翻译资料
翻译复习资料(学生版)

大学英语5级读写(提高班)翻译复习英译汉:1.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。
2.He was eloquent and elegant—but soft.他有口才、有风度,但性格软弱。
3.His whole family were religious.他全家都是虔诚的教徒。
4.When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。
5.The decision has to come.决定还没做出6.Characteristically,Mr.Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned.海罗德与众不同,他隐藏着自己的感情,边看边学。
7.The frequency,wave length,and speed of sound are closely related.频率、波长和声速三者是密切相关的。
8.Of visible light,red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.在各种可见光中,红光的波长最长,紫光的波长最短。
9.He tried vainly to talk us into agreement with the unrealistic proposal.他试图劝说我们同意接受这项不切实际的建议,但还是白费了力气。
(副词的分译)10.They,not unexpectedly,did not respond.他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的。
英语翻译学习资料

英语翻译学习资料### English Translation Learning MaterialsIn the realm of language learning, English translation stands as a crucial skill for those aiming to master the language.It not only enhances comprehension but also enriches one's vocabulary and grammatical understanding. Here are some essential materials and strategies for learning English translation effectively.#### 1. Understanding the Basics- Grammar: Familiarize yourself with English grammar rules to understand sentence structure.- Vocabulary: Build a robust vocabulary to ensure you can accurately translate words and phrases.#### 2. Reading Comprehension- Wide Reading: Read a variety of English texts, including novels, newspapers, and academic articles.- Note-Taking: Keep a notebook to jot down new words and phrases, and their meanings.#### 3. Practice Translation- Sentence Translation: Start with simple sentences and gradually move to more complex ones.- Paragraph Translation: Practice translating paragraphs to understand context and flow.#### 4. Use of Dictionaries and Thesaurus- Bilingual Dictionaries: Use them to find the exact meaning of words in both languages.- Thesaurus: Helps in finding synonyms and enhancing your word choice.#### 5. Online Resources- Translation Apps: Utilize apps for quick translations, but don't rely on them for learning.- Online Courses: Enroll in online translation courses to learn from experts.#### 6. Cultural Understanding- Idioms and Slang: Learn about English idioms and slang to understand and translate them correctly.- Cultural References: Familiarize yourself with cultural references to avoid mistranslations.#### 7. Peer Review- Language Partners: Work with a language partner to review and correct each other's translations.- Feedback: Seek feedback from native speakers or experienced translators.#### 8. Consistent Practice- Daily Practice: Make translation a part of your daily routine.- Revision: Regularly revise your translations to improve and learn from mistakes.#### 9. Professional Development- Certifications: Consider obtaining a certification in translation to enhance your credibility.- Networking: Join professional networks to stay updated with industry trends.#### 10. Technological Tools- CAT Tools: Learn to use Computer-Assisted Translation tools to increase efficiency.- Translation Memory: Utilize translation memory software to store and reuse translations.#### ConclusionLearning English translation is a journey that requires patience, practice, and continuous learning. By utilizing the materials and strategies outlined above, you can enhance your translation skills and achieve fluency in English.Remember, the key to mastering English translation is consistent practice coupled with a deep understanding of both the source and target languages. Happy translating!。
最新英语短文中英文翻译资料

1.Today my friend and I are taking a walk.suddenly, we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay underthe big tree!今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。
今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。
突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上,突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上,突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上,他哭的很伤心。
他哭的很伤心。
我们走过去问他:“你怎么了”。
他告诉我们:“我的狗不见了,你们能帮我找到它吗”。
“是的,我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗,原来是它呆在一棵大树下。
然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗,原来是它呆在一棵大树下。
2.One day an old man siselling a big elephant.A young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it slowly.The old ma begins to look at it slowly.The old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't say n goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sayanything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young man.After the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old man.The young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.”一天,一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)

例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energyputting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating(操纵)others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved andacting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between beingknowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hidebehind a mask.1.dedicate to 把时间,精力用于2.pretence 虚伪,虚假6 .1 斤斤于字比句次,措辞生硬例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners areatrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, Ihave no manners whatsoever(完全,全然). If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest.孤独是很好的实验室,正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。
初级翻译资料

1. Rome was not built in a day.。
罗马不是一天建成的。
2. But I hate him, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨他,并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。
3. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Nixon Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.通过要求发展外交政策上的合作,参议院外交关系委员会向尼克松政府伸出了橄榄枝。
当直译行不通的时候,或者可能引起误解的时候,则要考虑采取意译:1.He was lying on his back. 他仰卧着。
(他脸朝上躺着。
)2.The style is the man. 文如其人。
3.Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 车到山前必有路。
The last thing I want in this world is to hurt you. 在这个世界上我最不愿意做的事就是伤害你的感情。
4.Let’s meet half way. 让我们各让一步。
(一)误译解析:【例1】The telephone rang constantly, but he was not interrupted.误译:电话不停地响,但是他没有被打断。
电话不停地响,但他没有接。
【例2】Getting money from him is like getting blood from a stone.误译:找他要钱好比从石头里抽血从他身上要钱好比从铁公鸡上拔毛。
【例3】Next to no wife, good wife is best.误译:娶妻应该宁缺毋滥。
英语翻译资料

