外文翻译-模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究
数控机床刀具设计论文中英文资料外文翻译文献综述
数控机床刀具设计中英文资料英语原文：Design Of Tool Machine PropResearch significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditi D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing.1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device tion, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical fu as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc sc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knifeand capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.s, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and com mon typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:(1) the turret knifeIncluding the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutterDisc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (includingradial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of theknife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c).D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use theknife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of theknife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be verybeneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of theknife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Toolnumber not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitablygiven the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity andmore occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, morecompact layout, the number ofapply to small and medium-sizedprocessing center.(3) the chain knife Includingsingle-and multi-ring chain ringchain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 doFeatures: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife libraryThe linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though.Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view,generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.1.6.Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simpleinstallation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NCinstructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 º rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 º rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, thetool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure,the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 º "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 º, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.Tool Automatic Tool Change When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-endpackages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two,respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions onthe knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: randomsequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. Theneed to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNCtool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified.3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First to knives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. ConclusionFocused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。
外文翻译---注塑模具设计的一种智能型腔设计系统
International Journal of CAD/CAM V ol. 2, No. 1, pp. 69~75 (2002)An Intelligent Cavity Layout Design System for Injection Moulds Weigang Hu and Syed Masood*Industrial Research Institute Swinburne (IRIS), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Australia 3122AbstractLayout Design System (ICLDS) for multiple cavityinjection moulds. The system is intended to assist mould designers in cavity layout design at concept design stage. Thecomplexities and principles of cavity layout design as well as various dependencies in injection mould design are introduced.The knowledge in cavity layout design is summarized and classified. The functionality, the overall structure and generalprocess of ICLDS are explained. The paper also discusses such issues as knowledge representation and case-based reasoningused in the development of the system. The functionality of the system is illustrated with an example of cavity layout designproblem.Keywords: Intelligent design, cavity layout design, injection mould design, case-based reasoning, design support system1. IntroductionIn manufacturing, the injection moulding is one of the most widely used production processes for producing plastic parts with high production rate and little or no finishing required on plastic products. The process consists of injecting molten plastic material from a hot chamber into a closed mould, allowing the plastic to cool and solidify and ejecting the finished product from the mould. For each new plastic product, the injection moulding machine requires a new injection mould. Design and manufacture of injection mould is a time consuming and expensive process and traditionallyrequires highly skilled tool and mould makers. An injection mould consists of several components, which include mould base, cavities, guide pins, a sprue, runners, gates, cooling water channels, support plates, slides and ejector mechanism [1]. Design of mould is also affected by several other factors such as part geometry, mould material, parting line and number of cavities per mould. With the advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence, efforts have been directed to reduce the cost and lead time in the design and manufacture of an injection mould. Injection mould design has been the main area of research since it is a complex process involving several sub-designs related to various components of the mould, each requiring expert knowledge and experience. Mould design also affects the productivity,mould maintenance cost, manufacturability of mould, and the quality of the moulded part. Most of the work in mould design has been directed to the application of expert systems, knowledge based systems and artificial intelligence to eliminate or supplement the vast amount of human expertise required in traditional design process. Kruth and Willems [2] developed an intelligent support system for the design of injection moulds integrating commercial CAD/CAM, a relational database and an expert system. Lee et. al. [3] proposed a systematic methodology and knowledge base for injection mould design in a concurrent engineering environment. Raviwongse and Allada [4] developed a neural networkbased design support tool to compute the mould complexity index to help mould designers to assess their proposed mould design on mould manufacturability. Kwong and Smith [5] developed a computational system for the process design of injection moulding based on the blackboard-based expert system and the case-based reasoning approach, which includes mould design, production scheduling, cost estimation and determination of injection moulding parameters. Britton et. al. [6] discussed the injection mould design from a functional perspective using functional design knowledge and a number ofknowledge libraries. Mok et. al. [7] developed an interactive knowledge-based CAD system for injection mould design incorporating computational, knowledge and graphic modules. Several studies have also been made on improving the design of specific components of an injection mould. Ong et. al. [8] developed a knowledge-based and objectoriented approach for the design of the feed system for injection moulds, which can efficiently design the type, location and size of a gating system in the mould. Irani et. al. [9] also developed a software system for automatic design of gating and runner systems for injection moulds and provide evaluation of gating design based on specified performance parameters. Nee et. al. [10] proposed a methodology for determination of optimal. parting directions in injection mould design based on automatic recognition and extraction of undercut features. Chen and Chou [11] developed algorithms for selectinga parting line in mould design by computing the undercutvolumes and minimising the number of undercuts. Parkand Kwon [12] worked on the design of cooling systemsin injection moulds and proposed an optimal designbased on thermal analysis and design sensitivity analysisof the cooling stage of the injection moulding process.Lin [13] worked on the use of gate size and gate position as the major parameters for simulated injection mould performance prediction. One area in injection mould design, which has received little attention, is the design of cavity layout in a multiple cavity injection mould. Cavity layout design affects the whole process of injection moulding directly, since it is one of the most important phases in mould design process. Consideration of cavity layout design in injection mould at concept design stage will improve the quality of injection moulded products because it is associated with the determination of many key factors affecting the design and quality of mould. Such factors include number of cavities; parting line; type of mould; type and position of gate; runner system; cooling system and ejection system. Some of these factors are difficult to build astrue mathematical models for analysis and design. This paper presents the development of a design support system, called Intelligent Cavity Layout Design System (ICLDS), for multiple-cavity injection moulds based on knowledge based and object oriented approaches. It uses the case-based and ruled-based reasoning in arriving at the layout solution [14]. It is based on the commercial software system named “RETE++”, which is an integrated development platform for customers to develop their own knowledge-based systems [15]. The objective is to make full use of available techniques in artificial intelligence in assisting mould designers at concept design stage. 2. Cavity Layout Design in Injection MouldsCurrent practice for injection mould design, especially cavity layout design, depends largely on designers’ experiences and knowledge. It would therefore be desirable to use knowledge engineering, artificial intelligence and intelligent design techniques in generating an acceptable cavity layout design in injection mould accurately and efficiently. In mould design, most of patterns of cavity layout and rules and principles of cavity layout design can also be easily represented in the form of knowledge, which can be used in most of knowledge-based design systems. the criteria to select the suitable layout pattern for design are mainly dependent on working environments, conditions and requirements of customer and are mainly based on designer’s skill and experience. To make a choice of contradictory factors will rely obviously on designer’s knowledge and experiences. It is rather suitablefor intelligent design techniques to be used in systems designed for such situations, especially for routine or innovation design.Design of injection mould mainly involves consideration of design of the following elements or sub-systems:(1) mould type(2) number of cavities(3) cavity layout(4) runner system(5) ejector system(6) cooling system(7) venting(8) mounting mechanismMost of the elements are inter-dependent such that it is virtually impossible to produce a meaningful flow chart covering the whole mould design process. Obviously, in injection mould design, it is difficult for designer to monitor all design parameters. Cavity design and layout directly affects most of other activities.The application of advanced knowledge based techniques to assist designer in cavity layout design at conceptdesign stage will greatly assist in the development of a comprehensive computer-aided injection mould design and manufacturing system. Higher the number of cavities of mould, higher the productivity of the injection mould. But this may lead to difficulties with issues such as balancing the runners or products with the complicated cavity shapes, which in turn may lead to problems of mould manufacturability. It is also possible that the number of cavities and the pattern of cavity layout will influence the determination of parting line, type of gate, position of gate, runner system and cooling system. Most of the main activities of mould design are therefore linked to cavity layout design. The cavity layout design problem therefore depends upon a number of functionalities of the overall mould design system, which includes:(1) definition of design specifications includinganalysis and description of characteristics of(2) determination of mould type(3) determination of number of cavities(4) determination of orientation of product(5) determination of runner type and runnerconfiguration(6) determination of type and position of gate(7) cavity layout conceptual design(8) evaluation of ejection ability, manufacturingability and economic performances(9) determination of cooling system(10) graphic results display and output3. Structure of ICLDS and the Design ProcessThe structure of the Intelligent Cavity Layout Design System (ICLDS) is based on case-based reasoning andruled-based reasoning designed around the RETE++ The design process starts with the definition of design specifications. The ICLDS system retrieves similar cases from case base by computing the similarity between the cases and the new case. If the solution is satisfactory, then results are displayed graphically. If the solution is not satisfactory, then ICLDS will use rule-based reasoning with forward or backward chaining or a mixture of both to arrive at a solution. Ifthe solution is still unsatisfactory, then the user has to modify some of the initial design specifications. The use of case-based technology in the design process in ICLDS allows the user to obtain the solution(s) of design problem more quickly and flexibly. The structure of knowledge base and database used in the development of ICLDS is based on the underlying knowledge base and database structure from the RETE++ software system, which is a commercially available software development platform.4. Development of ICLDS4.1. Classifications of KnowledgeFor various logic and steps involved in layout design, there are different kinds of knowledge that needs to be described and represented in cavity layout design. The types of knowledge can be classified into five kinds based on object oriented (OO) concept as described below:(1) Design instance/case: previous design cases and current design instances(2) Relation: superclass-class-subclass relation, classinstance relation(3) Attribute: design variables, features, attributes of design problem(4) Rule: general design rules, design experiences(5) Procedure and/or model: numeric calculation, mathematical modeling, analysis, evaluation andprocedures.4.2. Knowledge RepresentationsTo describe each of these types of knowledge, the internal data structures of the ECLIPSE language, included in RETE++ inherently, can be used to make the object orientated representation of the design process as explained earlier. Some other considerations in knowledge representation are as follows:(1) For “design instance/case”, we combine “fact definition” and “relation definition” plus database and case base to represent it(2) The “attribute” are represented as instances of“template definition” and/or “relation definition”(3) For “relation”, we use “relation definition” to describe it(4) For “rule”, we combine “rule definition” and“rule set definition” to represent it(5) The “procedure/model” are defined by external routines using C++ language Furthermore, “goal definition” and “goal generation”techniques are used to fulfil backward chaining reasoning, and “case-based reasoning” is used to carry out casebased design.4.3. Case-based ReasoningCase-Based Reasoning (CBR) is dependent firstly on case retrieved. Case-based retrieval is based on “Similarity Metric”. Therefore, how to calculate the similarity is obviously the key technique in CBR, and it is described in detail as below. Similarity metric is a weighted distancefunction in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension corresponds to a field whose value is specified in the query (new case) and which has a non-missing value in the case being ranked. The distance between the case and the query (which corresponds to a point in this multi-dimensional space) is computed differently for ordinal and nominal fields. An ordinal field is a field whose values are ordered or sorted. A nominal field is one whose values represent qualitative information for which sorting makes no sense. In general, ordinal fields include dates, integers, and real numbers while nominal fields include Boolean, Symbols, and Text.关于CAD/CAM的国际性杂志注塑模具设计的一种智能型腔设计系统摘要：本文展示了注塑模具多腔设计的智能型腔设计的发展，这个系统可以帮助模具设计者提供流道设计的观念，介绍了复杂的型腔设计原则和多样的设计理念，以及型腔版面设计的概述、分类、功能，全面地构造和智能化腔孔版面设计的程序使用方法的解释说明。
