日不落帝国讲稿(英文)—— Rise and Fall of The Empire on Which The Sun Never Sets 2
the rise and fall of the british empirePPT课件
Colonies
1,Canda ,Australia ,New Zealand (dominion英联邦自 治领域)
2, India(“brightest jewel” on the English Crown) 3,Hong Kong(Opium War,Treaty of Nanking) 4,Burma,SriLanka,Singapore,Malaya,Sarawak,Brunei,
The Rise and
The Formation of the Empire
Queen Victoria Memorial
2
Queen Victoria (1819—1901)
3
The Formation of the Empire
small states in the West Indies and Asia. 5,took control of Suez Canal and conquered Egypt.
6,the Gold Coast,Niger,Sudan,Kenya,Uganda,Zambia,Upper Nigeria
5
1898
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The Empire on which the sun never set
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World WarⅠ
Date: June 28,1914—Dec 11,1918 Result : Allies win. The war is unjust, predatory and imperialist .About 1.5 billion people involved in war, about 8.4 million people were killed and 21 million were wounded.
5-The Rise and Fall of theBritish Empire 大英帝国的兴衰
Whigs and Tories
In the mid-19th century the Whigs formed a coa1ition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.
Open Field Village
Drawbacks l. It wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths. 2. It was wasteful of labour and time. 3. Livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. Winter feed was rarely enough, so animals were usually killed in autumn and their meat was salted. 4. The open field system was a barrier to experiments.
Enclosure
In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the ―openfield‖ system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the ―openfield‖ system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields.
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire课件
• want thorough Parliamentary reform: Government and administration should be
made as efficient as possible;
•
Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832)
Jeremy Bentham:
efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. • Enclosure Act
• Changes in farming • a. crop rotation; • b. artificial fertilizer; • c. new machinery – seed drill; • d. selective breeding. • Thomas – encourage; GeorgeⅢ (who was so
North and South was unfair; • ③ There were also various so-called rotten
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireAbstract:The United Kingdom is located in west Europe. It consists of Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland and over 5500 small islands.It has long coastline which great contributes to the development of its economic, and compare with others countries in the EU, it also has the most abundant energy. Now, the population of Britain is more than sixty million, and its land area is about 244,000 square kilometers. England is the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution and the first modern country that changed form agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. From the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, Britain constant to aggress and expand overseas, which make it become the biggest colonial power in modern history. Up to 1914, its territory even reached 33,500,000 square kilometers, which is 137 times that of the United Kingdom. The First World War is the turning point for Britain from prosperity to decline, and after the Second World War,under the impact of the national liberation movement, the powerful empire was gone forever.Key Words: colonial power; Industrial Revolution; the First World War; the Second World WarI IntroductionThe British Empire was the largest empire in human history, and now it isn’t as powerful as before. This paper aims at analyzing the factors that influence the rise and fall of the British Empire. There are four parts in this paper,colonial expansion of Britain, the Industrial Revolution, Britain in the World War I and Britain in the World War II. We will reappear the history about Britain from prosperity to decline.II Literature ReviewThe British Empire began with private exploration in the search for wealth. With no luck finding precious metals, privatized naval warfare became the norm because robbing Spanish and Portuguese ships was easiest. As sea-faring technology in Britain improved, Britain became an empire of the sea. Ferguson emphasizes the beginnings of consumer culture in early 18th century England as the ultimate driving force behind British imperialism.Britain was able to control an enormous empire. Most important was British mastering of new technology, its naval advances and accurate mapping of British territory. These factors combined enabled the British to swiftly respond to any crisis. By the turn of the 20th century, the British Empire was looking for new horizons to colonize. During this time, the so-called Scramble for Africa began,with an accompanying arms race among the European powers. Britain's expansion in Africa was a combination of financial power and military might. Ferguson explores the birth of three important modern phenomena, namely the mass media, the military-industrial complex, and a global bond market. According to Ferguson, those three factors brought the British Empire to its peak, but were also what would foreshadow its decline. Britain's military was weakened as it became less of a political priority, while global economic dominance shifted to the US. Although the era of European colonization has seemed to end, however, the rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power by claiming that empire is still a reality. Today, though, empire is ruled by a single superpower, the United States, and takes an indirect, more abstract form of economic exploitation and political control.The British Empire fell because of its "Pyrrhic victory" in the two world wars remains a bit dubious, however. Certainly the financial burden held significant immediate consequences, but no one should discount the simultaneous impact of liberal social movements within European societies, rebellion against colonialist within British-occupied territory, and the push from the US and other (smaller) nations to liberate colonies. The horrors of the world wars had much to do with the shift in attitude, including the colonies where large numbers of soldiers were recruited as well as - obviously - in Europe itself. The so-called "era of democracy" in the Western world began with the fall of Nazi Germany and the development of the Cold War.III The Analysis of the rise and fall of the British Empire The British Empire began with the colonization in 16th century, and its first colony overseas is Newfoundland. Later, it controlled Canada, Australia, India and many small states in the West Indies. During the mid-19th century, the British consolidated its colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Britain expand their colonies and sphere of influence in Asia at the beginning of the 19th century, British government waged the Opium War against China, and Hong Kong was ceded to Britain. Meanwhile, Britain also occupied Burma, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, Brunei and some other small states in Asia. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. By the beginning of the 20th century, it occupied the Gold Coast, Niger, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, North Rhodesia, Upper Nigeria and South Africa. On the Eve of World War I, Britain was the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers, about a quarter of the world’s landmass, about 137 times as large as Britain. It ruled over a population of 393.5 million, about eight times that of Britain itself. The British boasted that they had an empire on which the sun never set.After the Glorious Revolution, the British Parliament was made up of prosperousmerchants and entrepreneurs who supported commerce and industry. Otherwise, Britain fought and won a series of wars against France, which help it won more colonies overseas, and those colonies provided Britain with necessary raw materials and a large market for its industrial products. From the colonies in America and India, England, acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries. All these things resulted in the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions, such as the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, the power loom and the steam engine. These inventions completed the mechanization of the textile industry and prepared the way for a new system of production: large scale industry. With these developments came a need for a cheap means of transportation. By 1850, Britain had established a railway system encompassing over 10,000 kilometers of track. By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain. It changed Britain in many ways. Its industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.By the beginning of the 20th century, the world had entered the period of imperialism. Britain's dominance was challenged by other European nations and the United States, for they had also been industrialized and each were eager to protect their own markets and expand their influence. The power balance in Europe had undergone enormous changes. A conflict of interests and colonial rivalry divided Europe into two camps. The conflict plunged the whole world into two devastating wars. More than 32 countries were involved World War I. Though Britain won this war finally, the cost of the war was great. Britain was drained of its manpower and 70% of the merchant ships were sunk or damaged. As a result, Britain lost the sea supremacy. Business was slack, many factories were closed down and taxes soared. The great depression brought additional problems to the Britain economy and society. Britain’s position in the capitalist world was further weakened. World War II was for all intents and purposes a continuation of World War I. As the result of World War II, most of Britain’s colonies demanded and fought for independence. In the 1960s, an independence movement swept the entire British Empire. More than 20 countries won their independence. The Empire had been replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations.IV ConclusionIt’s the contingency of the necessity that England chose capitalism and successfully founded the Britain Empire, which was once the largest empire in human history. Though there are so many events and elements contributed to the rise of the Great Britain, there are still many variables because other countries were also developing well with expansion. During the world wars, the few odds hadn’t stood with Britain though Britain was the final winner. So I think it is the wars and the Great Depression that result in the fall of the British Empire.References[1]马歇尔. 剑桥插图大英帝国史[M].北京:世界知识出版社，2004[2]李涛，姜晓东.白金汉宫的倒影——看日不落帝国的兴衰[M].北京:中国友谊出版社，2007[3]凤凰网专稿.大历史下看英国兴衰100年[EB/OL]. /zaixianjiangtang/zjjs/detail_2012_05/09/1441209 5_0.shtml,2012-05-09[4]刘中民，张宝霞.崛起与错失——海权强国兴衰的历史解读[J].海洋期刊，2007（10）：75-80[5]唐晋.大国崛起[M].北京:人民出版社，2006[6]金城，阎晓明.世界历史——英帝国的兴衰[EB/OL]. /v_show/id_XMjA1Mzc4MzY=.html?f=1355559,4年前。
Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the__ British Empire
了解18世纪英国工业革命，其中包括圈地运动，殖民剥削和奴隶贸易，工业革命的过程及其影响、宪章运动（1836-1848），殖民帝国的建立，英帝国的衰落与瓦解以及战后英国的概况。
1.The Whigs and the Tories2.Aricultural changes in the late 18th century3.The English Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of Britain.4.The Chartist Movement and its significance5.The origin of the Labour Party6.The bulding of the British Empire7.Britain and the First World War8.Britain and the Second World War9.Postwar Britain10.ThatcherismThe Parliamentary Politicsin the Late 18th and Early 19th CenturiesWhigs and ToriesWhigs and Tories are the nicknames of the two political parties originated with the Glorious Revolution. Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers, while Tories was an Irish word meaning thugs.The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. They stood for a reduction in Crown Patronage, sympathy towards Non-Conformists and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. Most Whigs were in favour of some kind of Parliamentary reform, but could not agree how far this reform should go.The Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England's influence on people. They wanted strict maintenance of law and order. They might agree to some humanitarian reforms, but were certainly against Parliamentary reforms.The Whigs later formed a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and became the Liberal Party. The Tories developed into the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.RadicalsThe Radicals were another force in the Parliament. They wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of the problems, and their one common aim was the thorough reform of the Parliamentary system. Small as they were, the Radicals were active in Parliament spreading their radical ideas.They were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham's ideals known as 'Utilitarianism'. He suggested that government's function should be to achieve 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number', and this should be done in two ways: firstly, government and administration should be made as efficient as possible; secondly, government should interfere as little as possible with the lives of the people as individuals.They advocated laissez faire, a radical idea of free trade, because they believed that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.Agricultural Changesin the Late 18th CenturyTraditional farming system: Open field villageVillages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields. Each year only two of them were cultivated, so that the fallow field recovered its richness after two years' cultivation. The farming was done on a community basis. There were also commons and wastelands used by all villages to graze livestock.This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and the subsistence farming before the modern industrial age. There were of course drawbacks. It wasted land, labour, and time; livestock farming was difficult in winter, and diseases spread quickly on commons; it was a barrier to experiments.Land enclosuresIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly. Demands for greater productivity made the landowners replace the small farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, more efficient farms with hedge divided fields.During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land and divide it into enclosed fields.Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century, when the war against Napoleon meant high food prices.Changes in farming methodsA system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months.Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741) also made arable farming more efficient and profitable.Selective breeding of livestock introduced by Porbert Bakewell (1725-95) made animals much heavier than ever before.The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce the changes was associated with Thomas Coke (1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England. George III (1760-1820), King of the United Kingdom of the House of Hanover was given the nickname 'Farmer George', because he was very enthusiastic about the agricultural changes at Windsor.Consequences of enclosuresFarms became bigger and consumer goods became more varied.Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants. They were evicted from their lands and had to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded.In Ireland and Scottish Highlands, land enclosure led to mass emigration, partic ularly to the New World.A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. The labourers were forced to leave the land to survive because of concentration of land in fewer hands and loss of common land for animals.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Factors leading to the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain became the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:Britain is well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. Its main towns are not too far from seaports or rivers. It also has many natural resources, such as mineral resources, and rivers useful for transport as well as for water and steam power.Britain had a peaceful society after the Glorious Revolution. Under the influence of laissez faire and 'Protestant work ethic', it was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies, which provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. And the Constitutional Monarchy ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.Britain had many well-trained engineers and craftsmen. The inventors were respected. They solved the practical problems.England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707, and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by the internal customs barriers.Development of the Industrial RevolutionWhile the movement to enclose the land and use new agricultural methods was at its height, similar changes took place in manufacture. New techniques and water powered machines resulted in organization of industries on a large scale. At this time population became increasingly concentrated in towns, especially in Midlands, North of England, Southern Wales and Central Scotland, which provided the desperately needed laborers for the industrialization.Changes occurred earliest and quickest in textiles, especially silk and cotton, which were first to adopt factory methods of production. By 1760, the silk industry was well established, although it was still no competition for the French and Italians. The real ‘revolution’ in the silk industry was in 1770 when power-driven machinery was introduced.Cotton had been slow to develop, because cotton was mostly imported from West Indies and America, and spinning pure cotton was difficult. Technology aided weaving at first. John Kay's flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving and created demand for faster spinning. Then spinning was revolutionized by James Hargreaves' spinning jenny (1766), which enabled one hand labourer to spin many threads at a time. Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769) and Samuel Crompton's mule (1779) replaced hand labour altogether, and required waterpower andsteam to drive them. Edmund Cartwright's power loom (1784) eventually enabled weaving to catch up with spinning. British cotton now rivaled the best products of the East.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century. In 1765, James Watt (1736-1819), the Scottish inventor, modified and improved the design, and produced a very efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.The most important element in speeding industrialization was Abraham Darby's success in melting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709, which hugely increased the production of iron that was used for machinery, railways and shipping. In the forging side of the iron industry,Henry Court's pudding and rolling processes (1840) enabled vastly increased quantities of high-quality iron to replace wood and stone in many sectors of the economy.Improved Transportation, e.g. road and canal construction, ran parallel with production. By the early 19th century, Britain had a road network of some 200,000 km.Consequences of the Industrial RevolutionAs a result of the industrialization, Britain was by 1830 the 'workshop of the world'. No other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth. The north of England was now the most advanced in Britain.The Industrial revolution created the industrial working class, i.e. the proletariat who had to work and live in extremely bad conditions. Because the working men's livelihood had been destroyed by the mechanization, the 'Luddites', led by Ned Ludd, attempted to destroy the hated machines, but were severely punished by the government.The Chartist Movement (1836-48)Factors contributing to the political change in EnglandTwo great international eventsIn the closing decades of the 18th century, two events greatly alarmed the British ruling classes. The first was the American War of Independence (1776), in which the colonists fought for equality, national identity and political representation. Their war cry 'no tax without representation' encouraged the British middle class and working class to struggle forrepresentation in Parliaments, which represented only aristocrats at that time. The second was the French Revolution (1789-93), in which people fought for liberty, equality and fraternity.The general election of 1830Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. When the Whigs under Charles Grey (1830-34) were returned to power at the general election of 1830, they turned their minds to the problems of parliamentary reform.Parliamentary reforms (1830-34)Reasons for parliamentary reformsPower was monopolized by the aristocratsIn the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence in Parliament than the Commons. Most important ministers were aristocrats and bishops of Church, while the Commons were elected only by a small proportion of the population, and the vote was only a privilege for a small number of male citizens. Besides, the MPs were not paid.Representation of county and town, and North and South was unfair.The county seats and borough seats were very unfairly distributed. All counties with property worth 40 shillings annually could vote two members of Parliament, although some southern villages had already been deserted; but new northern cities like Manchester had no seats, although they were densely populated.There were also so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.Rotten boroughs were those deserted market towns, which had been busy before, but they could still elect MPs. In pocket boroughs, elections were not won by political views but by influence, and the candidate could buy off the voters, so that even before the election, the seat was already 'in his pocket'.Reform Bills passed in the time of the Whigs' GovernmentThe Reform Act of 1832, also called the Greater Charter of 1832, abolished 'rotten boroughs' and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into workhouses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.The Chartist Movement (1836-48)The London Working Men's Association and the People's Charter(1836-38)Dissatisfied with the two Reform Bills and the failure of attempts to develop trade unionism, some radicals and militant workers were determined to renew the working class fight for political equality.In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers, led by William Lovett, formed the London Working Men's Association, aiming to seek every legal means to place all classes ofsociety in possession of equal political and social rights.In 1838 they drew up a charter of political demands (the People's Charter), with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: the vote for all adult males, voting by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property qualifications for MPs, payments of MPs, annual Parliaments with a General Election every June.The Chartist groups (1838)Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country. In 1838 they held a great meeting in Birmingham to launch the movement officially, with the aim of pressing Parliament to accept the People's Charter.The Chartists could be roughly divided into two groups: the Moral Force Chartists and the Physical Force Chartists. The former, headed by William Lovett, wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means (‘politics of persuasion'), while the latter, headed by Feargus O'Connor, wanted to achieve their purpose by violence.The climax and the end of the movement (1839-48)In 1839, a National Convention was held in London. But it revealed conflicts within the movement and great differences between the Northerners (who were fundamentallyanti-industrialists) and the men from the Midlands and London.In November 1839, Chartist riots occurred in Birmingham, Sheffield and Newport, and 24 Chartists were killed in a full-scale rising.In 1840 and 1842, two petitions were presented to Parliament, but both were rejected. At the same time, the Chartist movement was widely split.In 1848, the proposed great Chartist Demonstration ended quietly with the third petition presented to Parliament.Reasons for the failure of the Chartist MovementThe Movement failed because of its weak and divided leadership, its lack of coordination with trade unionism, and the immaturity of the working class.Significance of the Chartist MovementIt was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points achieved very gradually from 1858 to 1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin considered it as the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.Trade Unions and the Labour PartyEarly trade unionsOwing to the Industrial Revolution, the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century. They became aware of the power they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations such as friendly societies and mutual insurance companies were formed to bring about improvements in their standards of living.However, the movements were regarded by the government as possible centers of revolution. Consequently Parliament passed the Combination Acts of 1799-1800 to forbid the formation of unions. After these laws were cancelled in 1824, the 1825 Act allowed workers to form unions but not to obstruct workers and employers. It was now illegal to strike.The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (GNCTU)Most early trade unions were small and local. From 1825, large unions began to combine workers in different parts of the country.In 1833, the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was established to form a national union. But it came to nothing after six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers were tried and transported in 1834 on the charge of administering false oaths.New UnionismFrom 1850, working class energies were taken up with other movements such as the Chartist Movement and the Anti-Corn Law league. And a new kind of trade unionism developed among skilled workers, such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), which was the model for other national craft unions formed in 1850s and 1860s.These new trade unions offered benefits for sickness, unemployment or old age to their members who had paid a certain sum of money per week. But they placed strict restriction of entry to their trades so as to avoid confrontations with employers as far as possible. As a result, this New Unionism was not favored by all workers.Trades Union Congress (TUC)In the 1860s, trade unionists began to meet regularly to discuss matters of common interests, such as regulation of hours, technical education, and conditions of apprenticeship.In 1868, the TUC was started, thus the trade unionism had a national organization capable of coordinating the interests of industrial workers.New legal security for the trade unionsTrade unions had always lacked legal rights. They had to fight two strong opponents together-employers and the State. In the time of the Liberal Government, two new laws were passed to give the movement new legal security.The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security. This meant that, in law there was no difference between collecting money for benefit purposes and collecting money to support strike action.The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act of 1876 gave unions the right to exist as corporation, able to own property and to defend their rights cooperatively in courts of law.Formation of the Labour PartyThe Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), which was formed in 1893, and led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The ILP was too idealistic and its leaders too individualistic to become a mass party. So the foundation of an effective party for labour would depend on the trade unions.In 1900, representatives of trade unions (TUC), the ILP and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), with the simple aim to promote the interests of labour in Parliament.In 1906, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the General Election of that year. The Labour Party participated in the war coalition government in 1915-18, became the main opposition party in 1922, and formed majority government in 1924 and 1929-35 under Ramsay Macdonald.Colonial ExpansionThe building of the British EmpireEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notably the British East Company in India.In the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion, encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, especially by the rising tide of emigration.By 1900 Britain had set up a big empire, 'on which the sun never set'. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres of influences, and self-governing dominions, and it included 25% of the world's population and area.The growth of dominionsCanadaCanada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after the Seven Years' War (1756-63) between Britain and France.French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774.The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Ontario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French.One serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.AustraliaAustralia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s.In 1770, Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay, and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales.In 1788, the English began to transport convicts to Australia.Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840.In 1851-92, the gold rushes brought more people here.In 1901, the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New ZealandNew Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century.In 1642, the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand and named it the Netherlands province of Zeeland.In 1770s, Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England.In the early 19th century, missionaries became active to come here.In 1840, the systematic colonization was begun by the New Zealand Company.In 1841, the country was made a separate colony, according to the Treaty of Waitangi between Britain and the Maori Chiefs.It achieved self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government becamedirectly involved in Indian Affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a 'Board of Control' to supervise the company.Political instability and French interference promoted further intervention. By 1819, the British conquest of India was almost complete.The Indian Mutiny of 1857 was raised by the native troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company, because of resentment at the British reforms of ancient Indian institutions; fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and the issue of cartridges greased with cow-fat and pig-fat which offended Hindus and Muslims respectively.After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria (1837-1901) became Empress of India in 1877.The Scramble for AfricaThe South of AfricaIn1652, the Dutch East India Company established a settlement at Cape Town. Settlement extended inland to form Cape Colony in the 18th century.In 1806, Britain took the Cape Colony to protect it route to India. Increasing numbers of British settlers arrived in the 1820s.In 1835-36, in order to escape British domination, the native Boers moved northward in the Great Trek (mass migration) to Natal, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Britain took Natal in 1843 but recognized the independence of the Transvaal in 1852 and the Orange Free State in 1854.Relations between the British colony and the Boer republics became worse, especially when Britain took Griqualand of the Orange Free State in 1871 when diamonds had been discovered there.An attempt to take the Transvaal in 1877 resulted in war between Britain and the Boers (1880-81) in which Britain was defeated and the independence of Transvaal was recognized.The discovery of gold at Witwatersrand in1886 brought many new immigrants, known as Uitlanders, to the Transvaal. But the President of Transvaal refused to give them the right to vote. This, together with the Jameson Raid in 1895, resulted in the Boer War (1899-1902). After the British victory, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State became British colonies in 1902. In 1910, they were united with the Cape Province and Natal to form the Union of South Africa.The West and the Interior of AfricaAt the beginning of the 19th century, British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the West Coast.Over the 19th century, the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. In 1885, the involved European countries signed a treaty in Berlin to lay down rules of conducting the scramble for Africa.By 1900, more than 9/10 had been colonized. Britain led the way in this race to take the fertile and productive areas of Africa.The North East of AfricaThe French influence in Egypt was strong since the French engineers built the Sues Canal, and the French owned half the shares in the Canal Company.In 1875, the British government bought almost all the remaining Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian ruler, who abdicated in 1879. In 1882-1914, the British occupied Egypt.In 1899, Sudan was put under the joint Anglo-Egyptian rule after the failure of the Mahdi revolt against Egypt in 1881.Aggression against ChinaBritain, France and Germany were also rivals in establishing trading posts and naval stations in the Far East. In the 1830s, British merchants began to smuggle opium to China from India.In 1839, the Chinese, led by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, confiscated the British opium and burnt them at Canton. This resulted in the Opium war (1840-42) between Britain and China. By the Treaty of Nanking (1842), China ceded Hong Kong to Britain, and opened ports to British trade. Britain were to receive over ￡6 million war indemnity.After the Second Opium War (1856-58), China was forced to sign the treaties of Tianjin (1858) with Britain, France, Russia and the US, by which 11 more ports were opened.Twentieth CenturyBritain before the First World War (1901-14)Reforms continued to come year by yearFactory Acts made further improvements in conditions of work.Housing Acts got rid of some of the worst slums.Education Acts brought free schools and free school meals to poor children.Women's position in society was gradually improved.In 1897 women started to demand the right to vote in national elections. Within ten years these women, the 'suffragettes' led by Mrs. Pankhurst, had become famous for the extreme methods they were willing to use. But the First World War interrupted their campaign.Thanks to this militant feminist movement before the WWI, votes were granted to women over 30 as soon as the war was over, and to all women over 21, equal with men, ten years later in 1929.The Liberal government (1905-22) carried out some reformsThe Parliament Act of 1911 severely limited the powers of the Lords and established the Commons as the supreme legislative body. The MPs were granted an annual salary of ￡400.The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided insurance against sickness and unemployment. Maternity grants and elder pensions were also established.Unions were granted protection from liability for losses caused by strikes. Labour exchanges were established and minimum wages were fixed in certain industriesThe Problem of Ireland remained unsolvedThe Home Rule Bill of 1914 set up an Irish Parliament with limited powers. But it wasn't applied until after the WWI.Britain and the First World War (1914-18)Two European power blocsAt the beginning of the 20th century, France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets. The new united German state was emerging as the biggest threat to Britain.The War was fought primarily between two European power blocs: the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary), and the Allies (Britain, France and Russia). In wartime, the former were joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, and the latter were joined by Japan, Italy, the U.S.A. and other countries.Beginning of the WarOn June 28,1914, the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.On July 28, Austria, awaiting a pretext for suppressing Slav nationalism, declared war on Serbia, with Germany's blessing. Russia immediately mobilized, and France rejected Germany's demand for its neutrality.Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and on France on August 3, then invaded Belgium, hoping to win a quick victory in the West before returning to Russia.Britain's entry into the WarOn August 4, Britain declared war on Germany.There were two reasons for Britain's entry into the war. Firstly, Britain was afraid that Germany would overrun Europe and gain control of parts of the British Empire. Secondly, Britain had a treaty with Belgium to guarantee its neutrality.End of the WarOn November 11, 1918, an armistice came into effect after the Central Powers sued for peace.。
The rise and fall of British empire
The rise and fall of the British EmpireBeginning with expeditions in the early 16th century, the British Empire, dressed as a "gentleman", also joined the ranks of colonial expansion after the completion of unification. During this period, the British Empire first defeated the Spanish "Armada", and then seized dutch sea supremacy and became the hegemon of the sea. Through enclosure movements, overseas trade and colonial plunder, the primitive accumulation of capital was accelerated and the development of capitalism was promoted.In 1688, the Glorious Revolution overthrew feudal rule, and in the Act of Rights promulgated in 1689, the royal power was restrained in the form of law, establishing a constitutional monarchy and laying a good foundation for the development of capitalism. In the 18th century, Britain defeated France, established world colonial hegemony, and gradually established a colonial empire of "empire that never sets". In the 1760s, Britain began the Industrial Revolution, large-scale machine production replaced workshop handicrafts, and the Industrial Revolution enabled Britain to leap from a backward agricultural country to the world's most advanced capitalist-led industrial power, and promoted the process of world industrialization.The Victorian period was considered the culmination of the British Industrial Revolution and the heyday of the economy and culture of the British Empire. Its territory reached 36 million square kilometers. TheBritish Empire accounted for 70% of the world's economy, and trade exports were several times more than the rest of the world combined. The Victorian art scene presented a dazzling spectacle of stars, including classicism, neoclassicism, impressionism and so on.The struggle between imperialism and colonialism, as well as the uneven development between the imperialist powers, the irreconcilable contradictions between the two sides, the First World War was like a needle that broke through the colonial system and hegemonic position of the British Empire in a state of saturation. The British Empire, which was in its peak position, also began to decline. Although Britain won the war and gained new colonies from it, the huge expenses of the war made it impossible for Britain to continue to bear the huge financial expenses needed to maintain an empire. At the same time, nationalism was on the rise in the old and new colonies. Many countries opposed British colonial rule.After the Second Industrial Revolution, Germany rose strongly. On the one hand, economic development had changed from the era of free competition to the era of monopolistic competition, and the main competition had changed from the original Asia to North America. It took German industry almost 40 years to complete the path of Britain's century. By the 1860s, the Ruhr area in Germany had become the largest heavy industrial area in Europe. By 1914, Germany had become the world'ssecond-largest power after Britain.Finally, my feeling is that the world belongs to different countries, and one country or one local organization cannot lead the world. It may temporarily dominate the world, but in the end it will slowly disappear in the tide, only by strengthening national equality and mutual benefit and reciprocity, the world can develop together, and we can move forward in continuous cooperation!。
Chapter 2(UK) History 3.The rise and fall of the British Empire
3.1 The Formation of the British Empire
First British Empire: 19th Century It included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies
World war 1
Cause: Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛冲突 萨拉热窝事件 Sarajevo 奥地利大公Francis Ferdinand被Yugoslav南 撕拉夫人刺杀
1914年奥匈帝国向塞尔维 亚宣战
奥地利 VS 赛尔维亚
Germany
The Central Powers
• On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen.