英语翻译资料Try your hands(小试牛刀)●不同的人喜欢不同的音乐。
●老年人喜欢古典音乐,年轻人喜欢流行音乐。
● 1. Different people like different music.● 2. The old like classical music.● 3. The young like popular music.●思考: 重复的表达是什么?话题是人还是音乐?●People’s music preferences vary a lot.Classical music appeals to the elderly; whereas popular music caters to the young.Variations for “喜欢”●like●enjoy●prefer●favor●be in favor of●be fond of●be crazy about●be keen on……●to one’s taste●cater to●appeal toVariations for “我认为”●I think…?●I believe/ argue/ insist/ claim/maintain/hold/ deem/ As I see it,/ In my opinion,/ From mypoint of view,/ As to me,/ As for me,/ As regards me,/ When it comes to me,/As far as I am concerned,…Homework: variations●我们必须(应该)●We should (must, have to……)●We are supposed to do sth.●We are obliged to do sth.●We are compelled (forced) to do sth.●Necessity compels us to do sth.●It is necessary for us to do sth.●It is essential (primary) for us to do sth.●It is our task (duty, job) for us to do sth.●It is advisable for us to do sth.Unit 1: Text A4 1. Concentrate! Top students allow no interruptions of their study time. Once the books are open, phone calls go unanswered, TV unwatched and newspapers unread. “This doesn’t mean ignoring important things in your life,” Amanda explains. “It means planning your study time sothat you can concentrate. If I’m worried about a sick friend, I call her before I start my homework. Then when I sit down to study, I can really focus.”Question●Variations for the same idea (专心致志)● 1. concentrate● 2. allow no interruption● 3. go unanswered/unwatched/unread● 4. ignore any other things● 5. focus6. direct one’s attention toward/on sth.Variations for fluent English●尖子学生学习时不允许别人打扰。
文言文翻译英语资料

【原文】夫文言者,古之言语也。
其文简奥,其意深远,非今之言语所能尽也。
故学者必先通其义,而后译之,庶几不失其真。
然翻译之道,非易事也。
须具博学之才,练达之能,方能游刃有余,无遗珠之憾。
【译文】The classical Chinese language, known as文言, is the speech of ancient times. Its writing is concise and profound, and its meaning is profound, which cannot be fully expressed by the modern language. Therefore, scholars must first understand its meaning, and then translate it, so as to preserve its authenticity. However, the art of translation is not an easy task. One must possess a broad range of knowledge and proficient skills to navigate it with ease, without leaving any precious pearls behind.【原文】翻译之法,首在明其字义,次辨其句法,再析其篇章,终通其旨意。
字义不明,则句法错乱;句法错乱,则篇章混乱;篇章混乱,则旨意难明。
故译者宜先详考字义,次则推敲句法,再则整理篇章,最后则揣摩旨意,如此方能译出真谛。
【译文】The method of translation first requires understanding the meaning of each character, followed by distinguishing the syntax, then analyzingthe structure of the passage, and finally comprehending the intent. If the meaning of characters is not clear, the syntax will be confused; if the syntax is confused, the passage will be disorganized; if the passage is disorganized, the intent will be difficult to understand. Therefore, the translator should first carefully study the meanings of characters, then ponder over the syntax, next organize the passage, and finally contemplate the intent. Only in this way can the essence of the text be accurately translated.【原文】翻译之难,在于词句之间。
翻译复习资料之假朋友

