英美概况美国部分
英美概况美国部分
Lecture one: Geography and PeopleLocation :Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic.Territorial area:9.5million square kilometers50states and seat of government is Washington D.CLargest state---AlaskaLargest on the continent---TexasSmallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州)Newest---HawaiiThree geographical divisions（三大地形区）:Western ,central and eastern part .Land forms and region:Eastern part:Highlands formed by Appalachian rangeWestern part:High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain:A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western RockiesMain geographical regions:New England(6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities )The Mid-Atlantic StatesThe West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP )The Mid-WestThe South(13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large citiesThe SouthwestHawaii:Tourism is the largest source of incomeTropical climateRivers and Lakes:Mississippi River---largess and most important river in the system of GulfKnown as the river to American Indians.Hudson River:Flow through New York.The Great Lakes:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.The most important system of inland waterways in the world.Lake Michigan is wholly within the United StatesPart of the boundary runs through these lakesNiagara Fall is located on the U.S-Canada border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Climate:Mainly temperate and some mild subtropical areas with only southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.Natural resources:Abounds in mineral resourcesPopulation:The third most populous country in the worldUneven distribution :most densely populatedNation of Immigrants :White Anglo-Saxon protestantThe Black :The Civil Rights Movements:The Civil Rights Movements began when the black people spontaneously oppose the Segregation Law and establish organizations to make the protest successful.Martin Luther King:The political and religious leaders of non-violent civil rights movementNobel peace prize.Hispanics:Spanish-speaking AmericansMexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans(best economic achievements )MiamiAsian Immigrants :The Chinese were the first Asians to come to the U.S, ”model minority”.Racial Assimilation:America is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ”Melting Pot”and a Multi-Cultural SocietySpeak the same languageHave the same habits and manner.Lecture2:government and political systemAmerican constitution :Set down the basic framework of American government.Basic concept :Separation of power ,check and balances.Functions :Founding the American rule of law.Creating the federal system with a supreme national government.Having great flexibilityBuilding up the Republican form of government(共和制政体).Defining and limiting the power of the national government.Defining the relationship between national government and individual(个别)state governments.Guaranteeing the rights of the citizens of America.Supreme law, authority derived from people.Significance :Taking precedence over （为…开创先例）all state constitutions and law.First of its kind in the world, it has inspired dozens of other countries to seek for political reform.Federal system and government:The definition of Federalism(联邦制):The states are united into a federation.Federal government has the delegated power（委托权）.Both federal government and state government are Supreme power in their spheres of authority.Significance of federalism :Unify the states in their pursuit of common goals without completely deprive them of their independence.Federal government:Established by a federalism, there is a federal republic of 50 U.S states, District ofColombia and many other insular(岛屿的) areas.Branches of the government :Legislative ,executive and judicial branch.Separate but equally important ,checked and balanced by each other.The legislative branch :Congress :Briefing :Conference venue（会议场所）：The capitol(国会大厦)with Senate in the north wing and the house of representatives in the south wing.Law making and supreme legislative body.Monitor /supervise and influence aspects of the executive branch(congress’s responsibility :ensure ,comply with the law)Two chambers ----Senate（参议院）and the House of representatives（众议院）. Senate:Two members from each state as required by the Constitution with current membership 100.More important, consent to president’s proposal.The house of representatives:Each congressional district elect a representative.Each state is represented on the basis of population.More partisan that the Senate.The function:Pass the laws for the Union.The revenue bills must be originated in the house of representatives.The executive branch: comprises 14 branches and other independent agencies.Cabinet :formed by department’s heads ----secretaries.President:the chief of executive branch of the federal government. state and commander-in-chief of the military.Presidential residence: White House ,presidential term ：Serve one or two successive terms.Responsibility: taking care of the laws be faithfully executed.Executive Departments :Functions:The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws.Head of the departments are chosen by president and approved by the Senate .Cabinet :A part of the executive branches of the U.S government and consists of the heads of the executive departments.Secretary of the state:Head of the Department of State, foreign affairs.Judicial branch:Definition:consist of a series of courts:supreme court (highest),court of appeal and district court.What it applies to ?In most criminal cases and some civil cases.Function:Finders of factDecide on whether the defendant committed the crime.Unanimous decision.Political partiesDemocratic party and Republican partyDonkey and ElephantThe Democratic Party(donkey):Liberal.Anti –federalists southwest cotton plantation ownersEmphasizing the governmental interference in economy.The Republican Party(GOP, elephant):Conservative (more assertive in international affairs)Difference and similarity:With regard to economy, the Democrats favor the governmental intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market.On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republican oppose a large social security programs.Presidential election:Only the candidates nominated by the two Parties have the chance to win a Presidential election.Presidential election has 4 stages：The first stage: choosing the candidatesThe second stage: the campaigning stageThe third stage: votingThe forth stage: meeting the states capitalsLecture3:EconomyThe U.S economy is the current economic, industrial and technological giant.The largest developed country and the only superpower in the worldMixed economy:Emphasizing the private ownership(私有制).Federal government will regulate businesses.Private business produce the most goods and services.Economy system :free enterprise system.Type of business: Proprietorship(独资), cooperation and partnerships.History of American economy:The colonial period:Colonies are settled to escape religious persecutions and business ventures.After the settlement of the new England in1620,The English investors turn over colonial charter to the settlersSubsequently, the settlers established secondary industries formed a clear regional patterns of development.Since the America gained its independence:(词汇自己衔接)The constitution establish the nation as a unified market.Alexander Hamilton’s economic development strategyThe Industrial Revolution ：the boom of the cotton cloth production and textile industry(棉布生产和纺织业的繁荣)During that period of time, the south were dependant on the north for capital and manufactured goods.The Second Industrial Revolution gave birth to an explosion of new discoveries and inventions.In the 20 century :The U.S experienced a period of prosperity in the early of 20 century.Underwent Great Depression in the 1930s.President Roosevelt’s New Deal （massive intervention of the government ）saved itseconomy.略看：历届总统经济政策：Regan administration---new monetarist policiesGeorge Bush H.W----slow recession.Clinton----RecoveryAppearance of the new tycoonCurrent American economy:Agriculture：favorable natural condition.Successful agriculture mode （investment, labor method）and modern technology of farming .Remain to be the foundation of the economyManufacturing industry : America formed an industrial system with large productivity(northeastern is the lead region)Service industry:Financial services :banking, real estates and law servicesPublic welfare services:sheltering and retail servicesTop high-tech industryAdvanced space technology, information technology and computing.Lecture 4: Thirteen Colonies and the Independence War Pilgrim fathers:Columbus discovered the new world in1492.The discovery of new world epoch-making: people come to realise the world is round.Pilgrim Father(English separatists and other colonists) landed on north America on Dec 21th,1620 to escape religious persecutions. Forefather’s day Dec 21th(Mayflower).Thanksgiving day:For celebrating their first harvest of the forefathers.Fourth Thursday of November.Thirteen colonies:Those colonies were separately charted and governed by the Great Britain and finally became independent by signing the Declaration of Independence, which led the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of the U.SThe first colony was Virginia.The independence war:A series of armed conflict between the Great Britain and its 13 colonist for the colonists trying to gain their Independence and the uncontrollable contradictions. The shot of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary WarThe Second Continental Congress:Held in Philadelphia ,May 10th , 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentFounding continental Army and NavyAppointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of America forces. Printing paper money and open diplomatic relations.On fourth of the January,1776 approved the Declaration of IndependentThe Declaration :Consisting two parts：1.Justifing the rights for people to rebel against a government that denied theirnatural rights2.Indicting the King George for his cruel tyranny.Significance :Upholding the principle of equality and freedom of all manThe principle that people have the right to revolt.Independent DayJuly 4thThe course of the independence war:It dragged on for seven yearsThe victory of Saratoga became the turning point of the war.With the Assistance of French, Spain and Holland the war quickly ended.The Treaty of Paris put an end to the war and bring about the Independence of the 13states.Lecture 5:The American Constitution and Civil War.The American Constitution:The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)Washington(elected as chairman), James Madison and other predominant figures discussed issues on federalism James Madison became “the father of the constitution”.Content :Representation : equal number of Senators, representatives based on population Structure of the government：a strong central government divided into 3 branches. Establishing federalism. (constitution day Sep17,1787)Causing disagreement between the federalist and the anti-federalist.Ten amendments were add to the constitution, known as “The Bill of Rights”.First general election: First President Washington.Significance of the US Constitution:Designed to unite all the people and prevent abuse of power by government officials Dividing the federal government into 3 separate but interdependent part: legislature, judiciary and executive.Becoming the first written constitution in modern sense upholding the principle that government should serve the people.Guaranteeing the unalienable human rights with the adoption of the Bill of Rights ,people’s supremacyupholding equality and political liberalism .The Era of Expansion:Louisiana Purchase became the first major event in American expansion.The Monroe doctrine: show “America for Americans “in foreign policy.Initiating Mexican American War annexed the entire southeast and CaliforniaThe civil war :The American civil war was fought in the united states between the Union and the Confederate States of the America from 1861 until 1865.The only war fight on America soil by Americans.Causes:Economic reason: contradictions between the two different existing economic systemsPolitical reason: the independence of the states.Immediate cause :The dispute over Negro slavery finally led to the session of the southern sates Abraham Lincoln:On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took the office and insisted that slavery was evil and should be ultimately abolished.1862,he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, providing all slaves in the rebellion states freedom and setting the stage for the ultimate abolition to slavery. Gettysburg---turning point of the war.Lincoln deliver the famous Gettysburg Address, proposing the 3 principles of an ideal: government of the people, by the people and for the people.Assassinate , Lincoln memorialAftermath(result) :Victorious Union government sought to end the slavery and guarantee a permanently unbreakable union.The Confederate surrendered, the U.S stayed as a whole countrySlavery was totally abolished through the 13 and 14 amendment to the constitution, which swept the obstacles to the development of the U.S capital production.。
英美概况之美国Unit1
The national flag
50 stars: 50 states 13 stripes: the f i r s t 13 states that used to be
colonies red: valor and hardiness white: innocence and purity blue: vigilance, perseverance and justice
The Central valley of Californ highly productive area basic field crops as sugar beets, beans, rice and cotton
Climate
The United States is mainly situated i the northern temperate zone.
