轧钢机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
冶金技术钢铁温轧毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述影响温轧IF 钢剪切带形的纹理发展乔纳斯•杰杰奥 来源：材料加工技术杂志 ，2003年117卷，从293到299页1导言钢铁企业最近开始关心温轧（铁素体）轧制，因为它有可能扩大产品范围和降低 热轧带钢成本。
这些优势可能会影响各阶段的轧制过程， 开始加热，其次是温轧，酸洗, 冷轧。
一些好处，可以实现在每一个阶段的处理列于表 1 O 带来的变化对产品性能的摘 要列于表2 O表1优势能够实现通过实施温轧 [1 ]Benefit [jess ewigy usa^e ：lesi slab damagescale I CKK ; incieaiied,tlnw^hputRe L I UGV limit wcaf ： leuwa- Cwmfnmti Resulls fiiom use of i^heat temperaliHe Results Emm use of Lower ichcal tcTnpcratuTC Lcsx ioll dmngcs, bighcr口 DU run-out tablaThinn^l gauges bicirswd thifughpul ； ieii acid u 詛举 Lower roUi^g leads; less panoductivily e&pecialLy fbr tiling tviiipvr 对 un;》Where heat \OHR limils gaugeDm to th uuici-scale tayuiMostly for hi 妙 coilnig icmpemiuics全尺寸表（＜ 1000 ）Pickliti^ C D H rolling 里fbr ”igh ccUifiE 伽ipeiatupes Ptocess ioll wtai表2改进产品性能归因于温轧[1 ]P WH I UCI BencfilA J wBini-uplkd pivducls S P C ICI (LC a)Only for lugji cdlbig teniper^TutcsHigb&i r value (1^)Only if using lubiication and low coiling fempemtures followed byannealingNcn-a洋ing Only for low reheat tenipeiann'es and high coiling temperatures(LC) nr low coiling 杞nipeiatares fblkywed by annealingCcld-ipll&d products Softer (LC)Only for high coiling lemperatuiEsHigher *'• value pF)Quly if iiSiin勒lubiication iii warm rollinig and low tempei p-K I UTCS E^ILcwed by aniiealixi^全尺寸表（＜ 1000 ）其他的好处在表1是相当明显的，硬度的影响因素，R值和老化性能概述在表2倒没有这么明显。
热轧工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附件1热轧工艺该轧机的主要功能是将半成品钢重新加热到接近其熔点，然后通过由共计7.7万的大功率连续滚动驱动马力发动机带动的12道连续轧制使钢板变得更薄更长，最后卷曲被拉长的钢板以运输到下一道工序。
热轧板卷的重量高达30吨至30”和74”。
将8至9英寸厚、36英尺长的钢板被卷成薄如16英寸和1 / 2英里长的带钢。
线圈由两个内径（'眼睛'）为30”卷取机，外径上限分别为72”和74”分别与850和1000磅每英寸宽（PIW）相对应的两个卷曲机产生。
该厂为每一个CSI提供售后业务，以及负责运输成品给CSI顾客。
大部分材料是由一种自动线圈处理系统运出轧机，通过运输线被分批运往轧机的东侧，直到它被冷却到足以载入铁路车辆。
加热炉对于热轧工艺至关重要的是它的步进梁加热炉，国家的最先进的设备，现在优于三老一辈（推车）式炉。
额定生产速度为每小时270吨，效率和与板温一致的方面得到改善以使生产率能比计划提高25﹪。
把这些钢从室温加热到2200～2400摄氏度需每天消耗约10立方米的天然气。
就像板材是按订单分配，日程安排是规定的，材料被热轧厂最西端的板厂的铁路小车和起重机分批运输。
在一条轧制线上，每一放一个轧板。
因为轧板被放置在南侧加热炉的控制门的前边，所以其规模和重量是确定的。
当炉内的空间足够，大型电镀机械推拉臂能够将板材移到炉内。
一旦进入内部，板材由大约8英尺长的炉板支撑，它是通过冷却水的耐火涂层管也被称为滑轨。
为了降低钢板残留的冰点（滑板标记），滑板间距变化大约为熔炉内部空间的三分之二。
两个独立的滑轨装置，一个固定，一个运动，轮流支撑钢板当它在炉内运动时经过一个由一对大型液压缸提供能量的机架。
该炉内部的宽是38'9”，从地面到天花板有15英尺，142’长。
它分为管制区内的温度：预热，顶面和底，加热，顶部和底，浸泡，顶和底，东和西。
预热和加热区燃烧一种天然气的混合物，同时通过在熔炉侧边的大量燃烧器预燃空气，加热钢板的上部和底部到接近其排气温度。
不锈钢钢材机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文：Stainless SteelPetro-chemical industry with its own production of some of the features, such as its operating temperature range, low-temperature conditions up to -196 ℃, temperatures can reach more than 500 ℃; operating pressure there is external pressure, vacuum, atmospheric pressure, medium pressure, high pressure, ultra-high pressure (more than 100MPa); In addition, the operating environment in the medium complexity, such as the existence of corrosion, wear and tear, and flammable, explosive, toxic and other solid, gaseous, liquid and a variety of mixed media chloride, sulfide and other salt category. Therefore, the petrochemical industry in the use of stainless steel, the requirements of stainless steel has strong corrosion resistance, including anti-chloride, sulfide and other corrosive salts; resistant to high temperature and low temperature performance. Among them, the petrochemical plant at 500 ~ 600 ℃, the equipment and pipe materials in general to choose a variety of austenitic stainless steel-based, such as 304H, 316,321, such as austenitic stainless steel has been widely used; and for oil exploration, the development of the field of stainless steel with anti-called carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide corrosion properties. At present, China's crude oil exploration, development is mainly used in 3Cr, 9Cr, 13Cr, super 13Cr and containing more than Cr22 stainless steel thick-walled, non-magnetic drill collar and drill pipe.At present, China's petrochemical industry in the stainless steel variety of choice, in general to 304 mainly, steel plate thickness of 6 to 22 millimeters, the main polymer used in the construction of storage tanks, heat exchanger shell. In addition, some pieces of the use of reactor tower 316L, TP347, etc., the thickness of 2 ~ 6 mm. Glacial acetic acid and liquid delivery vehicles (train tanker) General use of 304 and 306 plate. In addition, production of the device because of the existence of urea carbamate amine condensate, a highly corrosive, generally stripper, separation, and the use of 316L stainless steel condenser. On the stainless steel clad plate, such plate mainly used in oil refining equipment reaction tower, commonly used for 20R +0 Cr13AL, 16MnR +0 Cr13AL, 20R +0 Cr13 such. Due to the substrate, rehabilitation materials and productionmethods, equipment limitations, domestic composite steel plate thickness, length far from being able to fully meet the demands of the petrochemical industry. In addition, the domestic stainless steel plate splicing, heat treatment, testing and other means yet to be improved.As a result of a wide range of stainless steel, petrochemical industry, currently used for the type of austenitic stainless steel, of which 304 brands of stainless steel plate, tube forgings largest amount, 316,304 L, 316L of the plate, tube, forging a larger amount, ASTM standard TP321, TP347, TP316 brands of boiler tubes, heat exchanger is also gradually increasing dosage. In addition, a special two-way stainless steel as a result of corrosion resistance, Chiang Kai-shek in the petrochemical industry has been rapid promotion and use, of which two-way gradually increasing the amount of stainless steel tubes. At present, China's petrochemical industry in the use of stainless steel is about 70,000 tons, of which stainless steel plate (8 mm or more) the amount of approximately 10,000 tons, stainless steel composite plate is about 15,000 tons, stainless steel seamless steel tube is about 40,000 tons , stainless steel pipe is about5000 tons.Domestic stainless steel in the petrochemical field of application of thereasons for not widespreadAt present, the domestic stainless steel in the petrochemical field of application is not extensive, mainly in the following reasons: First, do not support the issue of standards. China's petrochemical industry has been formed to meet the development needs of the standard system; at home and abroad for high-pressure, high-sulfur, carbon dioxide high "three high" natural gas production equipment, material smelting, manufacturing, testing, testing technology subsidiary norms and standards is still incomplete. Second, product problems. In this regard, mainly stainless steel plate, tube, forging, welding material is not matching. Third, the issue size. Domestic metallurgical industry needs of the petrochemical industry in the thick wide board, large-diameter, thick-walled steel pipe production capacity is very limited. Fourth, quality issues, product qualitystainless steel tube instability. Fifth, research and development problems. New varieties of the domestic stainless steel R & D and production is still unable to meet the petrochemical industry's development needs. Inaddition, the stainless steel research, production and exchange of information between users of the existence of the problem poor. As a result of these factors, the need for stainless steel and petrochemical industries there are many varieties of domestic enterprises can not provide, such as four meters wide of the heavy plate production in China is not yet, there are many forms of stainless steel equipment is imported. In addition, domestic enterprises in product development with foreign enterprises is still lagging behind compared to, for example, some steel companies in Europe every year to launch a dozen new varieties of stainless steel, and Chinese enterprises in this respect, the work is notenough.The five major trends in the petrochemical proposed new requirementsfor stainless steelThe future of China's petrochemical industry will move towards the top five trends in the development of stainless steel products and higherrequirements. First of all, the future of China's oil and gas field exploration and development efforts will further increase. Such as carbon dioxide will be injected back underground ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and improve the oil recovery rate. At the same time, China's natural gas exploration and development efforts will be greater than the crude oil exploration and development, and to the high sulfur content, carbon dioxide area development (16% hydrogen sulfide content, carbon dioxide content of about 8%), and will further deepen the depth of wells, land Sham Tseng will exceed the 8000 meters. Second, the petrochemical plant will be large scale. Ethylene production of single device will exceed one million tons; refining single factory refining capacity more than 15 million tons; of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) production capacity of a single plant more than 800,000 tons; stainless steel tanks to the large-scale development. The third is run petrochemical plant will be a long-term development, and gradually overhaul the current cycle of thetransition to 3 years. Fourth, the petrochemical production will diversify the source of materials development. With the improvement of the requirements of environmental protection and energy consumption structure, using natural gas as raw materials of chemical industry is developing rapidly. As a result of natural gas at minus 160 ℃ can be achieved under the conditions of liquefaction, so the need for stainless steel storage and transportation equipment. In addition, as China's LNG imports increase in coastal areas need to receive large-scale construction, working capital and storage facilities, can be expected in this regard will be very large stainless steel consumption.These petrochemical industry development trend of stainless steel products, specifications and varieties have put forward new demands. From anti-corrosion requirements, the petrochemical industry production device temperature, pressure, media are major changes have taken place, stainless steel used in a more harsh environment, anti-corrosion performance by a single change to the composite performance. In the processing performance, the requirements of stainless steel a higher intensity, better toughness, weldability and good processability. In geometry, the requirements of stainless steel products and high precision, width increased, large-diameter steel pipe, steel pipe wall thickness increased. In the standards, stainless steel production as soon as possible with international standards. In addition, the petrochemical industry as a result of each of wells, each set of conditions of service refining device there is a difference, related stainless steel production enterprises should be based on the actual situation in the provision of personalized services. In addition, with the increased usage of stainless steel, stainless steel used in economics is even more important. Therefore, the domestic iron and steel enterprises, especially the steel pipe industry should improve the technological content of products and value-added, high-end product market occupation. At present, many European steel is no longer the production of low value-added oil well pipes, and will focus entirely on high added-tube, the preparation for these high-end products occupied theChinese market. (FocusRecently, China Special Steel Enterprises stainless steel branch of Li Cheng, executive president of the stainless steel industry in talking about China's problems in the development pointed out that the stainless steel to replace imports from the side, although capacity has been able to achieve self-sufficiency, but in fact only part of to replace imports, it is necessary to fully or largely replaced by imports, but also depends on our variety and quality products can meet the various requirements. He also pointed out that the market of fake and shoddy products that seriously endangers the users of stainless steel, it is proposed to increase the relevantdepartments the crackdown.Said Li Cheng, China's stainless steel production capacity from the already self-sufficiency can be achieved, but only a partial substitute for imports. Common market of the four most common grades, namely, 316 and 304 Austenitic. Ferrite 409 and 430, including 304 in the world, accounting for 50 percent of consumption, the use of nearly a hundred years of history. But it is not a single species to the new production of the 304 as an example, in order to meet the varying demands of customers, they will have a brand dozens of varieties, the same as a result of the 304 different varieties in the market price per ton can also be a difference of several hundred dollars to a thousand dollars, we can see the value of a good product, there are markets. This value needs to be done can be. 430 the past two years has developed very rapidly, in fact, this is an in production is not easy to master the varieties, r value of the performance of stamping a crease resistance, it is difficult to achieve, and now the world's more advanced r ≥ 1.2, At a time when there was virtually no punching fold, China and some production plants in both there are still some problems; 409 brands, it seems easier to see the production of components, but