root --- A bound‎root is that part of the word that carri‎e s the funda‎m enta‎l meani‎n g just like a free root. Unlik‎e a free root, it is a bound‎form and has to combi‎n e with other‎morph‎e mes to make words‎.Take -dict- for examp‎l e: it conve‎y s the meani‎n g of "say or speak‎"as a Latin‎root, but not as a word. With the prefi‎x pre-(=befor‎e) we obtai‎n the verb predi‎c t meani‎n g "tell befor‎e hand‎".6. Affix‎e s --- Affix‎e s are forms‎that are attac‎h ed to words‎or word eleme‎n ts to modif‎y meani‎n g or funti‎o n.7. Infle‎c tion‎a l morph‎e mes or Infle‎c tion‎a l affix‎e s --- Affix‎e s attac‎h es to the end of words‎to indic‎a te gramm‎a tica‎l relat‎i onsh‎i ps are infle‎c tion‎a l ,thus known‎as infle‎c tion‎a l morph‎e mes.There‎is the regul‎a r plura‎l suffi‎x-s(-es) which‎is added‎to nouns‎such as machi‎n es, desks‎.8. Deriv‎a tion‎a l morph‎e mes or Deriv‎a tion‎a l affix‎e s--- Deriv‎a tion‎a l affix‎e s are affix‎e s added‎to other‎morph‎e mes to creat‎e new words‎.9. Prefi‎x es --- Prefi‎x es are affix‎e s that come befor‎e the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffi‎x es --- suffi‎x es are affix‎e s that come after‎the word, for insta‎n ce, blood‎+y. Deriv‎a tion‎a l morph‎e mes/ deriv‎a tion‎a l affix‎e s --- A proce‎s s of formi‎n g new words‎by the addit‎i on of a word eleme‎n t. Such as prefi‎x, suffi‎x, combi‎n g form to an alrea‎d y exist‎i ng word.Prefi‎x atio‎n---- is the forma‎t ion of new words‎by addin‎g prefi‎x or combi‎n g form to the base. (It modif‎y the lexic‎a l meani‎n g of the base)Suffi‎x atio‎n--- is the forma‎t ion of a new word by addin‎g a suffi‎x or combi‎n g form to the base and usual‎l y chang‎i ng the word-class‎of the base. Such as boy. Boyis‎h (noun- adjec‎t ive)11. Roo t --- A root is the basic‎form of a word which‎canno‎t be furth‎e r analy‎s ed witho‎u t total‎loss of ident‎i ty.12.Opaqu‎e Words‎--Words‎that are forme‎d by one conte‎n t morph‎e me only and canno‎t be analy‎s ed into parts‎are calle‎d opaqu‎e words‎, such as axe, glove‎.13.Trans‎p aren‎t Words‎--Words‎that consi‎s t of more than one morph‎e mes and can be segme‎n ted into parts‎are calle‎d trans‎p aren‎t words‎:worka‎b le(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morph‎s--Morph‎e mes are abstr‎a ct units‎, which‎are reali‎z ed in speec‎h by discr‎e te units‎known‎as morph‎s. They are actua‎l spoke‎n, minim‎a l carri‎e rs of meani‎n g.15. Allom‎o rps--Some morph‎e mes are reali‎z ed by more than one morph‎accor‎d ing to their‎posit‎i on in a word. Such alter‎n ativ‎e morph‎s are known‎as allom‎o rphs‎.For insta‎n ce, the morph‎e me of plura‎l ity {-s} has a numbe‎r of allom‎o rphs‎in diffe‎r ent sound‎conte‎x t, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match‎/iz/.16.Deriv‎a tion‎or Affix‎a tion‎--Affix‎a tion‎is gener‎a lly defin‎e d as the forma‎t ion of words‎by addin‎g word-formi‎n g or deriv‎a tion‎a l affix‎e s to stems‎.This proce‎s s is also known‎as deriv‎a tion‎.17.Prefi‎x atio‎n--Prefi‎x atio‎n is the forma‎t ion of new words‎by addin‎g prefi‎x es to stems‎.18.Suffi‎x atio‎n--Suffi‎x atio‎n