10国际贸易实务双语教程 (9)
国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts-30页精选文档
Invalidation of an Offer
1. The expiry date 2. Rejection 3. Counter-offer 4. Force Majeure 5. In case that the offeror or offeree becomes
Definition
An offer is a proposal of terms and conditions presented in a potential contract by one party, called the offeror, to anther party, called the offeree.
Counter Offer
Counter offer means a reply to the offer made by the offeree, not accepting completely the terms of the offer and with the proposal to modify or change it.
2. The validity time in an offer not stipulated definitely
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
incapable of legal transaction (such as insanity, death etc.), the offer is invalid.
《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案
《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes.There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出⼝6边际利润16收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7市场占有率17超额能⼒8贸易歧视18贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9时机选择19全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons,so he asked his staff to investigate.Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame.The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries.It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective.The meaning derived from a legend.According to the legend,there was a king who hated a minister,so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment.The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However,the appetite of the white elephant was so great,and the minister became poorer.So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine? of growth. How ever oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind ofbusiness transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profitand loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import n eeds. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/a74fbca93069a45177232f60ddccda38376be1c2.html mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawnbefore it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packingconditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day?s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there isa market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第⼀封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 10
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 10国际贸易实务双语Chapter 10第一节：背景介绍本章将介绍国际贸易实务中与国际金融相关的内容。
国际金融是指跨境支付、汇率风险管理、海外投资等在国际贸易中涉及的金融活动。
在国际贸易中，有效的国际金融策略和工具的运用对企业的贸易成功至关重要。
本节将介绍跨境支付的相关流程和常用工具，然后讨论汇率风险管理的方法和工具，介绍海外投资和融资的注意事项。
通过学习本节内容，学员将掌握国际金融的基本知识，为实际贸易操作提供指导。
第二节：跨境支付跨境支付是指在国际贸易中进行货款结算的过程。
由于国际贸易涉及不同国家之间的交易，货款结算涉及到跨境资金流动和外汇交易。
在跨境支付中，常用的工具包括电汇、信用证、托收和国际支票等。
1. 电汇电汇是指通过银行进行的跨境货款结算方式。
在电汇中，购买方通过银行委托向卖方的银行发出支付指令，卖方的银行收到指令后将货款划入卖方的账户。
电汇相对快速和安全，是国际贸易中常用的支付方式。
2. 信用证信用证是一种由银行开立的保证付款的文件。
在信用证中，购买方的银行承诺在卖方向其发出的货款要求信用证中所要求的条件得到满足时支付货款。
信用证可以提高卖方的支付保障，降低购买方的未履约风险。
3. 托收托收是指将交易凭证委托给银行，由银行向买方收款的过程。
托收相对于信用证来说操作流程较为简单，但支付保障程度较低。
4. 国际支票国际支票是指在国际贸易中使用的支票。
买方向卖方出具支票，卖方可以通过托收或银行本票等方式兑现支票。
国际支票的使用需要注意相关的国际清算规则和付款条件。
第三节：汇率风险管理在国际贸易中，由于涉及不同国家的货币，汇率波动可能会对交易的盈利和成本产生影响。
，管理汇率风险是国际贸易中的重要任务。
1. 前期汇率锁定前期汇率锁定是指在交易之前就确定交易的汇率，以规避汇率波动风险。
常用的前期汇率锁定方法包括远期合约和货币期权。
2. 经营性汇率风险管理经营性汇率风险管理是指在交易中灵活应对汇率波动，以降低风险。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第版)答案
第一章练习答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To see out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens,copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV. Case Study.Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business. (Open)VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.1. ( T )2. ( F )3. ( F )4. ( T )5. ( F )6. ( T )7. ( T )8. ( F )9.（T ）10.（T）11.（F）12.（F）13.（T）14.（T）15.（F）Ⅶ.Translate the following into English1.Trade is often said to be the "engine" of development. Although this analogy is too simple, itdoes illustrate the importance of foreign trade in economic development. Although the healthy growth of exports is not always sufficient for rapid and sustained economic growth, it is undeniable that there is a positive and close link between the two. The role of trade development in economic growth is manifested in many ways. Among them are: the benefits of professional division of labor, the role of international competition in promoting domestic economic efficiency and the ability to pay for the import of goods needed for development, as well as more generally , the encouragement of investment and entrepreneurship.2.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced by one country withgoods and services produced by another country. In addition to the visible trade, that is, the import and export of goods and cargos, there are also invisible trade, which refers to the exchange of labor between countries. Countries such as Greece and Norway, which have vast maritime fleets and provide transport services, reflect a form of invisible trade. For some countries, invisible trade is just as important as raw materials and commodity exports for some other countries. In both cases, these countries can make money to buy the goods they need.3.International trade is varied in a variety of ways. Underwriting refers to the seller , in aparticular area and within a certain period of time , to give foreign customers the exclusive right to sell the designated commodity trade. In this deal, the goods are taken over by the underwriter, sold on their own and are self-financing. This is different from a commission-only agent, and because the underwriter enjoys a franchise in a particular area, making it distinct from the general sale and purchase agreement.4.No country in the world can produce all the products it needs, so all countries participate inthe international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes , a country can buy goods and services abroad from a barter, which refers to the exchange of onegood for another and not for money. Barter trade by itself is not enough to meet the needs ofa country's imports. However, as a mode of trade, it is attractive to developing countries thathave a shortage of foreign exchange or shortage of inflow of foreign capital to meet the demand for foreign trade.