CNC机床加工中的刀具选型与切削参数优化
CNC机床加工中的刀具选型与切削参数优化CNC（Computer Numerical Control）机床是一种能够按照预先输入的程序指令进行自动化加工的机床。
在CNC机床加工中，刀具选型与切削参数的选择对于加工质量和效率起着至关重要的作用。
本文将就CNC机床加工中的刀具选型与切削参数优化进行探讨。
一、刀具选型在CNC机床加工中，刀具的选型要根据加工材料、加工要求以及加工方式来选择，常用的刀具选型有以下几种：1.硬质合金刀具硬质合金刀具具有优异的耐磨性和高硬度，适用于加工硬度较高的材料，如铸铁、合金钢等。
同时，硬质合金刀具还能够提供较好的切削性能和切削稳定性，因此在高速切削中得到广泛应用。
2.高速钢刀具高速钢刀具是热处理过的优质合金钢，具有较高的硬度和耐磨性。
高速钢刀具适用于一般加工材料的加工，价格相对较低，是较为经济实用的刀具选型。
3.立铣刀具立铣刀具适用于铣削工艺，能够完成平面铣削、开槽、镗孔等加工操作。
立铣刀具具有较高的刚性和切削性能，能够提高加工效率和加工精度。
4.钻孔刀具钻孔刀具用于钻孔加工，分为普通钻头和中心钻头两类。
普通钻头适用于常规钻孔操作，而中心钻头则适用于加工前的定位孔。
二、切削参数优化在CNC机床加工中，刀具的切削参数选取直接关系到加工效率和加工质量，合理的切削参数优化能够提高加工效率和延长刀具寿命。
下面分别从切削速度、进给量、切削深度等几个方面进行优化探讨。
1.切削速度切削速度是指刀具在加工过程中的旋转速度，需要根据材料硬度和刀具类型来选择合适的转速。
过高的切削速度会导致切削过程中的高温和过量磨损，而过低的切削速度则会影响加工效率。
因此，在确定切削速度时，需要考虑加工要求和刀具特性，以达到切削效果和刀具寿命的平衡。
2.进给量进给量是指刀具在加工过程中沿工件表面前进的距离，选择合适的进给量可以控制加工负荷，保证加工质量。
过小的进给量会导致切削效率低下，过大的进给量则容易引起振动和过度磨损。
数控车削加工中的刀具选择 毕业论文
题目：数控车削加工中的刀具选择中文摘要理想的加工程序不仅应保证加工出符合图样的合格工件，同时应能使数控机床的功能得到合理的应用和充分的发挥。
数控机床是一种高效率的自动化设备，它的效率高于普通机床的2～3倍，要充分发挥数控机床的这一特点，必须在编程之前对工件进行工艺分析，根据具体条件，选择经济、合理的工艺方案。
数控加工工艺考虑不周是影响数控机床加工质量、生产效率及加工成本的重要因素。
本文从生产实践出发，探讨和总结一些数控车削过程中的工艺问题。
英文摘要The ideal processing procedure should not only guarantee the machining for the workpiece, meanwhile the pattern should be qualified to make numerically-controlled machine tool's function get reasonable application and sufficient play. Nc machine is a kind of efficient automation equipment, it is more efficient than the conventional machine tools of 2 ~ 3 times, to give full play to the characteristics of CNC programming, must be in process analysis of workpiece before, according to the specific conditions, the choice of economic and reasonable process scheme. Nc machining process thoughtfulness is the effect of nc machine tools machining quality, production efficiency and machining cost of important factor. This article from the production practice, discusses and summarizes some of the numerical control turning process process problems.关键词（Keywords）：工序划分，刀具选择，生产实践目录第一章前言 (3)第二章数控机床的组成和工作原理 (4)2.1孔加工刀具类 (4)2.2数控铣刀类 (4)2.3拉削刀具类 (5)2.4其它刀具 (5)第三章控刀具及选用 (6)3.1数控机床刀具的特点 (6)3.2金属切削刀具的主要角度 (6)3.3刀具常用材料 (6)3.4 数控机床刀具分类 (9)3.5常用数控刀具结构 (9)3.6数控机床刀具的选择 (10)3.7数控加工刀具选择的典型实例 (12)第四章数控刀具材料新产品科技近况与发展趋势 (13)4.1超硬材料领域 (13)4.2W、C O类涂层和细颗粒(超细颗粒)硬质合金材料领城 (14)4.3含CO类粉末冶金高速钢材料领城 (14)第五章结论 (16)参考文献 (17)致谢 (18)前言毕业设计（论文）是学生在导师指导下，就其某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观察上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结。
数控刀具知识常用英文
数控刀具知识常用英文在数控加工领域，掌握一些常用的英文术语对于理解和操作数控刀具至关重要。
以下为您详细介绍一些常见的数控刀具相关英文词汇。
首先是“Cutting tool”，这就是“切削刀具”的意思。
在数控加工中，各种不同类型的切削刀具都有着特定的名称。
例如“End mill”，指的是立铣刀，常用于铣削平面、轮廓和沟槽等。
“Drill bit”则是钻头，主要用于钻孔操作。
“Tool holder”，即刀具刀柄，是用于安装和固定刀具的部件。
常见的刀柄类型有“BT tool holder”（BT 刀柄）和“HSK tool holder”（HSK 刀柄）。
“Insert”这个词常用来表示刀片。
例如“Indexable insert”，意思是可转位刀片，它可以更换，提高了刀具的使用寿命和加工效率。
谈到刀具的材质，“Carbide”表示硬质合金，这是数控刀具中常用的材料之一，具有高硬度和耐磨性。
“Ceramic”则是陶瓷，在一些高速切削加工中会用到陶瓷刀具。
“Tool geometry”指的是刀具几何形状，包括刀具的前角（Rake angle）、后角（Relief angle）、刃倾角（Tool cutting edge inclination angle）等。
这些角度的设计会直接影响刀具的切削性能和加工质量。
“Cutting speed”是切削速度，它表示刀具在切削过程中旋转的线速度。
“Feed rate”则是进给速度，即刀具在加工过程中沿工件移动的速度。
“Depth of cut”是切削深度，指的是刀具在一次走刀中切入工件的深度。
在刀具的测量和精度方面，“Tool diameter”表示刀具直径，“Tool length”是刀具长度。
“Tool runout”指的是刀具跳动，它对加工精度有重要影响。
“Tool coating”是刀具涂层，常见的涂层有“TiN coating”（氮化钛涂层）、“TiAlN coating”（氮化铝钛涂层）等，涂层可以提高刀具的耐磨性和切削性能。
UG加工模块中英对照
UG加工模块中英对照mill-planar 平面铣模块平面和垂直侧面，主要加工模具或零件中的平面区域mill-contour 轮廓铣/曲面铣模块可加工存在斜面或是曲面的工件，根据模具或零件的形状进行加工，包括型腔铣加工、等高轮廓铣加工和固定轴区域轮廓铣加工等mill-multi-axis 多轴铣模块在多轴机床上利用工作台的运动和刀轴的旋转实现多轴加工。
Drill 孔加工模块在模具中钻孔，使用的刀具为钻头。
Turning 车加工模块Wire-edm 线切割加工模块在线切割机上利用铜线放电的原理切割零件或模具Solid-tool 铸造加工模块A:-Mill_Planar平面铣1. FACE_MILLING_AREA 面铣削“面铣削区域”有部件几何体、切削区域、壁几何体、检查几何体和自动壁面选择。
2. FACE_MILLING 面铣加工面铣削基本的面切削操作，用于切削实体上的平面。
（适用于平面区域的精加工，使用的刀具多为平底刀）3. FACE_MILLING_MANUAL 面铣削混合切削模式，各个面上都不同。
其中的一种切削模式是手动，它使您能够把刀具正好放在所需的位置，就像教学模式一样。
4. PLANAR_MILL 表面加工平面铣基本的平面铣操作，它采用多种切削模式加工二维边界，以及平底面。
（适用于加工阶梯平面区域，使用的刀具多为平底刀）5.PLANAR_PROFILE 平面铣特殊的二维轮廓铣切削类型，用于在不定义毛坯的情况下轮廓铣。
常用于修边6.ROUGH_FOLLOW 平面铣使用跟随工件切削模式的平面铣。
7.ROUGH_ZIGZAG 平面铣使用往复切削模式的平面铣。
8. ROUGH_ZIG 平面铣使用单向轮廓铣切削模式的平面铣。
9. CLEANUP_CORNERS 平面铣使用来自于前一操作的二维IPW，以跟随部件切削类型进行平面铣。
常用于清除角，因为这些角中有前一刀具留下的材料。
10. FINISH_WALLS 平面铣将余量留在底面上的平面铣。
数控模具加工中的刀具选型与刀具磨削
数控模具加工中的刀具选型与刀具磨削在数控模具加工中，刀具的选型和磨削是非常重要的环节。
合理的刀具选型和精确的刀具磨削可以提高加工效率和产品质量，降低生产成本。
本文将从数控模具加工的特点、刀具选型和刀具磨削技术等方面进行探讨。
一、数控模具加工的特点数控模具加工是利用计算机控制的数控机床进行的模具加工。
相比传统的手工加工和普通机床加工，数控模具加工具有以下特点：1. 高精度要求：模具加工通常需要达到较高的精度要求，以保证模具的质量和加工件的精度。
2. 复杂形状加工：模具通常具有复杂的形状和结构，需要进行多轴、多面、多角度的加工。
3. 加工难度大：模具材料通常较硬，如钢、合金等，加工难度大，对刀具的性能要求高。
二、刀具选型刀具选型是数控模具加工中的关键环节。
合理的刀具选型可以提高加工效率和产品质量。
1. 刀具材料选择：对于模具加工，通常选择硬质合金刀具。
硬质合金刀具具有高硬度、高耐磨性和高热稳定性等特点，适合加工硬材料。
2. 刀具形状选择：根据加工件的形状和结构，选择合适的刀具形状。
常见的刀具形状有平头刀、球头刀、锥度刀等。
3. 刀具刀尖半径选择：刀尖半径的选择直接影响加工表面的质量。
一般情况下，刀尖半径越小，加工表面的质量越好，但同时也会增加刀具的易损性。
4. 刀具刃数选择：刀具刃数的选择要根据具体的加工要求和加工材料来确定。
刃数越多，加工效率越高，但刀具的稳定性和切削力也会增加。
三、刀具磨削技术刀具磨削是刀具维护和修复的重要环节。
合理的刀具磨削技术可以延长刀具的使用寿命，提高加工质量。
1. 磨削工艺选择：根据刀具的不同形状和材料，选择合适的磨削工艺。
常见的磨削工艺有平面磨削、外圆磨削、内圆磨削等。
2. 磨削参数控制：在磨削过程中，控制好磨削参数对于刀具的磨削质量至关重要。
磨削参数包括磨削速度、进给速度、磨削厚度等。
3. 刀具修复技术：对于损坏的刀具，可以通过修复技术进行修复。
常见的刀具修复技术有热处理修复、电火花修复等。
数控机床外文翻译----刀具和刀夹
数控机床外文翻译----刀具和刀夹CUTTING TOOLS AND TOOLHOLDERSTo machine a workpiece successfully you must have :1.the correct kind of cutting tool or tool bit2.the right type of toolholder3.a tool with a sharp cutting-edge4.the cutting tool set or adjusted to the correct height and position.Cutting-tool materialsTool bits used on the lathe are made form one of six basic materials:water-hardening steels,high-speed steels,hard-cast,nonferrous alloys,sintered (cemented) carbides,ceramics,and diamonds. The selection of the material used depends upon many factors including:tool cost,size and design oftool ,metal-removal rate ,length of run ,finish and tolerance of part,and condition and capability of the machine tool . Because of these factors ,material selection is more often based on general experience than on precise evaluation . There are, however ,certain general characteristics of the different cutting-tool materials you should understand.Water-hardening Steels.These include the high-carbon tool steels (either plain carbon or those with minor additions of chromium , vanadium,or tungsten) .The different grades of water-hardening tool steels are classed as W steels in American Iron and Steel Institute’s system of classification . Tools made from these materials have very sharp ,smooth cutting-edges when properlyheat-treated. They are adequate for limited turning at arelatively low cutting speed or when old ,low-speed equipment ,such as a flat-belt lathe , is used .The main limitation of tools made form water-hardening steels is that they soften if the cutting-edge temperature exceeds approximately 300-400F during sharpening or cutting .A second disadvantage is low resistance to edge wear . High-speed Steels. High-speed steels offer great improvement in cutting efficiency over water-hardening tool steels .Tools made from high-speed steels retain enough hardness to machine at rapid rates even when the tool temperature reaches 1050F . They can be used even though they become dull red with heat . Upon cooling to room temperature , the original hardness of these steels does not change .Wear resistance of high-speed steels is much better than that of the carbon or alloy steels . This is due to the high carbide content ,especially in thehigher-alloy types of high-speed steel . Fully hardened , high-speed steels have greater resistance to shock than carbides or hard-cast alloys .There are two main types of high-speed steels designated in the American Iron and Steels Institute system , M steels (molybdenum base and T steels tungsten base . Tool bits made from these materials can be purchased already ground to various shapes . Unground tool bits called tool-bit blanks can also be purchased . These tool-bit blanks are made in standard size to fit the commonly used lathes . The common sizes are 3/16in square by 1 in long ,1/4in square by 2inlong ,5/16in square by 2-1/2in long ,and 3/8in square by 3in long . High-speedsteel tool bits are the type most used in the school machineshop .Hard-cast Alloy . These materials do not contain sufficient iron to be classed as steels . Rather , they are mainly alloys of cobalt , chromium , and tungsten with other elements added for special purpose . They reach full hardness in the as-cast condition , without heat treatment . The must be ground to size after casting . In terms of resistance to heat , wear ,shock ,and initial cost , cast alloys rank between high-speed steels and carbides .Hard-cast alloys are weaker in tension and more brittle than high-speed steels and thus are not suitable for severe shock loads . They are known by such commercial names as stellite , Rex alloy ,and tantung .Sintered Carbides . For efficient and high-speed machining ,best results can be obtained with sintered carbide tools . Carbide tools are available in solid form and as inserts which are either brazed or clamped in toolholders . Clamped inserts are usually round , square , or triangular in shape and have all edge is always available . These inserts can be rotated so that a sharp edge is always available . With modern machine tools and the proper grade of cemented carbide , it is possible to use cutting speeds 10 to 30 time faster than those feasible with high-speed steels .Carbides are suitable for most machining operations such as single-point turning , drilling ,milling , thread cutting, and reaming . Carbides should be used only when they can be supported rigidly and when the machine tool has adequate power and speed to enable their efficient use .Ceramic . With the exception of industrial diamonds , ceramic inserts are the hardest and strongest inserts available . They resistabrasive wear , chipping , and breakage . These inserts work best on very rigid machine tools and onwell-supported workpieces . For most operations , cutting fluids are not needed . Diamonds . Industrial diamonds that have either circular or facetedcutting-edges are used for light finishing cuts when an extremely high-quality surface finish required . Although a very smooth finish can be achieved using other cutting-tool materials , diamond turning can provide even smoother finishes with very small tolerances .TOOLHOLDERSThe toolholder holds the cutting tool rigid during cutting operations . Four types of toolholders are in general use .1 . The tool post with standard toolholders . The tool too post is comprised of the post , screw , washer , collar , and rocker . The washer fits the top slidee piece slot . The collar and the rocker elevate or lower the point of too . The screw clamps the toolholder in place .The standard toolholder for high-speed steel cutter bits comes in three common shapes : straight , right-hand offset or shank , and left-hand offset or shank . You can identify right-hand and left-hand offset holders by holding the setscrew end in your hand . If the shank bends to the right , it is a left-hand offset holder . The straight toolholder is fused for most work . The left-hand toolholder is used when you need to cut close to the chuck or lathe dog . The right-hand holder isused when feeding toward the tailstock of the lathe . The cutting-tool bit is held in each of these toolholders at an angle of 14 to 16.5 degrees . This is called the toolholder angle .Carbide toolholders also come in three styles and are similarin appearance to those mentioned above . The hole for the cutter bit , however , is parallel to the bottom edge of the holder .2. The open-side or heavy-duty tool block holds one tool ata time and consists of a T-slot clamp , a C-shaped block , and two or more tool clamping screws . Because this unit is very rigid , it is especially useful for heavy cuts . A tool bit can be mounted directly in the tool block or some type of carbide tooolholder can be used .3. The turret tool block or four-way toolholder consists of a swiveling block in which the tools are clamped Common turret block hold four tools . Each can be quickly swiveled into cutting position and clamped in place . Some turret blocks have eight tool stations . Frequently ,an open-side-type tool block is also mounted on the rear of the cross slide to add one additional cutting operation . With this arrangement , anywhere form five to nine different kinds of tools can be mounted and operated in sequence for turning , forming ,facing ,knurling , and cutting off duplicate parts .4. The quick-change-type tool system holds only one tool ata time , but three different sides can be used to position the tool . It consists of a quick-change tool post with a clamping lever and a series of toolholders for turning , facing ,boring , cutting off , threading , knurling , and thread cutting .Single-point Cutting ToolsTool Parts . Before you can grind a tool bit , you must become acquainted with some of the terms used to describe the various parts of the cutting tool .1 . The face is the top of the tool bit . It is the surface on which a part of the chip attaches as it is cut away form the workpiece .2. The cutting-edge is that part of the cutter bit which actually does the cutting .3. The nose is the corner or are formed by the side and end cutting-edge .4. The flank is the surface below the cutting-edge .5. The point is the part of the tool bit which is shaped to form the cutting-edge and face .Tool Angles .The following are important tool angles used for all single-point cutting tools .1.The side relief angle is the angle between the ground surface and the verticalside of the tool bit before it is ground . This angle was formerly called side clearance , and many machinists still use this term .The side relief angleprovides clearance between the cut surface of the work and the flank of tool .Tool wear reduces the effective side clearance angle .If the angle is too small, the cutter will rub and heat . If the angle is too large , the cutting-edge will be weak and the tool will have a tendency to dig into the workpiece.2.The end relief angle is the angle formed between the end of the cutting-edgeand a vertical line. It was formerly called front clearance. The end reliefangle provides clearance between the finished surface of the work and the tool. If this angle is too small, the tool will rub on the finished surface and produce a poor finish. Wear tends to reduce this angle. If the angle is too large , the tool may dig into the work , chatter, and fail through chipping . An angle of 8 to 15 is recommened for steel tools and 6 to 8 for carbide tools .If thetool is set above the center of rotation , the effective clearance angle is reduce . This must be considered in choosing the proper angle .3.The end cutting-edge angle provides clearance between the cutter and thefinished surface of the work .If this angle is too small, it may cause chatter. A small angle of about 6 is desirable on light finishing cuts, however, in order to produce a smooth finish .4.The side cutting-edge angle turns the chip away form the finishedsurface .Recommended angles are between 5 and 15 .5.The nose radius removes the fragile corner of the tool , prolongs tool life ,and improves finish . The radius may be large for maximum-strengthrough-cutting tools and may be reduced for light feeds . The larger the nose radius ,the better the finish as long as chatter dose not occur .Recommended nose radii are 0.010 to 0.030 in . or more for finishing cuts , and 1/30 to 1/2 in for roughing cuts .6.To help shape the cutting-edge and face , it is necessary to grind rake angleson a tool bit .Rake is an inclination form the vertical or horizontal .The two rake angles are back rake and side rake .Back rake , in a single-point feeding to the side , turns the chip away form the finished work and gives the tool a slicing action .A zero back rack tends to make a spiral chip , and a back rake angle greater than zero tends to stretch the spiral chip out into a helix . A back-rake angle of form 5 to 15 is used to keep chips form scratching the workpiece . High-speed steel tool bits are always ground with a positive rake .However , cementedcarbide tools may have either a positive or negative rake .Negative rake increases the shear angle at which the chip is formed , providing for a good chip and a good surface finish .Negative rake tools are generally used on a heavy-duty lathe that is operated at high speed with a heavy feed .Side rake refers to the angle between the face of the tool and a line that would represent the top of the unground tool bit as viewed form the end . Side rake controls the type of chip produced during machining as well as the direction in which the chip will travel .A tool with a small side-rake angle will produce shorter chips than one with a large rake angle .7 .The nose angle is the angle between the side-cutting edge and the end-cutting edge .Classes of Single-point T oolsDifferent shapes of tool bits are needed to do certain machining operations . Most tool bits are ground to cut in one direction only .The two common types are referred to as right cut and left cut .These were formerly called right-hand and left-hand tool bits .A right-cut single-point tool is one that , when viewed form the point end with the face up , has its cutting-edge on the right side .When the tool bits is placed in the lathe , the cutting-edge is on the left side .This tool bit cuts form the right to the left , or form the tailstock end toward the headstock of the lathe .A left-cut tool bit has the cutting-edge on the left when viewed form the point end with the face up . This tool bit is ground to cut form the left to the right or toward the tailstock of the lathe .Commonly used types of tool bits include the following:1.A roughing tool is a tool bit designed to take heavyroughing cuts to reducethe diameter of a workpiece to approximate size . Because finish is notimportant when roughing work , such a tool bit may be ground to almost a sharp point . However , the point is usually rounded very slightly to prevent its breaking down .2.A finishing tool is one that has a keenly ground cutting-edge which may behoned with an oilstone to produce a very smooth finish ,A finish toolgenerally has a larger rounded nose than a roughing tool .3.A roundnose cutting tool is a general-purpose tool used for many types ofwork .When ground flat on the top , it can be used for both right and left cuts and for turning brass . It may also be used to form a radius at the corner of a shoulder . Roundnose tool bits are used as finishing tools .4.The square-nose tool cuts on the end only . It is used for chamfering and forroughing cuts to square a shoulder .5.A cutoff or parting tool cuts on the end only and is used for cutting off stockor workpieces held in a chuck .6.Side-facing tools or side tools , as they are often called , are used forfinishing the ends of work square and smooth .A right-cut side-facing tool is always used to finish the end of a shaft . A left-cut side-facing tool may be used to finish the left side of a shoulder .Chip BreakersTo eliminate the problem of a continuous chip , a chip breaker is often ground on a high-speed steel tool bit .Chip breakers can either be ground on an off-hand grinding wheel , or in the case of the grooved chip breaker , it can be done with a thin grinding wheel on a surface grinder .A separate chip breaker is often used with insert-type carbide tools .Cutting ActionIn lathe turning , there are three basic cutting forces , the longitudinal force of the workpiece against the side of the tool , the radial force of the workpiece against the front of tool , and the tangential force of the workpiece against the top of the tool . The tangential cutting force is by far the greatest and has the most influence on the cutting action . This tremendous force is exerted against the cutting-edge . Pressures as great as a quarter-million pounds per square foot have been measured on large metal-cutting lathes . If the tool is shaped incorrectly or set at an incorrect angle ,it will dull rapidly .Here is what actually happens when cutting on the lathe ,As the workpiecemeets the cutting-edge of the tool bit , chips or a continuous ribbon of metal are wedged away from the material being machined ,On soft , ductile material , this wedging is continuous. On harder materials , the wedging force causes the metal to compress . Compression continues until a shearing point is reached , and the compressed metal is separated from the workpiece . This is repeated throughout the cutting operation .The shape is much more important than the actual sharpness of a cutting-edge . Lack of clearance permits the tool to drag on the workpiece , greatly increasing the pressure on the cutting-edge and interfering withtool performance .Too-large clearance angles make the tool weak and do not edge breaks off or wears out rapidly .Grinding a High-speed Steel Tool BitA tool bit is ground:1.To provide a sharp cutting-edge2. To obtain the correct or best shape for a particular operation3. To provide clearance away form the end of the tool bit4. To provide clearance away form the side of the tool bit5. To provide good chip movement over the face of the tool bit and away the cutting-edgeHere is the correct procedure for grinding a right-cut roundnose tool bit :1.Check the grinding wheels to make certain the faces of the wheels aredressed properly. It is difficult to grind good cutting tools on wheels that areuneven or have grooves in them. Use a bench or floor grinder that is used only for grinding cutting tools. Such a grinder should have a coarse-gritaluminum-oxide wheel on one side and a fine-grit wheel on the other side.Use the coarse-grit wheel for finishing the tool bit to shape. Then use thefine-grit wheel for finishing the tool bit.2.The tool grinder should be equipped with tool rests. Rest your hands on themto control the movement of the tool bit. Hold the tool bit firmly to keep itform bouncing around on the wheel. Do not grip it so tightly,however, that you have difficulty move it.3.Grind the side-relief angle to form the side-cutting-edge angle by holding thetool bit against the wheel, as shown in Fig 18. This angle should be about 6 for mild steel. Hold the tool bit against the wheel, and tilt the bottom inward to get this angle. As you grind, move the tool bit back and forth across the face of the wheel without changing its position. This helps to grind the tool faster and prevents grooving the wheel. As the tool bit heats up, dip it inwater to cool it. A beginner often makes the mistake of moving the tool bit up and down. This forms many different angles on the flank, and it becomesvery irregular. To avoid this, hold the tool bit in affixed position on the wheel.Move it back and forth, but never up or down.4.Grind the side-relief angle on the opposite side to form the shape of the toolbit, as shown in.5.To grind the end-relief angle, holds the tool with the and up. Swing the shankof the tool bit in a semicircle. Try to blend the end radius to meet the sides neatly and cleanly. Always ease up on the pressure when grinding theroundnose of the tool bit. If you fail to so this, you woll grind a largerroundnose tool than desired.6.To grind side rake for a right-cut tool bit, hold the tool bit, face or top, atright angles to the right side of the grinding wheel. Tilt thetool inward at the bottom. Hold it in this position until the wheel cleans up the entire face to the cutting-edge. To grind the side-rake angle for a left-cut tool bit, hold the tool bit at the left side of the grinding wheel. Tilt the bottom inward, and let the grinding wheel clean up the entire face to the cutting-edge. There is noreason to grind the face of the tool bit below the shank at the front end. To do so wastes the expensive tool bit and results in a poorly shaped cutting tool.7.It is good practice to hone tool bits used for finishing work. Select amedium-fine oilstone. Apply a little kerosene or lard cutting oil to theoilstone. Move the cutting-edge back and forth against the oilstone. Be sure to hold the bit flat so as not to change any anglesWith a little practice, you will be able to grind a tool bit correctly. Remember, a well-ground bit is one that has proper tool angles together with flat, evenly ground surface.CARE OF LATHESKeep the lathe clean and well lubricated at all times. Like any precision machine, the lathe requires careful treatment. It will operate better and do accurate work as long as you care for it properly. Do not make the mistake of relying upon others to keep the lathe oiled and in good repair. Your own personal safety depends upon your ability to keep the lathe in a safe operating condition. The proper care of a lathe includes such things as cleaning, oiling, adjusting, and making minor repairs.Cleaning the latheClean the lathe thoroughly after each work period. Whenchips and dirt are left on ways, gears, and other moving parts, the surfaces become roughened and dented. This causes fast wear and makes it difficult to operate the parts. The following procedure is recommended for cleaning a lathe:1. Use a brush first to remove all chips.Most chips are razor sharp, so never use your hands.A 2in paintbrush or a small bench brush is convenient for this purpose. Move the tailstock to the right end of the bed.2. Wipe off all painted surfaces with a clean cloth or cotton waste. Oil left on the painted surfaces becomes hardened and steins the paint.3. Using the same cloth or cotton waste, remove oil and grease form all machined surfaces.4. Brush all chips form the chip pan, them wipe it clean.5. Before mounting a chuck, clean its inside threads with a wore thread cleaner. Wipe off the spindle threads, and place a drop or two of oil on them.6. Clean the spindle holes and taper shanks of centers before mounting them in place. If centers have burrs or rough spots on them, use a file or an oilstone to remove them before placing the centers in the spindle holes.7. Occasionally, clean the thread grooves of the lead screw with a piece lf cord. Place the cord around the lead screw. Adjust the gears to turn the lead screw at a medium sped. Start the lathe, and with the lead screw turning, move the cord back end forth as it feeds along the screw.8. When oiling a lathe, wipe off any oil that may spill or drip on the painted surfaces.9. Always make certain there is a light film of oil on the ways before you start to work.10. Adjust the cross-feed and compound slide gib screws to remove looseness or play between the parts. When you can move the cross-feed by grasping the tool post with your hand and moving it back and forth, it means the gib screws are too loose. Adjust each of the gib screws until a smooth movement is obtained on the cross-feed handle. When they are properly adjusted, it will not be possible to move the cross-feed by pulling or pushing on the tool post.11. Never lay tools or workpieces on the ways of a lathe. To do so destroys the accuracy of these precision handscraped surfaces.place your tools on to lathe board.12.When using a tool-post grinder, always protect the machined surfaces of the lathe by covering them. Abrasive particles from the grinding wheel can become imbedded in the surface bearings end soon destroy the accuracy of the lathe if surfaces are not covered during the grinding operation.13. Once a week wipe down the entire lathe with a Clean cloth dampened with kerosene. Do the painted surfaces first, then the machined surfaces. Wipe dry, and place a thin film of clean oil over all machined surfaces.Oiling and Greasing the LatheIt is important that the lathe be properly lubricated. An oiling or lubrication chart comes with each machine. Be sure to use the grades and kinds of oil and grease called for in the chart. Form the habit of oiling your lathe each day before you start work. Certain parts require daily oiling. Other parts should be oiled weekly or monthly as the chart says. Too often, when several persons use the same lathe, each one depends on the other, and the result is that no one does the oiling or maintenance.刀具和刀夹想顺利的加工工件，就必须做到：1．刀具或刀片的种类要恰当。
模具技术常用术语[单词]