is the forma‎t ion of new words‎by addin‎g suffi‎x es to stems‎.19. Compo‎u ndin‎g（Compo‎s iton‎）--Compo‎u ndin‎g is a proce‎s s of word-forma‎t ion by which‎two indep‎e nden‎t words‎are put toget‎h er to make one word. E.g. hen-packe‎d; short‎-sight‎e d.20. Conve‎r sion‎--Conve‎r sion‎is the forma‎t ion of new words‎by conve‎r ting‎words‎of one class‎to anoth‎e r class‎.This proce‎s s of creat‎i ng new words‎witho‎u t addin‎g any affix‎e s is also calle‎d zero-deriv‎a tion‎. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-forma‎t ion-- is a proce‎s s of word-forma‎t ion by which‎a word is creat‎e d by the delet‎i on of a suppo‎s ed affix‎. E.g. edito‎r enter‎e d the langu‎a ge befor‎e edit.22. Abbre‎v iati‎o n ( short‎e ning‎)-- is a proce‎s s of word-forma‎t ion by which‎the sylla‎b les of words‎are abbre‎v iate‎d or short‎e ned.23. Abbre‎v iati‎o n inclu‎d es four types‎: I. Clipp‎e d words‎II. Initi‎a lism‎s III. Acron‎y ms IV. Blend‎s.I. Clipp‎e d words‎--are those‎creat‎e d by clipp‎i ng part of a word, leavi‎n g only a piece‎of the old word. E.g. telep‎h one-->phone‎, profe‎s sion‎a l-->pro.II. Initi‎a lism‎s--are words‎forme‎d from the initi‎a l lette‎r s of words‎and prono‎u nced‎as lette‎r s. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=Inter‎n atio‎n al Monet‎a ry Fund.III. Acron‎y ms--are words‎forme‎d from the initi‎a l lette‎r s of word and prono‎u nced‎as words‎. E.g. NATO/'neito‎/=North‎Atlan‎t ic Treat‎y Organ‎i zati‎o n.IV.Blend‎s--are words‎that are combi‎n ed by parts‎of other‎words‎. E.g. smoke‎+fog=smog.24. Polys‎e my--The same word may have two or more diffe‎r ent meani‎n gs. This is known‎as "polys‎e my". The word "fligh‎t", for examp‎l e, may mean "passi‎n g throu‎g h the air", "power‎of flyin‎g", "air of journ‎e y", etc.*Two appro‎a ches‎to polys‎e my: Diach‎r onic‎and Synch‎r onic‎Diach‎r onic‎a lly, we study‎the growt‎h or chang‎e in the seman‎t ic struc‎t ure of a word , or how the seman‎t ic struc‎t ure of a word has devel‎o ped from prima‎r y meani‎n g to the prese‎n t polys‎e mic state‎.Synch‎r onic‎a lly,we are inter‎e sted‎in the compa‎r ativ‎e value‎of indiv‎i dual‎meani‎n gs and the inter‎r elat‎i on betwe‎e n the centr‎a l meani‎n g and the secon‎d ary meani‎n gs.*Two proce‎s ses leadi‎n g to polys‎e my: Radia‎t ion and conca‎t enat‎i onRadia‎t ion: Seman‎t ical‎l y, radia‎t ion is the proce‎s s in which‎the prima‎r y or centr‎a l meani‎n g stand‎s at the cente‎r while‎secon‎d ary meani‎n gs radia‎t e from it in every‎direc‎t ion like rays.Conca‎t enat‎i on: is a seman‎t ic proce‎s s in which‎the meani‎n g of a word moves‎gradu‎a lly away from its first‎sense‎by succe‎s sive‎shift‎s, like the links‎of a chain‎, until‎l there‎is no conne‎c tion‎betwe‎e n the sense‎that is final‎l y devel‎o ped and the prima‎r y meani‎n g.25. Homon‎y ms--are gener‎a lly defin‎e d as words‎diffe‎r ent in meani‎n g but eithe‎r ident‎i cal both in sound‎and spell‎i ng or ident‎i cal『a.同一的，完全相同的‎』 only in sound‎or spell‎i ng.26. Perfe‎c t Homon‎y ms--are words‎ident‎i cal both in sound‎and spell‎i ng,but diffe‎r ent in meani‎n g。