Administrative States
· 50 states The largest in area: Alaska The second: Texas The youngest: Alaska and Hawaii
· Afederal district The District of Columbia Capital City: Washington
Yellowstone National Park
It covers an area of about 9000 sq.km.There are about 3,000 geysers and hot springs in the park.There are also other natural wonders.
Deep South
South Carolina Georgia Texas Alabama Mississippi Louisiana
英美概况美国部分第四章
1766----Declaratory Act---- asserting the supremacy of the British parliament in making laws for the colonies.
• Background and the reasons of Revolution
outer ----attitude and acts of England
inner----- development of American
Capitalists
• The Road to the Revolution • The Outbreak of War and the Second
Chapter IV American Revolution
1763--1784
• Independence Hall
Independence Hall in Philadelphia can be considered the birthplace of the United States of America, as it was here that the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, the Articles of Confederation uniting the thirteen (13) colonies were ratified in 1781 and the Constitution setting out the nations' basic laws was adopted in 1787.
《英美概况》练习参考答案（美国部分）
《英美概况》练习参考答案（美国部分）《最新英美概况》练习参考答案(美国部分)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：《最新英美概况》练习参考答案（本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题）====================================== ============== PART TWO The United StatesChapter Eight The LandP. 209—210I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 1812.2. the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner.3. The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon.4. June, 14th, June 14th.5. the Potomac, no state, the Federal government.6. 36, 36 states.7. Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence.8. Pierre L’Enfant, light, service.II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. C2. D3. C4. A B C D5. C DIII Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. TIV Answer the following questions.1. (1) At first the Continent was name d as “America” after explorer Amerigo Vespucci.(2) During the American War of Independence, the former British colonies firstused “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence.(3) The official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when theSecond Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation.2. The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent the original thirteencolonies.White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God.3. The stars and strips have different meanings.Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent the original thirteencolonies before the independence of America.4. (1) The lyrics of the national anthem come from “Defense of Fort McHenry”, a poemwritten during the War of 1812.The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song, “The AnacreonticSong” (or “To Anacreon in Heaven”).(2) The Star-Spangled Banner was used officially by the Navy in 1889, and was madethe national anthem by congress on March 3, 1931, which was signed by PresidentHerbert Hoover.5. The White House was built in1792 and its original color was grey.During the War of 1812, it was badly damaged by the British troops, and in 1814 it wasrepainted white.President Roosevelt named it “White House” in the 1940s.P. 213I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. the central part of, Mexico and Gulf of Mexico, east, west.2. 48, Hawaii, Alaska.3. the Rio Grande, Pacific.4. 9,629,091, the third, Canada.5. Alaska, Texas.6. Arctic, glaciers.II Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. T2. T3. T4. F5. FIII Answer the following questions.1. (1) The Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast and Hawaii provideconvenient sea routes forforeign trade.(2) The long coastline with many harbors and inlets provides favorable conditions forforeign trade and the fishing industry.(3) Mainland America, mainly within the northern temperate zone, is favorable foragriculture.2. The U.S. and Canada share the “world's longest undefended border.” The border wasdemilitarized after the War of 1812 and has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO. Both countries are NATO members and have high military interdependency, in particular, during the Cold War against Soviet threat.Today Canadians and Americans are in close cultural proximity, sharing the samelanguage, similar religion and political systems as well as many values.Their economic relations are so close (they have been each other’s No. 1 trading pa rtnerfor years) that the two countries have established the North American Free TradeAgreement, the world’s largest free-trade zone. Both enjoy the most developed andrichest economies in the world as well as a comparable standard of living (Canada’swelfare system is even more comprehensive and covers more widely).To guard the over 8000-kilometer long land border is not only expensive but alsounnecessary (in a sense, impossible, because it is too long), because neither peopleworry that their neighbors would cross the border on a large scale or stay in theircountry for a long time.3. The border between the U.S. and Mexico is heavily guarded (mostly on the American side)against illegal immigrants entering the U.S. while people can enter Mexico freely. The cause is mostly economic rather than political. There is a huge disparity in the standard of living between the U.S. and Mexico whose per capita GDP is only about 20% that of the U.S. (2012 World Bank statistics). It is estimated six out of the eleven million illegal immigrants living in the U.S. are Mexicans, and millions more plan to enter the U.S. They try to benefit from the American business or job opportunities or from the American welfare system or even to engage in drug-trafficking and smuggling. Another purpose is to combat crime and terrorism, particularly after the 9.11 terrorist attacks. The U.S.-Mexican border areas witness the most serious drug-trafficking and gang violence in the world.Some Mexicans, in particular those haunted by the serious drug-related violence in recent years, try to escape from the violence in Mexico by moving to the U.S. In a word, if the US-Mexico border is open and unguarded as the U.S.-Canada border, there would be millions of Mexicans trying to migrate to America so that the consequent problems would be very difficult for the U.S. deal with.4. Alaska, facing Russia across Bering Strait, is locatedbetween the Arctic and Pacific oceans,so it’s important for strategic position and transportation.5. Hawaii, like a chain of beads, is located in the central Pacific Ocean, the best place toenjoy the oceanic scenery.It is famous for natural scenery: white beach, blue sky, and palm trees, etc.The famous Pacific Fleet is located at Pearl Harbor, Oahu Island.P. 221—222I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. Lake Superior, Erie, Ontario.2. Columbia Plateau, the Great Canyon.3. the Rockies, the father of waters.4. dairy farming, Harvard, Yale, MIT.5. Death Valley, Great Salt Lake.6. 38, Yellowstone National Park, Old Faithful.7. 4,800, British Columbia, the backbone of the continent, Mt. Elbert.8. Hoover Dam, The Rio Grande, Ruhr.9. half, “Barn of America”, Great Lakes.10. dividing line, Lake Erie, New York.II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. A B C2. D3. A D4. A B5. DIII Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. T3. F4. T5. TIV Answer the following questions.1. New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of thesix states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, where the earliest English settlements in North America was made.In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The confrontation led to the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, which resulted in the War of American Independence that brought about the birth of the United States of America.2. The Appalachians holds one sixth of the continental territory. The mountains are relativelylow, and the average altitude is only 800 meters high.These old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, and have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts.3. It is the most important and longest river in the US. It flows about 6,400 km. from theRockies to the Gulf of Mexico, and the fourth longest river in the world.With hundreds of tributaries, the river is known as “the father of wa ters”.The chief tributaries are the Missouri River, the Ohio River, and the Arkansas, etc.4. They are the largest lake group in the world and contain about half of the world’s fresh water.All the five lakes are inter-connected, reaching the Atlantic by way of the St. Lawrence River.They are the important economic lifeline of the Midwest.The world-famous Niagara Falls also attracts numerous visitors.5. The Great Plain stretches from the west of the Mississippi to the Rockies, and covers adistance of about 6,400 kilometers. The land is flat and open, and is originally covered with rich prairie grass, but no trees. Today the area is still a cattle country. Much of the nation’s wheat is grown here, therefore the area is known as the “breadbasket” of Americ a.The Grand Canyon is located in Colorado Plateau, and is cut by Colorado River. It is one of the great natural wonders of the world, and is set up as national park. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide between the tops of its steep walls, and more than a mile deep.P. 224--225I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. little, 63%.2. the Central Plains, the Rockies, electricity.3. Bingham.4. 1/3, Washington, Oregon.5. Gulf of Mexico, Okalahoma.6. gold, gold, Gold Rush.II. Respond to the following items.1. America is rich in water resources. As a whole the country has little trouble with watershortage. Except for the desert regions around the southern Rockies, there are large supplies of fresh water and numerousfertile valleys.2. About 1/3 of America is covered with forests. The greatest virgin forests are in the states ofWashington and Oregon. America has about 500 million acres of commercial forests and about 75% of commercial timber is produced in the eastern part of the country.3. In 1848, gold was discovered in California. The news soon spread out, and thousands ofimmigrants from around the world invaded the Gold Country of California. The peak of the rush was in 1849, thus the many immigrants became known as the '49ers.4. Coal deposits are widely distributed in America, and most coal reserves are to be found inthe Appalachians, the Central Plain, and the Rockies.Most of iron ore is mainly found in the Appalachians and the areas near Lake Superior, and the most important mining area is in Minnesota.P. 226--227I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. northern temperate (P225 书中该词拼写错误), landforms and surrounding waters.2. temperate, tropical.3. temperate, north, hurricanes.4. maritime, distinct, similar.5. Mediterranean, arid, semiarid.6. temperate, temperature.II Answer the following questions.1. The United States is mainly situated in the northern temperature zone. But, owing to itslarge size, varied landforms and surrounding waters, theclimate is tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains, and arid in the Great Basin.2. New England belongs to maritime climate. It has distinct seasons with a long cold winter,and short and warm summer. Spring and Fall are warm, and the region receives plenty of rainfall.The Middle Atlantic States have a similar climate to that of New England, but the average temperature is a little higher.3. The Great Plains have a variety of weather throughout the year, which is very cold in winterand very hot in summer, with often strong winds.4. The climate around the Great Lakes is temperate. Winters are sometimes extremely cold;summers are very hot; the region receives sufficient rainfall. The wind blows freely, and often causes sudden and extreme changes in temperature and creates many tornadoes.P. 232I Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. TP. 237I Write down the names of the places according to the photos.1. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco2. Niagara Falls3. Las Vegas4. Red Rock Country5. The Grand Canyon6. DisneylandP. 240I Decide which of the following statements is TRUE:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. FChapter Nine The People and Their CultureP. 243I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. third, China, 313.7 million. (书中in 2010错误, 应改为in 2012.)2. 1%, high, below.3. urban, 250.4. northeastern part, 1/4, half.5. New York city, 27 million, Chicago, 9 million.6. California, Texas.II Answer the following questions.1. American population is characterized by variety in composition. The White is the mainstream, and takes up about 72.4% of the total population. Hispanics 16.3%, Blacks 12.6%, Asians 4.8 %, American Indians and Alaska Natives 0.9%, and Native Hawaii and other Pacific Islanders 0.2%.2. The most densely populated region is the northeastern area, including parts of New England, the Mid Atlantic and Mid West. The size of the region takes up about 1/4 of the total, butalmost 1/2 of the total population lives there.3. Comparing with the large size, the population density of the Great Pains is low. The northern part is rather empty. In the combined area of North and South Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas,an area as great as France and Italy put together, there are only 6.2 million inhabitants in 2010.4. The northeastern part is the most densely populated region in America, because this place is the birthplace of America, also the highly developed area.Since the unfavorable living conditions in the west part of the Great Plains and Rockies, the population is thin.The south and west used to thinly populated, but with the rapid development in recent years, the population increases fast, and the population along the Pacific Coast grows dense.P. 247--248I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. 55 million, Mexico.2. variety, 100, 31.3. African Americans, slaves.4. Civil Rights, equal civil rights.5. Texas, New Mexico.6. American Indians, Indian Reservations.II Answer the following questions.1. Melting pot is metaphorically used to refer to the US because it is a country of many ethnicgroups from different parts of the world, who came to the New World for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures towards some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the US and gradual ly forming a new nation.2. Indian Reservation is the living place of Indians. Indians were driven westward to live inthese barren desert places when Europeans settled in American continent. In these isolated places, they were allowed to keep a part of their own culture and customs.But the Reservations lacked basic public facilities and life-sustaining opportunities. The situation is somewhat better today, but there continues to be problems3. The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America. Over half of HispanicAmericans are of Mexican descents. The second largest group is of Puerto Rican origin.Other origins include Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Dominican Americans, etc.P. 250--251I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. 337, 176.2. Spanish, French.3. English, American.4. Spanish, Spanish.5. Cantonese, third, Chinese American.6. their native, English.II Answer the following questions.1. About 337 languages are spoken by Americans, of which 176 are indigenous, and 52languages formerly spoken in the country are now extinct.2. American English was inherited from British colonization, but there are some changes inspelling, grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, etc.3. Spanish is the second m ost common language in America. The United States holds the world’sfifth largest Spanish-speaking population. Spanish is also an official language of Puerto Rico.Spanish is also the most widely taught second language in America.4. The largest French-speaking communities are in Northeast Maine; Hollywood and Miami,Florida; New York City; and certain areas of rural Louisiana.P. 253--254I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions.1. high adherence, diversity.2. Christians, Protestants, Roman Catholics.3. 30, Baptists, Methodists.4. Judaism, Chinese Americans.5. African Americans, African slaves.6. India, Asian countries.II Answer the following questions.1. The principle of the separation of church and state comes from American Constitution. TheFirst Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and fords the establishment of any religious government.2. Religion plays an important role in many aspects of American life (politics, education, charityand culture) as well as in its international relations. American foreign aid (governmental and private) is very closely related to religion, and based on Christian values that all men and women are the children of God, therefore brothers and sisters; the US State Department issues an annual report on human rights andcriticizes the human rights records in many countries (of which religious freedom is stressed), which is regarded as interfering the internal affairs of other countries; American churches sent many missions abroad, establishing churches, schools and hospitals around the world, such as what the missionaries did in China in 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g., John Leighton Stuart <司徒雷登>and the Yanching University <燕京大学>) . They worked with the American government for the diffusion of their religion and values.Value-oriented diplomacy is one of the characteristics of American international relations.A very important mission of American diplomacy is to diffuse its values around the world,and many such values derive from religion, such as equality, liberty and fraternity; religion even plays a role in the American decisions of war and peace, such as the American war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan.。
英美概况知识点总结 美国
英美概况知识点总结美国美国概况知识点总结1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲的中央，与加拿大和墨西哥接壤，东临大西洋，西临太平洋。
2. 面积：美国是世界上第四大的国家，总面积约为9.83万平方公里。
3. 人口：美国是世界上第三大的人口国家，人口约为3.27亿。