– a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the world’s total land). – a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)
广州
定海
1860年
占领京津，火烧圆
明园，咸丰帝逃亡，签《北 京条约》（结束）
英国东印度公司的鸦片仓库
Boer War
• 英国人和布尔人之间为了争夺南非殖民地 而展开的战争。 • 荷兰殖民者于17世纪来到南非。他们和葡 萄牙、法国殖民者的后裔被称为布尔人。 19世纪晚期，德兰士瓦共和国和奥兰士自 由国相继发现世界上最大的钻石矿和金矿。 英国殖民者觊觎这些宝藏，于1899年8月与 布尔人爆发战争。
英美文化之日不落帝国全英文
Are you going to Scarborough Fair? Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme Remember me to one who lives there She once was a true love of mine 您去过斯卡布罗集市吗? 芜荽,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香 代我向那儿的一位姑娘问好 她曾经是我的爱人.
Tell her to make me a cambric shirt (Oh the sides of a hill in the deep forest green) Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme (Tracing of sparrow on the snow crested brown) Without no seams nor need work (Blankets and bedclothes the child of the mountain) Then she\'ll be a true love of mine (Sleeps unaware of the clarion call) 叫她替我做件麻布衣衫 (绿林深处山峦旁) 芜荽,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香 (在白雪封顶的褐色山上追逐雀儿) 上面不用缝口,也不用针线 (大山是山之子的地毯和床单) 她就会是我真正的爱人. (熟睡中不觉号角声声呼唤)
The British Upper Class
Peerage 贵族
A coat of arms 盾徽
Landed Gentry 乡绅
Marq. Bath in Parliamentary Robes,1795
Mr and Mrs Andrews,1749
1. The younger sons of the younger sons of peers and the younger sons of baronets, knights and esquires; 2. A man with an income derived from property, ,a legacy or some other source, and was thus independently wealthy; 3. Nowadays, “gentleman” means any man of good, courteous conduct.
日不落帝国讲稿（英文）——Ris...
日不落帝国讲稿（英文）——Ris...第一篇：日不落帝国讲稿(英文)—— Rise and Fall of The Empire on Which The Sun Never Sets 2The plains of North America and Russia are our corn-fields;Chicago and Odessa our granaries;Canada and the Baltic are our timber-forests;Australasia contains our sheep-farms, and in South America are our herds of oxen;Peru sends her silver, and the gold of California and Australia flows to London;the Chinese grow tea for us, and our coffee, sugar, and spice plantations are in all the Indies.Spain and France are our vineyards, and the Mediterranean our fruit-garden;and our cotton-grounds, which formerly occupied the Southern United States, are now everywhere in the warm regions of the ear th.The phrase “the empire on which the sun never sets” has been used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was always at least one part of their territory in daylight.It was originally used for the Spanish Empire, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries.In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire.It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe.In history there are many people who want to become the most powerful leader in the world.None of them can do it.But the British had made his authority extend to almost all over the world.As we all know, Britain is an island country in Western Europe.British Empire reached its highest point in the early 20th century.It hat around the world more than 50 pieces of colonies.The total area of the territory of the British Empire reached 33 million square kilometers, had the largest global colonization.At that timeBritish Empire controlled one-third of the territory and a quarter of the world's population, ruled the world for more than a century, war a veritable “The empire on which the sun never sets.” Why can Britain become do this?First, it has an advantaged geographic location.As an island British local territory is limited, so Britain has always attached great importance of sea power, strongly develop the ocean industry.Britain located in Shipping center.This provides a great convenience to colonial expansion.Second, after the bourgeois revolution rule into bourgeois merce and industry in Britain great developed.In this case, Britain urgently need new markets and material base.This is also an important motivity for British colonial expansion.Third, Britain took the lead in the industrial revolution, cam into the “steam” era.British economic and technological strength has been greatly improved, which provides extremely favorable conditions for the development of the British army.What ist British approach to become “The empire on which the sun never sets”? Britain expand business and business, accelerate and strengthen the development colonies, to control the overseas market, monopolize supply of raw materials, and rob overseas wealth.After Holland has Britain an East India Company established, to set up a commercial colonial system.Britain pay more attention to the construction of navy, build the most powerful navy in the world to control shipping route in the world.British pirates are free to attack and rob the Spanish ship are not subject to punishment.The reason for the decline of Britain Two world wars so that Britain's strength was.There are more powerful countries in the world.Especially in Europe.It depends too much on colonies in aspect of economy.第二篇：温莎家族建立了“日不落帝国”温莎家族建立了“日不落帝国”《环球人物》杂志驻英国特约记者柳棣特约撰稿秦阳2007年，伊丽莎白二世（前排左三）庆祝结婚60周年时拍摄的家庭合影。
The Rise and Fall of the British Welfare State
The Rise and Fall of the British Welfare StateStephen Berry"My vision is not just to save the National Health Service but to make it better. The money will be there, I promise you that. This year, every year." (Tony Blair, September 30, 1997)n the UK the winter months see a number of events which engage the attention of theloyal British citizen. On ‘Bonfire Night’ (November 5th) children burn an effigy of Guy Fawkes, the leader of the failed Gunpowder Plot (1605) to blow up the Houses ofParli ament, whilst ‘Remembrance Day’ (November 10th), sees the paying of respects to the dead of the two World Wars of this century. These two events mark the defeat of enemies and have a positive message. But the patriotic Britisher is not allowed to rest on his laurels for long. In recent years, another happening has begun to loom large in the national consciousness. Barely have the final fireworks from Bonfire Night disappeared from view in the night sky when the yearly winter crisis of the British National Health Service (NHS) announces its presence.Last year, the problems seem to arrive even before the outbreak of the winter flu epidemic. In The Times newspaper (October 18th, 2000) Professor Michael Joy, consultant cardiologist at St Peter's hospital, Chertsey, wrote to complain that he could not admit very ill patients from his Accident Department due to the unavailability of beds in the main hospital. He said, "If nothing is done, I guarantee within the next weeks there will be a mighty crash. Everybody in the Health Service is totally demoralised. I have never seen morale at such a low level in my 35 year career." We should make due allowance for the hyperbole of a worker under stress, but his claims cannot be dismissed. I have heard this song before. Last year, I had an interesting conversation with a doctor visiting from New Zealand as I was being wheeled to the operating theatre of one of Britain's NHS hospitals. Imagine my state of mind as she cheerfully compared the NHS to a Third World health service. Imagine my relief as the anaesthetic finally brought merciful oblivion.The NHS is the jewel in the crown of the British Welfare State, but it only arrived relatively late upon the scene (1948). The origins of the Welfare State go back to the late Victorian era and the desire to provide cheap housing for the poor, the best healthcare for all and pensions which made satisfactory provision for a comfortable retirement.If one country could be said to have influenced Britain in the formation of its social policiesin the late 19th century, that country would be Germany. It is difficult now to envisage the dramatic impact on the Victorian mind of the rapid unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia. France, Britain’s main European rival for 250 year s yet so effortlessly dismissed on the battlefield of Sedan in 1870, was now dominated with condescending easeby its dynamic neighbour . There was a new kid on the block, andhis every movement was watched both eagerly and anxiously.Bismarck's social reforms were the inspiration for the British Welfare State >>Bismarck had temporarily banned socialist parties in 1878 andbrought in a form of state welfare to placate the working classesand avoid a socialist revolution (In the late 19th century, Germanyhad the most powerful socialist party in the world). In the 1880sthe German state began to provide accident, health and pension insurance and became the conscious model for Lloyd George and William Beveridge, the latter more than anyone being the architect of the British Welfare State. Beveridge visited Germany in 1907 and Lloyd George followed in 1908. It seems that the motivation of Bismarck and the British reformers was the same. The extension of the franchise to working-class men in the U.K. had occurred in 1885 and the institution of state social insurance was preferred to any socialist solution of the Marxist variety.The profit system, with what were regarded by many as its vagaries and caprices, was to be left in place. Indeed, Beveridge seems to have seen no conflict between state action and the free market. Interventionist social policies would strengthen the market and make it more efficient than ever.<< William Beveridge founder of the Welfare StateSubsequent developments have increasingly diverged fromthese early hopes and expectations. Pioneering work by TheInstitute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in London hasdemonstrated the degree and vitality of the early privateprovision of the social services which were to become theprovince of the State. As British governments increasinglydeveloped the Welfare State during the 20th century andsnuffed out these existing mechanisms for private provision,there was no obvious sense of gratitude from the Britishcitizens to their governments. Instead, we can tracecontinuing attempts by people to protect themselves fromthe poor level of welfare services provided by the State. The history of the Welfare State is the history of the flight from the Welfare State.Rent control came in during World War One (1915) and did not begin to be unwound until the late 1980s. The Local Government housing sector was established in the years after 1919 and was extended thereafter. Large ‘slum’ clearance programmes have transformed whole neighbourhoods and provided serious and unanticipated social consequences. In 1914, 90 per cent of dwellings were privately rented and 10 per cent owned. By 1993, only 10 per cent of dwellings were privately rented, with 20% provided by Local Government. Roughly 70 per cent of homes are privately owned. In other words, the 20th century in the U.K has seen homes go from being largely privately rented to being largely privately owned. Margaret Thatcher’s government in the 1980s launched a successful programme to sell publicly-owned housing to the tenants. Government intervention in the housing market has simply driven Englishmen out of rented accommodation into inflation-hedged miniature castles which they could proudly call their own.In 1893 the famous Cambridge economist, Alfred Marshall, told the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor to resist the call for universal pensions advised by the Fabians, Sidney and Beatrice Webb. He warned that they, ‘do not contain … the seeds of their own disappearance.I am afraid that, if started, they would tend to become perpetual’. State intervention in the provision of retirement income was developed by Acts of Parliament in 1908, 1925 and 1948. By the last Act, state provision covered virtually