1)英语词汇及习语中的假朋友现象oilskin 油布fish-wife 卖鱼女white day 吉日/白色情人节smell a rat 怀疑sweet water淡水red meat 牛、羊肉bluecoat 警察red-cap 搬运服务人员bull’s eye靶心mad doctor 精神病医生dogear 书的折角familiar talk 庸俗的交谈pull up one’s socks 鼓起勇气husband-like 善于管理农活的cock-and-bull story 无稽之谈bite the thumbs at 对…嗤之以鼻twice-told tale 老掉牙的故事divorce lawyer 办理离婚案件的律师yellow book 黄皮书(法国政府报告书,黄色纸封面)三角债*triangular debts;debt chains, chain debts, inter-company debts有喜* have happiness;be pregnant打白条* issue slips of white paper;issue IOUs夫妻老婆店* husband-and-wife store;mom-and-pop store 红茶* red tea;black tea黄色电影* yellow film;blue film(广播,电视)黄金时间* golden time;prime time白菜* white cabbage;Chinese cabbage密码* secret code ;password手机* hand phone;mobile phone救火* to save a fire;to fight a fire大片* big movie ;blockbuster早恋* early love ;puppy love青春痘* youth spot ;acne蝴蝶结* butterfly knot ;Bow长镜头* long lens;zoom lens方便面* convenient noodles;instant noodles牛仔裤* cowboy trousers;jeans不冻港* non-freezing port;ice-free port隐形眼镜* invisible glasses ;contact lenses流动资金* circulating capital ;working capital新闻自由* freedom of news ;freedom of press买一赠一* Buy one, present one. ;Buy one, get one free. 省吃俭用* to save food and expenses ;to live frugally高等教育* high education ;higher education(昆虫的)口器mouthpart ;mouth organ 口琴小炒home-style dishes;small-fly 指不重要、无足轻重的人大人adult;big man 指大人物、要人白酒Chinese liquor;white wine 是白葡萄酒红酒wine;red liquor是烈酒、特指威士忌宰客swindle money from customers;slaughter customers 译为屠杀顾客彩票lottery;colorful ticket指彩色的票证黑点black pot;black spot是指交通事故多发地段唐人candy figurine;candy man在俚语中意为毒贩,也可指用小恩小惠诱骗女孩的人削笔刀pencil sharpener;pencil knife是美工刀复习备考to study/prepare for the test;to prepare the test 意为出考卷你真是个猪头!You’re a big fool!;pigheaded意为非常固干货*dry goods(纺织品);dried goods海狗fur seal;海豹sea dog绿豆mung bean;四季豆green bean酸奶yoghurt ;变质发酸的牛奶sour milk鞋展*boot fair卖二手货廉价货的市场靴筒*bootleg制造或贩卖非法商品酒店hotel指有餐饮和住宿服务的宾馆restaurant仅提供酒水和餐饮的饭店; wine shop售卖酒类的商店行车道*driveway 私人修建的从主干道至自家车库门前的引道有时户主会将车子停在这停车道*parkway 供车行且路边植有树木的林荫大道休息室lounge;rest room 公共厕所油性皮肤oily skin; 防水油布oil skin食言go back one’s words/break promise; 承认自己说错话eat one’s words拖后腿*pull one’s leg 愚弄某人向外看*look out 当心、留神高等学校+high school美国的中学戴绿帽子*have/wear a green bonnet 破产黄色书籍pornography; 电话簿yellow book翻天覆地*to move heaven and earth不遗余力、千方百计街上的行人*street people 无家可归的流浪者好好先生yes man;贬义假正经的人goody-goody(person who behaves so as to appear very virtuous and respectable )头脑一根筋*to have a one-track mind (to be continuously thinking about one particular thing)peasant贬义举止粗鲁或无教养的人在中文中农民为中性词译为farmerpropaganda贬义欺骗性的宣传宣传译为popularize 或者publicizehot pot多指困难或危险的情况或者是不安定容易出事的地方投资热点不译为investment hot pot 而应译为a popular investment spot / a region attractive to investorscheap常使人想到价格低廉的劣质产品economical有实惠、划算的联想意义所以,物美价廉应译为economical and good或nice and inexpensive个人主义、唯心主义、自由主义在中文中都有较强的贬义;而在英美文化中individualism、idealism、liberalism都不具有贬义,liberalism甚至带有明显的褒义2)否定结构中的“假朋友”现象cannot ... too…再...也不为过never ...but ...I never see him but I want to kiss him.我每次看见他都想吻他。
英语翻译资料。

Unit11,这个小男孩最喜欢做的事就是搭积木。
What the boy likes to do most is to put together the building blocks.2,就先前的工作经验而言,约翰是这个职位的最佳候选人。
In times of previous working experience, john is the best choice for this position.3,我的物理老师经常使用类比来说明一些较难理解的概念。
My physics teacher often uses analogy the explain some difficult concepts.4在家人和朋友的帮助下,汤姆经营的出版企业逐渐兴旺起来。
With the help of his family and friends, Tom built up his publishing business bit by bit,5,琳达没能进入那所著名的大学,但她打算重新开始,而不是逃避挑战。
Linda was not able to go to that famous college, but she planned to start all over again rather than giving up the challenge.6,这个公司有着很好的公众形象。
人们总是将它的产品与质量和优质服务联系在一起。
This company has a very good public image, people always associate its products with high quality good service.Unit21,孩子们很苦恼,因为他们的家长不允许他们在铁路轨道旁玩耍。
The children were pretty annoyed, for their parents couldn’t allow them to play around the railway track.2,我打赌我只要速度快一点,肯定会比他们先到目的地。
翻译资料