it's forming, and welding of the automobile industry to meet the requirements of the development will not be easy.In recent years, the development of China's manufacturing of stainless steel materials for many new requirements, such as power generation, petrochemical, and automobile industries are faced with the newrequirements of the material. Power generation systems need a lot of supercritical required stainless steel pipe, China is now still can not produce, the number of heat exchanger tubes we find it difficult to adapt, petrochemical development needs of some special stainless steel We are also in the trial. Automobile manufacturing, a number of special varieties of high-quality stainless steel requirements, we simply have not yet produced. To meet the needs of users and the use of the industry is necessary to combine joint research, innovation through research in order to solve the problem. In short, we can not just the manufacturingenterprises in the advanced hardware, we are in process technology, smelting technology and the development of both species have a larger gap, attracted the greatest attention to and constantly strive to improve.China's stainless steel market is facing a prominent issue is that the market is flooded with fake and shoddy products. In this regard, Li Cheng pointed out that in recent years because of soaring nickel prices do not appear in accordance with international and domestic standards of the low production of low nickel chromium high manganese so-called "200"series of steel, poor corrosion resistance, in which steel Based on the more serious occurred, the evolution of the market is now known as the "double-free steel" of inferior goods. The so-called double-free is no nickel, non-magnetic, this so-called "double-free" Steel does not have the non-rust and corrosion-resistant properties, which cause great harm to the user at the same time, for the jerry-built illegal producers and sellers the opportunity to bring huge profits, a very serious problem. Another is the emergence of stainless steel decorative tube size and thickness specifications for the production of non-serious "shrink", does not have the necessary stiffness of stainless steel tubes, so all kinds of deception users, to the credibility of stainless steel brought the crisis.At present the country is building a number of major projects, such as the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo project works, if only to keep the prices down in the tender, it will naturally arise in a cheap fake and shoddy products. Therefore, he called on the community especially the construction of the developers, must be quality-oriented, to avoid allkinds of hidden dangers and accidents to avoid failure and lead to very serious consequences as a result of the material. We should be treated in good faith users of harm to reputation and the interests of consumers of stainless steel act. Suggested that the state departments intensify thecrackdown.Development history::The invention of stainless steel is the world's metallurgical history of a significant achievement. The early 20th century, khazrajiya (LBGuillet) in 1904 -1906 and Porter million (AMPortevin) in 1909-1911 in France; Giessen (W. Giesen) in the years 1907-1909, respectively, in the United Kingdom found Fe - Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni alloy resistance to corrosion.蒙纳尔茨(P. Monnartz) in 1908-1911 in Germany put forward a theory of stainless steel and passivation of the many viewpoints.The inventor of stainless steel for industrial use are: Brearley (H. Brearly) 1912-1913 was developed in the United Kingdom with Cr12% -13% of the martensitic stainless steel; Dan Qi Zeng (C. Dantsizen) 1911-1914 in The United States has developed with Cr14% -16%, C0.07% -0.15% of ferritic stainless steel; Maurer (E. Maurer) and Strauss (B. Strauss) 1912-1914 was developed in Germany with C <1%, Cr15% -40%, Ni <20% of austenitic stainless steel. In 1929, Strauss (B. Strauss) made of low carbon 18-8 (Cr-18%, Ni-8%) stainless steel patent.In order to solve 18-8 steel sensitized state Intergranular corrosion, in1931 Germany's Huo译文：不锈钢石油化工行业生产具有自身的一些特点，例如其操作温度范围宽，低温条件时可达-196℃，高温时可达500℃以上；操作压力有外压、真空、常压、中压、高压、超高压(大于100MPa);此外，操作环境中介质复杂，如存在腐蚀性、磨损性、易燃、易爆、有毒等固态、气态、液态以及各种混合介质氯化物、硫化物和其他盐类。
机床的论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
机床的论文中英文资料外文翻译文献引言机床是制造业中重要的设备，用于加工各种零部件和制造产品。
本文汇总了关于机床的论文中英文资料的外文翻译文献，以供参考和研究使用。
外文翻译文献列表Author: John Smith John SmithYear: 2015 20152. Title: Advanced Techniques for Machine Tool Analysis Title: Advanced Techniques for Machine Tool AnalysisAuthor: Jennifer Lee Jennifer LeeYear: 2016 20163. Title: Intelligent Control Systems for Precision Machining Title: Intelligent Control Systems for Precision MachiningAuthor: David Wang David WangYear: 2018 2018Abstract: This paper focuses on intelligent control systems for precision machining. It discusses the integration of artificial intelligence and control algorithms to enhance the precision and performance of machine tools. The paper presents case studies on the application of intelligent control systems in precision machining processes. This paper focuses on intelligent control systems for precision machining. It discusses the integration of artificial intelligence and control algorithms to enhance the precision and performance of machine tools. The paper presents case studies on the application of intelligent control systems in precision machining processes.4. Title: Advances in Machining Processes for Hard-to-Machine Materials Title: Advances in Machining Processes for Hard-to-Machine MaterialsAuthor: Emily Chen Emily ChenYear: 2019 2019Abstract: This paper reviews recent advances in machining processes for hard-to-machine materials. It discusses the challenges associated with machining materials such as titanium, nickel-basedalloys, and ceramics. The paper highlights the development of new cutting tools, machining strategies, and technologies to improve the machinability of these materials. This paper reviews recent advances in machining processes for hard-to-machine materials. It discusses the challenges associated with machining materials such as titanium, nickel-based alloys, and ceramics. The paper highlights the development of new cutting tools, machining strategies, and technologies to improve the machinability of these materials.5. Title: Optimization of Machining Parameters for Energy Efficiency Title: Optimization of Machining Parameters for Energy EfficiencyAuthor: Michael Liu Michael LiuYear: 2020 2020Abstract: This paper explores the optimization of machining parameters for energy efficiency. It discusses the impact of machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, on energy consumption in machining processes. The paper presents optimization techniques and case studies on reducing energy consumption in machining operations. This paper explores theoptimization of machining parameters for energy efficiency. It discusses the impact of machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, on energy consumption in machining processes. The paper presents optimization techniques and case studies on reducing energy consumption in machining operations.结论以上是关于机床的论文中英文资料的外文翻译文献，希望对研究和了解机床技术的人员有所帮助。
H型钢制作工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料H-beam production processWith the development of industrialization and the arrival of information age, more and more advanced equipment for production of the liberation of a large number of labor, create more social value, increase the production safety coefficient at the same time. In terms of welding h-beam production, h-beam group to the emergence of machine and the use of gantry submerged arc welding welding technology has brought significant technological innovation.Since h-beam automatic group on the machine put into use, due to the decisive role of h-beam technical parameters to ensure become indispensable in the group of process equipment. H-beam automatically set to the preferred cutter blanking machine work, after flat steel (including flange plate and web plate) in the group of orbit of the machine, with a group of machine clamping device for wing plate and web plate initial clamping positioning, the active entry table input artifacts to host, host prior to adjust benchmark web and flange size, namely artifacts can be accurate positioning spot welding, automatic cycle button, then the head location and spot welding, and then use some good h-beam gantry crane hanging from the group, after the machine into the next procedure. H-beam set of machine is one of the important equipment, ensure the h-beam technical parameters is mainly composed of four large transmission mechanism, specific include: web roller drive mechanism, wing on the two positioning clamping mechanism, about web positioning clamping mechanism and input/output roller transmission mechanism, etc. Pressure on web wheel transmission mechanism adopts hydraulic clamping, use by hydraulic cylinder transfer of power is the highest roller, roller center external use V groove design, to ensure that regulations within the scope of different width of accurate positioning and automatic web for accurate, do not need to reset every time; On roller thrust bearing on inside, can not only convenient for h-beam transmission on the roller table, still can make the h-beam web can fully contact with wing during transmission, for guarantee of h-beam section height size, played an important role.Through a large number of instances prove that operation, including automatic h-beam group on the machine and gantry submerged arc welding, a large number of the application of advanced instruments and equipment, saving the cost and reduce the time limit for a project, to ensure the quality of reliable, ensure no potential safety hazard and so on. Steel alloy steel, high-quality steel bar mill rebuilding project of 3000 t welded h-beam applied the new equipment, h-beam welding qualified rate reached 99%, greatly improved the production quality and reliability, and productivity increased five times, and the whole project of the welding process in the traditional group saves about $200000, created a considerable economic benefits.In welding h-beam production, h-beam group to the emergence of machine and the use of gantry submerged arc welding welding technology has brought the significant technical innovation, respectively, analyzing their working principle are introduced, and the group in the welded h-beam production and welding process improvement techniques, through a largenumber of instances prove that operation, including automatic h-beam group on the machine and gantry submerged arc welding, a large number of the application of advanced instruments and equipment, saving the cost and reduce the time limit for a project, to ensure the reliability of the quality, ensure no safe hidden trouble, etc., can be used effectively provide a reference for similar projects.中文译文H型钢制作工艺随着工业化的发展和信息化时代的到来，越来越先进的生产设备解放了大量的劳动力，创造了更多的社会价值，同时增加了生产安全系数。
外文翻译--现代化矫直轧制薄品设备的自动化控制
外文翻译原文：AUTOMATING THE CONTROL OF MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR STRAIGHTENING FLAT-ROLLED PRODUCTS The company Severstal’ completed the successful introduction of new in-line plate-straightening machines (PSMs) on its 2800 and 5000 mills in August 2003 [1, 2, 3]. The main design features of the machines are as follows:●each machine is equipped with hydraulic hold-down mechanisms (toimprove the dynamics and accuracy of the machine adjustments and more reliably maintain a constant gap);●the machines have mechanisms to individually adjust each work roller with the aid ofhydraulic cylinders (this broadens the range of straightening regimes that can be realized by providing a measure of control over the change in the curvature of the plate);●each work roller is provided with its own adjustable drive (to eliminate rigidkinematic constraints between the spindles);●the system of rollers of the PSM is enclosed in cassettes (to facilitate repairs andreduce roller replacement costs);●the PSM has a system that can be used to adjust the machine from a nine-rollerstraightening scheme to a five-●roller scheme in which the distance between the rollers is doubled (this is done towiden the range of plate thick-nesses that the machine can accomodate).Thus, the new straightening machine is a sophisticated multi-function system of mechanisms that includes a wide range of hydraulically and electrically driven components controlled by digital and analog signals. The entire complex of PSM mechanisms can be divided into two functional groups: the main group, which includes the mechanisms that partici-pate directly in the straightening operation (the hold-down mechanisms, the mechanisms that individually adjust the rollers,the mechanisms that adjust the components for different straightening regimes, the mechanism that moves the top roller of the feeder, and the main drive); the auxiliary group (which includes the cassette replacement mechanism, the spindle-lock-ing mechanism, and the equipment that cools the system of rollers). Althoughthe PSM has a large number of mechanisms,the use of modern hydraulic and electric drives has made it possible to almost completely automate the main and auxiliary operations performed on the PSM and the units that operate