the entire population, but here again the results have been rather different from those expected by the original reformers.During the 1990s there has been a minor scandal concerning the misselling of private pensions. It has been claimed that salesmen may not have given absolutely correctinformation concerning future returns to prospective customers. I would point out that when you purchase a private pension, the money you pay goes to the creation of a fund of capital which will be at your disposal when you retire from work. With the State Pension, your money is simply taken and used as if it were just any other form of tax revenue. When you retire, you are entirely dependent on the state’s capacity to tax for your future pension, and there is plenty of competition chasing those taxes. That is the great 20th century pensions swindle, perpetrated on a scale which would make the slickest of salesmen shake their heads with bemused admiration.Many people in the U.K. have fled from the trap of the State Pension. The last 30 years have seen a dramatic expansion of private pension provision, whether through company or individual schemes. Around two thirds of the UK population is now covered privately in one form or another. This is in stark contrast to Continental Europe where, with the exception of Holland and Switzerland, pensions are almost entirely funded by the state. For these countries, the problems of the ageing population will be faced in a particularly pronounced form.It was in the area of healthcare that the most radical innovations were made by the state, and it is the in the area of healthcare where the problems have proved to be the most intractable. Private provision for healthcare at the start of the 20th century was extensive and growing with people paying by a variety of methods. By a series of measures in the first half of the20th century, the British state brought in state health insurance for the payment of the cost of healthcare bills. But the postwar Labour Government was not satisfied with such routine measures. It came up with the marvellous wheeze of healthcare ‘free at the point of demand’. You simply turned up at the doctor’s surgery or your local hospital and treatment would be provided – no questions asked. If Socialists were never to realise their dream of a society where money and prices had been abolished, the NHS would remain to provide a gleam of the Promised Land.Intelligent readers with a brief acquaintance of economics might suggest at this point that an important service which is free at the point of demand will have a large take-up. And theywill not be surprised to know that events have proved them right. Rationing has been the main mechanism by which consumption has been contained. Users of the NHS have to wait a considerable length of time for non-critical operations, and it matters very much in which area of the country you are located as to what standard of treatment you get.. The definitionof what is a non-critical operation can be somewhat stretched. One woman caused headlines last year when she wrote to Prime Minister Blair to say that her husband had had to wait so long for his heart-bypass that he had tragically died. But it is rather unfair to expect Mr. Blair to sort out the problems of the NHS. History will see his efforts as a final futile exercise tosave a decaying system. Blair is a modern day Necker, the minister of Louis XVI, whose reforms predictably failed to rejuvenate the enfeebled carcass of the Ancien Regime.In the face of a crumbling state system, people have done what is natural. They have made private provision for their future healthcare bills. Health insurance is becoming increasingly common as part of any job remuneration package, and I have no doubt that it will eventually match the company pension in popularity.Opinion polls still show the NHS to be popular in principle, but even this is gradually fading under the relentless pressure of poor standards and the never-ending cycle of crises. And there is the pertinent point made by Arthur Seldon, one-time economics’ guru at The Institute of Economics Affairs. Many opinion polls are less than informative unless a price label is attached. What people say and what they do can be quite different things. Even those people who profess to admire the NHS never miss the opportunity to take out private health insurance,and they are doing this is increasing numbers.The next 50 years will see the further withdrawal of the state from welfare services and its replacement by private provision. Libertarians of the more radical persuasion who would launch a putsch against the crumbling edifice of the Welfare State will be disappointed. Like Rome, it was not built in a day, and its fall will be a matter of decades, not something simply accomplished by a sweep of the revolutionary’s baton."Paradoxically, it would be cheaper for politicians to give away state-owned houses and apartments to existingtenants and wash their hands of the whole business."But the end, if prolonged, is also certain. Two-thirds of the population have made private provision for retirement and William Hague, the leader of the Conservative Party, wants to offer people under the age of 30 the chance to opt out of the state system entirely. The remainder of the public housing system is expensive to maintain. Paradoxically, it would be cheaper for politicians to give away state-owned houses and apartments to existing tenants and wash their hands of the whole business. Rising incomes will mean that people who as a matter of course expect a foreign holiday in a high standard hotel will not put with third-best in a NHS hospital.What will be the verdict of history on the British Welfare State? Its main crime was the replacement of the burgeoning and varied private provision of welfare with the uniformity and mediocrity of the state monopoly; the values of the entrepreneur substituted with those of the administrator. The aim of state welfare was to remove divisions in society. Ironically, theeffect has been to make those divisions more visible. Nothing is clearer in the UK today than the accommodation gap between the homeowner and the tenant in public housing. Nothing is more poignant than the difference between the pensioner who uses an ample private pension to spend the winter months in Spain, and the pensioner dependent on state benefits alone to fund the winter fuel bills. The charge sometimes levelled thoughtlessly against the Welfare State –that it suffocates by providing security ‘from the cradle to the grave’ – is precisely misplaced. The Welfare State failed because the level of security provided was far below that which the citizen could rightly have expected at the end of the 20th century.Yet perhaps at a more important level, the impact of the Welfare State may not have been that great. I have already pointed out that in the areas of pensions and housing the vast majority of people have been able to circumvent and mitigate the low standards of welfare provided by the state. Even with the NHS, we should be careful not to overestimate the damage. Life-expectancy in the U.K. is not much different from that of countries which have not enjoyed such an extensive Nationalised Health Service. The state sector of the economy in Britain has always been small and the effects of the market are pervasive. Such factors as improved nutrition, central heating, new drugs, and changes of behaviour may well have had a greater impact on health than anything the medical profession could have done. Men’s life expectancy in the U.K. is rising as heart disease and the incidence of lung cancer decline. Conversely, as women become mo re ‘liberated’ and adopt certain male behaviour patterns,such as the increased consumption of cigarettes, the gendergap for mortality statistics narrows. To put it bluntly: aswomen behave more like men, they die more like men, andthere is nothing much that doctors can do about it.So there it is. A 150 year experiment draws ever so slowly toits close. But when in the year 2050 yet another socialistcentenarian appears on our television screens lamenting thedisappearance of the last remnants of the Welfare State, weshould remember that her longevity was not the result of the rather second rate care afforded by the state. Rather, she exists as triumphant evidence of the market’s ability to improve the quantity and quality of our lives – even in the most unpromising of circumstances。
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireAbstract:With the Olympic Games in London is not satisfactory ending, people over the world has reminded the British decline.Review the history, the British had been referred to as the "Empire", the colonies were all over the world. The industrial revolution led the country had the rapid development of economy, colonial expansion make it have a land and labour, but also because of the two world war it was hurt seriously.In human history, once successively appeared many "powers", such as the ancient Greece and Rome, Britain, France and the United States today, etc. In these powers, England is the only ever established a single world hegemony countries, other countries are either regional powers, or once shared world hegemony with other country. From the 19th century, Britain have completely established the hegemony of advantages in the global scope, almost lasted for a century. However, being called "day falls empire", Britain will never escape the fate of dominating a century later, Britain began gradually to decline and become a second-tier national. Former radiance, although never to return, Britain for the world influence really should not be neglected, it involves political, economic, cultural and other aspects. For Britain's rise and fall, scholars always have different views. There are many books about Britain’s rise and fall.Next I will specifically introduce the rise and fall of the British EmpireKey W ords:The industrial revolution; British Empire; Colonial; World War; Decline1 IntroductionIn the middle of the nineteenth Century, the British Empire was on its peak and it was also the first world country. Britain's first place maintained the balance of power objectively. Due to The United States, France, Germany and Japan’s rise, especially the first World War and the October revolution and other major events, the British lost its dominance, and thus began a limit allowed the British Empire in the context of some early colonial self-government, finally led to the establishment of the commonwealth. After the Second World War, Britain has been reduced to the second status and its colonial system began to collapse. Britain has been reduced to a European country when the British asked to participate in the EC.II Literature Review<The British Empire > is one of books about the rise and fall of the world empire. The book elaborates the rise and fall of the British Empire in detail.(chen,2005;22485).< Dominate the world -- from Britain to return to Europe >, the book 's emphasis is on the industrial revolution to England in nineteenth Centuryto dominate the world, and then developed the "British disease ",at last it went to the decline of this history in the UK. The book also introduces the period of internal chaos to rise and fall history and explores its track and summarizes its experience and lessons.