商务信函语言特点:语言简练而准确,表达有力而温和,坚决而不强悍,严谨而不失风趣,通常严格遵守7Cs的写作原则:礼貌、体谅、完整、清楚、简洁、具体、正确语篇特征:首先格式规范。
商务信函通常由三部分组成:第一部分即第一段,此段已形成了一些套语,按惯例提及上次的通信,并简述那封信的内容;第二部分具体答复上次通信中提出的问题,并阐述其理由,这一部分根据不同的业务情况可分成数段;第三部分写信人提出问题或请求。
如一封回答对方询盘函电应包括以下内容:对对方询盘表示感谢;所报货物的品名、规格、质量、数量、包装、价格、付款方式、装运日期的描述;报盘的有效期限;对所报价商品的评价;其它相关内容如介绍其它对方可能感兴趣的商品;表达与对方建立业务关系及期待双方早日下单的愿望。
行文格式,一般都由七个部分组成:函头(下方:参考编号)、受函人地址(→经办人名称←)称呼(事由标题)、函件正文、结束语、函尾套语、致函人签名(下方:附件)→抄送(下方:附言)语法特征:句子结构复杂且较长;长句中大量使用复合句、并列句及被动句,且名词化的句子居多词汇特征:作为共核语言部分的基本词汇,大多数由其意义相同的正式词汇所代替;专业术语多;大量使用缩略词汇;一词多义;同义词重复。
汉语国际商务信函的英译:从事商贸信函翻译,必须具备扎实的双语语言功底和一定的商贸知识。
商贸知识包括商贸专业理论和业务知识。
此外,译者还必须掌握商贸文本汉英翻译的原则和技巧。
商务信函的翻译不同于其他类型文本的翻译。
在翻译广告、商标、旅游等文本时强调使用对公众有吸引力的语言,而商务信函、外贸运输文件或商贸法律文件的翻译则讲究表述清晰、明白无误,要求用词尽量浅显,不追求文辞的华美。
词义选择:从事汉语商务信函英译的人,最好对商务信函原文中所涉及的相关专业知识有所了解。
如果对相关专业知识知之甚少,仅凭一般的社会文化和普通英语知识来应付,即使每个单词都认识,译文也难免外行话连篇。
句子表达:商务信函因其内容、范围和形式不同而具有不同的语言风格,英译时需采用不同的方法和技巧。
翻译复习资料1

我进去看了,只记得门警是瑞士兵士,穿着黄色制服,别的没有印象了。
I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.中国有13亿多人口,陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。
China has a population of more than 1.3 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world’s average.你们的计划要进行调整。
Your plan will have to be adjusted.他总算把记者招待会对付过去了。
After all, he survived the press conference.公共汽车为人们去长城参观提供了方便。
Buses provide easy access to the Great Wall.为了多积攒点钱买房子,他们省吃俭用。
They live frugally to accumulate more money to buy a house.我们必须广泛地利用现代科学技术的新成就。
We must utilize the results of modern science and technology on a wide/large scale.我们的心永远向着祖国。
Our hearts are always towards our motherland.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.送君千里,终有一别。
英译汉翻译资料

2)The synchronous machine as an AC generator driven by a turbine is the device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, in powers ranging up to 1500 MW..
3) A static load model expresses the characteristic of the load at any instant of time as algebraic functions of the bus voltage magnitude and frequency at that instant.
形式最简单的换向器由一分为二的滑环组成,每一段在与轴绝缘的同时 也彼此绝缘。
Chapter 10 Instruments and transducers
1) Proper functioning of the system as a whole makes it necessary to monitor conditions existing at many different points on the system in order to assure optimum operation.
翻译复习资料

At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Rolls-Royce comes from the electric clock.时速60英里的新款“劳斯莱斯”轿车,最大的噪音来自车内的电子钟。
“春花”牌吸尘器,清洁地毯、窗帘,还可以吸净象木制和乙烯基一样坚硬的地板,甚至水泥地。
摩力小,噪音低。
请试试吧!你的地板会更加光亮无比。
The Chunhua Vacuum Cleaner cleans rugs and drapes. It cleans hard surface like wood and vinyl floors. Even cement! It is smooth and quiet. Try it and your floors will sparkle with new cleanliness.She is the nimblest girl around. Nimble is the way she goes. Nimble is the bread she eats. Light, delicious, Nimble.她是邻近最敏捷的女孩,敏捷是她的特点。
她只食用“敏捷”牌面包---松软味美的“敏捷”。
We fresh-roast each of our mixed nuts separately---each for the right time, each at the right temperature.我们分别烤制每一份混合果仁,均按合适的温度、恰当的时间加以烘烤。
Xikou Qianceng Cake, with numerous clear sheets in it, is finely made in a traditional way. It is tasty and crisp.溪口千层饼采用传统工艺,制作精细,质地松脆,清香可口。
翻译复习资料