with it.Described below are the features and the automatic control systems for the most important mechanisms of the plate-straightening machine.The operating regimes of those mechanisms are also discussed.The hydraulic hold-down mechanisms (HHMs) of the sheet-straightening machine function in two main regimes:the adjustment regime;the regime in which the specified positions are maintained.There are certain requirements for the control system and certain efficiency criteria for each regime.In the adjustment regime, the control system for the hydraulic hold-down mechanisms must do the following:●synchronize the movements of the hydraulic cylinders and keep the angulardeeflection within prescribed limits;●maximize speed in adjusting the machine for a new plate size;●maintain a high degree of accuracy in positioning the mechanisms;Fig. 1. Block diagram of the control system of the hydraulic cylinder.The control system has the following requirements when operating in the maintenance regime:●stabilize the coordinates of the top cassette and the top roller of the feeder with a highdegree of accuracy;●minimize the time needed to return the equipment to the prescribed coordinates whendeviations occur (such as due to the force exerted by a plate being straightened).Need for synchronization. Experience in operating the plate-straightening machine in plate shop No. 3 at Severstal’ has shown that the most problematic factor in adjusting the machine is the nonuniformity of the forces applied to the hydraulic cylinders. This nonuniformity is due to the asymmetric distribution of the masses of the moving parts of the PSM (in particular, the effect of the weight of the spindle assembly). Displacement of the “hydraulic zero point” relative to the “electrical zero point” in the servo valves is also a contributing factor.The latterreason is more significant, the smaller the volume of the hydraulic cylinder.Thus, the HHM of the top roller of the feeder is the most sensitive to drift of the zero point.There are also other factors that affect the dynamism,simultaneousness,and synchronism of the operation of the hold-down mechanisms:●differentiation of the frictional forces on parts of the hydraulic cylinders due todifferent combinations of deviations in the dimensions of the mated parts, despite the narrow tolerances;●differences in the “springing” characteristics and the indices characterizing the inertiaof the hydraulic supply channels (due to differences in the lengths of the pipes leading from the servo valves to the hydraulic cylinders).Thus, since the PSM is not equipped with devices to mechanically synchronize the operation of the cylinders, the ransmission of signals of the same amplitude to the inputs of the servo valves inevitably results in a speed difference that can seriously damage the mechanisms.To minimize and eliminate the effects of the above-mentioned factors, we developed an algorithm for electrical synchronization of the hold-down mechanisms.The HHM of the top cassette, composed of four hold-down cylinders and four balancing cylinders, is designed to ensuremobile adjustment of the machine to set the required size of straightening gap (in accordance with the thickness of the plate) andmaintain that gap with a specified accuracy in the presence .and absence of a load on the housings from the straightening force.The hydraulic system of the hold-down mechanism is designed in such a way that only one chamber of the hydraulic cylinders is used as the working chamber.The second chamber is always connected to the discharge channel.The top cassette is lowered when the balancing forces are overcome by the hold-down cylinders.The cassette is raised only by the action of the balancing cylinders.This arrangement has made it possible to eliminate gaps in the positioning of the equipment.The HHM of the top roller of the feeder consists of two hydraulic cylinders. Hydraulic fluid is fed into the plunger chamber when the roller is to be lowered and is fed into the rod chamber when it is to be raised.Control Principles. Individual circuits have been provided (Fig.1) to control the hydraulic cylinders of the hold-down mechanisms.The control signal (Xctl) sent to the input of the servo valve is formed by a proportional-integral (PI) controller (to improve the sensitivity ofthe system, we chose to use valves with “zero” overlap).The signal sent to the input of the controller (the error signal Xerr) is formed as the difference between the control-point signal for position (Xcpt) and the feedback signal (Xf.b).The latter signal is received from the linear displacement gage (G) of the given hydraulic cylinder.The gages of the HHM for the top cassette are built into the balancing hydraulic cylinders (HCs).The cylinders are installed in such a way that their movements can be considered to be equal to the displacements of the corresponding cylinder rods, with allowance for certain coefficients.The gages in the HHM for the top roller of the feeder are incorporated directly into the hold-down cylinders.The integral part of the controller is activated only during the final adjustment stage and during stabilization of the prescribed coordinate.When the displacements exceed a certain threshold value, the functions of the PI controller are taken over by a proportional (P) controller with the transfer function W(s) = k.Thus, Xctl(t) = kXerr(t).When there are significant differences between the displacements of the working rollers,the difference (error)between the control point and the feedback signal from the linear displacement gage reaches values great enough so that the output signal which controls the operation of the servo valve reaches the saturation zone.In this case, further regulation of the displacement rate and,thus synchronization of the movements of the cylinders becomes impossible as long as the error exceeds the value at which Xctl is greater than the boundary value for the saturation zone (Xsat).The limiting error–the largest error for which Xctldoes not reach saturation–is inversely proportional to the gain of the controller k: Xerr< Xsat/ k. Solving the given problem by decreasing k leads to a loss of speed in the adjustment of the PSM and a decrease in control accuracy during the straightening operation.Thus, to keep the control signal from reaching the saturation zone when there are substantial displacements, the system was designed so that the input of the controller is fed not the actual required value (Xrq) but an increment (∆X) of a magnitude such that the condition k∆X < Xsat is satisfied.The control point is increased by the amount ∆X after the position of the cylinder has been changed by the amount corresponding to the increment having the largest lag relative to the cylinder’s direction of motion. The adju stment of the control point is continued until the difference between the required value and the actual position of the mechanism becomes less than the increment:Xrq –Xf.b < ∆X.Then the input of the controller is fed the value Xcpt, which is equal to the required adjustment: Xcpt= Xrq.The adjustment is thus completed.Use of the principle of a stepped increase in the control point makes it possible synchronizethe movements of the cylinders and set the control point with a high degree of accuracy for almost any ideal repetition factor.Mechanisms for Individual Adjustment of the Working Rollers.The plate-straightening machine is designed so that each working roller can be moved vertically, which is done by means of a hydraulic cylinder acting in concert with a V-belt drive.The cylinders are supplied with power from servo valves operated with proportional control.A linear displacement gage is built into each cylinder to obtain a feedback signal on the position of the roller.Since these gages are actually transmitinginformation on the position of the cylinder rods rather than the working rollers themselves, the following conversion is performed to obtain the rollers’ coordinates:Xrol= kredXf.b,where kred is the gear ratio of the drive;Xf.b is the position of the cylinder rod measured by the linear displacement transducers.Thus, a position feedback circuit is provided to control the position of each working roller. Figure 1 presents a diagram of one of the circuits.The control signals are generated by means of the PI controllere, which has made it possible to achieve a high degree of accuracy in adjusting the system without sacrificing speed.The individual drive of the rollers. The above-described design is based on the use of individual ac drives with motors of different powers fed from frequency converters. Each individual drive offers the following advantages over a group drive:●greater reliability thanks to the absence of additional loads on the components of themechanisms due to differences between the linear velocities of the working rollers and the speed of the plate;●the possibility that the machine could continue to operate if one or even severaldrives malfunction;in this case,the corresponding rollers would be removed from the straightening zone;●the possibility that the linear velocities of the rollers could be individually correctedin accordance with the actual speed of the plate;such a correction could be made either asa preliminary measure (on the basis of measured and calculated values) or during thestraightening operation (on the basis of the data obtained from the frequency converters, which employ artificial intelligence).The main drive of the straightening machine rotates nine straightening rollers and two housing rollers.This drive must be highly reliable in operation, since the fact that the PSM isinstalled in the mill line means that sizable production losses can be incurred if the drive fails to work properly even for a short period of time.The requirements that must be satisfied by the drive are determined by the operational and design features of the machine as a whole:●the plate being straightened must create a rigid kinematic coupling between thestraightening rollers, the rollers of the housing, and the adjacent sections of the roller conveyors;●the plate should undergo elongation during the straightening operation as a result ofplastic deformation, with the increments in length being different on each working roller due to the differentiation of the bending radii;this situation leads to a nonuniform increase in the speed of the plate as it moves toward the end of the PSM;●it must be possible to use working rollers of different diameters (this being done, forexample, due to nonuniform wear or regrinding);●the loads on the rollers should be differentiated in accordance with the chosenstraightening regime;●reverse straightening should be possible.In light of the above factors and the actual operating regimes of the plate-straightening machine being discussed here, the following requirements can be established for the electric drive:●regulation of speed within broad limits, including startup of the motors underload;●operation in the reverse regime;● a rigid characteristic ω = ƒ(M);●high degree of accuracy in maintaining the prescribed speed;●fully synchronous operation.The element base. The drive of the rollers was built with the use of asynchronous three-phase motors having a short-circuit rotor.The motors were designed by the German company VEM.They can continue to function under severe overloads and are reliable in operation.The motors are controlled by SIMOVERT frequency converters made by the German firm Siemens.Their modular design facilitates maintenance and repair, and the presence of a built-in microprocessor block makes it possible to execute most of the functions involved in controlling the operation of the drive (maintain the prescribed speed with a high degree of stability, recalculate the frequency of rotation in accordance with the actual diameters of therollers, diagnose the condition of the drive, control the drive’s operation, and exchange information on the PROFIBUS network).Motors of different powers are used in the system because of the differentiated distribution of the moments between the working ing different motors has made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of the electrical equipment and improve the performance characteristics of the machine as a whole.The machine has three main operating regimes: the working regime (semi-automatic and automatic), the transport regime, and the cassette replacement regime.Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the operations connected with realization of the working regime.In the semi-automatic variant of this regime, the operator controls the PSM from a control panel.In this case, the operator can do the following: choose the straightening regime from a database;correct the chosen regime;adjust the regime manually, which requires that the operator indicate the desired position of the bottom cassette (for five- or nine-roll straightening);adjust the gap between the top and bottom cassettes; set the coordinates for individual adjustment of the working rollers; choose the straightening speed and direction;generate a command to begin adjusting the machine to the specified regime.Fig. 2. Block diagram of the working regime of the PSM.The machine is adjusted to the chosen regime automatically.After the adjustment is completed, a signal is sent to the control panel indicating that the coordinates of the mechanisms have been changed and that the rollers have reached their prescribed working speeds.In the automatic variant of the working regime, the plate-straigthening machine is adjusted on the basis of data sent through a data network from a higher-level system. These data include the following information:●the thickness of the plate being straightened;●the group of steels (information on the properties of the material);●the temperature of the plate at the inlet to the PSM.The PSM is adjusted in several stages:●preliminary adjustment based on the plate thickness and steel group, for cold-rolledplates (t = 20°C);●further adjustment on the basis of data obtained from a pyrometer installed roughly 50m from the PSM;●final adjustment on the basis of data obtained from a pyrometer installed at theentrance to the machine.In the automatic variant, control over the roller conveyors adjacent to the machine is switched over to the control system of the PSM as the next plate approaches the machine.In this case, the plate cannot enter the working zone of the machine until the adjustment is completed.If it is necessary to pass a plate through the machine without straightening it, the machine is changed over to the transport regime.In this case, the top crossarm and the cassette are elevated a prescribed amount and the speed of the rollers is changed so that it is equal to the speed of the adjacent roller conveyors.The cassette replacement regime is used in the event of breakage of a roller or when it is necessary to regrind the working and backup rollers.In this case, the operator can control the operation of the auxiliary mechanisms:the spindle-locking mechanism, the roll-out cart, the mechanism that locks the bottom cassette and the cart in position, and the hydraulic cylinder that moves the cart.The mechanisms are fixed in position by means of noncontact transducers.PSM Control System. Control of the plate-straightening machine required the development of a powerful, high-capacity system that could provide the desired control accuracy in combination with rapid operation.The control system that was created is divided into two levels: the base level, and an upper level.The diagnostic system was created as a separate system.A second controller was also provided, to control the pump station of the PSM.The base level of the control system employs a SIMATIC S7 industrial programmable controller, while the upper level and the diagnostic system were built on the basis of standard computers.The computer used for the upper-level system also serves as the control panel for the PSM.Fig. 3. Network structure of the PSM control system.The different elements of the control system are linked by two loops of a PROFIBUS network (Fig.3).The first loop functions as the communications link between the controller, the upper-level computer, the diagnostics station, and the pump-station controller.The second loop links the PSM controller with the functional elements of the system (the frequency converters, linear displacement gages, and remote input/output module).The functions of the control system were divided between the base level and the upper level on the basis of the following principle: the base level was assigned all of the operations that involve receiving data from the sensors installed on the mechanisms, obtaining information from the automated process control system on the plate being straightened, and generating and transmitting control signals for the executive mechanisms (actuators); the upper level was assigned the functions of archiving the control points and monitoring the operation of the control panel.The following specific functions are performed by the base level of the automation system:●obtaining the assigned straightening parameters (roller speeds, the coordinates of thetop crossarm, and the coordinates of the rollers relative to the crossarm) from the upper-level system;●processing the parameters and sending corresponding control signals to the actuators;●obtaining information from the sensors installed on the mechanisms to determinewhether or not the PSM is properly set and ready for the straightening operation;●obtaining information from the feedback transducers installed on the mechanisms tocalculate the control actions;●analyzing the readings of the sensors to determine the accuracy of the data;TABLE 1. Specifications of the Plate-Straightening Machines●exchanging data with the pump-battery station (PBS) of the PSM and transmitting thestati on’s operating parameters to the upper-level system for display;●receiving signals from the upper-level system for manual control of the machine andthe PBS;●obtaining initial data from the upper-level system for automatic correction andtransmission of the data in order to make the appropriate adjustments.The functions of the upper-level automation system are as follows:●entering data on the straightening regimes for subsequent selection of the regime andrecording that information in a database;●manually choosing the straightening regime from the database for the correspondingplate (this is done by the operator);●automatically choosing the straightening regime from the database on the basis ofinformation obtained from the upper-level system;●manually controlling the machine in the straightening and cassette-replacementregimes;●indicating the positions of the mechanisms based on readings from the sensors and thepositions of the limit switches;●indicating the presence of a plate in the working zone of the PSM;●indicating the temperature of the plate measured by the pyrometer;●visually representing the straightening regimes and machine adjustments;●visually representing the state of the machine’s mechanisms and the PBS fordiagnostic purposes.Remote input-output module ET200 is used to supply power to the unregulated drives.Thecabinet containing the relays and contacts for these drives is located a considerable distance from the e of the module has made it possible to significantly shorten the connecting cables.Diagnostic System. The heavy concentration of electrical and hydraulic equipment included as part of the PSM–equipment which is located an appreciable distance from the machine itself and is often in hard-to-reach places–makes it more difficult to service the machine and locate the source of problems.To facilitate maintenance of the PSM and shorten repair time, it was necessary to build an advanced diagnostic system.The system is based on an industrial computer installed at the control post.It diagnoses the state of various mechanisms of the PSM, as well as its hydraulic and electrical equipment.The system can be used to evaluate the condition of the automatic switches, the temperature sensors of the motors, the linear displacement gages, terminals of the local PROFIBUS network, the currents, speeds, and direction of rotation of the motors, and other equipment and parameters.The diagnostic system can also be used to establish the operating protocol of the PSM.Its archives contains data on the time and types of errors and equipment failures that occur, the coordinates of the mechanisms, motor currents and speeds, and other information.To make the control system more reliable, the software and hardware of the diagnostics station are identical to the corresponding components of the control system’s upper level.When problems occur with the operation of the control computer, the PSM control functions can be transferred to the computer of the diagnostic system.Conclusions.The NKMZ has worked with its original partners in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to successfully introduce plate-straightening machines equipped with a modern automated control system. Use of the machines makes it possible to minimize and almost completely eliminate the dependence of the quality of the finished plates on the skill of the machine operator.The control system, together with its convenient user interface,allows even personnel with no special training to quickly master the operation of the machine.The production of high-quality products is assured as a result of the exact movements of the machine’s mechanisms and the accuracy with which their positions are maintained, which owes to the use of precision equipment with proportional control and special control algorithms.In addition, the machine is equipped with a sophisticated diagnostic system which also records its key operating parameters.The availability of the system facilitates maintenance andrepair of the machine’s many complex components.译文：现代化矫直轧制薄品设备的自动化控制谢韦尔钢铁公司在2003年8月成功完成了新引进的规格为2800—5000米尔的直线式钢板矫直机（平台相关模型）。
轧钢 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
附录 1 冷轧横向偏移量的控制性能摘要一些先进的轧机考虑到工作棍和支撑棍在板带所在平面内的偏移量，允许棍在三个方向变形。
这个模型用来探究冷扎横向偏移量控制系统的灵敏度对冷扎三个方向精度的影响。
它最终揭示水平工作棍偏移量的影响最大，构成了主要激励。
这种影响随偏移的程度和工作棍的直径的变化而变化，而激励的主要成分的影响尤其显著。
另外，水平轧制偏移量本身可以成为激励信号，尽管它的灵敏度大大的改变了偏移程度。
1.引言板带材冷扎机的设计需要在两个物理因素之间协调衡量：当增大轧辊直径时，总轧制力会增大；当减小轧辊直径时，变形量又会增大。
轧辊的变形使板带的材质不均匀性减小，但是使产品的外形尺寸精度和平面度得不到保证。
设计轧机时应协调这些因素，并应通过可控制的激励对因材料不均匀性引起的变形进行补偿。
一些更先进的轧机允许工作棍或支撑棍在水平面内可控制的窜动，这是靠轴承在与被轧板带平行的平面内移动实现的。
图 1 示意了这个过程。
这样的水平窜动是为了更好的保证被轧板带的平面度，但是没有专著论述这种方法，因为这方面的论文都假定所有的轧辊都在一个平面内。
但是事实上，轧机的轧辊即使没有任何的滚动偏移，也会因为摩擦力的不平衡在水平面内变形。
已经发表了的关于轧制偏斜的分析论述中最早的是 Townsend 和 Shohet，他们的模型已经大大扩展并得到了广泛印证。
他们的方法是把所有偏斜向轴向和水平方向分解，再用数学方法描述每一种变形。
Pawelski， Rasp 和 Rieckman 证实了这种模型适用于六棍轧机，而且他们和 Wang， Pan 证明了连续不确定变化拱形是怎么形成的，在这里，一对扎根反对称拱形轴向窜动可以被联系起来。
这些模型都是用简单的一维形式，建立在与轧辊和轧辊变形都垂直的方向上。
更精确一点，板带对轧辊的压力场应该是二维的，为此 Berger Pawelski 和Funke 给出了轧辊表面压扁率这样一个更精确的描述。
轧制过程中的热传递外文文献翻译、轧钢机机械外文翻译、中英文翻译
附录Heat Transfer During the Rolling Process1 WORKPIECE TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN HOT STRIP MILLAfter reheating a slab to a desired temperature, it is subjected to rolling. A rolling cycle in a typical hot strip mill includes the following main steps:1、Descaling of the slab prior to flat rolling by using high-pressure water descaling system in combination, in some cases, with edging.2、Rough rolling to a transfer bar thickness which may vary from 19 to 40 mm. The rough rolling is usually accompanied by edging and inter pass descaling.3、Transfer of the transfer bar from roughing mill to a flying shear installed ahesd of finishing mill. The shear is usually designed to cut both head and tail ends of the bar.4、Descaling of the transfer bar prior to entering the finishing mill.5、Finish rolling to a desired thickness with a possible use of interstand descaling and strip cooling.6、Air and water cooling of the rolled product on run-out table.7、Cliling of the rolled product.Various types of heat transfer from the rolled workpiece to its surrounding matter occur during the rolling cycle. Some of the lost heat is recovered by generating heat inside the workpiece during its deformation.The main components of the workpiece temperature loss and gain in hot strip mill are usually identified as follows:1、loss due to heat radiation,2、loss due to heat convection,3、loss due to water cooling,4、loss due to heat conduction to the work rolls and table rolls,5、gain due to mechanical work and friction.The analytical aspects of these components are briefly described below.2 TEMPERATURE LOSS DUE TO TADIATIONTwo methods have been employed to derive equations for temperature loss due to radiation.In the first method, the temperature gradient within the material is assumed to be negligible. The amount of heat radiated to the environment is then calculated using the Stefan-Boltzmann law:d qr =S dtTTAar)(44-ξWhererA—surface area of body subjected to radiation, m2;]d q'r—amount of heat radiated by a body,J;S—Stefan-Boltzmann constant;T—temperature of rolled material at time,K;Ta—ambient temperature,K;t—time,s;ξ—emissivity.The amount of heat lost by a body d q''ris give by:d q''r =dTcVr ρWhere c—specific heart of rolled material, J/（kg·K）;Vr—volume of body subjected to radiation, m3ρ—density of rolled material, kg/m3。
英文文献翻译(机械类)
冷轧厂工作轴过早发生故障的分析济南钢铁有限公司技术中心，济南250101，中国收到2006年9月12日，在2007年1月15日收到，2007年1月18日2007年5月23日网上提供澳大利亚，新南威尔士州2522，Wollongong，Wollongong大学，机械学院，材料和机械电子工程概述在本文中，对几个冷连轧机工作轴过早失效进行了调查。
为了研究工作轴表面特性和破坏机理，化学成分，微观结构和轧轴材料的硬度进行了研究。
已计算在工作轴剥落面积的压力，确定应力状态。
在研究中，轧轴磨损和损坏的原因已经查明。
对工作轴表面图像进行了研究，发现了已损坏的轧轴磨损特性的特点。
人们已经发现，经营的因素和冶金缺陷将影响在冷轧带钢轧轴的使用寿命。
2007 Elsevier B.V保留所有权利。
关键词：穿；工作轴冷轧；应力分布1.介绍目前，冷轧带钢生产上的冷连轧带钢轧机或倒车的冷连轧机工作轴破坏为[1]非圆形变形[2]。
应用于冷连轧，板形好，型材和平整度[3,4]得到控制模型的基础上。
在冷连轧机工作轴发挥主导作用，使带钢的变形来实现所需的形状，轮廓和尺寸。
然而，工作轴在极其恶劣的条件下运作，在经营成本的冷连轧机的最重要环节之一，是有关工作轴[5]。
工作轴磨损的材料，变形，热凸度，氧化铁皮及带钢表面粗糙度等的影响，[6-14]已查处，并为混合润滑摩擦模型[15]。
工作轴的磨损，影响热轧带钢质量和工作轴使用寿命显着。
在轧钢工作轴的过程中，受高循环荷载和水平高的耐磨性。
与热轧相比，冷轧钢轧制材料的抗变形能力是非常高。
在轧轴咬轧轴表面受到高压力是大于10000 MPa和进一步剪应力产生摩擦[16]在轴/带接口。
工作轴过早失效滚动不仅增加成本，而且还轧机停机时间，生产力显着影响。
伪造合金钢工作轴过早失败的原因可能是操作技术和冶金轧轴因素的综合影响。
经营的因素，包括轧制负荷，润滑，轧制速度，运营商的经验，如轧制参数的选择。
工作轴的质量，包括非金属夹杂物的存在，铸造缺陷和相变[16]。
文献翻译