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模具技术常用术语[单词]模具常用刀具与工作法用语adjustable spanner 活动扳手angle cutter 角铣刀anvil 铁? arbour 心轴backing 衬垫belt sander 带式打磨机buffing 抛光chamfering machine 倒角机chamfering tool 去角刀具chisel 扁錾chuck 夹具compass 两角规concave cutter 凹面铣刀convex cutter 凸形铣刀cross joint 十字接头cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角drill stand 钻台edge file 刃用锉刀file 锉刀flange joint 凸缘接头grinder 砂轮机hammer 铁锤hand brace 手摇钻hatching 剖面线hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓hexagon nut 六角螺帽index head 分度头jack 千斤顶jig 治具kit 工具箱lapping 研磨metal saw 金工锯nose angle 刀角pinchers 钳子pliers 铗钳plug 柱塞头polisher 磨光器protable driller 手提钻孔机punch 冲头sand paper 砂纸scraper 刮刀screw driver 螺丝起子scribing 划线second out file 中纹锉spanner 扳手spline broach 方栓槽拉刀square 直角尺square sleeker 方形镘刀square trowel 直角度stripping 剥离工具T-slot T形槽tool for lathe 车刀tool point angle 刀刃角tool post 刀架tosecan 划线盘trimming 去毛边waffle dieflattening 压纹效平wiper 脱模钳wrench 螺旋扳手电脑关联用语3D modeling 三次元模拟access 通路animation 卡通影片application 应用board 基板bug 故障bus 汇流排CAD 电脑辅助设计CAE 电脑辅助工程分析CAM 电脑辅助制造cassette 卡座color display 彩色显示器command 指令communication 通信compact 精简小型computer 电脑copy 复制cursor 游标curve modeling 曲面模拟database 资料库design 设计digitizing 数位化disk 磁碟dot 点eyelet 眼孔floppy 磁碟片format 格式化graphic 圆解hardware 硬体honeycomb 蜂巢interface 界面know how 秘诀laser printer 雷射印表机lay out 布置memory 记忆memory swap 交换记忆microprocessor 微处理器modeling 造型module 模组monitor 萤幕mouse 滑鼠need 需求network 网路new version 新版on line 上线中option 选择PC 个人电脑plotter 绘图机program 程式scanning 扫描simulation 模拟software 软体solid model 实体模型system 系统tape 磁带terminal 终端机texture 构造trim 修边venter 排气风扇word processor 文书处理器各种冲模加工关连用语barreling 滚光加工belling 压凸加工bending 弯曲加工blanking 下料加工bulging 撑压加工burring 冲缘加工cam die bending 凸轮弯曲加工caulking ?合加工coining 压印加工compressing 压缩加工compression bending 押弯曲加工crowning 凸面加工curl bending 卷边弯曲加工curling 卷曲加工cutting 切削加工dinking 切断蕊骨double shearing 叠板裁断drawing 引伸加工drawing with ironing 抽引光滑加工embossing 浮花压制加工extrusion 挤制加工filing 锉削加工fine blanking 精密下料加工finish blanking 光制下料加工finishing 精整加工flanging 凸缘加工folding 折边弯曲加工folding 摺叠加工forming 成形加工impact extrusion 冲击挤压加工indenting 压痕加工ironing 引缩加工knurling 滚花lock seaming 固定接合louvering 百叶窗板加工marking 刻印加工necking 颈缩加工notching 冲口加工parting 分断加工piercing 冲孔加工progressive bending 连续弯曲加工progressive blanking 连续下料加工progressive drawing 连续引伸加工progressive forming 连续成形加工reaming 铰孔加工restriking 二次精冲加工riveting ?接加工roll bending 滚筒弯曲加工roll finishing 滚压加工rolling 压延加工roughing 粗加工scrapless machining 无废料加工seaming 折弯重叠加工shaving 缺口修整加工shearing 切断加工sizing 精压加工/矫正加工slitting 割缝加工spinning 卷边?接staking ?固stamping 锻压加工swaging 挤锻压加工trimming 整缘加工upsetting 锻粗加工wiring 抽线加工冲压机械及周边关连用语back shaft 支撑轴blank determination 胚料展开bottom slide press 下传动式压力机board drop hammer 板落锤brake 煞车buckle 剥砂面camlachie cramp 铸包casting on flat ?合chamotte sand 烧磨砂charging hopper 加料漏斗clearance 间隙closed-die forging 合模锻造clump 夹紧clutch 离合器clutch brake 离合器制动器clutch boss 离合器轮壳clutch lining 离合器覆盖coil car 带卷升降运输机coil cradle 卷材进料装置coil reel stand 钢材卷料架column 圆柱connection screw 连杆调节螺钉core compound 砂心黏结剂counter blow hammer 对击锻锤cradle 送料架crank 曲柄轴crankless 无曲柄式cross crank 横向曲轴cushion 缓冲depression 外缩凹孔dial feed 分度送料die approach 模口角度die assembly 合模die cushion 模具缓冲垫die height 冲压闭合高度die life 模具寿命die opening 母模逃孔die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床draght angle 逃料倾斜角edging 边锻伸embedded core 加装砂心feed length 送料长度feed level 送料高度filling core 埋入砂心filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹fine blanking press 精密下料冲床forging roll 辊锻机finishing slag 炼後熔渣fly wheel 飞轮fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器foot press 脚踏冲床formboard 进模口板frame 床身机架friction 摩擦friction brake 摩擦煞车gap shear 凹口剪床gear 齿轮gib 滑块引导部gripper 夹具gripper feed 夹持进料gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置hammer 槌机hand press 手动冲床hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床hopper feed 料斗送料idle stage 空站inching 微调尺寸isothermal forging 恒温锻造key clutch 键槽离合器knockout 脱模装置knuckle mechanic 转向机构land 模具直线刀面部level 水平loader 供料器unloader 卸料机loop controller 闭回路控制器lower die 下模micro inching device 微寸动装置microinching equipment 微动装置motor 马达moving bolster 活动工作台notching press 冲缺口压力机opening 排料逃孔overload protection device 防超载装置pinch roll 导正滚轮pinion 小齿轮pitch 节距pressfit 压入progressive 连续送料pusher feed 推杆式送料pusher feeder 料片押片装置quick die change system 快速换模系统regrinding 再次研磨releasing 松释动作reversed blanking 反转下料robot 机器人roll forming machine 辊轧成形roll forming machine 辊轧成形机roll release 脱辊roller feed 辊式送料roller leveler 辊式矫直机rotary bender 卷弯成形机safety guard 安全保护装置scrap cutter 废料切刀scrap press 废料冲床seamless forging 无缝锻造separate 分离shave 崩砂shear angle 剪角sheet loader 薄板装料机shot 单行程工作shrinkage fit 收缩配合shut height 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴slide balancer 滑动平衡器slug hole 逃料孔spin forming machine 旋压成形机spotting 合模stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机stickness 黏模性straight side frame 冲床侧板stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机strip feeder 料材送料装置stripping pressure 弹出压力stroke 冲程take out device 取料装置toggle press 肘杆式压力机transfer 传送transfer feed 连续自动送料装置turrent punch press 转塔冲床two speed clutch 双速离合器uncoiler 闭卷送料机unloader 卸载机vibration feeder 振动送料机wiring press 嵌线卷边机线切割放电加工关连用语abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电arc discharge 电弧放电belt 皮带centreless 无心chrome bronze 铭铜clearance angle 後角corner shear drop 直角压陷deflection 桡曲度discharge energy 放电能量dressing 修整dwell 保压flange 凸缘gap 间隙graphite 石墨graphite contraction allowance 电极缩小余量graphite holder 电极夹座hair crack 发裂horn 电极臂jump 跳刀magnetic base 磁性座master graphite 标准电极pipe graphite 管状电极pulse 脉冲rib working 肋部加工roller electrode 滚轮式电极rotary surface 旋转面shank 柄部sharp edge 锐角部tough bronze 韧铜traverse 摇臂tungsten bronze ?青铜waviness 波形起伏work 工件working allowance 加工余量working dischard 加工废料锻铸造关连用语accretion 炉瘤acid converter 酸性转炉acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉acid open-hearth furnace 酸性平炉aerator 松砂机air set mold 常温自硬铸模airless blasting cleaning 离心喷光all core molding 集合式铸模all round die holder 通用模座assembly mark 铸造合模记号back pouring 补浇注backing sand 背砂base bullion 粗金属锭base permeability 原砂透气度belling 压凸billet 坏料bleed 漏铸blocker 预锻模膛blocking 粗胚锻件blow hole 铸件气孔board drop hammer 板落锤bottom pour mold 底浇bottom pouring 底注boxless mold 脱箱砂模break-off core 外贸seo缩颈砂心brick molding 砌箱造模法buckle 剥砂面camber 错箱camlachie cramp 铸包cast blade 铸造叶片casting flange 铸造凸缘casting on flat 水平铸造chamotte sand 烧磨砂charging hopper 加料漏斗cleaning of casting 铸件清理closed-die forging 合模锻造core compound 砂心黏结剂core template 砂心模板core vent 砂蕊排气孔corner gate 压边浇口counter blow hammer 对击锻造counter lock 止口镶嵌方式depression 外缩凹孔die approach 模口角度draw out 锻造拔长draw plate 起模板draw spike 起模长针dummying 预锻embedded core 加装砂心erosion 冲砂fettling 铸件清理filling core 埋入砂心filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹finishing slag 炼後熔渣flash gutter 锻模飞边槽flask molding 砂箱造模forging roll 辊锻机formboard 进模口板gutter 锻模飞边槽hammer man 锻工heading machine 顶镦机impacter 卧式锻造机inblock cast 整体铸造ingot 铸锭ingot blank 铸坯inlay casting 镶铸法investment casting 失模铸造isothermal forging 恒温锻造loose piece 木模活块molding pit 铸模地坑pouring process 浇注法recasting 重铸roll forging 轧锻rolled surface 轧制表面rough sand 粗砂roughing forge 粗锻sand crushing 塌箱seamless forging 无缝锻造separate 分离shave 崩砂shrinkage fit 收缩配合shut height 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴slag 熔渣slag inclusion 夹渣stickness 黏模性strip layout 带状胚料排样法tap casting 顶注top gate 顶注浇口unworked casting 不加工铸件upender 翻转装置upending 顶锻uphill casting 底铸white cast iron 白口铸件模具加工方法barrel 滚筒(加工) bending 波纹加工broaching 拉刀切削centering 定中心cutting 切削cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削electric discharge machine 放电加工electrolytic grinding 电解研磨embossing 压花加工facing 面车削filing 锉刀修润hand finishing 手工修润hemming 卷边加工hobbing 滚齿加工joggling 摇动加工lapping 抛光/研磨修润laser beam machining 海外推广雷射加工lathe cutting 车床车削planning 刨削加工polishing 抛亮光reaming 铰孔修润rough machining 粗切削rounding 圆形加工sawing 锯削scaling 清除钢碇缺陷shaping 成形加工skiving 表面研磨slotting 切缝切削taper turning 锥度车削thread cutting 螺纹切削ultrasonic machining 超音波加工up cut milling 逆铣加工学理实验与试验用语air permeability test 透气性试验austenitic steel 沃斯田铁钢brinell hardness 布耐内尔硬度brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验charpy impact test 夏比冲击试验conical cup test 圆锥杯突试验cup flow test 杯模式流动度试验dart drop impact test 落锤冲击试验Elmendorf test 埃罗门多撕裂强度试验environmental stress cracking test 环境应力龟裂试验ericessen test 埃留伸薄板拉伸试验falling ball impact test 落球冲击试验fatigue test 疲劳试验ferrite 纯铁体gantt chart 甘特图heat cycle test 热循环试验histogram 柱状图hot bend test 热弯试验izod impact test 埃左德冲击试验loop tenacity 环结强度martens heat distortion temperature test 马顿斯耐热试验martensite 马氏体mullen bursting strength tester 密廉式破裂强度试验机nol ring test 诺尔环试验normal distribution 常态分配ozoneresistance test 抗臭氧试验pareto diagram 柏拉图peeling test 剥离试验pinhole test 针孔试验机rattler test 磨耗试验rockweel hardness test 洛氏硬度试验rockweel hardness 洛氏威尔硬度rolinx process 罗林克斯射出压缩成形法rossi-peakes flow test 罗西皮克斯流动试验sampling inspection 抽样检查scratch hardness 抗刮硬度shore hardness 萧氏硬度spiral flow test 螺旋流动试验surface abrasion test 谷歌优化表面磨耗试验taber abraser 泰伯磨耗试验机tensile impact test 拉伸冲击试验tensile strength 抗拉强度tension test 张力试验thermal shock test 冷热剧变试验torsion test 扭曲试验ubbelohde viscometer 乌别洛德黏度计vicat indentation test 维卡针压陷试验V ickers hardness test 维氏硬度试验warpage test 翘曲试验weatherometer 人工老化试验机weissenberg effect 威森伯格回转效应砂轮用语abrasive 砂轮Al2O3 氧化铝balance 平衡bond 结合borazon 氧化硼立方晶buffing wheel 抛光布轮diamond 钻石dresser 砂轮整修机dressing 修整endless grinding belt 循环式研磨带finishing allowance 加工余量grain 磨粒grinding disc 研磨盘jamp up 孔眼堵塞mesh 网筛目parameter 参数resinoid grinding wheel 半树脂型砂轮slitting 切缝量vitrified 陶瓷的wheel 旋转机械设计及周边其他用语assembly drawing 装配图auto tool change cycle 自动换刀时间周期beam 横梁bending moment 弯矩bending stress 弯曲应力bottoming 底靠buckling 纵弯曲chamfering 去角斜切channel 凹槽chattering 颤动check point 查核点chip 切屑chip conveyor 排屑输送机coefficient of friction 摩擦系数compact 小型的cooling pipe 冷却管coupon 试样胚deflection 挠曲量distortion 扭曲变形draft taper 拔模锥度draw out 拉拔fit tolerance 配合公差flexible rigidity 弯曲刚性gas vent 气孔hatching 剖面线heater cooler 加热器冷却装置hook cavity 钩穴inching 寸动lug 凸缘maintenance 维修保固metallurgy 冶金学notch effect 切口效果out of roughness 真圆度performance 动作性能pit 坑plane strain 倒角应力plug mill 蕊棒轧管机repeated load 重覆载荷riveted joint ?钉接合sand paper 砂纸shift 偏移shrink fit 热压配合shrinkage hole 缩孔sinking 凹陷sketch 草图spalling 剥落straightness 直度submarine 深陷式surface roughness 表面粗度tapping 攻螺丝thermocouple 热电耦torsion load 扭转载荷toughness 韧性tracing 描图under cut 凹割3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床3D modeling 三次元模拟aberration 色差abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电abrasive 砂轮access 通路account 帐户accretion 炉瘤accurate die casting 精密压铸acid converter 酸性转炉acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉acid open-hearth furnance 酸性平炉activator 活化剂acetylene 乙炔adjustable spanner 活动扳手aerator 松砂机after service 售後服务age hardening 时效硬化ageing 老化处理air hardening 气体硬化airless plasting cleaning 离心喷光air patenting 空气韧化air permeability test 透气性试验air set mold 常温自硬铸模air vent valve 通气阀all core molding 集合式铸模alloy tool steel 合金工具钢allround die holder 通用模型aluminium alloy 铝合金钢amendment 修正ampere 电流安培anchor pin 锚梢angle cutter 角铣刀angle welding 角焊angular pin 角梢angular pin 倾斜梢animation 卡通影片anode effect 阳极效应annealing 退火acetylene 乙炔ampere 电流安培angle welding 角焊arc 电弧argon arc welding 氩弧焊接bare electrode 光熔接条butt welding 对接焊接camber 电弧弯曲cascade 阶叠熔接法clad weld 被覆熔接crator 焊疤excess metal 多余金属filler rod 焊条fillet weld 填角焊接gas shield 气体遮蔽groove welding 起槽熔接hand face shield 手握面罩hard facing 硬表面堆焊jig welding 工模焊接laser beam welding 雷射光焊接metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接nugget 点焊熔核overlaying 堆焊peening of welding 珠击熔接法plug welding塞孔熔接positioned welding 正向熔接pressure welding 压焊propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条reinforcement of weld 加强焊接resist 抗蚀护膜root running 背面熔接seam 焊缝seaming 接合seam welding 流缝熔接series seam welding 串联缝熔接skip welding process 谷歌SEO跳焊法spark 火花spot welding 点焊接stitch welding 针角焊接stud arc welding 电弧焊接under laying 下部焊层void 焊接空隙weld flow mark 焊接流痕weld flush 焊缝凸起weld line 焊接纹weld mark 焊接痕weld penetration 熔接透入weld zone 焊接区welding 焊接welding bead 焊接泡welding direction 焊接方向welding distortion 焊接变形welding flux 焊剂welding ground 电熔接地welding interval 焊接周期welding stress 熔接应变welding torch 熔接气炬。
模具常用刀具工作法英语词汇
七.模具常用刀具工作法英语词汇adjustable spanner 活动扳手angle cutter 角铣刀arbour 心轴backing 衬垫belt sander 带式打磨机buffing 抛光chamfering machine 倒角机chamfering tool 去角刀具chisel 扁錾chuck 夹具compass 两角规concave cutter 凹面铣刀convex cutter 凸形铣刀cross joint 十字接头cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角drill stand 钻台edge file 刃用锉刀file 锉刀flange joint 凸缘接头grinder 砂轮机hammer 铁锤hand brace 手摇钻hatching 剖面线hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓hexagon nut 六角螺帽index head 分度头jack 千斤顶jig 治具kit 工具箱lapping 研磨metal saw 金工锯nose angle 刀角pinchers 钳子pliers 铗钳 plug 柱塞头polisher 磨光器protable driller 手提钻孔机punch 冲头sand paper 砂纸scraper 刮刀screw driver 螺丝起子scribing 划线second out file 中纹锉spanner 扳手spline broach 方栓槽拉刀square 直角尺square sleeker 方形镘刀square trowel 直角度stripping 剥离工具T-slot T形槽tool for lathe 车刀tool point angle 刀刃角tool post 刀架tosecan 划线盘trimming 去毛边waffle die flattening 压纹效平wiper 脱模钳wrench 螺旋扳手。
模具型腔加工时刀具的选择应遵循的原则
1.根据被加工型面形状选择刀具类型
对于凹形表面，在半精加工和精加工时，应选择球头刀，以得到好的表面质量，但在粗加工时宜选择平端立铣刀或圆角立铣刀，这是因为球头刀切削条件较差；对凸形表面，粗加工时一般选择平端立铣刀或圆角立铣刀，但在精加工时宜选择圆角立铣刀，这是因为圆角铣刀的几何条件比平端立铣刀好；对带脱模斜度的侧面，宜选用锥度铣刀，虽然采用平端立铣刀通过插值也可以加工斜面，但会使加工路径变长而影响加工效率，同时会加大刀具的磨损而影响加工的精度。
2.根据从大到小的原则选择刀具
模具型腔一般包含有多个类型的曲面，因此在加工时一般不能选择一把刀具完成整个零件的加工。
无论是粗加工还是精加工，应尽可能选择大直径的刀具，因为刀具直径越小，加工路径越长，造成加工效率降低，同时刀具的磨损会造成加工质量的明显差异。
3.根据型面曲率的大小选择刀具
在精加工时，所用最小刀具的半径应小于或等于被加工零件上的内轮廓圆角半径，尤其是在拐角加工时，应选用半径小于拐角处圆角半径的刀具并以圆弧插补的方式进行加工，这样可以避免采用直线插补而出现过切现象；在粗加工时，考虑到尽可能采用大直径刀具的原则，一般选择的刀具半径较大，这时需要考虑的是粗加工后所留余量是否会给半精加工或精加工刀具造成过大的切削负荷，因为较大直径的刀具在零件轮廓拐角处会留下更多的余量，这往往是精加工过程中出现切削力的急剧变化而使刀具损坏或栽刀的直接原因。
4.粗加工时尽可能选择圆角铣刀
一方面圆角铣刀在切削中可以在刀刃与工件接触的0~90°范围内给出比较连续的切削力变化，这不仅对加工质量有利，而且会使刀具寿命大大延长；另一方面，在粗加工时选用圆角铣刀，与球头刀相比具有良好的切削条件，与平端立铣刀相比可以留下较为均匀的精加工余量，这对后续加工是十分有利的。
机械类常用英语
机械类常用英语机械加工常用刀具英汉对照adjustable spanner 活动扳手angle cutter 角铣刀anvil arbour 心轴backing 衬垫belt sander 带式打磨机buffing 抛光chamfering machine 倒角机chamfering tool 去角刀具chisel 扁錾chuck 夹具compass 两角规/圆规concave cutter 凹面铣刀convex cutter 凸形铣刀cross joint 十字接头cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角drill stand 钻台edge file 刃用锉刀file 锉刀flange joint 凸缘接头grinder 砂轮机hammer 铁锤hand brace 手摇钻hatching 剖面线hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓hexagon nut 六角螺帽index head 分度头jack 千斤顶jig 治具kit 工具箱lapping 研磨metal saw 金工锯nose angle 刀角pinchers 钳子pliers 铗钳plug 柱塞头polisher 磨光器protable driller 手提钻孔机punch 冲头sand paper 砂纸scraper 刮刀screw driver 螺丝起子scribing 划线second out file 中纹锉spanner 扳手spline broach 方栓槽拉刀square 直角尺square sleeker 方形镘刀square trowel 直角度stripping 剥离工具T-slot T形槽tool for lathe 车刀tool point angle 刀刃角tool post 刀架tosecan 划线盘trimming 去毛边waffle die flattening 压纹效平wiper 脱模钳wrench 螺旋扳手加工方法滚筒(加工) bending 波纹加工broaching 拉刀切削centering 定中心cutting 切削cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削electric discharge machine 放电加工electrolytic grinding 电解研磨embossing 压花加工facing 面车削filing 锉刀修润hand finishing 手工修润hemming 卷边加工hobbing 滚齿加工joggling 摇动加工lapping 抛光/研磨修润laser beam machining 雷射加工lathe cutting 车床车削planning 刨削加工polishing 抛亮光reaming 铰孔修润rough machining 粗切削rounding 圆形加工sawing 锯削scaling 清除钢碇缺陷shaping 成形加工skiving 表面研磨slotting 切缝切削taper turning 锥度车削thread cutting 螺纹切削ultrasonic machining 超音波加工up cut milling 逆铣加工机械类常用英语：焊接用语acetylene 乙炔ampere 电流安培angle welding 角焊arc 电弧argon arc welding 氩弧焊接bare electrode 光熔接条butt welding 对接焊接camber 电弧弯曲cascade 阶叠熔接法clad weld 被覆熔接crator 焊疤excess metal 多余金属filler rod 焊条fillet weld 填角焊接gas shield 气体遮蔽groove welding 起槽熔接hand face shield 手握面罩hard facing 硬表面堆焊jig welding 工模焊接laser beam welding 雷射光焊接metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接nugget 点焊熔核overlaying 堆焊peening of welding 珠击熔接法plug welding 塞孔熔接positioned welding 正向熔接pressure welding 压焊propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条reinforcement of weld 加强焊接resist 抗蚀护膜root running 背面熔接seam 焊缝seaming 接合seam welding 流缝熔接series seam welding 串联缝熔接skip welding process 跳焊法spark 火花spot welding 点焊接stitch welding 针角焊接stud arc welding 电弧焊接under laying 下部焊层void 焊接空隙weld flow mark 焊接流痕weld flush 焊缝凸起weld line 焊接纹weld mark 焊接痕weld penetration 熔接透入weld zone 焊接区welding 焊接welding bead 焊接泡welding direction 焊接方向welding distortion 焊接变形welding flux 焊剂welding ground 电熔接地welding interval 焊接周期welding stress 熔接应变welding torch 熔接气炬机械类常用英语：生产类其他OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 个人电脑外设PC Personal Computer 个人电脑CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器SECC SECC` 电解片SGCC SGCC 热浸镀锌材料PRC People's Republic of China 