翻译复习资料At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Rolls-Royce comes from the electric clock.时速60英⾥的新款“劳斯莱斯”轿车,最⼤的噪⾳来⾃车内的电⼦钟。
“春花”牌吸尘器,清洁地毯、窗帘,还可以吸净象⽊制和⼄烯基⼀样坚硬的地板,甚⾄⽔泥地。
摩⼒⼩,噪⾳低。
请试试吧!你的地板会更加光亮⽆⽐。
The Chunhua Vacuum Cleaner cleans rugs and drapes. It cleans hard surface like wood and vinyl floors. Even cement! It is smooth and quiet. Try it and your floors will sparkle with new cleanliness.She is the nimblest girl around. Nimble is the way she goes. Nimble is the bread she eats. Light, delicious, Nimble.她是邻近最敏捷的⼥孩,敏捷是她的特点。
她只⾷⽤“敏捷”牌⾯包---松软味美的“敏捷”。
We fresh-roast each of our mixed nuts separately---each for the right time, each at the right temperature.我们分别烤制每⼀份混合果仁,均按合适的温度、恰当的时间加以烘烤。
Xikou Qianceng Cake, with numerous clear sheets in it, is finely made in a traditional way. It is tasty and crisp.溪⼝千层饼采⽤传统⼯艺,制作精细,质地松脆,清⾹可⼝。
翻译资料 (35)

在元朝末年,朝廷变得腐败无能。
许多读书人都坚信蒙古人已失掉了天命,不再能统治天下了。
然而他们当中谁曾料到,天命竟然会落到朱元璋这样一位几乎终生目不识丁的人头上。
明太祖朱元璋出身极其微贱,除了天生才具之外一无所有。
他的父母是极其贫苦的农民,因饥荒而背井离乡。
为了不至于全家都饿死,他们把儿子卖进了寺庙。
朱元璋做了几年小和尚,然后就跑掉当了土匪。
在当时天下大乱、反叛四起的情况下,他这么做倒是顺理成章。
过了一些年,他在南京登基坐殿,开创了明朝近三百年的江山。
In the final years of Y uan dynasty, the imperial government had become corrupt andincompetent. Many scholars firmly believedthat the Mongols hadlostthe mandate of heaven to rule the country. But none of them expected that themandate of heaven wouldbe passedonto Zhu Y uanzhang, who remainedvirtuallyilliterate all his life. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor Taizu of Ming, was a man of the most humble origin ,with nothingbut his natural ability at his disposal. His parentswere poor peasants. Forced to leave their homeland because of famine, they sold their son intoa Buddhist monastery tosave both his life andtheir own. After a fewyears as a novice monk, Zhu ran away andbecame a bandit .This was a logical step for him to take, considering the great confusion of the age, with revolts breaking out everywhere. Some years later, he ascended the throne in Nanjing and proclaimed the founding of the Ming dynasty, which was to last nearly 300 years.George SantayanaL et me come to the point boldly; what governs the Englishman is his inner atmosphere,the weather in his soul.It is nothing particularly spiritual or mysterious. When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer and lighting his pipe; when, in his garden or by his fire, he sprawls in an aggressively comfortable chair; when well-washed and well-brushed, he resolutely turns in church to the east and recites the Creed (with genuflexions, if he likes genuflexions)without in the least implyingthat he believes one wordof it; when hehears or sings the most crudely sentimental and thinnest of popular songs, unmoved but not disgusted; when he makes up his mind who is his best friend or his favorite poet; when he adopts a party or a sweetheart; when he is huntingorshootingor boating, or stridingthrough the fields; when he is choosinghis clothesor his profession ——never is it a precise reason,or purpose,or outer fact that determines him; it is always the atmosphere of his inner man.To say that this atmosphere was simply a sense of physical well-being,of coursing blood and a prosperous digestion,would be far too gross;for while psychic weather is all that, it is also a witness to some settled disposition, someripening inclination for this or that, deeply rooted in the soul. It gives a sense ofdirection in life which is virtually a code of ethics, anda religion behindreligion. Onthe other hand, to say it was the vision of any ideal or allegiance to any principlewould be making it far too articulate and abstract. The inner atmosphere, when compelled to condense into words, may precipitate some curt maxim or over-simple theory as a sort of war-cry; but its puerile language does it injustice,because it broods at a much deeper level than language or even thought. It is amass of dumb instincts and allegiances, the love of a certain quality of life, to be maintained manfully. It is pregnant with many a stubborn assertion and rejection. It fights under its trivial flutteringopinions like a smokingbattleshipunder its flags andsignals; you must consider, not what they are, but why they have been hoistedand will not be lowered. One is tempted at times to turn away in despair from the most delightful acquaintance —— the picture of manliness, grace, simplicity ,and honor, apparently rich in knowledge and humor —— because of someenormous platitude he reverts to, some hopelessly stupidlittle dogma fromwhich one knowsthat nothingcan ever liberate him. The reformer must give himup; but why shouldone wish to reform a person so much better than oneself? He is like a thoroughbred horse, satisfying to the trained eye, docile to the light touch, andcoursingin most wonderful unison with you through the open world. What doyoucare what words he uses? Are you impatient with the lark because he sings rather than talks? And if he could talk, would you be irritated by his curious opinions? Of course, if any one positively asserts what is contrary to fact, there is an error,though the error may be harmless; and most divergences between men shouldinterest us rather than offend us,because they are effects of perspective,or of legitimate diversity in experience and interests. Trust the man who hesitates in his speech and is quick and steady in action, but beware of long arguments and long beards. Jupiter decided the most intricate questions with a nod, and a very fewwords andnogestures suffice for the Englishman tomake his inner mindfelt most unequivocally when occasion requires.Instinctively the Englishmen is no missionary, no conqueror. He prefers the country to the town, and home to foreign parts. He is rather glad and relieved ifonly natives will remain natives and strangers strangers, and at a comfortable distance from himself.Yet outwardly he is most hospitable and accepts almost anybody for the time being;he travels and conquers without a settled design, because he has the instinct of exploration.His adventures are all external;they change him so little that he is not afraid of them. He carries his English weather in his heart wherever he goes, and it becomes a cool spot in the desert, and a steady andsane oracle amongst all the deliriums of mankind. Never since the heroic daysof Greece has the worldhadsucha sweet, just, boyish master. It will be a black dayfor the human race when scientific blackguards,conspirators,churls,and fanatics manage to supplant him.英国人灵魂的气象乔治·桑塔雅那让我直接进入正题吧:左右 (主宰,支配) 英国人的是他内在的情调 (情绪 ),心灵里的气象。
翻译复习资料