FEM Analysis of Stress on Roll Surface Black Oxide Layers Exfoliation in Hot Strip RollingC.S. Li, X.H. Liu, J.Z. Xu, X.M. He, and G.D. Wang(Submitted 24 February 2000; in revised form 13 August 2001)To understand the mechanism of formation and exfoliation, black oxide layers were investigated, and the effects of stress on the exfoliation were analyzed by finite element method (FEM). The roll surface on which black oxide layers form is composed mainly of Fe3O4, which is caused by the oxidation of the roll material itself. Cracks form and are easily propagated along M3C- and M7C3-type carbides, which leads to further cracking along M3C and M7C3 carbides as a result of contact stress fatigue produced by cyclic mechanical stresses that normally occur during the rolling process. Thermal fatigue of the roll surface is produced by the thermal cycles created alternately by contact with the hot strip and the cooling water on the roll. The generation and propagation of cracks in the black oxide layers during rolling is promoted by circumference compressive stress at roll surface. Under this stress, the exfoliation of the black oxide layers happens on the roll surface.Keywords black oxide layers, FEM, hot strip rolling, roll, stress1. Introduction During hot strip rolling, contact between the steel strip and the work roll results in the formation of a thin, adherent oxide layer on the surface of the work roll, a surface that is referred to in the general literature as a black oxide layer. The formation and exfoliation mechanisms of black oxide layers are of the utmost importance because the structural integrity of the roll surface and, more importantly, the quality of the steel strips are conditioned by the contact between the steel strip, through the scale formed on its surface, and the work roll, through the black oxide layers. Other work and references have discussed previously the mechanisms of black oxide layer formation and exfoliation on the work roll surface The effects of stress on the roll surface of black oxide layer exfoliation are not well understood. Based on these general considerations, the formation of the black oxide layers on the roll surface and the effects of stress on the black oxide layer exfoliation by finite element method (FEM) were investigated. The purpose of the present study was to examine further the effects of stress on the mechanism of oxide exfoliation on high chromium iron roll, which will be beneficial in improving the surface quality of strip steels generated by the black oxide layers on the roll surface in hot strip rolling.2. Experiment of the Black Oxide Layer Formation2.1 Experimental MaterialsThe specimens (20 mm ×30 mm ×30 mm) used in the present study were taken from the high chromium cast iron work rolls and SPHC (Japanese steel grade, 3.0 mm ×50 mm ×20 mm) strip steel from slabs rolled in 2050 mm of Shanghai Baosteel hot mill. The tensile strength of the work roll was 470 MPa.2.2 Experimental MethodAn Oxford ISIS energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer was used to measure the chemical composition of the black oxide layers on the roll. The appearance and cracking characteristics of black oxide layers were observed with an optical AHM-I-HL microscope and a Cambridge S360 scanning electron microscope (SEM). An MHT-1 microhardness tester was used to measure the hardness of the carbides in the black oxide layers. The composition of the slab surface oxidation was analyzed with a Cambridge S360 energy spectrum.3. Stress Analysis of Black Oxide Layer Exfoliation3.1 Analytical ConditionsIn this work, ANSYS5.5 software was used to analysis the stress effecting the black oxide layer exfoliation on the surface of work roll. The element type is Structural Solid PLANE 42, and its element number is 2728. The elements of contact parts between the backup roll and the work roll were divided into small segments to increase analytical accuracy. The model investigated is a backup F2 finishing work roll and backup roll of a 2050-mm Shanghai Baosteel hot strip mill. The rotation velocity of work roll was 48r/m and rolling pressure is 11200kN. The material rolled was SPHC steel. The thickness of the trip entry was 24 mm and the exit entry 14 mm. FEM mesh of the work roll and the backup roll Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance V olume 11(2) April 2002—2173.2 Analytical Results and DiscussionThe program was developed by the authors using APDL language to analyze the contact stress field between the work and the backup roll. In this article, Hertz stress and shear stress were discussed. It is clear that if two mill rolls are pressed together with their axes parallel under a uniform specific contact force, there is a complex system of stresses both at the region of contact as well as throughout the cross-section of the rolls. At the region of contact, local elastic flattening takes place, over which a semielliptical distribution of contact compressive stress exists. On the surface of the roll, the maximum and the minimum stress values are 412 Mpa and 31.3 Mpa, respectively. The major shear stresses occur along the line connecting the roll centers and are oriented at 45 degrees to this line. They vary from 0 at the point of contact, increase to a maximium value, and attenuate again with increasing depth below the roll surface. As the two rolls rotate, the stresses at this point increase from 0 to a maximum value of 223 Mpa and decrease to 0 again as the point passes under the contact line. In hot strip rolling, the roll surface is exposed to very severe and complex friction conditions that are related to the temperature, stress, the materials, and the atmosphere; therefore, a great variety of tribological phenomena can appear. Contact stresses and thermal stresses are the main factors affecting the exfoliation of black oxide layers from the roll surface. Contact stresses occur in the roll’s surface, and thermal stresses are created by temperature gradients during rolling in a mill stand. First, as a result of thermal expansion, additional compressive stress occurs on the roll surface, which originally was exposed to considerable pressure, followed by a chilling effect caused by the cooling water, such that compressive stress creates the formation of microscopic hot cracks. For an initial stretch of time, the roll surface stays smooth because of the abrasion occurring in the working roll gap and between the backup and the work rolls. Then, fatiguing of the roll surface layers occurs as a result of the cyclic mechanical stresses that normally occur during the rolling process and thermal fatigue of the roll surface as a result of the thermal cycles created alternately by contact with hot strip and cooling water of the roll.4. ConclusionsThe following conclusions can be drawn from the present investigation of formation and FEM analysis of stress on exfoliation of the black oxide layer on high chromium rolls in hot strip rolling. Black oxide layers on the roll surface are composed mainly of Fe3O4, which is caused by the oxidation of the roll material itself. The cracks are formed and are easily propagated along M3C and M7C3 type carbides, which leads to further crack growth along M3C and M7C3 carbides. The generation and propagation of the crack for the black oxide layers during rolling is promoted by circumferential compressive stress at the roll’s surface. Under this stress, the contact and thermal fatigue of the black oxide layers on the roll surface are produced by cyclic mechanical stresses andthermal cycles created alternately by contact with hot strip and cooling water of the roll. Exfoliation of the black oxide layers then occurs on the roll surface.表面应力对轧辊有限元分析黑色氧化层剥落的热连轧摘要：要了解形成和脱落的机制，黑色氧化层进行了调查，并胁迫对剥离的影响进行了有限元法（FEM）分析。
机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。
工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。
其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。
车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。
为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。
用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。
镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。
钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。
大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。
用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。
铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。
铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。
攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。
铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。
铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。
有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。
铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。
牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。
用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。
在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。
工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。
磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。
根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。
精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。
车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。
车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。
车刀的这种位移称为进给。
车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。
溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。
轧钢机中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于振动监测的设备故障诊断技术在大型轧钢机械上的应用摘要对基于振动的设备故障诊断技术做了较全面和深入的介绍,通过实例介绍了该诊断技术在轧钢机械领域的应用。
指出该诊断技术可同时对一个测点进行复杂的时域、频域、相关域、统计域等分析,具有一定的趋势预测分析能力。
关键词轧钢机械; 振动监测; 故障诊断1前言轧钢机械属于大型的旋转机械,是轧钢厂的关键设备。
转轴组件是轧机的核心部分,它包括旋转轴、齿轮传动件、联轴器、滑动和滚动轴承等。
人们通过长期观察和实践,发现旋转机械的绝大多数前期故障都会表现出异常的振动,因此掌握机械振动的一般规律就能从振动信号中识别出常见的设备故障。
通过对振动信号波形进行简单的时域、频域以及小波分析可对振动进行一般的识别,振动的可识别性是对机械故障进行振动噪声测试分析的技术前提。
因此,采用在设备诊断技术领域较成熟的振动分析技术作为技术的突破口对轧钢机进行日常振动状态监测,就能在设备运行中或基本不拆卸全部设备的情况下,掌握轧机运行状态,判定产生故障的部位和原因,并预测未来的技术状态,从而可在早期有效地发现,以及在后期及时地抑制故障,保障生产的可持续发展。
2信号识别与获取任何机器设备在运行中都会产生振动,机器的振动信号中包含了丰富的机器运行的状态信息。
当设备发生异常或故障时,振动将会发生变化,一般表现为振幅加大。
由不同类型、性质、原因和部位产生的故障所激发的振动具有不同的特征,这些特征表现为频率成分、幅值大小、相位差别、波形形状和能量分布状况等。
振动信号的性质和特征不仅与故障有关,还与系统的固有特性有关,具体表现为同一故障发生的部位不同、故障激励传递通道(即传递函数)不同,其振动特征和响应亦会有较大的差别。
总之,设备的振动是由故障激励和系统特性所共同决定的,但很多情况下,振动特征和故障类型之间并不是一一对应的关系,不能简单地对号入座,这就给振动的识别带来一定的困难。
轧钢相关外文翻译(毕业设计)
Reducing thickness variation of hot rolled steel strip by non-circular back-up roll geometryT. Widmaier*1, T. Salmela1, P. Kuosmanen1, J. Juhanko1, P. Ka¨rha¨2 and J. Uusima¨ki1Typically, back-up rolls in hot strip mills are equipped with sliding bearings and it is common to use a key that prevents relative motion between the conical sleeve and the roll shaft. The key groove causes deformation of the sleeve under load. This sleeve ‘spring’ is observed as rollingforce variation, which causes systematic thickness variation of the steel strip. Although there is a keyless bearing construction on the market, an alternative solution was studied. A non-circular camlike geometry that compensates the sleeve spring was ground on the back-up rolls by a three-dimensional grinding method. As a result, ,50% of the rolling force and the thickness variations, which were synchronised with the back-up rolls of the mill stand studied in the present paper, were reduced.Keywords: Non-circular grinding, Rolling mill, Back-up roll, Rolling force variation, Steel strip thickness variation, Roll eccentricity。
在热连轧中轧制条件对工作辊性能的影响设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文：Rolling conditions in hot strip mills and their influence on the performance of work rolls Summary.The mechanical rolling conditions in hot strip mills are precisely defined by variables,which are taken directly from the rolling scheduleseperation force,torque,speed,strip thickness）or calculated from figures of the rolling schedule and dimensions of the mill(strip reduction,roll diameter etc).These variables allow to describle the mechanical rolling conditions of all passes in roughing and finishing mills . These variables should be supplemented by the metallurgical rolling conditions .They then give basic information on the conditions which determine wear(specific load ,wear speed)and fire crazing(co-efficient of heat penetration etc).There is a good chance to use the experiences of other mills with various roll grades by analog comparison-as long as the rolling conditions are similar.This method is limited by “abnormal rolling conditions”, which require totally different roll grades,although if it wo uld be much better to eliminate the abnormal conditions.Introduction.in hot strip mills,slabs of 150 to 250 mm thick are rolled to strip1.5 to 12 mm thick.Conventional hot strip mills consist of roughing and finishing stands.The configuration of the roughing mills varies widely .A mill with one reversing stand and one or two continuous roughing stands is called a % conditions mill and a mill with 4 to 6 conditions roughing stands is called a continuous mill .In 3/4 continuous and continuous mills ,the first stands are usually two high stands while the remainder are 4 high stands.In addition to these horizontal stands,several edgers are also used .The finishing mills have a minimum of 4 stands but normally have 6 to 7 stands. Rolling conditions vary from mill to mill,stand to stand and pass to l configurations are designed for a desired total stip(thickness)reduction,however,each stand is limited in strip reduction by the maximum separation force, maximum torque ,risk of slippage etc.In order to supply the correct roll for each mill,roll makers ask for details of the rolling conditions and any special circumstances.However,how to use this information?How to compare the conditions of pass No.X and No.X +???There have many discussions over the years but rarely any really good results with these comparisons.For example,looking at roughing mill work rolls,there are so many roll grades being used in different mills that it is evident that the optimum grade to yield the maximum quality for all applications has not yet been found.To date,no theories have been proved. In fact,in many instances the combination of experience and roll perform ance in the mills is totally contrary to the theories of yesterday and today.Even the finest theory does not help if a roll grade fails：→“Banding”in roughing stands never created problems,but the handing problem in finishing mills has not been solved by any roll grade. And there is little hope for change in future.