4. 政治体制：美国是一个联邦制共和国，政治体制为总统制，国家元首为总统。
5. 首都：美国的首都是华盛顿哥伦比亚特区。
6. 经济实力：美国是世界上最大的经济体，国内生产总值（GDP）居世界首位。
7. 联邦制度：美国是一个由50个州组成的联邦制国家，每个州都享有一定的自治权利。
8. 文化多样性：美国是一个移民国家，拥有来自世界各地的不同种族和文化，因此其文化也非常多样化。
9. 科技实力：美国在航空航天、信息技术、医药和生物技术等领域处于世界领先地位。
10. 社会体系：美国拥有完善的社会保障体系和医疗保健制度，以及广泛的教育资源。
英国概况知识点总结1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，横跨大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛东北部。
2. 面积：英国总面积约为24.12万平方公里。
3. 人口：英国是世界上人口密度最高的国家之一，人口约为6600万。
4. 政治体制：英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首为君主，国家首相为政府首脑。
5. 首都：英国的首都是伦敦，也是英国最大的城市和金融中心。
6. 经济实力：英国是世界上经济实力较强的国家之一，拥有发达的金融、服务和制造业。
7. 文化传统：英国有着悠久的文化传统，包括文学、音乐、戏剧和艺术等领域。
8. 政治影响：英国是联合国安全理事会常任理事国之一，对国际事务有重要影响。
9. 教育体系：英国拥有世界一流的教育资源和大学，吸引了大量国际学生前来留学。
10. 社会福利：英国的社会福利制度完善，提供医疗保障、养老金和失业救济等项目。
美国和英国在政治、经济和文化等方面都有着自己独特的特点，对于全球事务具有重要的影响力。
这些国家的概况知识点总结可以帮助我们更好地了解它们的国情和影响力。
概况模拟题(六)美国地理
英语考研英美概况模拟题（六）美国部分地理American Survey Test地理1. The _____ part of America consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Great Cordillera Range.A. easternB. westernC. northeastern2. In eastern _____ lies Death V alley, 85 metres below sea level.A. CaliforniaB. UtahC. Arizona3. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus.A. Rocky MountainB. Coast RangeC. Cascades Mountains4. The _____ lies between the Colorado Plateaus and Columbia PlateausA. Great BasinB. Colorado V alleyC. Great Plains5. The famous Y ellowstone National Park is situated in northwestern part of _____.A. CaliforniaB. ArizonaC. Wyoming6. The world-known Colorado V alley lies in northern _____, which is cut by the Colorado River.A. ArizonaB. UtahC. Montana7. Among the five Great Lakes, only _____ is wholly within the United States.A. ErieB. SuperiorC. Michigan8. Only the climate in the southern part of _____ is tropical.A. FloridaB. GeorgiaC. V irginia9. Washington, the capital of the US, is on the _____ river.A. PotomacB. DelawareC. St. Laurence10. The width of the Niagara Fall is about _____ metres and the drop average _____ metres.A. 1650, 50B. 1240, 49C. 1540, 4911. _____ part is the most densely populated region in America.A. The southernB. The northeasternC. The western12. The Great Salt Lake lies in northern _____.A. IdahoB. ArizonaC. NevadaD. Utah13. _____ has been called the “cradle of American Liberty”.A. PhiladelphiaB. PlymouthC. Boston14. About _____ of the world’s annual agricultural products come from the United States.A. halfB. one thirdC. two thirds15. The highest mountain in the U.S. is Mount _____.A. AppalachianB. MekinleyC. Rocky16. Mount Mekinley lies in the _____ Range.A. Sierra NevadaB. CascadesC. Alaska17. The two largest Chinatowns are located in the following cities except _____.A. New Y orkB. San FranciscoC. Miami18. The world’s largest freshwater lake is Lake _____.A. SuperiorB. OntarioC. V ictoria19. The world-famous Niagara Falls lie between lakes of _____.A. Erie and MichiganB. Erie and OntarioC. Superior and Haron20. _____ of the America’s territory is covered with forests.A. 1/4B. 1/5C. 1/321. Texas, having belonged to _____, was annexed by the U.S. in 1845.A. FranceB. RussiaC. Mexico22. Hawaii is in the _____ Ocean.A. AtlanticB. IndianC. Pacific23. The American black population consists of _____ of the total population.A. 1/10B. 1/5C. 1/924. _____ is the largest state in area in the U.S.A.A. FloridaB. LouisianaC. Alaska25. The United States today is the _____ largest country in size in the world.A. thirdB. fifthC. fourth26. About half of the total population is concentrated in the following areas except _____.A. Atlantic CoastB. Pacific CoastC. NorthwestD. around the Great LakesE. Gulf of Mexico27. There are _____ river systems in the U.S.A.A. 8B. 3C. 628. Detroit is famous for the production of _____.A. automobileB. timberC. bamboo29. The City St. Louis in America is called the gateway towards the _____.A. EastB. WestC. NortheastD. Southwest30. The city _____ is given the nickname “Space City of U.S.A.”.A. BostonB. HoustonC. San Francisco31. The _____ were the original inhabitants in America.A. blacksB. IndiansC. Puerto Ricans32. The steel and iron industries are mainly distributed around the city of _____, providing _____ percent of the total output each year.A. Pittsburgh, 60B. Chicago, 50C. New Y ork, 6033. The largest industrial city in America is _____.A. ChicagoB. BostonC. Houston34. Only the climate in the southwestern part of Florida belongs to _____.A. subtropicalB. continentalC. tropical35. ¬_____ is famous for many stores and shops.A. Wall StreetB. BroadwayC. Fifth A venue36. In _____ people can find the historical spot, the Independence National Historical Park.A. PhiladelphiaB. St. LouisC. San Francisco37. Boston is situated in Boston Bay, _____.A. MaineB. MassachusettsC. Connecticut38. The Columbia River and the Colorado River belong to the system of _____.A. the GulfB. the AtlanticC. the PacificI. Fill in the blanks1. The United States is situated in the _____ part of _____ America.2. The U.S. is bounded by _____ on the north and by _____ and the Gulf of Mexico on the south.3. To the west of America lies the _____ Ocean.4. To the east of America lies the _____ Ocean.5. The seat of the American Federal Government is the District of _____.6. The _____ part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.7. The famous _____ National Park is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming.8. The western part of the cent ral plain is also called the “_____ _____”.9. The Mississippi River flows from the _____ lakes to the Gulf of _____.10. The lowest point in the whole of North America is _____ _____.11. The world-known _____ _____ lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River.12. The largest island salt lake in North America is the _____ _____ Lake.13. The United States includes _____ states and a _____ district, the District of Columbia.14. The Declaration of Independence was first read on July 4th, _____.15. The two main tributaries of the _____ River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River.16. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of _____ and the United States.17. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the _____ _____ _____ _____.18. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the “_____ _____”.19. The largest state, _____, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.20. There rises the tendency of shifting the centre of industries from the _____ to the _____.21. The famous _____ _____ is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.22. _____ is the centre of theatres in America.23. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the _____ and _____ City.24. _____ is the second largest in population in the U.S.25. The two youngest states are _____ in the northeastern part of America and _____ in the central Pacific.26. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of _____ origin.27. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the _____ century.28. The Death V alley is _____ metres below sea level.29. The population of the United States is about _____ million.30. The Statue of Liberty Island in _____ _____ harbour.31. _____ _____ is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.32. _____ _____ is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A.33. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into _____ regions.34. The nickname of Houston City is _____ _____.35. _____ became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.36. _____ _____ is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf.37. The Library of Congress is in the city of _____.38. New England is located in the _____ corner of the country.39. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in _____.40. The Middle Atlantic Region is marked by its industry. It is often called the _____ Northeast. II. Explain the Following Terms1. “The backbone of the continent”2. melting potIII. Answer the Following Questions1. Give a brief presentation of the U.S. economy.2. Why is Detroit famous?英语考研英美概况模拟题（六）美国地理部分答案：Part II. BAAAC ACAAB BDAAB CCABA CCACC CBABB BAACC ABCII.1. central, north Canada, Mexico Pacific Atlantic Columbia eastern Y ellowstone Great Plains Great, Mexico Death V alley Colorado V alley Great Salt 50, federal 1776 Mississippi Canada 50 centimetre Rainfall Line Sunny South Alaska Southwest Wall Street Broadway Iron, Steel Chicago Alaska, Hawaii European 17th 85 240/256 New Y ork Pearl Harbour Rhode Island 8 Space City Hawaii Mississippi River Washington northeastern California Industrial。
英美概况美国部分第二章
the Great Plain
1) a comparatively small population; 2) the Northern part is empty and
featherless, North and South Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas have 4,390,763 people.
Cuba
"other Spanish“ origin
California, Texas living place other parts of the
nation as well
in the barriors of New York, Chicago and other northern cities
low increase in population.
·New York City---the largest one with more than 18 million people; ·Chicago--- the third largest one with 8 million people.
Asians and Pacific Islanders----7,273,662 people in 1990 represented 2.9% of the whole.