中国大陆U.S.A the United States of America 美国A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件N/A Not Applicable 不适用QTY Quantity 数量VS 以及REV Revision 版本JIT Just In Time 零库存I/O Input/Output 输入/输出OK Ok 好NG Not Good 不行,不合格C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许ESD Electry-static Discharge 静电排放5S 希腊语整理,整顿,清扫,清洁,教养ATIN Attention 知会CC Carbon Copy 副本复印相关人员APP Approve 核准,认可,承认CHK Check 确认AM Ante Meridian 上午PM Post Meridian 下午CD Compact Disk 光碟CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只读光碟FDD Floppy Disk Drive 软碟机HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟机REF Reference 仅供参考CONN Connector 连接器CAV Cavity 模穴CAD Computer Aid Design 计算机辅助设计ASS'Y Assembly 装配,组装MAT'S Material 材料IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路T/P True Position 真位度TYP Type 类型WDR Weekly Delivery Requitement 周出货需求C/T Cycle Time 制程周期L/T Lead Time 前置时间(生产前准备时间)S/T Standard Time 标准时间P/M Product Market 产品市场3C Computer,Commumcation,Consumer electronic's 消费性电子5WIH When,Where,Who,What,Why,How to5M Man,Machine,Material,Method,Measurement4MIH Man,Materia,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源) SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品质保证DQA Desigh Quality Assurance 设计品质保证MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品质保证SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证LRR Lot Rejeet Rate 批退率BS Brain storming 脑力激荡EMI Electronic Magnetion Inspect 高磁测试FMI Frequency Modulatim Inspect 高频测试B/M Boar/Molding(flat cable)C/P Connector of PCA/P AssemblySPS Switching power supply 电源箱DT Desk Top 卧式(机箱)MT Mini-Tower 立式(机箱)DVD Digital Vedio DiskVCD Vdeio Compact DiskLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayCAD Computer AID DesignCAM Computer AID ManufacturingCAE Computer AID EngineeringABIOS Achanced Basic in put/output system 先进的基本输入/输出系统CMOS Complemeruary Metoll Oxide Semiconductor 互补金属氧化物半导体PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工业标准体制结构MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道结构EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 扩充的工业标准结构SIMM Single in-line memory module 单项导通汇流组件DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 双项导通汇流组件LED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二级管FMEA Failure Mode Effectivenes 失效模式分析W/H Wire Harness 金属线绪束集组件F/C Flat Calle 排线PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告NG Not Good 不良WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求PPM Parts Per Million 百万分之一TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养MRP Material Requiremcnt Planning 物料需计划OC Operation System 作业系统TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺D/C Drawing ChangeP/P Plans & ProceduneEMI Electrical-Music Industry 电子音乐工业RFI Read Frequency Input 读频输入MMC Maximum Material ConditionMMS Maximum Material SizeLMC Least Material ConditionLMS Least Material Size机械类常用英语：生产类Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS Pairs 双(对等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号机械设计及周边其他用语英汉对照assembly drawing 装配图auto tool change cycle 自动换刀时间周期beam 横梁bending moment 弯矩bending stress 弯曲应力bottoming 底靠buckling 纵弯曲chamfering 去角斜切channel 凹槽chattering 颤动check point 查核点chip 切屑chip conveyor 排屑输送机coefficient of friction 摩擦系数compact 小型的cooling pipe 冷却管coupon 试样胚deflection 挠曲量distortion 扭曲变形draft taper 拔模锥度draw out 拉拔fit tolerance 配合公差flexible rigidity 弯曲刚性gas vent 气孔hatching 剖面线heater cooler 加热器冷却装置hook cavity 钩穴inching 寸动lug 凸缘maintenance 维修保固metallurgy 冶金学notch effect 切口效果out of roughness 真圆度performance 动作性能pit 坑plane strain 倒角应力plug mill 蕊棒轧管机repeated load 重覆载荷riveted joint ?钉接合sand paper 砂纸shift 偏移shrink fit 热压配合shrinkage hole 缩孔sinking 凹陷sketch 草图spalling 剥落straightness 直度submarine 深陷式surface roughness 表面粗度tapping 攻螺丝thermocouple 热电耦torsion load 扭转载荷toughness 韧性tracing 描图under cut 凹割模具厂常用之标准零配件英汉对照air vent vale 通气阀anchor pin 锚梢angular pin 角梢baffle 调节阻板angular pin 倾斜梢baffle plate 折流档板ball button 球塞套ball plunger 定位球塞ball slider 球塞滑块binder plate 压板blank holder 防皱压板blanking die 落料冲头bolster 上下模板bottom board 浇注底板bolster 垫板bottom plate 下固定板bracket 托架bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口casting ladle 浇注包casting lug 铸耳cavity 模穴(模仁) cavity retainer plate 模穴托板center pin 中心梢clamping block 锁定块coil spring 螺旋弹簧cold punched nut 冷冲螺母cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓core 心型core pin 心型梢cotter 开口梢cross 十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢diaphragm gate 盘形浇口die approach 模头料道die bed 型底die block 块形模体die body 铸模座die bush 合模衬套die button 冲模母模die clamper 夹模器die fastener 模具固定用零件die holder 母模固定板die lip 模唇die plate 冲模板die set 冲压模座direct gate 直接浇口dog chuck 爪牙夹头dowel 定位梢dowel hole 导套孔dowel pin 合模梢dozzle 辅助浇口dowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘?flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧?goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶/冲头headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢衬套knockout bar 脱模杵land 合模平坦面land area 合模面leader busher 导梢衬套lifting pin 起模顶?lining 内衬locating center punch 定位中心冲头locating pilot pin 定位导梢locating ring 定位环lock block 压块locking block 定位块locking plate 定位板loose bush 活动衬套making die 打印冲子manifold block 歧管档块master plate 靠模样板match plate 分型板mold base 塑胶模座mold clamp 铸模紧固夹mold platen 模用板moving bolster 换模保持装置moving bolster plate 可动侧模板one piece casting 整体铸件parallel block 平行垫块paring line 分模线parting lock set 合模定位器pass guide 穴型导板peened head punch 镶入式冲头pilot pin 导?pin gate 针尖浇口plate 衬板pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头punch 冲头puncher 推杆pusher pin 衬套梢rack 机架rapping rod 起模杆re-entrant mold 凹入模retainer pin 嵌件梢retainer plate 托料板return pin 回位梢riding stripper 浮动脱模器ring gate 环型浇口roller 滚筒runner 流道runner ejector set 流道顶出器runner lock pin 流道拉梢screw plug 头塞set screw 固定螺丝shedder 脱模装置shim 分隔片shoe 模座之上下模板shoot 流道shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝skeleton 骨架slag riser 冒渣口slide(slide core) 滑块slip joint 滑配接头spacer block 间隔块spacer ring 间隔环spider 模蕊支架spindle 主轴sprue 注道sprue bushing 注道衬套sprue bushing guide 注道导套sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套sprue puller 注道拉料? spue line 合模线square key 方键square nut 方螺帽square thread 方螺纹stop collar 限位套stop pin 止动梢stop ring 止动环stopper 定位停止梢straight pin 圆柱? stripper bolt 脱料螺栓stripper bushing 脱模衬套stripper plate 剥料板stroke end block 行程止梢submarine gate 潜入式浇口support pillar 支撑支柱/顶出支柱support pin 支撑梢supporting plate 托板sweep templete 造模刮板tab gate 辅助浇口taper key 推拔键taper pin 拔锥梢/锥形梢teeming 浇注three start screw 三条螺纹thrust pin 推力销tie bar 拉杵tunnel gate 隧道形浇口vent 通气孔wortle plate 拉丝模板机械类常用英语：塑胶原料acrylic 压克力casein 酪素cellulose acetate 醋酸纤维素CA cellulose acetate butyrate 醋酸丁酸纤维素CAB composite material 复合材料cresol resin 甲酚树脂CFdially phthalate 苯二甲酸二烯丙酯disperse reinforcement 分散性强化复合材料engineering plastics 工程塑胶epoxy resin 环氧树脂EPethyl cellulose 乙基纤维素ethylene vinylacetate copolymer 乙烯-醋酸乙烯EV A ethylene-vinlacetate copolyme 醋酸乙烯共聚物EV A expanded polystyrene泡聚苯乙烯EPSfiber reinforcement 纤维强化热固性/纤维强化复合材料high density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯HDPEhigh impact polystyrene 高冲击聚苯乙烯HIPShigh impact polystyrene rigidity 高冲击性聚苯乙烯low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯LDPE melamine resin 三聚氰胺酚醛树脂MF nitrocellulose 硝酸纤维素phenolic resin 酚醛树脂plastic 塑胶polyacrylic acid 聚丙烯酸PAPpolyamide 耐龙PA polybutyleneterephthalate 聚对苯二甲酸丁酯PBT polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PC polyethyleneglycol 聚乙二醇PFGpolyethyleneoxide 聚氧化乙烯PEO polyethyleneterephthalate 聚乙醇对苯PETP polymetylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMMA polyoxymethylene 聚缩醛POM polyphenylene oxide 聚硫化亚苯polyphenyleneoxide 聚苯醚PPOpolypropylene 聚丙烯PP polystyrene 聚苯乙烯PSpolytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯polythene 聚乙烯PE polyurethane 聚氨基甲酸酯PUpolyvinylacetate 聚醋酸乙烯PV AC polyvinylalcohol 聚乙烯醇PV A polyvinylbutyral 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛PVB polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯PVC polyvinylfuoride 聚氟乙烯PVF polyvinylidenechloride 聚偏二氯乙烯PVDC prepolymer 预聚物silicone resin 矽树脂thermoplastic 热塑性thermosetting 热固性thermosetting plastic 塑胶unsaturated polyester 不饱和聚酯树脂冲压机械及周边关连用语英汉对照back shaft 支撑轴blank determination 胚料展开bottom slide press 下传动式压力机board drop hammer 板落锤brake 煞车buckle 剥砂面camlachie cramp 铸包casting on flat ?合chamotte sand 烧磨砂charging hopper 加料漏斗clearance 间隙closed-die forging 合模锻造clump 夹紧clutch 离合器clutch brake 离合器制动器clutch boss 离合器轮壳clutch lining 离合器覆盖coil car 带卷升降运输机coil cradle 卷材进料装置coil reel stand 钢材卷料架column 圆柱connection screw 连杆调节螺钉core compound 砂心黏结剂counter blow hammer 对击锻锤cradle 送料架crank 曲柄轴crankless 无曲柄式cross crank 横向曲轴cushion 缓冲depression 外缩凹孔dial feed 分度送料die approach 模口角度die assembly 合模die cushion 模具缓冲垫die height 冲压闭合高度die life 模具寿命die opening 母模逃孔die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床draght angle 逃料倾斜角edging 边锻伸embedded core 加装砂心feed length 送料长度feed level 送料高度filling core 埋入砂心filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹fine blanking press 精密下料冲床forging roll 辊锻机finishing slag 炼後熔渣fly wheel 飞轮fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器foot press 脚踏冲床formboard 进模口板frame 床身机架friction 摩擦friction brake 摩擦煞车gap shear 凹口剪床gear 齿轮gib 滑块引导部gripper 夹具gripper feed 夹持进料gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置hammer 槌机hand press 手动冲床hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床hopper feed 料斗送料idle stage 空站inching 微调尺寸isothermal forging 恒温锻造key clutch 键槽离合器knockout 脱模装置knuckle mechanic 转向机构land 模具直线刀面部level 水平loader 供料器unloader 卸料机loop controller 闭回路控制器lower die 下模micro inching device 微寸动装置microinching equipment 微动装置motor 马达moving bolster 活动工作台notching press 冲缺口压力机opening 排料逃孔overload protection device 防超载装置pinch roll 导正滚轮pinion 小齿轮pitch 节距pressfit 压入progressive 连续送料pusher feed 推杆式送料pusher feeder 料片押片装置quick die change system 快速换模系统regrinding 再次研磨releasing 松释动作reversed blanking 反转下料robot 机器人roll forming machine 辊轧成形roll forming machine 辊轧成形机roll release 脱辊roller feed 辊式送料roller leveler 辊式矫直机rotary bender 卷弯成形机safety guard 安全保护装置scrap cutter 废料切刀scrap press 废料冲床seamless forging 无缝锻造separate 分离shave 崩砂shear angle 剪角sheet loader 薄板装料机shot 单行程工作shrinkage fit 收缩配合shut height 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴slide balancer 滑动平衡器slug hole 逃料孔spin forming machine 旋压成形机spotting 合模stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机stickness 黏模性straight side frame 冲床侧板stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机strip feeder 料材送料装置stripping pressure 弹出压力stroke 冲程take out device 取料装置toggle press 肘杆式压力机transfer 传送transfer feed 连续自动送料装置turrent punch press 转塔冲床two speed clutch 双速离合器uncoiler 闭卷送料机unloader 卸载机vibration feeder 振动送料机wiring press 嵌线卷边机模具工程常用词汇英汉对照die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机机械类常用英语：常用加工机械3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床boring machine 搪孔机cnc milling machine CNC铣床contouring machine 轮廓锯床copy grinding machine 仿形磨床copy lathe 仿形车床copy milling machine 仿形铣床copy shaping machine 仿形刨床cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床die spotting machine 合模机drilling machine 钻床engraving machine 雕刻机engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机form grinding machine 成形磨床graphite machine 石墨加工机horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机jig grinding machine 冶具磨床lap machine 研磨机machine center 加工制造中心multi model miller 靠磨铣床NC drilling machine NC钻床NC grinding machine NC磨床NC lathe NC车床NC programming system NC程式制作系统planer 龙门刨床profile grinding machine 投影磨床projection grinder 投影磨床radial drilling machine 旋臂?床shaper 牛头刨床surface grinder 平面磨床try machine 试模机turret lathe 转塔车床universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机工程图纸英语Material 材料Notes/Remark 注释ANSI 美国国家标准局ASTM美国材料试验协会finish 最后一道表面处理Anodize 阳极氧化Grain 纹理standard标准Range 范围UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED 除非另有标明外，请参照备注Tolerances 公差punching direction 冲压方向Right Side 正面TH（thickness)料厚Hardness 硬度Burring side 批锋面Tooling/Die 冲压模JIS 日本工业标准Covex 米位surface cleaning 金属表面清洁处理Degreasing 金属除油处理Solvent degreasing 乳化脱脂alkali degreasing 碱性脱脂electrolytic cleaning 电解清洁vapor degreasing 蒸汽脱脂ultrasonic cleaning 超声波清洁vibrating cleaning 震动清洁barrel cleaning 滚桶清洁brushing 刷光polishing 磨光buffing 抛光electro-polishing 电解抛光。
数控加工刀具英语
cutting tool 刀削工具; 切削工具right hand cutting tool 右车刀measuring and cutting tool 量具刃具metal cutting machine tool 金属切削机床multiple cutting edge tool 多刃刀具non-standard cutting tool 非标准刀具ordinary cutting tool 普通切削刀具plane cutting tool 平面刀具planer cutting tool 刨床切削刀具precision cutting tool 精密刀具right-hand-cutting tool 右削车刀round-nose cutting tool 圆头切刀screw cutting tool 螺纹车刀single cutting tool 单刃刀single-edged cutting tool 单刃刀single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具thread cutting tool 螺纹切削刀具thread-cutting tool 螺纹切削刀具welding-cutting tool 焊割具male screw cutting tool 外螺纹车刀machine cutting tool 机床切削工具lathe cutting tool 车床切削刀具laser cutting machine tool 激光切割机internal screw cutting tool 内螺纹车刀external screw cutting tool 外螺纹车刀female screw cutting tool 内螺纹车刀fibre-cutting tool 光纤切割工具alumina-based cutting tool 氧化铝基切削工具angle cutting tool 倒角铣刀carbide cuttercarbide tipped cutting toolcarbide tipped toolcarbide toolscarbide-ti ed toolcarbide-tipped toolcemented carbide cutting toolcemented carbide toolcemented-carbide toolcorundum cutting toolhard alloy cutterhard metal tool2）轴（Axis）机床的部件可以沿着其作直线移动或回转运动的基准方向。
ug加工中英文对照