Ⅷ. Multiple Choices1-5 D D A D B 6-10 A A A B A第二章练习答案Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions1.Please tell us the procedures of international trade.The procedures of an export or import business are so complicated that it may take quite a long time to conclude a transaction. Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of export or import transaction. From the very beginning to the end of the transaction, the whole operation generally undergoes four stages: preparing for exporting or importing, business negotiation, implementation of the contract, and settlement of disputes(if any). Each stage covers some specific steps. Since the expo rt and import trades are two sides of the same coin, and one country’s export is another country’s import.2.What are the parties involved in export and import transaction?The parties who are involved in export and import transactions are numerous and can be described as variously. The basic parties are the buyer who purchases the goods and the seller who provides the goods.3.What are the specialists involved in export and import transaction?Many specialists may be involved in export and import transaction, including:(1) A shipping agent and /or foreign forwarder (forwarding agent) will take responsibility for the documentation and arrange for the goods to be shipped by air, sea, rail or road. These services may be carried out by the supplier’s own export department, if they have the expertise.(2) Airlines, shipping lines, railway companies or haulage contractors will actual transport the goods.(3) Both the importer’s and exporter’s banks will be involved in arranging payments if a letter of credit or bill of exchange is used.(4) Customs and Excise officers may need to examine the goods, check import or export licensing and charge duty and /or V AT.(5) A chamber of Commerce may need to issue a Certificate of Origin, if this is required by the importer’s country.(6) An insurance company insures goods in transit.(7) A lawyer if a special contract has to be drawn up.4. What are the documents needed in export and import transaction?An import/export transaction usually requires a lot of complicated documents because it is difficult to make many different arrangements when one firm is dealing with another on the other side of the world. The number and type of documents needed depend on the specific requirements of the exporter and importer. Generally, the documents needed include:(1) Bill of Lading.(2) Commercial Invoice.(3) Proforma Invoice.(4) Consular Invoice.(5) Packing List.(6) Weight Memo.(7) Certificate of Inspection.(8) Certificate of Origin.(9) Insurance Policy (Certificate).(10) Sales Contract.(11) Sales Confirmation.II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.F 13. T 14. F 15.TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:Messrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight,but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Case StudyQuestions:(1) What is your opinion? Give the reasons to support your opinion.(2) How to prevent such dispute?(1) The first letter of Company A and Company B can be considered as an offer, during which Company A made a request for packaging. While Company B modified the terms of the offer, which can be considered as a counter offer or a new offer. After the counter offer was issued by Company B, Company A did not reply. Although it indicated that it was bound by the offer of the company B, yet Company A did not expressly accept to Company B,(2)At this time , the contract is not established. Therefore, Company B refused to honor the contract on this ground. Company A would fall into the passive status. In order to avoid this situation, Company A, in receipt of the B Company's offer, should promptly accept it.Ⅸ.Multiple Choices1. BCE2. AB3. BCD4. ABE5. ADE6. BCDE7. CD8. ABC9. ABC 10. ABC第三章练习答案Unit 3 Contracts for the International Sale of GoodsI. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance,commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案
KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)课后答案解析
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financialpurposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to geta higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent toan offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
英文 Unit 9.10 Import and Export Practice
Contents
Section 1 Import and Export Procedure
Section 2 Documents
Exercises
Section 1
I. Export procedure
Step 1 Preparation
Any exporter who wants to open a new market in a foreign country must conduct a lot of market research. Export market research is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products can be supplied. The exporter needs to know which countries are likely to use his products and which companies are interested in marketing the products. And the exporter must analyze whether there is a potential for making a profit. conduct potential v. 实施,引导 n. 潜能, 潜力