(完整版)英美概况美国部分(修正版)
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
英美概况美国部分(修正版)
英美概况：美国部分美国是一个世界强国，也是世界上最发达的国家之一。
它是全球第三大面积的国家，也是人口最多的发达国家之一。
在全球政治、经济、文化和科技等多个方面都具有重要影响力。
本文将介绍美国的基本概况，包括历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的信息。
历史美国的历史可以追溯到17世纪初。
当时，欧洲人开始在美洲殖民，最初的定居点之一是弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
在接下来的几个世纪里，欧洲的殖民者不断向西扩张，逐渐控制了整个北美洲。
在18世纪末，美国独立战争爆发，美国成功地获得了独立。
之后，美国逐步成为一个强大的国家，经历了艰苦的内战、两次世界大战、冷战等重要时期。
如今，美国已经发展成为一个全球超级大国。
政治美国是一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州和华盛顿特区组成。
美国的总统是国家最高领导人，其它重要政治职位包括国务卿、众议院议长、参议院议长等。
美国的政治体系强调三权分立，即立法、行政和司法。
除了国家政府外，各个州和地方政府也有很大的自治权力。
例如，州政府负责管理其内部的基础设施、教育、警力等方面的事务。
经济美国是世界上最大的经济体之一，并拥有世界上最先进的市场经济体系。
其国内生产总值(GDP)约为21万亿美元，占据了全球总GDP的近四分之一。
美国的经济以服务业和制造业为主。
其中，科技产业是美国经济的一个重要支柱，硅谷和纽约市的科技企业在全球范围内都有重要影响力。
美国的贸易额也非常高，是世界上最大的进口国和第二大出口国。
文化美国文化是世界上最多元化的文化之一，其核心价值包括自由、民主和平等。
美国拥有世界最顶尖的大学、艺术机构和博物馆，其中包括哈佛大学、纽约大都会艺术博物馆、洛杉矶县艺术博物馆等。
美国的音乐和电影产业也非常有名，好莱坞电影更是成为了世界的一张名片。
在日常生活中，美国人非常注重个人隐私和自由，热爱户外运动和旅游。
他们吃的食物和所喜欢的体育运动都各具特色，如热狗、汉堡包、冰淇淋、棒球等。
美国是一个多元化的国家，拥有着丰富的历史、政治、经济和文化。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
2024年度张奎武《英美概况》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解
阐述美国经济制度的基础，如市 场经济、私有制等，以及产业结 构的现状与特点。
社会问题与挑战
探讨美国当前面临的社会问题， 如种族不平等、贫困、犯罪等， 以及政府和社会如何应对这些挑 战。
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课后习题详解：美国部分
1
简答题
回答关于美国历史、文化、社会等方面的 简答题，如“简述美国独立战争的背景和 结果”、“分析个人主义在美国文化中的 地位和影响”等。
阐述美国多元文化的特点，以及不同民族在美国社会中的融合过 程。
实用主义与创新精神
探讨实用主义哲学对美国文化的影响，以及创新精神在美国科技、 经济等领域中的体现。
14
美国社会现状与特点
政治体制与权力结
构
分析美国政治体制的特点，包括 总统制、三权分立等，以及权力 结构中的利益集团、政党等因素。
经济制度与产业结
英美在国际事务中的影响力 分析英美在国际组织、全球治理等方面的作用和影响力。
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英美外交政策的异同点 比较英美在外交政策制定和实施上的相似性和差异性。
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课后习题详解：政治制度与外交关系部分
习题一
解释英国君主立宪制的基本原则和特 点。
习题二
分析美国总统制与英国君主立宪制的 异同点。
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过去几十年来，英美两国在文化领域的 交流活动不断增多。例如，英国皇家莎 士比亚剧团和美国百老汇的戏剧合作、 英国国家美术馆和美国大都会艺术博物 馆的艺术交流等。这些活动为两国人民 提供了更多了解和欣赏对方文化的机会。
随着全球化的深入发展，英美两国之间 的文化交流将继续加强。未来，两国可 以在数字创意产业、影视制作、艺术教 育等领域开展更多合作，共同推动世界 文化的繁荣和发展。
英美概况美国部分开始
美国部分开始chapter 13 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
（本细节还有考"一句话简答"的可能）2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英美概况课件(美国)1
The Atlantic Seacoast West to Appalachians
New England: ME, NH, VT, MA, RI & CT Middle Atlantic States: NY, NJ, PA, MD, DE & WV Deep South/ Cotton Belt Appalachian Mountains
Natural Resources
The United States is a land rich in natural resources.
Iron, coal, oil, gas, silver, gold water forestry
Assignment
Presentation The Great Lakes in the US Geographical Distribution of China
Climate:
Northern temperate zone
New England: cold winter, short summer, beautiful fall Middle Atlantic Region: four definite season The south: warm climate, abundant rainfall The Midwest: temperate, sufficient rainfall Great Plains States west of the Rockies
Continental Divide / Great Divide Yellowstone National Park
Plateau between the Rockies & the Cascade-Sierra Nevada ranges CascadeDeath Valley Mt. Whitney
英美概况考试重点整理 美国史
Unit 1 The United States of America1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. According to the text, the large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. The Atlantic Seacoast west to the Appalachians;B. The Mississippi River Basin;C. The Rockies west to the Pacific;Unit 2 American population3. The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the south, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.Chapter 5 The Confederation and the Constitution 1．Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and prefermd a more decentralized federal system of government.3. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.4. The most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase which was about 828000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.5. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.名词解释Confederation(邦联)：A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments , called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.问答1. What powers do the national government and the individual states have under the Articles of confederation?the national government: conduct war & foreign affairs; make commercial treaties;negotiate with Indians; coin money & issue bills of creditthe individual states: deal with foreign countries; engage in war; issue money & bills of credit; collect taxesChapter6 American Expansion and the Civil War1.The essence of Monroe Doctrine was which later became the __cornerstone __of the US policy.2.Oregon territory was settled between Britain and the United States in_1846__.Its boundary on the north was fixed at the _forty--ninth_parallel of north latitude.3.Under Missouri Compromise,Missouri was admitted as a _slave_state，but the balance of political power maintained by admission of _Maine_as a_free_state.In addition，slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line_36°30’_ parallel.4.In 1862，the federal government took two revolutionary measures：（1）Homestead Act and（2）Emancipation Proclamation.5.In July 1863 came the turning point of of the war at Gettysburg.Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E.Lee was defeated.The battlefield was made a national cemetery,where Lincoln gave his famous speech,the Gettysburg Address on November 19,1863.6.In 1865,the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted,which abolished slavery throughout the United States.问答1.What was the Monroe Doctrine?The Monroe Doctrine written by James Monroe, declared in December of 1823, was a superlative U.S. foreign policy statement. It was precipitated by various independence movements in South America and the U.S. government's desire to discourage European nations from colonizing the Americas, and a growing American nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in countries to the south of the U.S. Finally, it promised to stay out of foreign affairs.U.S. will not interfere with European affairs in Europe.The essence of the Doctrine is“America for Americans”.Whic h later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy.As the New World developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a border interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.名词解释1.Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address is a speech delivered by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War on November 19, 1863 after the northern victory at Gettysburg.It is regarded as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis,with "a new birth of freedom,"that would bring true equality[5] to all of its citizens.Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for theprinciple of human equality.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of Us Imperialism1、The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former confederate states, exceptTennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2、During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radicalreconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.3、The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for resortingwhite supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.名词解释Open Door PolicyIn Sino-American relations, Theodore Roosevelt pushed the so- called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as othe r aggressors.Chapter 8 world war I and the depression1、The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2、The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917 was the Germany’s unlimited submarine campaign.3、The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4、The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5、The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.名词解释：Roaring Twenties: The ten years between 1919 and 1929, usually called the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”, were a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the world’s problems, bewildering social change and a feverish pursuit of pleasure.问答题：1、Why did the US join the First World War so late?First, the United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began.Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause,F inally the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships.2、What were the major contents and basic ideas of the New Deal? How do you comment on the New Deal?The aims of the New Deal were to raise commodity prices by limiting production,devaluing the dollar, maintaining high tariffs on foreign goods, and to carry through a modest inflation by providing money at low rates of interest to farmers and to industry.For farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1933, which enabled the government, among other things, to pay grants to induce them to reduce the amount of products, which included such commodities as cotton, wheat, corn, pigs, rice, tobacco, milk, sugar and others.In industry Roosevelt, by the National Recovery Act of 1933, was given power to control working conditions, and to fix minimum wages.Chapter 9 American During and After World II1.The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to_sell___ certain nonprohibitedgoods to belligerent nations as long as those goods were not transported on _American_ ships.2.Stars Wars program was proposed by President _Reagan_in __1983__. Theprogram seeks to construct a defensive “shield”against incoming _missiles_.The shield would be made of _laser__ and electronic _devices _that would destroy such missiles launched to attack _ the US__名词解释1.The Cold WarDuring the time 1945-1991, because disagreed about the configuration of the post-war world, especially about that of Europe, there was a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the U.S., and the communist world, led by the USSR. The Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.2.The Truman Doctrinea policy by Truman on Mar. 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid ($400m) to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. It was the start of the Cold War and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion. . It became the basis of U.S. Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.3.Marshall PlanThe economic equivalent of the containment policy was presented by secretary of state George Marshall, called Marshall plan. It was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. the purpose of the plan was to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reduce artificial trade barriers, and instill a sense of hope and self-reliance. (The U.S. gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies to combat the spread of communism.) the plan had two major aims:(1)to keep communists out of political power in Europe. (2)to stabilize the international economic order in a way favorableto capitalism. It was one of the first elements of European integration问答1.What are the major forms of American Civil Rights Movement from 1955 to 1968?Can you give one specific examples?Boycotts; Sit-ins;Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)●On Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus tomake room for a white passenger, and then Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance.After word of this incident reached the black community, 50 African-American leaders gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a more humane bus transportation system.90% of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue by 80% until a federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated in Nov. 1956, and the boycott ended.