ug 加工中英文对照表Aactivation range 自动进刀范围add transition points增加转换点addarcs 加圆弧additional passes 附加轨迹allow oversize tool 允许偏大刀具append 追加approach 趋近刀轨approach maker 趋近标记approach maker 趋近标记arc center probe 探头弧心area milling 区域铣削at angle to ds 与驱动面成角度at angle to ps 与零件面成角度auxfun 辅助功能avoid 避让avoidance geometry 避让几何体away from line 远离参考线away from point 远离参考点Bbandwidth 带宽barrel cutter 鼓形刀blank boundary 毛坯边界blank distance 毛坯距离blank geometry 毛坯几何体blank stock 主坯余量blank 毛坯block 块（程序块）blind hole 盲孔boundary face center 边界面的中心bottom regions 底面区域boundaries 边界boundary approximation 边界近似(增加沿边界优削刀轨)boundary face 边界面boundary 边界break chip 断削钻Ccavity型腔cavity layout型腔模布局cam customization cam 用户化cam object cam 对象case 情形cavity mill 型腔铣cclw 逆时针check boundary 检查边界check geometry 检查几何体circular feed rate compensatiori 圆弧进给速度补偿circular-perp to ta 在垂直于刀具的平面输出圆弧插补circular-par to ta 在平行于刀具的平面输出圆弧插补clamp 夹紧cleanup geometry 清理几何体cleanup corners 清理拐角clearance plane 安全平面climb cut 顺锐closed 封闭clsf actions 刀具位置源文件作用clsf manager 刀具位置源文件管理器clsf (cutter location source file)刀具位置源文件clw 顺时针cnc 计算机数字控制cone椎体cool 冷却core 型芯combine bodies构造实体collision check 碰撞检查concave comer 凹拐角configuration 配置constant 常量corner rough 轮廓粗加工contact (tool position)接触(刀具位置〉continuous path motion 连续刀轨运动control points 进刀控制点conventional cut 逆镜convex comer 凸拐角coolant off 冷却液关coolant on 冷却液开comer and feed rate control 拐角及其进给速度控制comer angle 拐角curve，directrix 曲线，准线curvel point drive 曲线和点驱动customizing 客户化custom command 自定义后处理命令cut angle 切削角cut area 切削区域cut depth 切削深度cut level 切削层cut method 切削方法cut order 切削顺序cut region 切削区域cut region start point 切削区域起始点cut step 切削步距cut 切削cutter compensation 刀具补偿cutter diameter compensation 刀具直径补偿cutter length compensation 刀具长度补偿cutting 切削参数cutting move 切削运动cycle definition events 固定循环定义事件cycle events 固定循环事件cycle move events 固定循环运动事件cycle parameter 固定循环参数cycle parameter set 固定循环参数组cycle 固定循环Ddatum axis创建基准轴datum plane创建基准面default 默认值definition 定义文件要素definition file 定义文件depth first 深度优先depth offset 深度偏置display maching tool 显示机床directional steep 指向陡峭面drill 钻孔drilling tool 钻头drive curve lathe 驱动曲线车削drive method 驱动方法dual4axis on drive 双四轴于驱动面上dual 4axis on part 双四轴于零件面上dumb objects 关联对象dwell 暂停时间Eedge patch 边界修补edge blend边倒圆edit transition objects编辑转换对象ejector pin顶出杆eject pin post process剪堆杆encrypt output 加密输出end-of-path commands 刀轨结束命令engage l retract 进刀/退刀方法engage motion 进刀运动engage 进刀environment 环境ejector pin顶出杆eject pin post process剪堆杆event 事件event generator 事件生成器event handler 事件处理器exclude face 排除的面ext. tan 相切延伸Fface split分割体face milling 面铣削face milling area 表面区域铣face milling manual 表面手动铣fan 扇形f 缸 side 远侧feed per tooth 每齿进给量feed rate 进给速度fill填充fixhalf定模部分fit distance配合长度filter methods 过滤方法final retract 最终返刀finish path 精加工刀轨finish walls 精铣侧壁finish floor 精铣底面finish stock 最终余量first cut 切削的第一刀(进给量)fixed contour 固定轴曲面轮廓锐fixed depth 固定深度fl stck/min clr 零件底面余量/最小安全距离flip material 材料侧反向floor 底平面floor & island tops 底平面和各岛屿的顶面floor only 只切削底平面flow cut 清根切削format 定义坐标值、准备功能代码、进给速度、主轴转速等参数的数据格式follow boundary 遵循边界方向follow check geometry 遵循检查几何体形状follow periphery 遵循外轮廓形状follow pre-drill points 沿着预钻孔点follow start points 沿着起始点from marker 从标记点finish stock 最终余量free form 建曲面first cut 切削的第一刀(进给量)fixed contour 固定轴曲面轮廓铣fixed depth 固定深度fl stck/min clr 零件底面余量/最小安全距离flip material 材料侧反向floor 底平面floor & island tops 底平面和各岛屿的顶面floor only 只切削底平面flow cut 清根切削follow boundary 遵循边界方向follow check geometry 遵循检查几何体形状follow periphery 遵循外轮廓形状follow pre-drill points 沿着预钻孔点follow start points 沿着起始点from marker 从标记点Ggate desige浇口设计g codes g代码get design建立浇口generate 生成geometry 几何体geometry groups 几何体组geometry objects 几何体对象geometry view 几何体视图generate 生成geometry 几何体geometry groups 几何体组geometry objects 几何体对象geometry view 几何体视图general parameters 一般参数goto 转移到gouge check area 过切检查区域gouge check 过切检查graphical post processing module (gpm)图形后处理模块grooving tool 车槽刀group 组Hhelical 按螺旋线(斜坡进刀)hookup distance 连接间隙距离home position 机床的原点位置hole making 孔加工Iignore chamfers 忽略倒角ignore holes 忽略孔ignore islands 忽略岛屿insert desige内嵌件incremental side stock 侧余量增量inheritance 继承initial engage 初始进刀insert 插入internal engage 内部进刀internal retract 内部混刀interpolate 插补inward 向里ipw 处理中的工件island 岛屿Llathe cross-section 横切面(用于车削〉lathe finish 精车layer settings图层设置layout多腔模体布局lathe groove 车槽lathe rough 粗车lathe thread 车螺纹layer/layout 视图/布局lead and lag 前导角和后导角level first 水平优先levels at island tops 切削各岛屿的顶面libraries 库linear axis travel limits 各坐标轴的最大行程linear motion resolution 机床直线移动的最小步距linear only 只输出直线插补list 显示列表loop 循环load produc加载产品locating ring定位环Mmachine control 机床控制machine tool 机床参数（ug）machine control events 机床控制事件machine data (mdfg)机床数据文件生成machine tool 机床machine tool kinematics 机床运动学machine tool motion control 机床运动控制machine tool type options 机床类型选项machine tool view 刀具视图machining method view 加工方法视图manufacturing 制造(加工〉manufacturing output manager 加工输出管理器material side 材料侧max concavity 最大凹度m codes m代码mcs (machine coordinate system)加工坐标系mdf (machine data file)机床数据文件method groups 方法组method 0 均 ects 方法对象mill area 铣削区域mill control 机床控制mill planar 平面铣mill contour 轮廓铣mill multi-axis 多轴铣mill user 自定义方式mill boundary 铣削边界mill geometry 铣削几何体milling tool 铣刀min clearance 最低安全平面min cut length 最小切削段长度minimum clearance 最小安全距离mlod csys 模具坐标系mord insert 模型嵌件mold base模架movehalf动模部分mold base 模架mirror throngh a plane通过平面镜像motion output 运动输出格式move events 运动事件move status 运动状态movement 运动形式multi-depth 多层切削Nnc (numerical control)数控n/c data definition nc数据格式near side 近侧no cycle 无固定循环non-cutting move 非切削运动non-steep 避让陡峭面non-steep face 非陡峭面normal to drive 与驱动法向一致normal to ds 与驱动面法向一致normal to part 与零件法向一致normal to ps 与零件面法向一致nurbs(non uniform rational b-spline) 才 i 三均匀有b Ooffset/gouge 刀具偏置过切检查omit 省略on (tool position)在刀具中心位置上on lines 按直线(斜坡进刀)on shape 按外形(斜坡进刀)on surface 在曲面上ont (operation navigation tool)操作导航工具open 开口other data elements 定义程序序号的起始值、增量以及跳过程序段的首字符operation objects 操作对象operation 操作operator message 操作者提示optimize 优化optional stop 选择性停止optional skip off 程序跳段结束optional skip on 程序跳段开始origin 原点output 输出文件有效output circular record 输出圆孤output plane 输出插补平面output setting 输出参数（ug）outward 向外overlap distance 搭接距离Ppart material材料成份parting manager分型管理product body center 产品中心parallel to ps 平行于零件面parallel to ds 平行于驱动面parameter groups 参数组parent 父节点part boundary 零件边界part containment 零件包容part floor stock 零件底部余量part geometry 零件几何体part side stock 零件侧面余量part stock 零件余量pattern center 同 jl.'圆模式中 jl.'pattern 切削模式peck drill 啄式钻permanent boundary 永久边界planar mill 平面铣planar text 文本铣削planar profile 平面轮廓铣plunge milling 插铣pocket 内腔point to point motion 点到点运动point to point 点位加工post process 后置处理post files preview 后处理文件预览post prosessor 后置处理生成器power 功率pre-drill engage points 预钻孔进刀点pre-drill 预钻孔program & tool path 程序和刀轨参数（ug）preferences 预设置prefun 准备功能epare geometry 预加工几何体'eprocess 预处理profile 轮廓program groups 程序组program object 程序对象program order view 程序顺序视图program 程序叶 ds normal 沿驱动面法向投射叶 ps normal 沿零件面法向投射叶 ection vector 投射矢量dial cut 径向切削p angle 斜坡角度p down angle 向下斜坡角度p type 斜坡进刀类型Rramp up angle 向上斜坡角度range 切削范围range depth 切削范围深度rapid 快速进给速度rapto offset 快进偏置rcs (reference coordinate system)参考坐标系runner design 建立流道revolve旋转region connection 区域连接region sequencing 切削区域的顺序register number(刀具补偿)寄存器号reject 拒绝relative to drive 相对于驱动面relative to part 相对于零件面relative to vector 相对于矢量方向replay 重新显示reset from table 从表中重新设置rest milling 残料铣削restore 恢复值retract clearance 返刀安全高度retract motion 退刀运动retract 返刀return 刀具返回reverse boundary 反向边界方向rotate 旋转rough follow 跟随零件粗铣rough zigzag 往复式粗铣rough zig 单向粗铣rtrcto 退刀(到 c 距离)Ssafe clearance 安全距离same as drive path 与驱动轨迹刀具轴相同s crews螺钉scallop 残留高度seed face 种子面select head 选择主轴头sequence number 序列号sequential milling 顺序铣set modes 设置模式setup events 事件设置setup 设置shrinkage收缩率shop documentation 车间工艺文档sketch草图slowdowns 降速smart objects 相关联对象sprue bushing浇口套spindle off 主轴停止spindle on 主轴启动spindle speed 主轴转速spiral 螺旋驱动standard part标准件standard part manager标准件管理standard bore 标准镗standard bore，back 标准背镗standard bore，drag 标准镗快退standard bore，manual 标准镗锺手退刀standard bore，no drag 标准镗横向偏置后快退standard drill 标准钻削standard drill，break chip 标准钻削，断屑standard drill，csink 标准钻削，沉孔standard drill，deep 标准钻削，深孔standard drive 标准驱动铣standard tap 标准攻螺纹standard text 标准文本(输出〉start marker 起始点标记startup commands 启动命令steep angle 陡峭壁角度steep area 陡峭壁区域steep faces 陡峭壁面steep 陡峭壁step 步距(进给速度)step over 步距类型/方向step over 行距stock 余量stopping position 刀具停止位置sub operations 子操作sur face area 曲面区域(驱动)surface region 曲面区域(特征)surface speed 曲面表面切削速度swarf drive 直纹面驱动Ttangent to ds 相切于驱动面tangent to ps 相切于零件面tangential edge angle 相切边角tan to (tool position)相切(刀具位置)t-cutter t 形刀templates 模板templates posts data file 后处理模板数据菜单temporary boundary 临时边界temporary plane 临时平面the event generator 事件生成器the event generator 事件处理器thread milling 螺纹铣threading tool 螺纹车刀three point plane 三点(圆心)探测thru fixed pt 通过固定点thru hole 通孔tilt 倾角tolerances-intoljouttol 内公差/外公差tolerant machining 容错加工tool axis 刀具轴(刀轴)tool change 换刀tool change marker 换刀标记tool checker 刀具检测器tool diameter 刀具直径tool groups 刀具组tool holder 刀柄tool length compensation 刀具长度补偿tool objects 刀具对象tool path actions 刀轨动作tool path 刀位轨迹(刀轨)tool position 刀具位置tool preselect 刀具预选tool 刀具toward line 指向线toward point 指向点transfer method 转移方法traver 叫转移traverse interior edge 穿过内边缘traverse pattern 转移模式traversal feed rate 机床的最大进给速度triangle tolerance 三角形公差trim boundary 修剪边界trim geometry 修剪几何体turning tool 车刀turning 车削UUtilities 公用工程ugpost ug 后置处理器uncut regions 未切削区域undercut handing 底部切削处理user defined 用户定义user defined event (ude)用户定义事件Vvariable contour 可变轴曲面轮廓铣vericut 模拟切削veri points 验证点visualize 切削仿真Wwire edm 线切割work piece 成型镶件word 各代码及其格式word summary 各代码的数据类型word sequencing 各代码的顺序Zzlever profile 深度加工轮廓zlever corner 深度加工拐角。
CNC刀具磨床中英文对照
end face 端面
gashing 修立铣刀副切削刃(修容屑槽)
notching 断刃槽
center 中心
above center 过中心
work piece 工件
二、菜单中常用词
menu 菜单
management 管理
system 系统
database 数据库
data 数据
file 文件
automatic 自动
main (major) cutting edge 主切削刃
lip 主切削刃
lip correction 主切削刃修正
web 芯厚
web thinning 修横刃
chisel edge 横刃
core diameter 芯厚（直径）
step diameter 阶梯直径
radial 径向
periphery 周向、周边
straight 直的
curve 曲线
CBN grinding wheel 立方碳化硼砂轮
spindle 主轴
axis 轴
carbide 硬质合金
high speed steel (HSS) 高速钢
release angel 释让角
machining 加工
roughing 粗加工
finishing 精加工
polishing 超细加工（抛光）
measuring 测量
一、一般词汇
grinding ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 磨削
regrinding 修磨
production 生产、制造
模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择研究
第10卷第2期计算机集成制造系统)CIMSVol.10No.22004年2月Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems Feb.2004文章编号:1006-5911(2003)02-0226-04模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择研究王 玉,高崇辉,徐和国收稿日期:2003-01-30;修订日期:2003-07-22。
基金项目:高等学校博士点基金资助项目(20020248017)。
作者简介:王 玉(1963-),男,河南灵宝市人,上海交通大学国家模具CAD 工程研究中心副教授,博士,主要从事模具CAD,CAE,CAM 及PDM 等企业信息化方面的研究。
E -mail :yuw ang999@s 。
(上海交通大学国家模具CAD 工程研究中心,上海 200030)摘 要:自动产生模具型腔加工的工艺计划及数控加工指令对提高模具型腔的加工效率具有重要意义。
研究了模具型腔工艺规划中的刀具选择问题,提出了模具型腔粗加工、半精加工、精加工刀具选择的原则与方法,并构造了相应的实现算法;重点研究了粗加工中刀具的组合优化问题,并建立了数学模型;给出了计算机辅助刀具选择系统的体系架构,基于所提方法在UG /OP EN API 环境下进行了初步编程实现;以一个包含岛及自由曲面的模具型腔零件的刀具选择为例,说明系统及算法的可行性。
关键词:计算机辅助刀具选择;模具型腔;数控加工中图分类号:T P391.7 文献标识码:A0 引言数控加工中包括刀具轨迹的产生和刀具选择两个关键问题[1]。
前一问题在过去的20年里得到了广泛而深入地研究,发展的许多算法已在商用CAD /CAM 系统中得到应用。
目前大多数CAM 系统能够在用户输入相关参数后自动产生刀具轨迹。
比较而言,对以质量、效率为优化目标的刀具选择问题的研究还远未成熟,当前还没有商用CAM 系统能够提供刀具优选的决策支持工具[2],因而难以实现CAD /CAM 的自动有机集成。
数控加工中刀具选用研究
摘要此次的毕业设计主要解决的问题是数控加工工艺、车削刀具的选择、各种刀具的掌握、工序与工步的划分、铣削刀具的选择、切削用量的确定、车削加工程序的编写、机床的熟练操作。
运用数控原理、数控工艺、数控程序设计、专业软件等专业知识和数控机床实际操作的一次综合练习，能让我感触当代科学的前沿，体验数控魅力，为人们的生活带来方便，进一步认识数控技术，熟练数控机床的操作，掌握数控，开发数控内在潜力。
关键词：工艺分析、工艺路线、刀具选择、数控编程、确定切削用量。
目录摘要第一章1.1数控加工简介．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 1.2科学选择数控刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 第二章2.1确定切削用量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．2 2.2选择数控车削用刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3 2.3选择数控铣削用刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4 第三章3.1数控加工刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5 3.2外表面刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．...． 6 3.3孔加工刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．......．.．..．.7 3.4螺纹加工工具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9 3.5齿轮加工工具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10 3.6切断刀具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11 结论与展望．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．13 致谢．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．17 参考文献．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．18第一章1.1数控加工简介数控加工（numerical control machining），是指在数控机床上进行零件加工的一种工艺方法，数控机床加工与传统机床加工的工艺规程从总体上说是一致的，但也发生了明显的变化。
模具设计与制造外文翻译参考文献
模具设计与制造外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。
中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。
直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。
近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。
虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。
由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。
中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。
结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。
近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。
从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。
目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。
虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。
当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面：（1）总量供不应求，国内模具自配率只有70%左右。
其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50%左右。
（2）企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理。
数控类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译——模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究
Mould type of numerical control process computer assist the cutter choose and studyForewordNumerical control include cutter production and cutter of orbit choose two key problems process ,. The first problem has been got and studied extensivly and deeply over the past 20 years, a lot of algorithms developed have already got application in commercial CAD/ CAM system. Most CAM systems can produce the cutter orbit automatically after users input relevant parameters at present. Comparatively speaking , it is still not ripe to regard quality , efficiency as the research of choosing the problem of cutter of optimizing the goal correctly, do not have commercial CAM system that can offer the preferred decision support tool of cutter at present, therefore it is difficult to realize the integrating automatically and organically of CAD/ CAM.. The cutter is chosen to usually include cutter type and cutter size. Generally speaking , suitable for one processing cutter of target for much kind , one cutter can finish different processing tasks, so it is easier to only consider meeting the cutter that basically processes the requirement and choose, especially to geometirc characteristics of model such as the hole , trough ,etc.. But in fact, it is common for cutter to choose and sure optimization goal interrelate, for instance most heavy to cut efficiency , process time , minimum process cost , longest service life ,etc. at least, so the cutter is chosen it is a complicated optimization question. Such as mould type one of parts, because the geometirc form is complicated (usually include curved surface of freedom and island), influence geometry that cutter choose it restrains from to be can explicit to say among CAD model, need to design the corresponding algorithm to draw, therefore choose the cutter specification suitable and cutter association , it is not easy things by improving efficiency and quality processed in numerical control.Mould type generally with preparation method that numerical control mill, usually including rough machining, half finish machining , precise process of processing etc.. The principle of rough machining is to spare no effort to remove the surplus metal with high efficiency, therefore hope to choose the larger cutter, but the cutter is oversized, may causethe increase of the crude volume ; Half finish machining of tasks to remove rough machining leave over step that get off mainly; Finish machining mainly guarantees size of the part and surface quality. Consider , go on , select exist , sure by computer difficult automatically totally up till now, therefore assist the cutter to choose in the computer that we developed (Computer Aided Tool Selection , CATS) among the system, base on , provide one aid decision tool for user, rough machining , half finish machining , precise to process etc., the real policy-making power is still left to users, in order to give full play to the advantages of computer and people.1 Basic structure of the systemCATS system is CAD model, output for cutter type , cutter specification , mill depth of sharpening , enter the giving amount , rotational speed of main shaft (cut the pace ) and process six parameters such as time (such as Fig. 1), including choosing the aid decision tool in cutter type, rough machining cutter choose aid decision tool, half finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool and finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool ,etc.Given the rough machining in Xingqiang processing of the important position (usually rely time 5~10 times), rough machining, the system automatically optimize portfolio with cutlery functions to enhance overall processing efficiency. In addition to the decision-making tools, the system also has a detailed look cutlery norms, based on the type and size cutlery recommended processing parameters and assess the function of processing time, the last generation of the overall results of choice cutlery statements (figure 