多义词honor 兑现negotiation 议付confirm (confirmation) 保兑accept 承兑collect 到付clean collection 光票托收cover ①支付、付款给某人;②投保…险,对…保险coverage 保险,险别,投保increasing coverage/extending coverage 加保renewing coverage 续保on or about 前后各5天able and willing 能够并愿意alteration,modification or substitution 更正或修改any and all 任何及所有by and between 由….并在…..之间claim and demand 要求complete and final understanding 全部和最终的理解compensation or damages 补偿或赔偿custom fees and duties 关税covenants and agreements 契约和协议due and payable到期应付的free and clear of无goods and chattels货物与动产losses and damages损失与顺坏made and signed 由……签null and void 无效on and after 在……;在…..之后protect and save 保护及挽救purchase and sell 购买和销售sign and issue 签发terms and conditions 条款therein or thereunder 其中及其下rights and interests 权益Terms:backlog 订单积压futures market 期货市场blank endorsement空白背书negotiating bank议付行CIF到岸价格sight draft即期汇票standby letter of credit备用信用证SWIFT CODE SWIFT代码insurance policy保险单down payment预付款、首付金pro rate of tax 比例税率in lieu of 代替force majeure不可抗力agent ad litem 诉讼代理人per capita按人数,每人Ex Works (named place) 工厂交货(指定地点)多义词A low figure 小数目worker on low incomes 低收入The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high. 贱买贵卖The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.英镑兑换的比值已跌到新的低点。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
基于八位微控制器AN96103的X-tal振荡器应用指南摘要所设计的八位微控制器有时会对有关晶体振荡器电路提出疑问,在应对这些客户问题上,那些在Eindhoven和 Zuerich的技术组已经积累了许多经验。
这篇报告就反映了一些这方面的经验知识。
在该领域的工程师以及参加研发与微控制器有关产品的工程师缺乏具体的振荡器知识,如果他们阅读了这篇文章,将会对振荡器知识有更新的认识,解决这个领域上的问题将会变的更容易。
1.需要注意和避免的问题在早期的电子业上,想要设计一个不震荡的电路的确是具有挑战性的,没有可供参考的电路构成特性材料以及有限的震荡现象知识是造成这种结果的主要原因。
电子业的发展已经走了漫长的道路,直到今天,这种构成这种电路的特性终于被定义出来了。
震荡现象以及集成振荡器已经发展成为了一门科学。
关于震荡电路和一体化晶体振荡器的问题,目前有许多科学出版物和教材针对这方面为你提供更高层次的知识。
本文章不再赘述。
在许多数字电路中,振荡器电路也集成在同一个芯片上为数字电子产品提供时钟信号,通常只有振荡器的灵活部分是嵌入式,但这一部分却不是被动频率的决定部分。