●Chapter 10 The Federal System and Congress1.Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the centralgovernment and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the state . Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence. 2.Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislativepower to Congress, executive power to President and judicia l power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branchesa sufficient role in the actions of the others.3.According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25 years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30and must have been citizens for 9 years.4.The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the presidentof the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.名词解释1 federalism: This division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government.2 separation of powers: It means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches回答问题What are the three basic principles of U.S political system?The US political system was established on the basis of the three main principles-----federalism, separation of powers, and supremacy of the constitution. Federalism is the division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government. It should be observed that federalism operates only on two levels, the national and the state .Separation of powers means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It meansmore than allocating legislative power to the Supreme Court. It also means giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others so that no one branch may dominate the others. Supremacy of the constitution means that every American citizen is required to respect the Constitution and to obey the laws of the United StatesChapter 11The President and the Judiciary1 By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and ofbeing a resident within the United States for 14 years can run for thepresident .The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the 20th of January following his election.2 The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress andpolicies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice (1801-1835) in Americahistory, called this power of interpretation judicial review.3 There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts, 2) the courts ofappeal, 3) the Supreme Cour t. All the judges of federal courts appointed byPresident with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has ahierarchy of three levels: 1) superior cour ts, 2) appellate courts 3)a statesupreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the county court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually serve eight or twelve years for one term.问答How is the president’s power limitedThe president has no power to declare war on other countries. He can call Congress into special session and can adjourn Congress, but he cannot dismiss Congress. He cannot pardon the person who is impeached. All appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare the pr esident’s policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolished it. If the president abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress.Chapter 12 Political Parties and ElectionThe candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winter-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.名词解释Election Day: the day set by law for the general elections of public officials. It occurs on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. (The earliest possible date is November 2 and the latest possible date is November 8.)Winner-take-al l：The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’selectoral votes.问答题How is the U.S. president elected?First stage: the major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President and Vice President and to determine the parties’ platforms.Second stage: the campaigning stage. From early fall of the election year to Election Day, candidates travel across the country and deliver countless speeches, campaigning for support.Third stage: voters to choose a slate of president electors in their state who make up the Electoral College. The candidate with the most votes will be the President in the next four years.Fourth stage: when the new Congress assembled on Jan. 6, the electoral votes are formally counted in a joint session of the two houses and the President of the Senate announces the “state of the vote”. If there’s no electoral college winner, the house of representatives choose the president.。
英美概况考试要点(美国部分)
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters "or "old man river"密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。
Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexico ,and the Great Lakes.影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。
英美概况美国部分汇总整编
英美概况美国部分汇总整编AmericaThe Founding of Colonies殖民地的建⽴First Inhabitants：American IndiansDiscovery of the New World：1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America(Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America.reached the mouth of Amazon RiverAmerica—the New WorldEurope—the Old World13 colonies：New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York MarylandNew Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South CarolinaGeorgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont建⽴原因：Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men (no women)Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact <五⽉花号公约>：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons:1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity (邻近)Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant) William Penn, the founder Granted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven (港⼝，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts.The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民⽣活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)Reasons to immigrate:1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳⼯）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracyBoston Tea Party 波⼠顿倾茶事件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England ←Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) →FranceProtection Make use of Indians to attack each other↓English colonies in America ←attack →Indians波⼠顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow the East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies.Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”.Two Continental Congresses 两次⼤陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 《权利和不满宣⾔》Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声——导⽕索）April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense and The American CrisisDeclaration of Independence独⽴宣⾔During the 2nd Continental Congress——A committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members)To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776(Independence Day / the National Day of the US)was a milestone in American history.It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government...”--- Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Lockeequality and freedomuniversal; beyond American boundariesMilitary Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实⼒对⽐England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy noneHigh morale-- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin’ s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independencenew problems1) how to make use of the new territory--allow the founding of new states [equality and democracy]2) not very closely united--13 separate states rather than a united country3) economic difficulties-- trade problem with Britain--debts because of the Independance War-- increasing tax and Shays’Rebellion in MassachusettsThe need for a new Government was felt——May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution--completed on September 17, 1787--Constitutional Day of the USThe Father of the Constitution: James MadisonBill of Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion,freedom of speech and the press,the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms,the right against unreasonable searches and seizures,the right against self-incrimination（⾃证其罪）---the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.---a defense line against violations of human rights政治体制见另⼀张Territorial Expansion 领⼟扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as the First President by a unanimous vote in New York (provisional capital)1) success in transforming the states into a union2) Economy witnessed development"the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领⼟扩张⽅式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mexican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间---third US President in 1801---emphasized development of agriculture and commerce---favored the westward expansionLouisiana Purchase, 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US1) stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest2)appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas CitiesThe Mexican War (1846-1848 ) 过程-- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana. -- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico-- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico.Westward Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west (end of 18th- first half of 19th century)reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributing factors:--the war 1812 drove the native Indians--the Federal government built roads and canals-- The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807.-- government policy: land for sale--the Homestead Act 宅地法（1862 President Lincoln)Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance and importance西进运动的重要性和影响-- Frontiersmen's InfluencePositive:on Politics：---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and GrantExpanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrializationOn transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value---dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive---learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline---farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background---hard work: "work freaks", and "work addicts"---rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of IndiansThe beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴⾪制起源Reason: labor shortage in the coloniesTime: first in 1619 to plant tobaccoMethod: the triangular trade :carried out by the slave traders mainly from the New England by capturing Negros in west Africadevelopment and change:-- declined after Independence War-- revived when the American Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century.-- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern populationAmerican Civil War 南北战争/美国内战Conflicts arising from SlaveryReasons：-- Economically,north demanded the Congress to pass the protective tariff law--Politically,westward expansion: new land as free states or slave-holding states?