(qi,2005 )III The Analysis of the rise and fall of the British empireIn eighteen forties ,with the British Industrial Revolution had finished, England began to extend further outwardly its colonies. In addition with the revolution of science and technology in other fields widely used ( especially in the field of military ) Britain maintained a world-class most advanced navy, which for its overseas colonial expansion and consolidation of the " empire " to provide a strong backing of the force. To 1860 time, about 1/4 of the world's land is " the Empire ". But 50 years later it was on the decline, the beginning of the twentieth Century two world war left " empire " era is gone further. In its reasons I personally opinions is mainly British after the eighteen seventies failed to keep pace with the development trend of the world and the British economy owing to the limitations of conservative thought has not been much development. Britain in the world economy dominant position is shaken, and between 1929 to 1933 the world economic crisis and 6 years later ( 1939) the outbreak of the Second World War brought the British declined from " dominate the world " to " return to Europe ".Finally the empire became the history.I will introduce the reason of Britain’s decline in detail.The first, British is the world’s capitalism pioneer, but does not mean that it will be the leading forever. As far as the system, other countries follow the British established emerging capitalist system, and according to their actual situations to develop their economy. If methods are useful, overtaking the United Kingdom is possible.The second, the international situation was changed. Early capitalist, capitalist international market has not yet formed, was also developed, therefore, has not been perfect market only by expanding the consumer 's land area, plunder of raw materials to maintain and develop. When the United States, Germany, Japan and other emerging capitalist countries like France and old capitalist countries to catch up, the international market basically perfect, has formed a stable supply of raw materials and consumer groups. At this time the competition between each country depends on national industrial system technology, capital strength. At this time, the British capitalists are not good for the nation plays an important role in the industry, but more take a fancy to gain easier to overseas trade, many capital outflow to the colonies led to the domestic industry a general lack of funds, will not be able to update the technology, the industrial system tends gradually aging. At the same time, Germany,the United States, Japan and other emerging capitalist countries because of not so much of the colony, so are efforts to update technology, to achieve more market share, access to income. Finally, the British have stronger instead began to lag behind, while other countries on the rise.The third, the t wo World War ‘s combat. The two world war are basic to Europe as the main battlefield, the long war was a great drain on Britain's national power during the war, and many of his original sphere of influence and economic and political influence is the United States of America replaced, this is also a very important reason.The last one, the colonial independence movement was happened. The colonies became independent gave the declining empire a heavy destroy, and due to it lost a number of previous origin of raw materials and the overseas market. The recession and exogenous shocking led to the decline of the British empire.IV ConclusionRise and fall of the British Empire, is a hot topic in academic circles. It is from a small ocean island to dominate the world's " empire ", in the now regression second-rate European countries, its development history is full of legendary color. Its decline in a sense also marks the western hegemony for a period in the history of the war end and represents the decline of hegemony color.From the development history of Britain's rise and fall, we can draw some lessons: timely to face up to themselves, to straighten out his own position, seize opportunity, advance with the times. Timely adjust their international and domestic policy, in order to better adapt to the trend of world development, change the unreasonable economic and political system, make their own country more prosperous and powerful.References[1] 罗志如、厉以宁：《二十世纪的英国经济——“英国病”研究》[M]，人民出版社1982年版，第59页。
The Rise and Fall of British Empire(压缩版)
题目The Rise and Fall of British Empire要求Write an article of around 400 words. Try to cover the factors accounting for colonization and overseas expansion, important monarches, major colonies, how the Empire declined and its effect. You can make use of resources but need to condense(压缩) the content and limit the words.The Rise and Fall of British EmpireGreat Britain, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known and had several millions of people. What's more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world and had once been the leading power of the western countries; also she branded an indelible mark on the human civilization.With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. During the Tudor Monarchy, the clothing industry developed very fast, so landowners expelled their tenants and enclosedtheir field so that they could have more profit. Meanwhile, the discovery of New Lands and adventures voyages broke the old traditional mentality, provided a large market for commodity production. After the Britain Bourgeois Revolution, Parliament secured the dominant position in political life in Britain, so its policies would promote the Industrial Revolution greatly. The British Industrial Revolution was a great result of the social development in Britain. It marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind. In 1588, Britain beat the Armada, which not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion; the brutish just drove away or killed off the natives to make room for Britain colonies.All these factors enabled Britain to be the workshop of the world and London became the financial centre of the world trade. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began declining……During the second industrial revolution, Britain was experienced the disadvantages of having been the first nation to industrialize: their machinery and equipment was old and in some cases obsolete whereas the Americans and Germans could start with the latest technology available. With the two world wars over, Britain had faced the fact that it was no longer a major power. It would no longer keep up pretences: its cities had been damaged, its navy and army stretched to the limit, itswar debt enormous. The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. Within two decades, most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.Looking back from her rise to her decline , it is not difficult to see that Britain can become the most powerful country because of creating a new system of civilization, however, her decline is also because her system cannot adapt to the development of the new age. Whether the British disease can cure or not is still to be seen in the future.。
Chapter 1 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
Chapter 1The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyFarming was an important occupation in England in the 18th cen tury. Village and agriculture were the backbone of the nation. Changes in farming methods （农耕方法的改变）therefore would affect lives of millions. Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term “revolution”.（冠以革命这个词）Traditional farming involved （the open field village 是开放田地农村）, a system that dated back to the 5th century. Villages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields which centred all the arable land（把可耕土地集中于内）. These fields were divided into strips（条、快）shared out among the villagers. Each family's land was scattered about, so good land was fairly distributed.In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits（生产力的进一步提高意味着可观的利润）, so landowners wanted to replace the small farms by larger, economically more efficient farms. During the late 18th and early19th centuries , the Enclosure Acts（圈地法）enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title（头衔）and to divide it into enclosed fields（划入圈地内）. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results:(1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up（随着大农场兼并小农场）the small;(2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary product were consumed, and diet became more varied（饮食种类更加丰富）;(3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted（驱逐）from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands land（苏格兰高地）enclosure led to mass emi gration, particularly to the New World（新大陆）;(4) a new class hos tility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashedthe labourers hopes （粉碎了希望）of ever owning his own land. Many had to leave the land to survive（背井离乡去谋生）. Others became wage labourers（工薪阶层）, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity（尽管农业繁荣）.讨论：总体上讲，英国圈地运动功大于过，一方面为城市提供了劳动力和粮食，另一方面，农村实现了现代化，农民成为市民。
The rise and fall of the Qin Empire (2)
§2.7 The rise and fall of the Qin EmpireName （姓名）_______Class （班级） _______1.Analyze (finished by students)（学生分析相关资料）(1)背景介绍：秦统一六国的战争，既是战国末期最后一场诸侯兼并战争，又是中国历史上最早的一场统一战争。
从公元前230年到公元前221年，秦国用了10年的时间，相继灭掉了北方的燕、赵，中原的韩、魏，东方的齐和南方的楚六个国家，结束了春秋以来长达500余年的诸侯割据纷争的战乱局面，建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权统一国家。
(2)材料补充：材料一：据史书记载，秦朝的人口约2000万，减去妇女1000万，男子1000万中除去老弱病残，青壮年男子总数也只有三四百万人。
而修阿房宫和骊山陵达70万，打匈奴、筑长城30万，移民戍守越族地区50万，计有150万。
再加上修建驰道的，建筑离宫的，所以秦朝常年在外服役的有三百万。
因此，“丁男”全部服役也不够了，连“丁女”也要抽调去运输粮饷。
15%85%每年服役人口至少为300多万当时全国总人口数为2000多万材料二：“生男慎勿举，生女哺用脯。
不见长城下，尸骸相支拄？”——《长城歌》(大意：生了男孩千万不要养活，生了女儿就好好地用肉干喂养她。
你没看见那长城脚下的尸骨都堆积在一起吗？)材料三：据史书记载：税收20倍于古，2/3的收成交给政府。
假如一个农民收获900斤粮食，那么就要交国家600斤以上。
材料四：在新婚之夜，孟姜女的丈夫范杞良被抓去修长城。
孟姜女不远万里为丈夫送去御寒的衣物，花了很长时间才到长城，然而最后却被告知丈夫已经死了，尸体也被埋在长城之下。
孟姜女放声大哭，最终哭倒长城八百里，在枯骨堆里找到了丈夫的尸体。
秦始皇因此召见孟姜女，惊为天人，欲纳孟姜女为妾，孟姜女要求秦始皇为范杞良披麻带孝，秦始皇答应；在秦始皇祭拜完范杞良后，孟姜女捧起丈夫尸骨，当场投海自尽。
Chapter05 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)-推荐下载
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1990)第五章英帝国的兴衰I.Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
(Whigs and Tories) these two names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
Chapter05 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1990)第五章英帝国的兴衰I.Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
(Whigs and Tories) these two names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
Chapter 5Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688—1990)
Chapter 5Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688—1990)教学课时：4H目的和要求：了解18世纪英国工业革命，其中包括圈地运动，殖民剥削和奴隶贸易，工业革命的过程及其影响，宪章运动（1836-1848），殖民地国的建立，英帝国的衰落与瓦解以及战后英国。