Section 1
I. Export procedure
◎ Enquiries from friends or acquaintances residing in foreign countries ◎ Participating in international trade fairs and exhibitions ◎ Surfing the Internet ◎ Visiting embassies, consulates , etc. of other countries ◎ Advertising in newspapers having overseas editions and other foreign newspapers and magazines, etc.
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案
Chapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of nationalborders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but alsoencompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism,banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such businessrelationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment andMultinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all internationaleconomic and financial transactions between one nation United States ) andthe rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usuallymeans high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims atgaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often gethigher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more fundsfrom one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation). 10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and theenvironments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products andservices and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least commitment and leas t risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as fortrademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencingare also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1. JIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价 13 间接投资4 国内市场 14 有形货物5 制成品 15 有形进出口6 边际利润 16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率 17 超额能力8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择 19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期 20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two isclearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in onecountry for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visibletrade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nationssuch as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportationservice. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of businesstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. Anddifference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on abarter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goodsof another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountry’s impo rt needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text: satisfying; , foreign/overseas; ; ; ;; ; ; , venture;the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, anotherfished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commoditiesthan it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enoughof aparticular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, amixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exportsthan on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nation’s balance of p ayment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items asmanufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevantparties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. Theformer refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin withenquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreementand as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailedthan a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually usedfor smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contractis indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) thesignature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon thecontracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described inaddition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality,specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitrationand force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
The key elements constituting an acceptance
1. An acceptance must be made by the specific offeree.
2. The contents of the acceptance must be in compliance with the offer, that is to say, the modification on the offer is usually regarded as a counter offer as stated above.
Acceptance
Implication of an acceptance The key elements constituting an acceptance The period for an acceptance coming into effect Late Acceptance The Withdrawal of An Acceptance
Definition of Contract
A contract is an agreement reached by two or more than two parties concerned, in order to establish, modify or terminate the civil right and obligation of the parties.
国际贸易实务双语教程(第4版)chapter9
Airway Bill
Airway Bill has the following features: a. It is a transport contract signed between the consignor/shipper
and the carrier/ airline. b. It is a receipt from the airline acknowledging the receipt of the
Land Bridge Transport
1 Ocean Transport
Ocean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international trade as well as the most efficient form in terms of energy.
2) Liner/Regular Shipping Liner
A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports.
3) Freight of liners
Pipelines are used for transporting commodities, such as crude oil and gases etc., long distances over land and under the sea.
International combined transport means the conveyance of cargo includes at least two modes of transport by which the goods are carried from the place of dispatch to that of destination on the basis of combined transport or a multimodal transport contract.