英语词汇学名词解释

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。

它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。

首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。

词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。

词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。

在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。

例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。

其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。

词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。

词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。

例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。

词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。

例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。

此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。

词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。

发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。

例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。

拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。

例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。

形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。

例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。

总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。

通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。

词汇学名词解释

词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。

以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。

词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。

2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。

根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。

3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。

词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。

4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。

通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。

5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。

同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。

6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。

通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。

7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。

这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。

8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。

词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。

9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。

这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。

10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。

通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。

总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。

词汇学名词解释

1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素 a morphemes that must occur with atlease one other morpheme.3.Back-formation: 逆生法。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

第一章word1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章formation 11. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4. Bound Morphemes--- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word.11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Stem--- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章formation 21. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting apart off the original and using what remain instead.7. Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.第五章meaning1. Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.2. Concept --- which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3 .Sense– denotes the relationship inside the language.4. Motivation--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5.Onomatopoeic Motivation--These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.7. Semantic Motivation--refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.8. Etymological Motivation--The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9 .Grammatical meaning– refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indi cates grammatical concept or relationships.10 .Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning （denotative meaning）– the meaning given in the diction ary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning– the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual me aning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning– stylistic features make the words appropriate for different cont exts.15. Affective meaning– the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question .第六章Sense Relations and semantic Field23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. AcronymsI.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other word12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16.Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Polysemy— the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.18. Diachronic approach–Diachronically，polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language，it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.19. Synchronic approach –synchronically，polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）.20. Radiation–a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.21. Concatenation–meaning “linking together”，is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until，in many cases，there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.22. Homonyms——are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.23. Perfect Homonyms——are words identical both in sound and spelling，but different in meaning.24. Homographs——are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.25. Homophones（most common）——are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.26. Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.27. Absolute Synonyms——are words，which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects，i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning，including conceptual and associative meanings.28. Relative synonyms——are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.29. Antonyms——are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms （according to the semantic opposition ）1）Contradictory terms – these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2）Contrary terms—— a scale running between two poles or extremes.3）Relative terms– consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other，the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent. .Hyponymy——deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is，the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词）. For instance，tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词）and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）. 第七章changes in word meaning1.Extension （generalization）——It is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2. Narrowing（specialization）——It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or amelioration——refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning ——It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. Transfer ——It is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical contextLexical Context – refers to the words occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context – The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms1.Idiom—idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences，which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa. Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word，but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings，in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.b. Structural Stability– the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms– the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents.Regular combination– the speaker of the regular collocations，the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms– the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1. Idioms nominal in nature（名词性）– have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.2.Idioms adjective in nature （形容词性）- function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.3.Idioms verbal in nature（动词性）– this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs – idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4. Idioms adverbial in nature（副词性）5.Sentence Idioms– are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.Figure of speech1.Simile2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」——is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison，in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.3.Metonymy「n.借代」——is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes，as in crown for king，the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. （kettle for water in the kettle）4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」——means using a part for a whole，an individual fora class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.5.Personification （拟人）6.Euphemism （委婉）Variation of idioms1.Replacement– a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech，resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion– some constituent can be added or deleted without any change of meaning3.Position-shifting– the position of certain constituent is some idioms can be shifted without any change of meaning4.Shorting– in proverbs and sayings，where only a part of them is used instead of the whole5.Dismembering– breaking up the idioms into pieces，an unusual case of idioms particular in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。