2). All the data and knowledge systems cutlery done by the background database support.2Key technologies and algorithms2.1C utlery type choiceAccording to Assistant Xingqiang digital processing practice, Xingqiang Xi state general processing cutlery into milling cutter, milling cutter radius milling cutter and the first three balls. D based cutlery diameter, radius radius r when r=0 for milling cutter, 0<R Cutlery can be divided into the overall style and embed films ceremony. For inlay film style, the key is to select the materials razor blades, razor blades materials choice depends on three elements : the processing of working materials, machine tools and cutlery jig stability of the state structures. Processing system will be translated intomaterial steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nonferrous metals, materials and hard to cut materials six groups. Machine tool jig stability into good, better and less than three levels. Cutlery investigation into the short and long cantilever structures two, the system automatically reasoning on the basis of the specific circumstances of razor blades materials, decision-making knowledge from Walter cutlery manual system by the users first choice cutlery type in the world. To embed film style cutlery, a rules-based automated reasoning suitable razor blades materials. For example, if the final processing of materials for the "steel", machine tool jig for good stability, cutlery cantilever structures for short, razor blades materials for WAP25.Rough machining cutlery portfolio optimizationXingqiang rough machining the aim is to maximize the removal of excess metal normally used milling cutter, take-cutting approach. Thus, 3D mould Xingqiang the rough machining process, is actually a series of 2.5D components Xingqiang processing. Cutlery optimization is to find a group of cutlery portfolio, allowing for maximum efficiency removal of most metals. Cutlery portfolio optimized basic methods as follows :A.To do some long step into knife in the direction of a group of vertical and horizontal search Xingqiang another entity to form a search layer.B.Derive closed to the contours.C.Calculated between Central and outside the island or islands and the distance between the key that affect cutlery choice geometric constraints algorithm flow As shown in figure 3D.According to the principle of the merger (adjacent to the critical distance will be smaller than the difference between the threshold) to search layer merger, graphic processing and identifying viable cutlery sets, a processing layer.E.Determine the use of each processing layer cutlery, cutlery Xingqiang processing portfolio.F.According cutlery recommended processing parameters (cutting speed, depth and into Xianxiao to speed), the calculation of material removal.G.According to the actual removal of the volume processing layer, the processing time for each processing layer.H.Xingqiang calculating the total processing time and residual volume.I.The overall portfolio of the Group cutlery processing efficiency assessment.J . Repeat a~i until derive optimal mix of cutlery. If time is the goal, called for the entire processing time t Xingqiang shortest portfolio to optimize cutlery.2.2Semi-finished cutlery choiceThe main purpose is to remove semi-finished rough machining residual contours of the new warrants. To completely remove height, depth must be greater than Xianxiao parts of each level to the surface distance x. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1:entity models from parts of two adjacent to the cross section of the surface contours and the corresponding length;Step 2: The average length of contours;Step 3:calculate its width;Step 4 : calculating height floor to the surface of parts to the law distance x;Step 5 : steps 1~ repeat steps 4, each level of decision Xianxiao depth;Step 6 : calculate cutlery diameter D, by or under cutlery experience D=x/0.6 manual recommended;steps7 : choose Xianxiao x depth than the smallest cutlery.2.3fine cutlery choiceFine cutlery choice is the basic principle : cutlery parts surface radius smaller than the smallest size R curve radius r, the general admission R= (0.8~0.9) r. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1 : from the smallest curve radius calculation model parts entities;Step 2 : From cutlery database search radius of less than a cutlery calculated radius of the curve all cutlery;Step 3 : select the best cutlery meet the above requirements;Step 4 : If all cutlery than the smallest curve radius, the smallest chosen as a recommended cutlery.3 summary and discussionMould type of craft of processing plan , need high technology and experience very usually, prepare NC time of data nearly and process time to be large. So person whoproduce of craft of processing plan and NC process demand of the order right away seem further more urgent automatically.This text system research mould type of craft cutter plan , choose problem, put forward mould of rough machining , half finish machining , finish machining principle and method that cutter chooses, the realization algorithm with corresponding structure , and has carried on the realization of preliminary programming under the environment of UG/OPEN API, have developed CATS prototype system. In cutter type and on the foundation that the specification is fixed, system also can recommend parameter of processing according to cutter manual (cut pace , mill , sharpen depth , enter person who give ,etc.), evaluate corresponding processing time. Final purpose its to realize integration of CAD/CAM really , produce through aftertreatment numerical control process the order.Need to point out , should improve the mould type totality of and process efficiency, need it from the rough machining , half finish machining , consideration on the whole of finish machining , make up and optimize many targets, this will be work that we want to carry on next .模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究引言数控加工中包括刀具轨迹的产生和刀具选择两个关键问题。
机械加工刀具中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译英文原文Selection of optimum tool geometry and cutting conditionsusing a surface roughness prediction model for end milling Abstract Influence of tool geometry on the quality of surface produced is well known and hence any attempt to assess the performance of end milling should include the tool geometry. In the present work, experimental studies have been conducted to see the effect of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on the machining performance during end milling of medium carbon steel. The first and second ordermathematical models, in terms of machining parameters, were developed for surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of experimental results. The model selected for optimization has been validated with the Chi square test. The significance of these parameters on surface roughness has been established with analysis of variance. An attempt has also been made to optimize the surface roughness prediction model using genetic algorithms (GA). The GA program gives minimum values of surface roughness and their respective optimal conditions.1 IntroductionEnd milling is one of the most commonly used metal removal operations in industry because of its ability to remove material faster giving reasonably good surface quality. It is used in a variety of manufacturing industries including aerospace and automotive sectors, where quality is an important factor in the production of slots, pockets, precision moulds and dies. Greater attention is given to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of products by the industry these days. Moreover, surface finish influences mechanical properties such as fatigue behaviour, wear, corrosion, lubrication and electrical conductivity. Thus, measuring and characterizing surface finish can be considered for predicting machining performance.Surface finish resulting from turning operations has traditionally received considerable research attention, where as that of machining processes using multipoint cutters, requires attention by researchers. As these processes involve large number of parameters, it would be difficult to correlate surface finish with other parameters just by conducting experiments. Modelling helps to understand this kind of process better. Though some amount of work has been carried out to develop surface finish prediction models in the past, the effect of tool geometry has received little attention. However, the radial rake angle has a major affect on the power consumption apart from tangential and radial forces. It also influences chip curling and modifies chip flow direction. In addition to this, researchers [1] have also observed that the nose radius plays a significant role in affecting the surface finish. Therefore the development of a good model should involve the radial rake angle and nose radius along with other relevant factors.Establishment of efficient machining parameters has been a problem that has confronted manufacturing industries for nearly a century, and is still the subject of many studies. Obtaining optimum machining parameters is of great concern in manufacturing industries, where the economy of machining operation plays a key role in the competitive market. In material removal processes, an improper selection of cutting conditions cause surfaces with high roughness anddimensional errors, and it is even possible that dynamic phenomena due to auto excited vibrations may set in [2]. In view of the significant role that the milling operation plays in today’s manufacturing world, there is a need to optimize the machining parameters for this operation. So, an effort has been made in this paper to see the influence of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on the surface finish produced during end milling of medium carbon steel. The experimental results of this work will be used to relate cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius with the machining response i.e. surface roughness by modelling. The mathematical models thus developed are further utilized to find the optimum process parameters using genetic algorithms.2 ReviewProcess modelling and optimization are two important issues in manufacturing. The manufacturing processes are characterized by a multiplicity of dynamically interacting process variables. Surface finish has been an important factor of machining in predicting performance of any machining operation. In order to develop and optimize a surface roughness model, it is essential to understand the current status of work in this area.Davis et al. [3] have investigated the cutting performance of five end mills having various helix angles. Cutting tests were performed on aluminium alloy L 65 for three milling processes (face, slot and side), in which cutting force, surface roughness and concavity of a machined plane surface were measured. The central composite design was used to decide on the number of experiments to be conducted. The cutting performance of the end mills was assessed using variance analysis. The affects of spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate on the cutting force and surface roughness were studied. The investigation showed that end mills with left hand helix angles are generally less cost effective than those with right hand helix angles. There is no significant difference between up milling and down milling with regard tothe cutting force, although the difference between them regarding the surface roughness was large. Bayoumi et al.[4] have studied the affect of the tool rotation angle, feed rate and cutting speed on the mechanistic process parameters (pressure, friction parameter) for end milling operation with three commercially available workpiece materials, 11 L 17 free machining steel, 62- 35-3 free machining brass and 2024 aluminium using a single fluted HSS milling cutter. It has been found that pressure and friction act on the chip – tool interface decrease with the increase of feed rate and with the decrease of the flow angle, while the cutting speed has a negligible effect on some of the material dependent parameters. Process parameters are summarized into empirical equations as functions of feed rate and tool rotation angle for each work material. However,researchers have not taken into account the effects of cutting conditions and tool geometry simultaneously; besides these studies have not considered the optimization of the cutting process.As end milling is a process which involves a large number f parameters, combined influence of the significant parameters an only be obtained by modelling. Mansour and Abdallaet al. [5] have developed a surface roughness model for the end milling of EN32M (a semi-free cutting carbon case hardening steel with improved merchantability). The mathematical model has been developed in terms of cutting speed, feed rate and axial depth of cut. The affect of these parameters on the surface roughness has been carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A first order equation covering the speed range of 30–35 m/min and a second order equation covering the speed range of 24–38 m/min were developed under dry machining conditions. Alauddin et al. [6] developed a surface roughness model using RSM for the end milling of 190 BHN steel. First and second order models were constructed along with contour graphs for the selection of the proper combination of cutting speed and feed to increase the metal removal rate without sacrificing surface quality. Hasmi et al. [7] also used the RSM model for assessing the influence of the workpiece material on the surface roughness of the machined surfaces. The model was developed for milling operation by conducting experiments on steel specimens. The expression shows, the relationship between the surface roughness and the various parameters; namely, the cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. The above models have not considered the affect of tool geometry on surface roughness.Since the turn of the century quite a large number of attempts have been made to find optimum values of machining parameters. Uses of many methods have been reported in the literature to solve optimization problems for machining parameters. Jain and Jain [8] have used neural networks for modeling and optimizing the machining conditions. The results have been validated by comparing the optimized machining conditions obtained using genetic algorithms. Suresh et al. [9] have developed a surface roughness prediction model for turning mild steel using a response surface methodology to produce the factor affects of the individual process parameters. They have also optimized the turning process using the surface roughness prediction model as the objective function. Considering the above, an attempt has been made in this work to develop a surface roughness model with tool geometry and cutting conditions on the basis of experimental results and then optimize it for the selection of these parameters within the given constraints in the end milling operation.3 MethodologyIn this work, mathematical models have been developed using experimental results with the help of response surface methodolog y. The purpose of developing