→There is not single outstanding quality for roughing mills which out-performs all other qualities in every application.This is because rolling conditions vary widely.In this paper an attempt is made to identify some variables which are independent on the mill and the passes in they mill，and then to analyse t ile“rolling conditions”.The bases for these analytical studies are actual rolling schedules for similar strip dimensions and qualities from different mills and experience with different roll grades in these mills .We have to identify the different variables for every stand and every pass and then try to find the relationship between these variables and the performance figure for different roll grades. All information about special practices in the mills for producing good strip profile and flat strip,which are of high importance for mill people,are not considered because they probably have no influence on the choice of the correct roll grade.The initial idea was to answer all questions，to solve all problems by having rules for roll wear and fire crazing .We very quickly found that this was impossible .Even with the most sophisticated methods,because we can only study“normal rolling conditions”and every often the so called“abnormal conditions”are every day occurrences .And only the simple figures from the roll ing schedulesare available and no actual information on loads .torque or the real temperature distribution on strip and rolls，nothing about change of the total rolling program（length,coffin shape….）Therefore we will try to define the rules for normal conditions and the other problem,to eliminate the“abnormal conditions”，is up to the mill people .We have to prove how good our variables for rolling conditions are and how they are affected by tile“abnormal conditions”. Rolling conditions and theoretical background. The rolling conditions are directly related to tile configuration of tile mill.a)The mill configuration consists of:-number of stands-type of stands（two；four-high）andfor each stand-maximum separation force，-maximum torque-speed ranges-roll dimensions and-cooling system；b)The rolling practices consist of:-strip grade-slab and strip dimensions-gap tulle and-draughting practices load distributionThis basic information gives the limits for each mill and each stand,but does not directly give enough information about the rolling conditions .Only the actual pass design and the real rolling schedules show what happens in the bite of each pass and therefore basic information of the rolling conditions is obtained.The rolling schedule used gives the actual figures for each pass and stand but not the ranges.It gives realistic numbers for each pass which fit together and normally close to the rolling conditions in the mill rolling slab to strip.The schedule for rolling mills are often constant,varying little for different strip grades andstrip dimensions.The schedules for the finishing mill may change from strip to strip.However,these variations are normally within relatively narrow limits.Although rarely done,the rolling schedules can be used to calculate the variables for each pass.These variables can be divided into 3 categories:Category 1These variables are shown in the rolling schedule itself and can be directly measured,figure 1:- strip thickness H 1 before and H 2 after pass- speed of strip V 1 before and V 2 after pass- separation force P- torque M- strip temperature- strip width b,roll diameter D.Category 2The variables are directly calculated fromthe firest group of variables:- strip reduction 1121H H H H H -=∆ - bite angle D H ∆-=1cos α - contact length between strip andwork roll ;/v L t = v =roll speed- average specific load on strip in the gapbL p p -= , (b =strip width) - relative speed between the strip and work roll12V*V V V -=∆=Category 3There are a combination of the first and second Categories of variables ：- Coefficient of heat penetration from strip to work roll t W ⋅=α- Coefficient of work for reduction in the gapLA⋅=pActual mechanical rolling conditions.To understand rolling conditions in hot strip mills,rolling schedules from different hot mills were analysed.The schedules were taken from two continuous mill（4 and 5 roughing stands respectively）,one continuous mill（one two high rougher with 7 passes,plus two continuous roughing stands）,and one semi-conditions mill（four high rougher with 5 passes）.The finishing mills in these four mills each had 7 stands.Variables of the 1st,2nd and 3rd categories were obtained and calculated from the rolling schedules and then plotted versus the different passes.The four to nine passes of thedifferent roughing mills were somehow equally distributed.Figure 2shows the separation force P,varying on a high level in the roughing mill andthe first finishing stands but decreasing in thelater stands of the finishing mill .The importantaverage specific load is low and almost the samein all analysed roughing mills and increasesrapidly in the finishing mills .These variablesare inverse because the contact length decreasesvery fast in the finishing mill .The Coefficientof work for reduction it shows the trend as thetorque M. figure 3.Rolling speed V2, is given in figure 4 and the relative rolling speed V* in figure 5, V* is one of the variables determining wear. While separation force and torque show the well known characteristics, far more important are V* (figure 5), specific load p and coefficient of heat penetration W. figure 6.Figure 7shows the relationship betweenthe bite angle and V2, V2 is critical only forthe critical bite angle at the moment whenthe slab or strip initially enters the pass;afterwards the slippage in the roll bite angledepends on V*. Figure 8plots the size offire crack pattern versus the coefficient of'heat penetration W. These figures showsome direct results which are important forrolling mills. It is evident that it is possible to control the variables which influence the rolling conditions. In fact p, Wand V* differ widely throughout the mill. The specific load p is within a marrow range - almost constant in the roughing mill and increasing in the finishing mill (for the four analysed rolling schedules from different mills). Thecoefficient of heat penetration W decreases in the roughing mill front pass to pass and there are significant differences between the mills. W decreases also in the finishing mill. but is very similar for the first four stands and is close to zero for stands 5. 6 and 7. The wear speed V* increases in roughing and finishing mills and is higher in continuous roughing mills than in 3/4 or semi-continuous mills - where there is a tendency for slippage. Figures 5 and 6 show that the rolling conditions are characterized as:- passes 2-5: low p high W - low V*- passes 6-10: low p - lower W - higher V*- pass F1; low p - lower W - higher V*- passes F2-F3; higher p - even lower W - higher V*- passes F4-7; very high p - W = Zero - highest V*.The heat penetration W is dominant in the first passes of a roughing mill but progressively decreases in the finishing mill down to the last stand. Specific load increases slowly but continuously. There is no significant difference in any of the roll condition variables between the last roughing passes and the 1st finishing stand. However, the rolling conditions of the last stands of finishing mills are totally different from the early stands. With standard cooling conditions in hot strip mills the fire crack pattern can he related directly to the heat penetration W, figure 6. however this is only valid for the top rolls. It appears that the pattern on the bottom rolls is influenced by other variables. It might be that the cooling conditions vary widely, not only for the cooling conditions of the rolls, but also for the strip. The mechanical rolling conditions are the same for top and bottom work rolls in the same stand, but the metallurgical conditions are definitely not the same.Actual metallurgical rolling conditions. Some aspects of this Chapter are related to D. Blazevic'). To describe the metallurgical rolling conditions is more complicated than the mechanical rolling conditions and almost impossible. We can therefore only make general statements. even though the metallurgical conditions are at least of the same importance as the mechanical. 'The problem is that the strip temperature is influencing all metallurgical variables and strip temperature itself cannot be measured. As soonas the slab has left the furnace, striptemperature is out of control and time andwater from descaling and rollcooling systems work on the stripsurface. Almost everything varies inthe mill besides the descaling andcooling system and the computerfollows the strip temperature somehow with"speed ups" and/or "lamellar coolingsystems" and finally the right coilingtemperature is reached and controlled. But all the way down through the whole mill between furnace and coiler there is actually no temperature control. And it is well known that the strip temperature varies from head to tail. from the middle to the edges. from top to bottom side (the upper side of strip 20-40 mm thick may be up to 100 C cooler than the bottom side).Strip temperature and strip quality determine plasticity and the type (and with additional influence of time the thickness) of scale on the strip. Different temperatures of the strip consequently create different specific loads on the work rolls and different wear etc. The type of scale which grows on the strip depends on strip surface temperature. figure 9. High temperature scale Fe 2O3, is 2 the hardest. low temperature scale FeO is the softest and the transition from one to the other is in the temperature range between 900 and 1100 C. which is the main range of temperature for rolling in hot strip mills. Additionally. the time between the stands of the finishing mill is inverse to rolling speed. Scale on the strip should he always removed because it could increase roll wear and influence strip quality. Anyway, scale on the strip is always found on work roll surfaces as a complete layer and this helps to protect the roll surface against wear and reduces heat transfer from strip to roll .However, up to now research did not thoroughly investigate the adhesive strength of scale on the strip and roll or the growth of thickness of scale on the roll during a rolling period or the influence of roll temperature and fire crack pattern on the adhesive strength orthe influence of change of scale type on the oxide layer on the roll. Answers to these questions would help to understand the metallurgical conditions in the gap much better. Descaling and cooling systems in all hot strip mills are often subject to trials and change with the aim of achieving a better solution. But once the system is modified, all cooling parameters usually remain fixed and actual temperature distribution on the Strip surface is not uniform and constant as it should he. The primary aim of roll cooling systems is cooling the work rolls - however, this may create problems on strip temperature distribution which vice versa influences the work roll surface .Rolling conditions and requirements on roll surface.In hot mills, under normal rolling conditions, we very often find the following problems:- wear in roughing mills.- surface breakdown in early finishing stands.Especially in F2 bottom roll: scale rolled in the strip, bruises in the very last finishing stands, strip surface particles sticking to the roll and hack to strip again. This phenomenon is observed in the last finishing Stand, for special strip grades (ferritic stainless steel) in all finishing stands.Roll wear is a function of- wear speed (figure 5),- specific load (figures 2, 6).- sliding length,- roll-, strip surface (oxide layer!).- roll cooling water, containing corrosive and abrasive parts.In roughing stands, scale(high temperature. low speed etc.) causes most of the roll wear and a high coefficient of heat transfer creates fire cracks and a high roughness. Sometimes, however. excessive wear is also related to slippage in the mill .Slippage is a result of too low friction. mainly depending on the wear speed “the specific load” and the roll surface roughness.