--Religious and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutalDevelopment of the conflict1) abolitionists: to end slavery---secret organization to help slaves escape---mobilize public support2)the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)（led to the outbreak of the American civil war⼀个⼩妇⼈的⼀部⼩书引起了⼀场战争）总结：Civil War爆发的原因：1.Political balance between the North and the South was broken2.Slavery inhibited the development of capitalism3.Some Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral reasons.Abraham Lincolna Republican; anti -slaveryOn March 4, 1861 President LincolnFirm in preserving the UnionMilitary Contest in the Civil War2 sides : the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis and the Union led by Abraham Lincoln Attack On April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South CarolinaLincoln's goal: to defend the Union and defeat separatism分离论North Southadvantages: advantages:---larger population ---strong military tradition---loyal Navy ---experienced military officers---factories for munition production ---high morale---enough food supplydisadvantages: disadvantages:---poorly prepared ---smaller population---inexperienced soldiers ---not enough food supplyThe year 1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the South.In July 1863, a great victory of the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Emancipation Proclamation, effective on Jan. 1, 1863Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: government of the people, by the people, for the people. 民有,民治,民享The Suffering of the South:men were killed, cities leveled to the ground, crops destroyedThe Union win the Final VictoryApril 2, 1865, Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee (Confederate)Effect of the Civil WarFinally put an end to slaverybut not really carried outKu Klux Klan (3K党)：secret organization to threaten the black people.Economic development:Henry Ford in 1908Wright Brothers in 1903Telephone by Bill in 1876The lamp and motion picture by Thomas EdisonMonopolies 垄断公司The Standard Oil Company ,founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870The United States Steel Corporation by Andrew CarnegieThe Bell telephone systemAmerica in and after WWI⼀战中和⼀战后的美国America before WWI (1914-1918)in the West: Latin America and the Caribbean were the backyard of it.In the East, the US advocated the Open Door Policy to guarantee its trade access.Military Blocs：Triple Alliance / Central Powers：Allied Entente：Germany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly（后加⼊Allied Entente）RussiaAmerica (1917) On April 6,1917,the United States declared war on GermanyReasons of America to Join WarGerman submarines sank American shipsfear of Americans interests（huge loans made to Britain）Germany induced Mexico to war against AmericaAfter WWIPeace Conference in Paris in 1919the US president, Woodrow Wilson, put forward the Fourteen Points Plan, hoping to establish a new world order based on American values and ideals.Fourteen Points Plan unaccepted.The Americans shifted to isolationism.The Treaty of Versailles （American opposed to)The Roaring 20s("the jazz age")特点：Peaceful and prosperous"the jazz age"material consumptionspiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomen's vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it."eat, drink, and be happy for tomorrow we shall die"The Great Depression 经济⼤萧条Mark标志: New York stock market crash on October 24, 1929[The bear market; “the black Thursday”]Results：BankruptcyShortage of money/ povertySharply reduced industrial productionStricken agricultureUnemploymentHomelessness: Many people had to live in dug-outs or tin-can shacks which were nicknamed Hoovervilles, a word derived from the name of President Hoover.EmigrationFranklin Roosevelt: a light in the darkness 罗斯福介绍Roosevelt selected as president in 1932.Family background: rich familyEducation background: Harvard Uni.Health: polio at 40; can't walk normallyPresident Roosevelt's “New Deal”罗斯福新政---presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval, known as “New Deal”[新政]---1st: to pass the Emergency Banking Act---to enlarge employment and increase consumption---public projects: infrastructure---to raise the price of farm productsetc.Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat" 炉边谈话first "chat" on the radio to ask for confidence in the government and to return gold and money so as to reopen them.30 chats during the depression and the coming WWII.warmed, cheered, united people at that timeSignificance of New Deal 新政的重要性/影响---Roosevelt achieved some success in revitalizing American economy.---His New Deal strengthened the government regulation of economic activities and initiated the social welfare system in the United States.America in and after WWⅡ⼆战背景Background：The spread of Great Depression: Germany was the worst hit; led to Hitler’s fascist expansion. Time：Sept. 1939Mark: Germany’s invasion of Poland各国不同⽴场：---Russia-German nonaggression pact signed in Moscow in 1939---England and France: first, appeasement and nonintervention policy [by Munich Agreement], by selling other lands for peace [e.g. Sudetenland in Czech]; later, declared war on Germany when German army drove into France.Changes of US Stance：--- Neutrality from 1935-1937: 3 neutrality acts--- Pro-Ally policy from 1939: sell arms and munitions to belligerents on a “cash-and-carry”basis.--- Getting prepared for war from 1940 due to the deteriorated situation: the Roman-Berlin Axis [fascist military bloc]---Contribution to the war from 1941: Lend-Lease Bill [clever invention of Roosevelt]: any qualified countries could borrow or rent American weapons ---America is“the great arsenal of democracy”--- Entry into the war on Dec. 8, 1941: Japan’s air raid on Pearl HarborAmerica in the War：War-time economyConcentrated on the battlefields in EuropeSeveral million American soldiers诺曼底登陆（D-Day)：June 6, 1944, known as D-day, the first contingents of American and British invasion army landed on the beaches of Normandy, opening the long-delayed western front to attack the Germans.Surrender of Japan ⽇本投降On August 6 and 9, 1945, American aircraft dropped two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, killing nearly 200,000 people. On August 14, Japan surrendered unconditionally and the WWII ended.America after the War-- Became a creditor nation-- Unemployment disappeared-- Dominant industrial production in the world and robust GDP-- Export monopoly in the world market-- Personal wealth accumulation and growing domestic marketA rising superpower and world leaderCold War and America in the 21st CenturyCold War (1945-1989)Cold war: the international tension, conflicts and containment without bloody hot war between Soviet Union and the U.S. Duration: end of WWII to the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989Hot-spots热点地带：---Southern and Western Europe and Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan;---Berlin Wall---Korean War---Vietnam War---Cuban Missile CrisisThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划Stage 1：In Feb. 1947, Britain would end the economical support of Greece and Turkey, which would fall into the hands of the Soviet Union. America decided to help the two countries.Stage 2：The Truman Doctrine: President Truman’s speech to the Congress in Feb. 1949: the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Socialism.[real purpose]Stage 3：The worsening economic situation in Western Europe, coupled with a severe cold and snowstorm: might turn CommunistStage 4:The Marshall Plan (1947-1952): offer economic aid to Western economy; announced by Secretary of State (美国国务卿) George Marshall on June 5, 1947; $ 13 billionBerlin WallSoviet Union: block the West Berlin in June, 1948The U.S. : Airlift for food suppliesSoviet Union: Lifted the blockade in May, 1949.The foundation of NATO laterVietnam War (1955-1975)After 1970sIn 1980s, Reagan Revolution; Economic policy to counter against the inflation in 1970s:George Bush: Gulf War海湾战争Bill Clinton: Whitewater affair; Lewinsky ScandalAmerica in the 21st Century: terrorism and anti-terrorismGeorge W. Bush: Sept. 11th, Afghanistan War; Iraqi WarBarack Obama: new terrorismAmerican Political System美国政治体制：（Overview）The American Constitution---significancefounded federalism and introduced checks and balances（三权分⽴）into government for the first time in history—Based on division of power↓1.The First division of power-- federal governmentproblems of general concern e.g.to coin money, regulate commerce, raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, levy taxes (征税)-- state governmentAll the powers not listed in the Constitution to pass state laws2.The Second division of power: check and balance system---three separate yet interdependent branches:The Executive (administration): presidentThe Legislative : the CongressThe Judicial: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals and 91 district courts1)The Legislative : the Congress(535⼈)---the House of Representatives(435⼈,任期两年): in proportion to population---the Senate(100⼈,任期六年,三分之⼀的参议院席位每两年选举⼀次):2 Senators of each statethe Congress : make laws, levy taxes and money to cover government expenditure2)The Executive: Administration Headed by President总统任期四年，可连任⼀届the power of the President:to execute the law passed by theCongressto sign the act passed by Congress into lawto veto the bill passed by the Congressto appoint Federal Judges and Federal officials with the approval of the Senatein charge of the foreign policyCannot dissolve Congress while Congress cannot remove the President from office so long as he behaves well.总统选举——选举⼈团制度“胜者全得”制度（the winner-take-all System），即把本州的选举⼈票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选⼈。
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Lecture one: Geography and PeopleLocation :Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic.Territorial area:9.5million square kilometers50states and seat of government is Washington D.CLargest state---AlaskaLargest on the continent---TexasSmallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州)Newest---HawaiiThree geographical divisions（三大地形区）:Western ,central and eastern part .Land forms and region:Eastern part:Highlands formed by Appalachian rangeWestern part:High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain:A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western RockiesMain geographical regions:New England(6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities )The Mid-Atlantic StatesThe West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP )The Mid-WestThe South(13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large citiesThe SouthwestHawaii:Tourism is the largest source of incomeTropical climateRivers and Lakes:Mississippi River---largess and most important river in the system of GulfKnown as the river to American Indians.Hudson River:Flow through New York.The Great Lakes:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.The most important system of inland waterways in the world.Lake Michigan is wholly within the United StatesPart of the boundary runs through these lakesNiagara Fall is located on the U.S-Canada border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Climate:Mainly temperate and some mild subtropical areas with only southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.Natural resources:Abounds in mineral resourcesPopulation:The third most populous country in the worldUneven distribution :most densely populatedNation of Immigrants :White Anglo-Saxon protestantThe Black :The Civil Rights Movements:The Civil Rights Movements began when the black people spontaneously oppose the Segregation Law and establish organizations