这些部件的构成部分通常是由其他制造商所提供的。
这种形式通常也是目前提供微控制器的最有效途径。
“怎样确保振荡?”从应用的观点看,这是一个非常有法律性的问题。
这篇文章是根据应用领域的反馈,提供一些背景和实践知识,以确保接近解决问题的最佳答案。
(在电路图中,x-tal往往表示石英晶体)2.振荡器电路大多数微控制器设备都包含一个振荡器电路((Xtal1,Xtal2),通过部晶振和外部电容器来实现振荡。
振荡器基本上是由一个N沟道和一个P沟道的晶体管构成的逆变型门。
它们的主要区别是在数字式逆变阶段中连接输入和输出之间的是一个集成偏置电阻(也称为:反馈电阻)。
该器件(半导体)将输出电压反馈到输入部分,其目的是在模拟工作阶段使其达到平衡。
在静态状态下,将产生一个直流输入和输出,其数值大约是CMOS器件中电压的1/2。
2.1 跨电导当一个电压变量驱动该振荡器,系统通过一个输出外部负载输出一个电流变量。
dVi/dIo关系(输入电压/输出电流)定义为振荡阶段的跨电导,用符号购gm表示跨电导,输入电压的变化造成输出电流的变化,单位是A/V或是S(西门子)。
如图3所示为振荡器的标准电路。
输出(Xtal2)部分和输入(Xtal1)部分通过一个石英晶体相连接,并且输入和输出通过电容器接地。
这是一个基本的皮尔斯振荡器。
在Xtal2输出引脚上产生一个正弦波,跨电导是影响振荡阶段的相关参数。
gm的一个定值是保证启动的重要参数。
在电源启动噪音信号或是在瞬态期间都会把一定的能量输入到x-tal振荡器中,使之启动并发生谐振。
这是任何一个振荡阶段基本需求之一。
3.外部组件在外部器件中,频率的决定性因素是石英晶体。
基本上是石英晶体使得LC 电路产生串联谐振,如图4所示,是一个常用的等效电路。
电感值和电容值决定着谐振频率,因此成为串联谐振。
C0代表并联电容的晶体,其数值要比电容值大。
但其影响的共振频率非常小。
晶体频率是10 MHz时,其相应的等效组分的值为:L = 0.01 H, C = 0.026 pF, Rx = 10Ω,Co = 8.5 pF。
在图3中基本的皮尔斯振荡器电路中,外部的两个电容值影响着CO等效值。
事实上,两个电容器串联分流晶体,这意味着CO值增加了。
4.振荡条件假设振荡器和外部元件都产生时钟信号。
难道连接的外部件就是振荡器震荡的唯一条件吗?再次,振荡条件定理和巴克豪森规则涵盖了振荡条件基础。
然而在实际情况下有许多电路参数决定是否有电路展示可靠的振荡。
其电路参数如下:- Vdd, 电源电压- fosc, 振荡频率- gm, 振荡器跨电导- Rx, 等效电阻值- C0, 总并联电容等效值- 闭环增益。
对于晶体元件的参数要超过10个,首先是对于一个实际部件的评价不可能包括所有的参数。
第二个原因是有些工程人员并不知晓某些参数应用在哪些部件上。
难道这就意味着振荡现象就是运气的事情吗?没有太多详尽的理论中说明阻抗方法可以用来表明预期振荡。
如图5所示,其作者的想法是有小的跨导至少能够补偿电阻,图中表明电容值、电阻和振荡器之间的关系,当电阻和电容的坐标在上面的区域时,表明不满足振荡条件。
当电容值和电容值交叉点接近特征值或在其下面的区域,则说明此时有合适的振荡。
现在的困难是确定Rx轴和CO轴上的实际值以及确定正确的图形和位置的特点。
然而在实际上,如图3中的电路图表明:当C0约为10 pF和Rx为100欧姆或更小时。
并且C1=C2=30Pf时,设备工作在安全区域。
较小的电阻值允许一个较大的电容值,反之亦然。
5. 驱动问题我们也曾担心振荡会发生别的问题?到目前为止,大部分知识是以标准电压为5伏的微控制器为基础的,其振荡器阶段的目的是要推动约1兆瓦的晶体。
这就意味着,当电压值达到驱动值时晶体本身立即动作。
这个晶体参数称为驱动级并且是指定的晶体参数。
6.实际的振荡器电路所有的5V的微控制器都由一个皮尔斯振荡器(Xtal1,Xtal2)组成并且通过外部X-tal和两个电容器实现振荡。
在大多数数据表中,此电路为标准电路。
在某些情况下,大部分数据表能更方便的修改标准电路以减少干扰和或补偿外部影响。