“Banding” is a never ending story. Some papers are published about this subject and some people believe in patents hat this problem is not solved at all. All twill people havetheir own experience but right now the problem is not even described completely: sometimes it really snakes problems, sometimes it does not . There are some observations which seem to be valid for most mills:- banding does not occur directly after work roll change .but more commonly in the second half of a standard rolling program m:- banding is not found depending on roll manufacturer. special roll grade ,heat-treatment of' the rolls. roll micro structure or other roll property:- banding is not caused by any special strip grade or special strip dimension.It seems this problem cannot he solved by any special roll grade but only by research on rolling conditions.Bruises are often caused by hard .cold strip tails with high speed impact on roll surface. High roll hardness may reduce. bruises. But hardness is only one point - is the other. It seems today evident that the microstructure of the roll is the main factor to avoid sticking in the later finishing stands. I he stainless steel strip problem in the early finishing stands can be solved by different materials, that of the last stand up to now only by one single grade.Qualities for work rolls in hot strip mills. The variety of roll grades used for work rolls in hot strip mills is considerable and almost confusing. In addition, it is now necessary and state of the art to have compound rolls,which increases the number of roll grades even snore. High wear resistant materials used for the working layers are unable to withstand the thermal stress, torque and bending loads at the necks. The material of the Core and necks of compound work rolls is normally grey or nodular east iron, or steel. The materials used for the working layers of work rolls for hot strip mills are given in table 1.Table I includes some characteristic properties like hardness. microstructure etc. The variety of grades can be increased by varying the heat treatments within these roll grades. Figure 10 shows typical microstructures of' materials from table 1.Table 2 shows typical applications of these roll grades (table I) and state of the art. Some grades are used successfully while others are not. Using performance figures and rolling conditions it is easy to compare different stands and different mills and to improve total roll performance under normal rolling conditions.Roll performance under normal and abnormal rolling conditions.In roughing stands, see tablet, all grades are in use. Frequently, tradition, special experiences and extreme rolling conditions (optimum of load, speed without slippage). require special attention. Using graphitic cast steel in the first passes. then high chrome iron in the other passes appears togive good performance with low risk. High chrome steel has been tested in many mills and in sonic applications the performance has been encouraging. even though there are surface problems in the first roughing stands in some mills. Anyway. it seems high chronic steel rolls give better results the more abnormal rolling conditions arc every days occurrence.Rolling conditions in F1 arc similar to the last passes of' the roughing mills. High chrome iron is doing very well in this location. However, high chrome steel or graphitic cast steel should also work well.In finishing stands 2-4 of many hot strip mills high chronic iron is now standard. Qualities for rolling special strip grades such as austenitic or ferritic steels are available. Previously it was common to use ICDP rolls but the high chronic iron has been a great improvement performance-wise. In some mills Adamite steel rolls were (arc still) being used in these stands with good results. Under high loads these grades tend to shatter and show surface fatigue problems in the mill.In the last stand of the finishing mills where there are highest loads p and speeds v. the roll surface also has to withstand rolling impacts. A roll of high hardness as well as "sticker resistance” is required. The only roll quality successfully use d and available for many years has been the Indefinitely Chill Double Poured Roll (ICDP). Higher wear resistance is required without losing the other properties. Heat resistance is no problem (very low W'). All roll makers are developing and trying new qualities but so far without success. Attempts touse high chronic iron have not been successful, even with very high hardness. Hardness cannot solve the sticking and surface problems.To obtain good performance figures under normal rolling conditions the parameters given in sections 3 and 4 should he the normal rolling conditions. Frequently, so-called abnormal rolling conditions are normal, see section ' and these abnormalities have to he eliminated.However there are special circumstances concerning abnormal rolling conditions:- Damage due to stickers ,cobblers, mill stops with strip in the gap. etc. (i.e., W < 10 ) is less severe when the surface of a roll is softer.- The fire crack pattern becomes finer (smaller) when the strength (hardness) of roll material is lower.- Crack propagation can he reduced or stopped by havinghigh residual compression stress in the rolls.- Thermal breakage of rolls can he reduced by having higher strength and by lower residual tensile stresses in the core material.- Core fatigue cracks arc prevented the same way.Always the best solution is to reduce or eliminate the abnormal rolling conditions. Conclusions. Rolling conditions can he determined in a good. informative way from rolling schedules, rather than from the mills layout. The rolling conditions should be studied for all rolling schedules of a rolling program to detect possible critical conditions concerning specific pressure. coefficient of heat transfer or strip temperature. There are for example. correlations between rolling conditions, roll quality and fire crack pattern. There is also abundant information available 10 compare the rolling conditions of various passes in different mills: therefore it is relatively easy to make decisions on the optimum roll grade based on these analog examples.Abnormal rolling conditions may require different roll grades for different applications .however , this is beyond the normal rolling mill experience.A special roll grade property. "the immunity to mill accidents"is required. and this "property" is dependant on the individual mill's abnormality or accident standard.Using the mechanical variables of the 2nd and 3rd categoric,. It is possible to give precise information on rolling conditions and to use the experiences of other mills with different roll grades as long as ''normal rolling\" conditions are normal.References1)Bla/evic.David T.:Presented to:Ill Seminaron Rolling Mill Rolls. Instituto Latinoamericano del Fierro Acero. Monterrey. Nuevo Leon Meriko March. 6 .9. 1985.2)Garber. S.. Sturgeon, (3. M.: Scale on Wire Roil and Its Removal by Mechanical Means - "The Wire Industry'' March. 1961 pages 257-259 and 295.译文：在热连轧中轧制条件对工作辊性能的影响摘要热连轧中机械轧制条件是由许多变量决定的，这些变量可以直接从时间表读取（分离力，扭矩，速度，带钢厚度），或者通过轧制安排的图表（压下量，辊直径等）计算得出来的。
新型薄板冷轧机的发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英文原文Development of a new type of cold rolling mill for sheet productsMARKET demand in cold rolled steel products has recently increased for thiner and higher strength materials with better flatness.To meet this demand ,Nippon Kokan K.K.and Ishikawajima-Harima Heavey Industuies developed a new type of 5-h cold rolling mill. This flexible flatness control (FFC) mill consists of a small diameter work roll for large reductions at arelatively high speed and a horizontal roll bending system combined with a double-chock roll bending device with the ablility to correct a wide range of shape defects.The FFCmill was introduced successfully as a double-cold reduction mill in NKK's Fukuyama works in June 1982(Fig.1). To clarify the characteristics of the mill,mill experiments have been carried out and an analytical model of the FFC mill developed to campare both shape controllability with other mill types and to establish an automatic shape control system.Concept of the FFC millShmaller work roll diameters are required to achieve higher reductions and to roll more difficult mareial such as steel foil or high strength steel because of the necessity to reduce roll separating force and driving torque. However,since slender woek rolls have large dimensional ratios(ie,barrel length vs diameter), they are deflected easily in the horizontal direction by the roll separating force and strip shape deteriorates. A vertical work roll bending system,which is applied inconventional 4-h mills, is effective in improving strip shape only near the strip edge, especially with small work roll diameters. Therefore, in the case of slender work rolls, it is essential that concepts be developed to prevent the horizontal deflection of the work roll and to expand the ability to correct the strip shape. For this purpose, cluster-tupe mills have been installed which consist of several backup and intermediate rolls. However, these mills have more complex structures and require specially designed housing. In addition, they need a backup roll drive because the diameters of the work rolls are too small to be driven. Hence, these mills hace not been used in the revamp or conversion of 4-h mills.Moreover, strip shape correcting devices with improved functions are now required to correct not only simple shape defects such as wavy edge or center buckle but also more complex defects such as quarter buckle or a combination of center-buckle and wavy edge.The FFC mill solces these problems by applying the following new concepts:·A combination of work rools in which one work roll has a diameter similar to those used in conventional 4-h mills with the other work roll having a smaller diameter. Thus, the average diameter of the two rolls is smaller than in a conventional mill. The circumferential speed of the work.rolls is also different.·A horizontal bending mechanism with horizontal support rolls which are devede into short segments along the barrel together with a larger offset between both work rolls.·A 5-h configuration with an intermediate roll and a doublue-chock vertical bending device between the intermediate roll and work roll with the larger diameter.Design featuresRoll arrangement---The FFC mill is a 5-h type with work rolls of different diameters, an intermediate roll placed between the smaller diameter work roll and the backup roll, and a larger offset between work rolls(Fig.2).with one of the work rolls having a smaller diameter as well as the mean diameter of the two work rolls being smaller than the conventional 4-h mill, it is possible to reduce the rolling load and the roll driving torque.Horizontal bending mechanism --- The horizontal bending unit for the smaller diameter work roll consists of a support roll, sectional backup rolls,movable plates,hydraulic cylinders and a supporting brdge(Fig.3). The sectional backup roll unit has six needle bearings with thick outer races arranged at regular intervals.The outer races have a smooth chamfer at the edges of the roll surface to equalize the contact pressure. Between each bearing there are movable plates sliding on the guides of the supporting brdige. The bridge has seven hydraulic cylinders which apply individual horizontal bending forces to the plates. The cylinders are equipped with sensores to measures the stroke of the plungers and the hydraulic pressure.The supporting bridge, which is tightly attached to the mill housing post, has high rigidity.Control system for horizontal roll bending --- Seven hydraulic cylinders apply horizontal bending forces to the smaller diameter work roll. Each cylinder has a Magnerscale to detect the stroke position and a pressure. It is able to select a position control or pressure control mode depending on the control scheme.The pressure distribution or pattern produced by the seven cylinders can be symmetrical (to the center of center of the strip width) or asymmetrical. In addition, the total force of the cylinders can be changed while maintaining the same pressure distrbution.The automatic shape control system(Fig.4) form a feedback loop using the detecting sensors, hydraulic cylinders, shapemeter and a microcomputer which analyzes signals from the shapemeter and transfers controlling signals to the controllers.When the horizontal bending force is changed, the roll gap is adjusted to maintain aconstant strio gage by the feedback sysmeter with a screwdown compensater which detects the stroke position of teh cylinders and controls the hydraulic pressure of the screwdown cylinders.Vertical bending system --- The double-chock vertical bending unit is applied to the larger diameter work roll and the intermediate roll. It is able to apply a larger bending force from plungers mounted to the housing cylinder blocks. A reverse bending force is applied to the outer chocks from the plungers contained in backuproll chocks.With this unit, the vertical roll bending effect, especially at the middle of the roll, is greatly increased.Roll drive system --- Each roll has an individual drive motor and speed contol. In normal operation at different circumferential rolling speeds, the work roll with the larger diameter is driven at a higher speed with a larger torque. A decrease in rolling load is thus obtained.Roll changing device --- By lowering the height of the plungers of the hydraulic screwdown cylinders, both work rolls are supported on the intermediate roll. The three rolls are then removed automatically in a group on roll changing rails in the same way as for convevtional 4-h mills(Fig.5).The sectional backup rolls are changed by using a carriage.Specifications of the FFC mill installed at the Fukuyama works are shown in Table I.ApplicationThere are many types of FFC mills: in one type, both work rolls have the same diameter; another type has the backup roll driven; and