教学方法：问题讨论、互动交流教学手段：课件演示教学重点和难点：1、Whigs and Tories2、Agricultural changes in the late 18th century3、the Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)4、the Chartist Movement (1836-1848)5、Trade Union and the Labor Party6、Colonial Expansion7、the Twentieth Century课堂讨论:Agricultural changes in the late 18th century;The far reaching effects of the Industrial Revolutionyour comment on land enclosures in England考核目标：1、the Whigs and the Tories2、Agricultural changes in the late 18th century3、The English Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of Britain4、The Chartist Movement and its significance5、The origin of the Labor Party6、The building of the British Empire7、Britain and WWI and WWII8、Postwar Britain9、Thatcherism教学过程及内容：I. Whigs and Tories （辉格党和托利党）1. Parliamentary politics in the late 18th and early 19th centuriesWhat were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?(1)The Constitutional MonarchyThe Glorious Revolution in 1688 resulted in the constitutional monarchy, in which parliament played an important role in the British politics.(2)Parliamentary politicsIn the late 18th and early 19th centuries, two political parties, the Whigs and the Tories, controlled Parliament.2. The Whigs and the Tories(1) The Whigs and the ToriesThey refer to the two parties originated with the Glorious Revolution.(2) the evolution of the Whigs and ToriesThe WigsA. Whigs was a derogatory name for cattledriversB. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissidentTories in the mid-19th centuryC. Become the Liberal Party that disintegratedand disappeared after WWI.The ToriesA. Tories an Irish word meaning thugs.B. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative PartyC. The Conservative Party still bears thenickname today.(3) Different ideasThe WhigsA.o pposed absolute monarchyB.s ympathy towards NonconformistsC.d emanded greater freedom (religious) and less government controlThe ToriesA.s upport hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kingsB.w anted to preserve the Church of EnglandC.i n favor of maintaining social orderII. Agricultural changes in the late 18th century1. Importance of farming in England in the 18th century(1) What kind of society was England in the 18th century?Agricultural society.(2) What was the most important occupation in an agricultural society?Farming was an important occupation in England then.(3) What was considered the backbone of the nation in the 18th century?Farm village and agriculture were the backbone of the nation.(4) What did changes in farming methods imply?Changes in farming methods would affect lives of millions.2. Agricultural Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuriesWhy were the agricultural changes in the late 18the and early 19th centuries termed “revolution”?(1) What were the features of the traditional farming in England?A. Traditional farming involved the open field villagea. Villages were surrounded by hedgeless fields which centered all the arable land.b.These fields were divided into strips shared out among the villagers.c.Much was done on a community basis.B. Large pieces of field left …fallow‟each year (unused/unsown) so that the soil wouldrecovered its richness after 2 years‟ cultivation.This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated.C. Simple community life of the countrysideBesides the fields there were commons and wastelands used by all villagers to grazelivestock.This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and subsistence farming before the modern industrial age.(2) What were the Drawbacks of such a system?A.it was wasteful for labor and timeB.fallow fields caused shortage of foodC.the open field system was a barrier to experiments(3) Agricultural revolutionA. Causes of the revolutiona. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapid, and most of thisincrease was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food.b. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so the small farms on the “open-field”system were replaced by larger and more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.B. The revolutiona.The “open-field” system was replaced by enclosed fieldsThe “open-field” system ended with the Enclosure Acts, and wealthierlandowners seized the land and divided it into enclosed fields.b. A system of crop rotation was introducedc.Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery were invented and used3. The result of land enclosures in EnglandThe enclosures had good as well as bad results:(1)Farms became bigger and bigger as the great bought up the small, and farming becamemore efficient.(2)The living standard was improved. More vegetables, milk, and dairy produce wereconsumed, and diet became more varied.(3)Enclosure was a disaster for tenants who made a living on the land.(4)Urbanization was increased as more and more people migrated to towns and became wagelaborers.III. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)1. What was the industrial revolution?It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.Or it means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes that transformed Britain from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and manufacturing one.2. Why was Britain the first country to initiate industrial revolution?(1) Political conditionsA. Parliament became dominant in political life after the 1688 Palace coup (GloriousRevolution)The limited monarchy resulted from the Glorious Revolution ensured that the powerful economic interests could exert their influence over government policy.B. It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and its demand for development andexpansion.(2) External conditionsA.The British-Spanish War enabled Britain to be a sea powerB.English capitalists could expand foreign markets and plant overseas colonies.(3) Primitive CapitalThe capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitationPlunder: church property; Africa and America by triangle tradeExploitation: the peasants(4) Cheap laborThe enclosures drove peasants off their land and they had to seek employment(5)Mentality changesMaking money and profit was no longer a sin; interests became moral(6)Theoretical basisFree competition and free trade(7)Scientific basisScientist like NewtonFor the contributing factors of Britain as the first country to witness Industrial Revolution, also refer to pp. 66-67 in the book.3. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?(1) Which industry did the Industrial Revolution begin with?The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry.(2) What was the characteristic of it?It was characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such asJohn Ray‟s flying shuttle (飞梭),James Hargreaves‟ spinning Jenny（詹妮纺纱机），Richard Arkwright‟s waterframe（水力纺纱机），and Samuel Crompton‟s mule（走锭纺纱机）.The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery.（3）What was the most important element in speeding industrialization?The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke（焦炭）instead of charcoal（木炭）in 1709.Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry（铁的锻造领域）which enabled iron to replace wood and stone in many sectors of the economy.(4) How about transportation?Improved transportation (road and canal construction) ran parallel with production.(5) What was the result of the Industrial Revolution?As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”. No other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. IV. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) 宪章运动The Chartist Movement is also called The People‟s Charter.1. Background of the Chartist MovementAppalling living and working conditions(The working men worked and lived in appalling condition, e.g. workers in factories were treated badly, working 15 hours a day in poor light and deafening noise. They began to destroy the hated machines.) ↓The working class, the Proletariat came into being.↓Organized as trade unions, as an independent class↓Fight for higher wages and better living conditions↓Defend their interests, reform of Parliament(Representative in Parliament)2. Parliament ReformWhat do you know about parliament reform?(1)Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform.(2)Reasons for the reformA. Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.a. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence than it has today andthe Commons were also really “gentry” on edge of aristocracy.b. The Commons were elected only by a very small proportion of the population.d.The vote was a privilege for a small number of male citizens. No females wereallowed to vote.B. Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.Today the country is split into equal sized units for voting, but in the 19th century itwas not.C. There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.（衰败选区和口袋选区）Rotten boroughs: had been busy market towns, and were deserted, but they could still elect Members of Parliament.Pocket boroughs: elections were not won by political views but by influence or money（英国旧时由个人或家族操纵的选区）. At that time, there was no secretballot. V oters were recorded in poll-books for all to see. Candidates could buyoff or bully voters. So voters were already so intimidated by the great locallandowner that even before the election the seat was already “in his pocket”.(3) Result of the reformA.Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.B.The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Great Charter of 1832”) abolished “rottenboroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growingtowns.C.It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of theirproperty.3. The Chartist Movement(1) What do you know about the Chartist Movement?A. Nature: It was an industrial working class political movement.B. Duration: It happened in England from 1836 to 1848.C. Participants: In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed theLondon Working Men‟s Association.(2) What do you know about the People‟s Charter?They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the Peop le‟s Charter) in 1838, which had 6 points:A.Vote for all adult males;B.Voting by secret ballot;C.Equal electoral districts;D.Abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament;E.Payment of members of Parliament, andF.Annual Parliament, with a General Election every June.(3) What about the result of the Chartist Movement?A.Support for these 6 demands was loudly voiced all over the country.B.Other workingmen formed Chartist groups throughout the country to pressParliament to accept the 6 points.C.But Parliament rejected them three times.D.In the end, the Chartist Movement failed.(4) Two groups of the ChartistsThe Chartists could be roughly divided into 2 groups:A. The Moral Force Chartists: wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means (politicalpersuasion)B. The Physical Force Chartists: wanted to achieve their purpose by violence.(5) What is your comment on the failure of the Chartists? (Reasons for the failure andsignificance)A.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadershipB.Its lack of coordination with the trade-unionism.C.The working class was still immature, without the leadership of a political partyarmed with correct revolutionary theory.D.However, it was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention toserious problems.E.As Lenin put it the Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed,proletarian revolutionary movement.”V. Trade Unions and the Labor PartyHow did the Labor Party come into being?1. Unity is strength. The new working class was established in the industrial town in the late18th century, and they became aware of the power which they could possess if they actedtogether instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formedwhich brought about the formation of a political party, the Labor Party.2. Origin. The Labor Party had its origins in the Independent Labor Party (ILP), which wasformed in 1893.3. Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The foundation of an effective party for labordepended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and anumber of small societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC)4. The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party in time for the general election whichwas called for 1906.5. The Labor Party remains one of the 2 major parties in Britain until today.VI. Colonial ExpansionWhat was the colonial expansion like during the 19th century?1. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of New-foundland in 1583.2. the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19thcentury.3. the colonial expansion included the following aspects:(1) The growth of dominions.