6.1 减小幅度如在减少干扰过程中,降低振荡器振幅是一个经常使用的办法。
在图5中的电路图,引用“建议减小558振荡器的干扰”(见参考),在此电路中,在管脚Xtal2上产生一个正弦波信号。
此过程是通过使用非对称的电容器并在输入中(XTAL1)使用最大的电容器来实现。
在这种形式下,XTAL的电压将减小,当放大器的输入电压很小时,此时不会进入饱和,因此会产生一个谐波信号。
一用户修改了图5的电路,如图6所示。
很显然回路增益是通过交换两个电容器改变的,并且通过分流对X-tal进行补偿。
但是却产生了一个失真的信号。
增加了输出电容器,这电容通过XTAL2产生更大的电流。
6.2直流偏移修改电路时利用一系列的电容器,其主要原因是要考虑湿度对振荡电路元件的影响(见图7),也能影响图5的基本电路。
由于水分的传导,造成振荡阶段的非对称偏差,恰恰这些偏差会影响振荡,从而电路引进了直流偏移。
这是由于印刷电路板或是振荡器电路外部元件造成的,这个故障能被消除掉,其方法是使用一个无临界值的外部电容器且该电容器值大于C1和C2的值(见图7)。
类似于直流偏移的另一种降低敏感的外界环境的可能性的方法是:用一个电阻对振荡器分流。
利用这种方式环增益和输入灵敏度都会降低这个也可用于幅度减少。
另外修改C1的值是很有必要的(见图8)。
对559设备和那些电路例子进行了测试,他们大约在3V左右发生振荡。
6.3 其它驱动电路另外的常见问题是增加更多的微控制器用于同一应用程序中,或者是许多微控制器与需要时钟信号的IC同时使用时,所有这些情况中可能要使用晶体。
如图9中展示了应用标准的振荡器电路应用在上面的情况中。
微控制器1的输出端Xtal2直接与微控制器的输入端Xtal1相连。
第二个微控制器输出端Xtal2不与任何端子相连。
正如前文所述,这个电路中的微控制器1就是所改后的。
在这些情况下,微控制器2的输入端总与微控制器1的输出端相连而不是直接与X-tal 相连。
这在振荡电路中能够减小外部负载的影响。
为避免微控制器2的直流偏移(直流偏移可能导致X-tal的更多分对称占空比信号),两微控制器通过电容器相连直接解耦,如图10所示。
两电路图在大多数微控制器中都有所应用。
然而有些微控制器有两个板载振荡器,一个直接是时钟信号,一个是PLL时钟。
在最后一种情况中,X-tal的频率通常是32kHZ。
此振荡器在输入和输出中有下拉装置。
这就意味着增加晶体管,这些晶体管在一定条件下导通。
当振荡器不能工作时,那些晶体管通过Xtal1和Xtal2接地。
为了避免太大的电流流入下拉晶体管中,建议在互连Xtal4输出端接一个电阻,如图11。
7.仿真和X数字振荡器开发应用微控制器通常在微控制器中使用。
在仔细设定振荡器周围微控制器的值,微控制器将被移除,取而代之的将是一个连接仿真装置的连接器,期望的结果也产生相同的振荡特性。
甚至在插入电缆后,会大大影响振荡(特别是在高频下),两个低成本的仿真器用不同的方式处理这个问题。
7.1 PDS-51方法在PDS系统中解决问题的方法是不使用振荡器的目标硬件,该系统有一个单独的振荡器电路且从应用中将目标X-tal中移除,然后插到PDS51的子板上。
当应用程序需要信号 Xtal2,在目标程序中存在该信号(驱动其他电路),这里需要一个跳线设置,注意从PDS-51中的信号通常是方波信号。
当目标微控制器不使用本身的振荡器,而在输入Xtal1获得信号是通过另外的来源,当具有TTL 驱动能力时,这个信号可用于仿真器。
7.2 DS-750 /EB-51方法另外两种常用的模拟器是DS-750 /EB-51,这两种系统安装了几个固定的内部振荡器,其频率可供用户选择。
在大多数应用程序中,这将可能包括可用的所有频率。
当应用程序使用一个不可用的频率,这时将有一个去外部的选择键,这意味着仿真微控制器将在目标应用程序中使用振荡器部件。
如前所述,这意味着在振荡器和外部件之间插入一根电缆。
在这两种情况下(一种情况是频率较高,另一种情况是Xtal2驱动其它电路)连接器和电缆的感应值和电容值都会大大影响振荡器的动作。