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案
K e yChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of nationalborders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but alsoencompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism,banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such businessrelationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) andthe rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least com mitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencingagreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价 13 间接投资4 国内市场 14 有形货物5 制成品 15 有形进出口6 边际利润 16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率 17 超额能力8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择 19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期 20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of businesstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountry’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade. Chapter2I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailedthan a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually usedfor smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contractis indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract;3) thesignature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitrationand force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
国际贸易实务双语课件chapter nine.ppt
Delivery of Goods 货物的装运
Section One: Methods of Delivery （装运方式）
Section Two: Delivery Conditions （装运条件）
Section Three: Shipping Documents （货运单据）
解答
计费标准为W/M，根据已知条件，可求出积载系 数为大于1，故按重要计算运费
每吨单位运价：80*（1+20%+10%）=104美元 该货总运费：104*10=1040美元
2.Railway Transport （铁路运输）
特点：货运量大、速度快、安全可靠、运输成本低、运 输准确和受气候影响较小等
铁路运输有4种： a. 国内铁路运输； b. 往香港澳门的铁路运输； c. 国与国之间的铁路运输； d. 国际铁路货物联运。
Air Transport （航空运输）
优点：速度快、交货迅速、货损率低以及节省 包装、储存等费用。
缺点：运量小、运价高，易受恶劣气候的影响。 航空运输可分为以下4种： a. Scheduled airliner班机运输 b. Charted carrier包机运输 c. Consolidation集中托运 d. Air express急件运送
International Combing Transport / International Multimodal Transport （国际多式联运）
一般是以集装箱为媒介，把海、陆、空多种传统的单 一运输方式有机地结合起来，组成一种国际间的连贯 运输。 在中国的主要多式联运： 1）火车、飞机的联合运输方式 2）火车、船的联合运输方式 3）集装箱运输方式
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Section Two Features of China's Cross-border Ecommerce Development
（我国跨境电子商务发展特征）
1. Firstly, new business subjects spring up. 2. Secondly, trade scale is expanding rapidly. 3. Thirdly, the threshold for small and medium-
Section Four Cross-border E-Commerce（跨 境电商）
A Brief Graph to Cross-border E-commerce Procedure
Section Five Policy Defects of Cross-border Ecommerce(跨境电子商务面临的政策缺陷)
Section Three Regulations on Cross-border Ecommerce（我国跨境电子商务的法规）
1 On July 26, 2013, the General Office of the State Council issued Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting Steady Growth and Adjusting Structures in Foreign Trade (Guo Ban Fa [2013] No. 83), putting forward explicit requirements to develop cross-border e-commerce.
2. the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Opinions Concerning the Implementation of the Policies to Support Retail and Export in CrossBorder E-commerce (Guo Ban Fa [2013] No.89)formulated by Ministry of Commerce and other Departments
sized enterprises conducting cross-border trade lowers. 4. Fourthly, emerging markets have become the highlights. 5. Fifthly, import size is small, but export one develops to the contrary.
The Ownership Management Problems of E-commerce Transactions
电子商务交易归属管理问题
The Market Access Issue of Trading Body 交易主体市场准入问题
Section Six Payment Business Defects of Crossborder E-commerce(跨境电子商务支付业务 管理缺陷)
Difficulty in Auditing the Trade Authenticity 交易真实性难以审核
Difficulties of the Balance of Payments 国际收支申报存在困难
Section Seven Local Implementation Plans（ 地方实施方案）
/article/newsrelease/signi ficantnews/201312/20131200440472.shtml）
Exercise
1. What is the definition of “ Cross-border e-commerce”？ 2. What is “Network Space”？ 3. What is B2B? 4. What is B2C? 5. What are the features of Cross-border E-commerce? 6. Why is it difficult to identify the e-commerce user's identity
Section One Features of Cross-border Ecommerce (跨境电子商务的特征)
1. Global Forum 全球性 2. Intangibility 无形性 3. Anonymity 匿名性 4. Real-time 即时性 5. Paperlessness 无纸化
Chapter Thirteen A Brief Introduction to Cross-border ECommerce
Cross-border e-commerce is developed based on the network; the network space is a new space , relatively speaking , to the physical space. 跨境电子商务是基于网络发展起来的，网络空间相 对于物理空间来说是一个新空间
and its geographical location? 7 Please try to finish all the exercise in