to make the protest successful.Martin Luther King:The political and religious leaders of non-violent civil rights movementNobel peace prize.Hispanics:Spanish-speaking AmericansMexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans(best economic achievements )MiamiAsian Immigrants :The Chinese were the first Asians to come to the U.S, ”model minority”.Racial Assimilation:America is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ”Melting Pot”and a Multi-Cultural SocietySpeak the same languageHave the same habits and manner.Lecture2:government and political systemAmerican constitution :Set down the basic framework of American government.Basic concept :Separation of power ,check and balances.Functions :Founding the American rule of law.Creating the federal system with a supreme national government.Having great flexibilityBuilding up the Republican form of government(共和制政体).Defining and limiting the power of the national government.Defining the relationship between national government and individual(个别)state governments.Guaranteeing the rights of the citizens of America.Supreme law, authority derived from people.Significance :Taking precedence over （为…开创先例）all state constitutions and law.First of its kind in the world, it has inspired dozens of other countries to seek for political reform.Federal system and government:The definition of Federalism(联邦制):The states are united into a federation.Federal government has the delegated power（委托权）.Both federal government and state government are Supreme power in their spheres of authority.Significance of federalism :Unify the states in their pursuit of common goals without completely deprive them of their independence.Federal government:Established by a federalism, there is a federal republic of 50 U.S states, District ofColombia and many other insular(岛屿的) areas.Branches of the government :Legislative ,executive and judicial branch.Separate but equally important ,checked and balanced by each other.The legislative branch :Congress :Briefing :Conference venue（会议场所）：The capitol(国会大厦)with Senate in the north wing and the house of representatives in the south wing.Law making and supreme legislative body.Monitor /supervise and influence aspects of the executive branch(congress’s responsibility :ensure ,comply with the law)Two chambers ----Senate（参议院）and the House of representatives（众议院）. Senate:Two members from each state as required by the Constitution with current membership 100.More important, consent to president’s proposal.The house of representatives:Each congressional district elect a representative.Each state is represented on the basis of population.More partisan that the Senate.The function:Pass the laws for the Union.The revenue bills must be originated in the house of representatives.The executive branch: comprises 14 branches and other independent agencies.Cabinet :formed by department’s heads ----secretaries.President:the chief of executive branch of the federal government. state and commander-in-chief of the military.Presidential residence: White House ,presidential term ：Serve one or two successive terms.Responsibility: taking care of the laws be faithfully executed.Executive Departments :Functions:The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws.Head of the departments are chosen by president and approved by the Senate .Cabinet :A part of the executive branches of the U.S government and consists of the heads of the executive departments.Secretary of the state:Head of the Department of State, foreign affairs.Judicial branch:Definition:consist of a series of courts:supreme court (highest),court of appeal and district court.What it applies to ?In most criminal cases and some civil cases.Function:Finders of factDecide on whether the defendant committed the crime.Unanimous decision.Political partiesDemocratic party and Republican partyDonkey and ElephantThe Democratic Party(donkey):Liberal.Anti –federalists southwest cotton plantation ownersEmphasizing the governmental interference in economy.The Republican Party(GOP, elephant):Conservative (more assertive in international affairs)Difference and similarity:With regard to economy, the Democrats favor the governmental intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market.On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republican oppose a large social security programs.Presidential election:Only the candidates nominated by the two Parties have the chance to win a Presidential election.Presidential election has 4 stages：The first stage: choosing the candidatesThe second stage: the campaigning stageThe third stage: votingThe forth stage: meeting the states capitalsLecture3:EconomyThe U.S economy is the current economic, industrial and technological giant.The largest developed country and the only superpower in the worldMixed economy:Emphasizing the private ownership(私有制).Federal government will regulate businesses.Private business produce the most goods and services.Economy system :free enterprise system.Type of business: Proprietorship(独资), cooperation and partnerships.History of American economy:The colonial period:Colonies are settled to escape religious persecutions and business ventures.After the settlement of the new England in1620,The English investors turn over colonial charter to the settlersSubsequently, the settlers established secondary industries formed a clear regional patterns of development.Since the America gained its independence:(词汇自己衔接)The constitution establish the nation as a unified market.Alexander Hamilton’s economic development strategyThe Industrial Revolution ：the boom of the cotton cloth production and textile industry(棉布生产和纺织业的繁荣)During that period of time, the south were dependant on the north for capital and manufactured goods.The Second Industrial Revolution gave birth to an explosion of new discoveries and inventions.In the 20 century :The U.S experienced a period of prosperity in the early of 20 century.Underwent Great Depression in the 1930s.President Roosevelt’s New Deal （massive intervention of the government ）saved itseconomy.略看：历届总统经济政策：Regan administration---new monetarist policiesGeorge Bush H.W----slow recession.Clinton----RecoveryAppearance of the new tycoonCurrent American economy:Agriculture：favorable natural condition.Successful agriculture mode （investment, labor method）and modern technology of farming .Remain to be the foundation of the economyManufacturing industry : America formed an industrial system with large productivity(northeastern is the lead region)Service industry:Financial services :banking, real estates and law servicesPublic welfare services:sheltering and retail servicesTop high-tech industryAdvanced space technology, information technology and computing.Lecture 4: Thirteen Colonies and the Independence War Pilgrim fathers:Columbus discovered the new world in1492.The discovery of new world epoch-making: people come to realise the world is round.Pilgrim Father(English separatists and other colonists) landed on north America on Dec 21th,1620 to escape religious persecutions. Forefather’s day Dec 21th(Mayflower).Thanksgiving day:For celebrating their first harvest of the forefathers.Fourth Thursday of November.Thirteen colonies:Those colonies were separately charted and governed by the Great Britain and finally became independent by signing the Declaration of Independence, which led the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of the U.SThe first colony was Virginia.The independence war:A series of armed conflict between the Great Britain and its 13 colonist for the colonists trying to gain their Independence and the uncontrollable contradictions. The shot of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary WarThe Second Continental Congress:Held in Philadelphia ,May 10th , 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentFounding continental Army and NavyAppointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of America forces. Printing paper money and open diplomatic relations.On fourth of the January,1776 approved the Declaration of IndependentThe Declaration :Consisting two parts：1.Justifing the rights for people to rebel against a government that denied theirnatural rights2.Indicting the King George for his cruel tyranny.Significance :Upholding the principle of equality and freedom of all manThe principle that people have the right to revolt.Independent DayJuly 4thThe course of the independence war:It dragged on for seven yearsThe victory of Saratoga became the turning point of the war.With the Assistance of French, Spain and Holland the war quickly ended.The Treaty of Paris put an end to the war and bring about the Independence of the 13states.Lecture 5:The American Constitution and Civil War.The American Constitution:The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)Washington(elected as chairman), James Madison and other predominant figures discussed issues on federalism James Madison became “the father of the constitution”.Content :Representation : equal number of Senators, representatives based on population Structure of the government：a strong central government divided into 3 branches. Establishing federalism. (constitution day Sep17,1787)Causing disagreement between the federalist and the anti-federalist.Ten amendments were add to the constitution, known as “The Bill of Rights”.First general election: First President Washington.Significance of the US Constitution:Designed to unite all the people and prevent abuse of power by government officials Dividing the federal government into 3 separate but interdependent part: legislature, judiciary and executive.Becoming the first written constitution in modern sense upholding the principle that government should serve the people.Guaranteeing the unalienable human rights with the adoption of the Bill of Rights ,people’s supremacyupholding equality and political liberalism .The Era of Expansion:Louisiana Purchase became the first major event in American expansion.The Monroe doctrine: show “America for Americans “in foreign policy.Initiating Mexican American War annexed the entire southeast and CaliforniaThe civil war :The American civil war was fought in the united states between the Union and the Confederate States of the America from 1861 until 1865.The only war fight on America soil by Americans.Causes:Economic reason: contradictions between the two different existing economic systemsPolitical reason: the independence of the states.Immediate cause :The dispute over Negro slavery finally led to the session of the southern sates Abraham Lincoln:On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took the office and insisted that slavery was evil and should be ultimately abolished.1862,he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, providing all slaves in the rebellion states freedom and setting the stage for the ultimate abolition to slavery. Gettysburg---turning point of the war.Lincoln deliver the famous Gettysburg Address, proposing the 3 principles of an ideal: government of the people, by the people and for the people.Assassinate , Lincoln memorialAftermath(result) :Victorious Union government sought to end the slavery and guarantee a permanently unbreakable union.The Confederate surrendered, the U.S stayed as a whole countrySlavery was totally abolished through the 13 and 14 amendment to the constitution, which swept the obstacles to the development of the U.S capital production.。