mathematical models relating the machining responses and their factors is to facilitate the optimization of the machining process. This mathematical model has been used as an objective function and the optimization was carried out with the help of genetic algorithms.3.1 Mathematical formulationResponse surface methodology (RSM) is a combination of mathematical and statisticaltechniques useful for modelling and analyzing the problems in which several independent variables influence a dependent variable or response. The mathematical models commonly used are represented by:where Y is the machining response, ϕ is the response function and S, f , α, r are milling variables and ∈ is the error which is normally distributed about the observed response Y with zero mean.The relationship between surface roughness and other independent variables can be represented as follows， where C is a constant and a, b, c and d are exponents.To facilitate the determination of constants and exponents, this mathematical model will have to be linearized by performing a logarithmic transformation as follows:The constants and exponents C, a, b, c and d can be determined by the method of leastsquares. The first order linear model, developed from the above functional relationship using least squares method, can be represented as follows:where Y1 is the estimated response based on the first-order equation, Y is the measured surface roughness on a logarithmic scale, x0 = 1 (dummy variable), x1, x2, x3 and x4 arelogarithmic transformations of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius respectively, ∈ is the experimental error and b values are the estimates of corresponding parameters.The general second order polynomial response is as given below:where Y2 is the estimated response based on the second order equation. The parameters, i.e. b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b12, b23, b14, etc. are to be estimated by the method of least squares. Validity of the selected model used for optimizing the process parameters has been tested with the help of statistical tests, such as F-test, chi square test, etc. [10].3.2 Optimization using genetic algorithmsMost of the researchers have used traditional optimization techniques for solving machining problems. The traditional methods of optimization and search do not fare well over a broad spectrum of problem domains. Traditional techniques are not efficient when the practical search space is too large. These algorithms are not robust. They are inclined to obtain a local optimal solution. Numerous constraints and number of passes make the machining optimization problem more complicated. So, it was decided to employ genetic algorithms as an optimization technique. GA come under the class of non-traditional search and optimization techniques. GA are different from traditional optimization techniques in the following ways:1.GA work with a coding of the parameter set, not the parameter themselves.2.GA search from a population of points and not a single point.3.GA use information of fitness function, not derivatives or other auxiliary knowledge.4.GA use probabilistic transition rules not deterministic rules.5.It is very likely that the expected GA solution will be the global solution.Genetic algorithms (GA) form a class of adaptive heuristics based on principles derived from the dynamics of natural population genetics. The searching process simulates the natural evaluation of biological creatures and turns out to be an intelligent exploitation of a random search. The mechanics of a GA is simple, involving copying of binary strings. Simplicity of operation and computational efficiency are the two main attractions of the genetic algorithmic approach. The computations are carried out in three stages to get a result in one generation or iteration. The three stages are reproduction, crossover and mutation.In order to use GA to solve any problem, the variable is typically encoded into a string (binary coding) or chromosome structure which represents a possible solution to the given problem. GA begin with a population of strings (individuals) created at random. The fitness of each individual string is evaluated with respect to the given objective function. Then this initial population is operated on by three main operators – reproduction cross over and mutation – to create, hopefully, a better population. Highly fit individuals or solutions are given the opportunity to reproduce by exchanging pieces of their genetic information, in the crossover procedure, with other highly fit individuals. This produces new “offspring” solutions, which share some characteristics taken from both the parents. Mutation is often applied after crossover by altering some genes (i.e. bits) in the offspring. The offspring can either replace the whole population (generational approach) or replace less fit individuals (steady state approach). This new population is further evaluated and tested for some termination criteria. The reproduction-cross over mutation- evaluation cycle is repeated until the termination criteria are met.中文翻译选择最佳工具，几何形状和切削条件利用表面粗糙度预测模型端铣刀具几何形状对工件表面质量产生的影响是人所共知的，因此，任何成型面端铣摘要： 刀具几何形状对工件表面质量产生的影响是人所共知的，因此，任何成型面端铣设计应包括刀具的几何形状。
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Mould type of numerical control process computer assist the cutter choose and studyForewordNumerical control include cutter production and cutter of orbit choose two key problems process ,. The first problem has been got and studied extensivly and deeply over the past 20 years, a lot of algorithms developed have already got application in commercial CAD/ CAM system. Most CAM systems can produce the cutter orbit automatically after users input relevant parameters at present. Comparatively speaking , it is still not ripe to regard quality , efficiency as the research of choosing the problem of cutter of optimizing the goal correctly, do not have commercial CAM system that can offer the preferred decision support tool of cutter at present, therefore it is difficult to realize the integrating automatically and organically of CAD/ CAM.. The cutter is chosen to usually include cutter type and cutter size. Generally speaking , suitable for one processing cutter of target for much kind , one cutter can finish different processing tasks, so it is easier to only consider meeting the cutter that basically processes the requirement and choose, especially to geometirc characteristics of model such as the hole , trough ,etc.. But in fact, it is common for cutter to choose and sure optimization goal interrelate, for instance most heavy to cut efficiency , process time , minimum process cost , longest service life ,etc. at least, so the cutter is chosen it is a complicated optimization question. Such as mould type one of parts, because the geometirc form is complicated (usually include curved surface of freedom and island), influence geometry that cutter choose it restrains from to be can explicit to say among CAD model, need to design the corresponding algorithm to draw, therefore choose the cutter specification suitable and cutter association , it is not easy things by improving efficiency and quality processed in numerical control.Mould type generally with preparation method that numerical control mill, usually including rough machining, half finish machining , precise process of processing etc.. The principle of rough machining is to spare no effort to remove the surplus metal with high efficiency, therefore hope to choose the larger cutter, but the cutter is oversized, may cause the increase of the crude volume ; Half finish machining of tasks to remove rough machining leave over step that get off mainly; Finish machining mainly guarantees size of the part and surface quality. Consider , go on , select exist , sure by computer difficult automatically totally up till now, therefore assist the cutter to choose in the computer that we developed (Computer Aided Tool Selection , CATS) among the system, base on , provide one aid decision tool for user, rough machining , half finish machining , precise to process etc., the real policy-making power is still left to users, in order to give full play to the advantages of computer and people.1 Basic structure of the systemCATS system is CAD model, output for cutter type , cutter specification , mill depth of sharpening , enter the giving amount , rotational speed of main shaft (cut the pace ) and process six parameters such as time (such as Fig. 1), including choosing the aid decision tool in cutter type, rough machining cutter choose aid decision tool, half finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool and finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool ,etc.Given the rough machining in Xingqiang processing of the important position (usually rely time 5~10 times), rough machining, the system automatically optimize portfolio with cutlery functions to enhance overall processing efficiency. In addition to the decision-making tools, the system also has a detailed look cutlery norms, based on the type and size cutlery recommended processing parameters and assess the function of processing time, the last generation of the overall results of choice cutlery statements (figure 2). All the data and knowledge systems cutlery done by the background database support.2Key technologies and algorithms2.1C utlery type choiceAccording to Assistant Xingqiang digital processing practice, Xingqiang Xi state general processing cutlery into milling cutter, milling cutter radius milling cutter and the first three balls. D based cutlery diameter, radius radius r when r=0 for milling cutter, 0<RCutlery can be divided into the overall style and embed films ceremony. For inlay film style, the key is to select the materials razor blades, razor blades materials choice depends on three elements : the processing of working materials, machine tools and cutlery jig stability of the state structures. Processing system will be translated into material steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nonferrous metals, materials and hard to cut materials six groups. Machine tool jig stability into good, better and less than three levels. Cutlery investigation into the short and long cantilever structures two, the system automatically reasoning on the basis of the specific circumstances of razor blades materials, decision-making knowledge from Walter cutlery manual system by the users first choice cutlery type in the world. To embed film style cutlery, a rules-based automated reasoning suitable razor blades materials. For example, if the final processing of materials for the "steel", machine tool jig for good stability, cutlery cantilever structures for short, razor blades materials for W AP25.Rough machining cutlery portfolio optimizationXingqiang rough machining the aim is to maximize the removal of excess metal normally used milling cutter, take-cutting approach. Thus, 3D mould Xingqiang the rough machining process, is actually a series of 2.5D components Xingqiang processing. Cutlery optimization is to find a group of cutlery portfolio, allowing for maximum efficiency removal of most metals. Cutlery portfolio optimized basic methods as follows :A.To do some long step into knife in the direction of a group of vertical and horizontal search Xingqiang another entity to form a search layer.B.Derive closed to the contours.C.Calculated between Central and outside the island or islands andthe distance between the key that affect cutlery choice geometric constraints algorithm flow As shown in figure 3D.According to the principle of the merger (adjacent to the critical distance will be smaller than the difference between the threshold) to search layer merger, graphic processing and identifying viable cutlery sets, a processing layer.E.Determine the use of each processing layer cutlery, cutlery Xingqiang processing portfolio.F.According cutlery recommended processing parameters (cutting speed, depth and into Xianxiao to speed), the calculation of material removal.G.According to the actual removal of the volume processing layer, the processing time for each processing layer.H.Xingqiang calculating the total processing time and residual volume.I.The overall portfolio of the Group cutlery processing efficiency assessment.J . Repeat a~i until derive optimal mix of cutlery. If time is the goal, called for the entire processing time t Xingqiang shortest portfolio to optimize cutlery.2.2Semi-finished cutlery choiceThe main purpose is to remove semi-finished rough machining residual contours of the new warrants. To completely remove height, depth must be greater than Xianxiao parts of each level to the surface distance x. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1:entity models from parts of two adjacent to the cross section of the surface contours and the corresponding length;Step 2: The average length of contours;Step 3:calculate its width;Step 4 : calculating height floor to the surface of parts to the law distance x; Step 5 : steps 1~ repeat steps 4, each level of decision Xianxiao depth;Step 6 : calculate cutlery diameter D, by or under cutlery experience D=x/0.6manual recommended;steps7 : choose Xianxiao x depth than the smallest cutlery.2.3fine cutlery choiceFine cutlery choice is the basic principle : cutlery parts surface radius smaller than the smallest size R curve radius r, the general admission R= (0.8~0.9) r. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1 : from the smallest curve radius calculation model parts entities;Step 2 : From cutlery database search radius of less than a cutlery calculated radius of the curve all cutlery;Step 3 : select the best cutlery meet the above requirements;Step 4 : If all cutlery than the smallest curve radius, the smallest chosen as a recommended cutlery.4 summary and discussionMould type of craft of processing plan , need high technology and experience very usually, prepare NC time of data nearly and process time to be large. So person who produce of craft of processing plan and NC process demand of the order right away seem further more urgent automatically.This text system research mould type of craft cutter plan , choose problem, put forward mould of rough machining , half finish machining , finish machining principle and method that cutter chooses, the realization algorithm with corresponding structure , and has carried on the realization of preliminary programming under the environment of UG/OPEN API, have developed CATS prototype system. In cutter type and on the foundation that the specification is fixed, system also can recommend parameter of processing according to cutter manual (cut pace , mill , sharpen depth , enter person who give ,etc.), evaluate corresponding processing time. Final purpose its to realize integration of CAD/CAM really , produce through aftertreatment numerical control process the order.Need to point out , should improve the mould type totality of and process efficiency, need it from the rough machining , half finish machining , consideration on the whole of finish machining , make up and optimize manytargets, this will be work that we want to carry on nex模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究引言数控加工中包括刀具轨迹的产生和刀具选择两个关键问题。