（自治领的发展）In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, underpopulated territories: Canada,Australia, and New Zealand.(2) the conquest of India.The establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economicpenetration. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete.(3) The scramble for Africa.At the beginning of the century British possessions were confined to forts and slavetrading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa wasgradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apartfrom the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East inEgypt and the Sudan.(4) Aggression against China.4. By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vastnumber of protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions; and it included 25% of the world‟s population and area.VII. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War(1) Competition of the imperialist powersAt the beginning of the 20th century, France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets. Germany was emerging as the biggest threat to Britain.(2) The First World WarA.Duration: 1914-1918B.Two Parties: The war was primarily fought between 2 European power blocs:a.the “Central Powers” （同盟国）: Germany and Austria-Hungaryb.the “Allies” （协约国）: Britain, France and Russia.C. Why Britain involved?Britain was afraid that Germany would overrun Europe and gain control of parts of theBritish Empire.C.The result: The war lasted 4 years. Finally the Central Powers sued for peace, and anarmistice came into effect on November 11, 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed onGermany formalized the Allied victory.D.Influence:a.During the WWI, Britain lost over a million people.b.Apart from this, there had been considerable disruption of the economy andsociety.c.Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nations(国际联盟).2. Britain between the two World WarsThe First World War had great effects on British society.(1) Great unemployment: by 1921 there were over 2 million unemployed.(2) Political unrest: Political unrest led to 4 general elections in just over 5 years. In 1926 ageneral strike paralyzed the country.(3) The Great Depression: the effects of the New York Stock Market crash of 1929 soonspread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great Depression.3. Britain and the Second World War(1) BackgroundThe harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles after WWI had left Germany embittered（怨愤已极）and unstable. With the coming to power of Adolf Hitler and Nazism in Germany, the Versailles arrangements began to crumble.(2) WWIIThe German troops invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The British, who found that the policy of appeasement（绥靖政策）of German aggression was no longer tenable, was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3.It was not until 1945 that Britain won final victory.(3) Social influence in BritainA.Britain suffered far fewer military casualties in WWII than in WWI. Some 250,000were killed, with a further 110,000 dead from Empire and Commonwealth forces.B.Britain, having devoted her entire strength to the war, was left gravely impoverished.She lost 1/4 of her national wealth and entered upon a period of economic andfinancial difficulties.German bombing raids destroyed many cities. The Blitz (air attack, lightning war) radically changed the face of London. Many London families spent their nights in theunderground stations.4. Postwar Britain(1) Return from Conservative government to Labor governmentA.At the general election of 1945 Winston Churchill was heavily defeated.B.The people had suffered the Blitz, evacuation, rationing and the total technologicalwarfare.（人们遭受了闪电战袭击、逃离家园、定量配给和完全技术战争之苦）Theywanted to put the war behind them and as Churchill had symbolized the war effort thatmeant he too was now past history. The Conservative Party‟s traditional principlesseemed old-fashioned. People did not want Britain to return to the politics of the 1920sand 1930s and hoped that the Labor Party would be able to sort out the problems of thewar-torn country.（人们渴望工党政府能解决因战争使国家支离破碎的各种问题）（2）Founding of welfare stateThe foundation of the welfare state was laid during these years, providing free medical care for everyone and financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.(3) End of the empireOne of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened the end of Britain‟s empire.India gained independence in 1947, Burma in 1948; Newfoundland joined the Dominion of Canada in 1949; several British colonies in Africa won their independence.Soon few of Britain‟s old colonial possessions were left.(4) Leading industrial powerBy the mid-1950s things were definitely looking up.A.Unemployment was lowB.Wages were far higher than they had been beforeC.More and more people were buying cars and going on holidaysD.By the 1960s Britain was one of the world‟s leading industrial as well as nuclearpowers.(5) The Permissive Age（自由放任的年代）A.What does it referred to?The 1960s were the Swinging Sixties（活跃的60年代），or the Permissive Age.B.What were the reflections in life?a.Writers wrote about working class life in a way no one had done before.b.Actors achieved huge success, and films became big box-office attractions（取得极好的票房）c.Pop music underwent a revolution and the Beatles（甲壳虫乐队）became worldfamous（风靡全球）d.As a result of relaxation of attitudes there was a sexual revolution.(6) European Economic Community（欧洲经济共同体）（now European Union 欧盟）In January, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community which was established in 1957.(7) ThatcherismA. The background----deterioration of economicsa.The optimism of the 1960s disappearedb.Rising oil prices pushed up the cost of living,c.Unemployment was risingd.And the IRA bombing campaign brought home the seriousness of the situation inNorthern Ireland.e.The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and MargaretThatcher became the first woman Prime Minister in Britain.B. What are the main contents of Thatcherism?a. Mrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and privatization. Her policies arepopularly referred to as Thatherism.b. It included (A) the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, (B) the useof monetarist policies to control inflation, (C) the weakening of trade unions, (D)the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, (E) and an emphasison law and order.c. All this made the 1980s a decade of increased prosperity.课后思考与练习：1、Answer the following questions:1) What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?2) What is your comment on land enclosures in England?3) What was the Industrial Revolution? Why was Britain the first country to start the industrial revolution?4) How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?5) What do you know about parliamentary reforms?6) What do you know about the Chartist movement and the People‟s Charter? What is your comment on them?7) How did the Labor Party come into being?8) What was the British colonial expansion like during the 19th century?9) What are the main contents of Thatcherism?2、Explain the following terms:1) the “workshop of the world”2) the Chartist Movement3) the permissive age教后附记：---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
09.04.Rise-and-Fall-of-the-Roman-Empire
Extended citizenship to more and more provincials.
Said he “found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.”
Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea during the reign of Augustus.
Octavian Becomes Augustus
• Octavian was sole ruler of Rome after his forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium • The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning “most high” • 23 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as Augustus, was made consul for life by the Senate
Tiberius (14-37 CE)
• Stepson of Augustus • Abolished the Assembly • Capable general who extended the frontier in the north • Strengthened the empire • Appeared to dislike ruling, and gradually retired to the island of Capri
– But from the start, there was confusion as to which family member would inherit the throne – Some emperors proved to be cutthroats, or insane, or both – The military came to play an enormous role in selecting who would become emperor
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The plains of North America and Russia are our corn-fields; Chicago and Odessa our granaries; Canada and the Baltic are our timber-forests; Australasia contains our sheep-farms, and in South America are our herds of oxen; Peru sends her silver, and the gold of California and Australia flows to London; the Chinese grow tea for us, and our coffee, sugar, and spice plantations are in all the Indies. Spain and France are our vineyards, and the Mediterranean our fruit-garden; and our cotton-grounds, which formerly occupied the Southern United States, are now everywhere in the warm regions of the earth.
The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" has been used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was always at least one part of their territory in daylight. It was originally used for the Spanish Empire, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe.
In history there are many people who want to become the most powerful leader in the world. None of them can do it. But the British had made his authority extend to almost all over the world. As we all know, Britain is an island country in Western Europe. British Empire reached its highest point in the early 20th century. It hat around the world more than 50 pieces of colonies. The total area of the territory of the British Empire reached 33 million square kilometers, had the largest global colonization. At that time British Empire controlled one-third of the territory and a quarter of the world's population, ruled the world for more than a century, war a veritable "The empire on which the sun never sets."
Why can Britain become do this?
First, it has an advantaged geographic location. As an island British local territory is limited, so Britain has always attached great importance of sea power, strongly develop the ocean industry. Britain located in Shipping center. This provides a great convenience to colonial expansion.
Second, after the bourgeois revolution rule into bourgeois Britain. Commerce and industry in Britain great developed. In this case, Britain urgently need new markets
and material base. This is also an important motivity for British colonial expansion. Third, Britain took the lead in the industrial revolution, cam into the "steam" era. British economic and technological strength has been greatly improved, which provides extremely favorable conditions for the development of the British army. What ist British approach to become "The empire on which the sun never sets"? Britain expand business and business, accelerate and strengthen the development colonies, to control the overseas market, monopolize supply of raw materials, and rob overseas wealth. After Holland has Britain an East India Company established, to set up a commercial colonial system.
Britain pay more attention to the construction of navy, build the most powerful navy in the world to control shipping route in the world. British pirates are free to attack and rob the Spanish ship are not subject to punishment.
The reason for the decline of Britain
Two world wars so that Britain's strength was. There are more powerful countries in the world. Especially in Europe. It depends too much on colonies in aspect of economy.。