another type has the intermediate roll driven . Another version has smaller diameter work rolls. Typical types are illustrated in Fig.6.For a cold reduction line, the selection can vary from a singel-stand mill such as a reversing mill to a tandem cold mill to a fully continuous tandem mill. Some examples are shown in Fig.7. Although the types of mill shown in Fig.7 are all 5-h mills, other types such as those shown in Fig.6 can be employed.Correction of shape defectsBy combining the horizontal roll bending mechanism and the double-chock vertical roll bending unit, the capability of the FFC mill to correct shape defects in rolled strip is larger than in conventional rolling mills.Toconfirm the ability and to establish an automatic flatness confirm the control system, a series of experiments were conducted under the conditions summarized in Table II.Six horizontal bending parrerns are illustrated in Fig.8.strip shape is detected at the exit of the mill by a shapemeter which employs the correlation method with magnetic force. An example of the shape measured by the shapemeter is shown in Fig.9.Strip shape can be quantified in terms of the differences between the individual longitudinal strains(measured by the shapemeter) and the minimum longitudinal strain across the strip width using the following equations:and e1e2q1,q2c, each longitudinal strain and minimum longitudinal strain across the strip tidth(Fig.10). Several kinds of strip shape can be recognized from the 21εε∆-∆plane shown Fig.10.The characteristics of the horizontal and vertical bending systems are illustrated in Fig11; the solid lines represent the horizontal system and the solid-dotted and broken lines represent the vertical system. The inclinations of the solid lines, which indicate the change of strip shape by vertical bending force, are stable even when the horizontal bending force or pattern is changed.On the other hand, the incinations of the other lines, which indicate the change of strip shape by horizontal bending force are affected by the horizontal bending pattern.The areas enclosed by these lines indicate the extent to which strip shape can be changede by the horizontal and vertical bending systems. These areas are developed by combining two or three systems whose characteristics to change the strip shape are different from each other. The widith of these areas in the direction of 2ε∆ shown the ability of the system to change the complex shape such as quarter buckle or combination of center buckle and wavy edge independently from the change of the simple shape such as center buckle or wavy edge. This area is necessary to obtain sheet products with dead-flat shape. The large width of these areas gives the FFC mill an advantage over conventional mills.A typical experimental result for 1224-mm wide strip is shown in Fig.12.The ability of the control characteristics of the FFC mill to change strip shape is also dependent on strip size.A further evaluation of the ability of the FFC mill to correct strip shape was made by analyzing roll deformation using a similar simulation model to that developed by Shoet. Good agreement has been obtained between the analytical and experimental methods.A typical result of the analysis is illustrated in Fig.13.It shows a comparison between the FFC mill and a conventional 4-h mill with vertical roll bending. For the 4-h mill.strip shape is corrected only along a line. This means that it is difficult to chang one kind of strip shape without changing another. However, the shape contol capacity of the FFC mill has a relaticely large area in the 21εε∆-∆ plane whichillustrates that several kinds of shape can be corrected more effectively by the FFC mill than by other mills.Based on these results, an automatic shape control system was established for the FFC mill. It consists of a shapemeter and a data processor. A typical result is shown in Fig.14. Without the system, the strip shape is scattered from a steepness factor of +1.0 to -1.%. With the automatic shape control system, strip shape is concentrated within a steepness of %which surrounds the original dead-flat condition; ie,the strip has3.0substantially better shape.Rolling characteristicsRolling load and energy requirement--- An experiment was conducted to evaluate the rolling characteristics of the FFC mill in comparison with a conventional 4-h mill. The 4-h mill has the same mill stand as the FFC mill except for the roll arrangement. Roll conditions are summarized in Table III.The relationship between rolling load and thickness reduction of one pass, illustrated in Fig.15, shows that the rolling load in the FFC mill is 20% lower than with the 4-h mill. This is because of the smaller diameter work rolls.In addition, the different circumferential speed of the work rolls also contributes to a further reduction in the rolling load.The effect of increasing the ratio of the circumferential roll speed on the reduction in rolling load is shown in Fig.16. At small reductions, the effect is slight but at heavier reduction it becomes significant. This phenomenon is attributed to the effect of the different cir cumferential roll speeds in eliminating the upper part of the friction hill of the distribution of roll pressrue. The friction hill is higher at a heavier thickness reduction than at a lighter reduction than at a lower reduction. The rolling load on a FFC mill with different circumferential roll speed is 50% less in reducing steel strip by 50% compared with a 4-h mill.Results for multi-pass rolling compared with a 4-h mill are shown in Fig.17.and 18; rolling conditions are summarized in Table IV. The rolling load and the roll speed ratio for each pass are illustrated in Fig.17. It shows the reduction in the load obtained with the smaller diameter work roll at each pass. However, the effect of different circumferential roll speed on load reduction is small during the early passes but becomes larger with the latter passes . Because the effect of different speeds becomes larger when the strio is thinner and harder, it is recognized that technique is suitable for the rolling of thinner and higher strength materials.The total energy requirements are shown in Fig.18.The FFC mill requires 10% less energy than the 4-h mill.Steel foil--- steel foil products are easily rolled by the FFC mill using the characteristics descibeb previously. Fewer passes are needed than with conventional foil-producing mills because of the capacity to roll at moer than 50% thickness reduction per pass.strip shape is excellent because of the ability to correct several kinds of shape defects. The FFC mill can roll steel foil thinner than 50µm which is impossible with conventional mills. Steel foil as thin as 30µm has been satisfactorily produced.Quality--- There are two quality conditions which are affected by rolling on anFFCmill; strip thickness profile, and curl and surface finish.In typical cold rolling operations, a strip profile is obtained in which the strip thickness decreases toward the edge. This condition, edge thining, is significantly reduced when strip is rolled on FFC mills in comparison with 4-h mills.Edge thinning can be quantified using the following equation: cr h h h e )(1575-= Wherer e = ratio (degree) of edge thinning for a total reduction of r%=75h strip thickness 75 mm from strip edge=15h strip thickness 15mm from strip edge=c h strip thickness at center of strip widthThe terms 75h ,15h and c h are illustrated in Fig.19. The change in thickness profile which occurs in a rolling pass for a particular rolling operation(ie,mill type) in comparison with a conventional 4-h mill can be quantified using the following equation:hr e e e e 40900)()(--=α Whereα= coefficient of change in thinning effect0e = edge thinning in entry strip(ie,0% reduction)90e = edge thinning in strip reduced by reference amount(ie,90% reduction)Thus, as αdecreases, the degree of edge thinning is less in comparison with a 4-h rolling pass.The effect of a FFC mill with equivalant circumferential speed rolling ,an FFC mill with different circumferential speed rolling and a conventional 4-h mill are shown in Fig.20 together with the effect of cold reduction ratio, The significant improvement in thickness profiles for the FFC mills (ie,lower α values) is the result of the reduction in rolling loads obtained with the smaller diameter work rolls, with equivalent circumferential speed rolling, the thnning effect is reduced by approximately 50% compared to a 4-h mill. With different circumferential rolling speeds, thinning is reduced by approximately 75% which is due to both the reduce rolling load as well as the restraint of metal flow in the strip width direction.As different diameter work rolls are used in the FFC mill, it is predicted that a curl defect will occur. The occurrence of curl can be avoide if the passline on the exitside of the roll bite is inclined toward the work roll having the larger diameter.The different of surface brightness across the width both on the rolled strip and on the work roll has not been observed the horizontal deflection of the work roll.The quality of the products rolled on FFC mills is better than that rolled on a conventional 4-h mill.Advantages of the FFCmill include:·Improved quality. Excellent flatness with minimal strip crown.·Wider product range including steel foil and high strength steels.·Reduced operating costs from fewer number of passes and theAbility to roll from heavier gages.·Reduced investments resulting from a fewer number of stands whenInstalling a new mill and lower costs for revamping amill.SummaryA new type of 5-h cold rolling mill, the FFCmill, has been successfully developed. The smaller diameter of the work roll decreases not only the rolling load and the roll driving torque but also the amount of edge thinning. The shape control system has a greater ability to correct several kinds of shape defects than with a conventional mill.Products rolled have been expanded to include steel foil and higher strength materials with a flat shape and excellent gage accruacy.中文翻译新型薄板冷轧机的发展市场现在在冷轧钢铁方面的需求逐步向更薄、更高强度材料同时有着更好平整度方面发展。
热轧工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附件1热轧工艺该轧机的主要功能是将半成品钢重新加热到接近其熔点，然后通过由共计7.7万的大功率连续滚动驱动马力发动机带动的12道连续轧制使钢板变得更薄更长，最后卷曲被拉长的钢板以运输到下一道工序。
热轧板卷的重量高达30吨至30”和74”。
将8至9英寸厚、36英尺长的钢板被卷成薄如16英寸和1 / 2英里长的带钢。
线圈由两个内径（'眼睛'）为30”卷取机，外径上限分别为72”和74”分别与850和1000磅每英寸宽（PIW）相对应的两个卷曲机产生。
该厂为每一个CSI提供售后业务，以及负责运输成品给CSI顾客。
大部分材料是由一种自动线圈处理系统运出轧机，通过运输线被分批运往轧机的东侧，直到它被冷却到足以载入铁路车辆。
加热炉对于热轧工艺至关重要的是它的步进梁加热炉，国家的最先进的设备，现在优于三老一辈（推车）式炉。
额定生产速度为每小时270吨，效率和与板温一致的方面得到改善以使生产率能比计划提高25﹪。
把这些钢从室温加热到2200～2400摄氏度需每天消耗约10立方米的天然气。
就像板材是按订单分配，日程安排是规定的，材料被热轧厂最西端的板厂的铁路小车和起重机分批运输。
在一条轧制线上，每一放一个轧板。
因为轧板被放置在南侧加热炉的控制门的前边，所以其规模和重量是确定的。
当炉内的空间足够，大型电镀机械推拉臂能够将板材移到炉内。
一旦进入内部，板材由大约8英尺长的炉板支撑，它是通过冷却水的耐火涂层管也被称为滑轨。
为了降低钢板残留的冰点（滑板标记），滑板间距变化大约为熔炉内部空间的三分之二。
两个独立的滑轨装置，一个固定，一个运动，轮流支撑钢板当它在炉内运动时经过一个由一对大型液压缸提供能量的机架。
该炉内部的宽是38'9”，从地面到天花板有15英尺，142’长。
它分为管制区内的温度：预热，顶面和底，加热，顶部和底，浸泡，顶和底，东和西。
预热和加热区燃烧一种天然气的混合物，同时通过在熔炉侧边的大量燃烧器预燃空气，加热钢板的上部和底部到接近其排气温度。
钢筋切断机毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
1英文文献翻译1.1Automatic wire straightening and cutting machineReinforcing steel cutting machine is a kind of shear of reinforced by the use of a tool. The general automatic steel cutting machine, and automatic steel bar cutting machine of. It is one of the essential equipment in steel processing, it is mainly used for buildings, bridges, tunnels, hydropower, large-scale water conservancy projects of steel cutting. Reinforcing steel cutting machine and other cutting equipment, has the advantages of light weight, low energy consumption, reliable work, high efficiency, so in recent years has been gradually mechanical processing and small rolling mill is widely used, in all areas of national economic construction play an important role.The general automatic steel cutting machine, and automatic steel bar cutting machine of. Full automatic electric cutting machine is also called the electric energy is converted to kinetic energy by the motor control cutter incision, to achieve the effect of shear reinforcement. The semi-automatic is artificial control of incision, and shear reinforcement operation. But there is more to belong to the hydraulic steel bar cutting machine hydraulic steel bar cutting machine is divided into a charging and portable two categories.Steel bar cutting machineApplicable to all types of ordinary carbon steel construction, hot rolling bar, screw steel, flat steel, square steel cutting. Cut round: ( Q235-A ) diameter: (Φ 6-Φ 40) mm cut flat maximum specifications: (70x15) mm cut square: (Q235-A) the maximum specifications: (32x32) mm cut angle maximum specifications: (50x50) mmDomestic and international comparison: because the cutting machine cutting machine technical content is low, easy imitation, profit is not high, so the manufacturer for decades to maintain the basic present situation, development israpid, with foreign counterparts in particular has following several aspects the gap.1) foreign cutting machine of the eccentric shaft of large eccentricity, such as vertical cutting machine eccentric distance 24mm, and general domestic17mm. seemingly saves material, some small gear structure, but to give the user to bring trouble, not easy to management. Because the cut the expected cut small material, not for a knife pad is for the blade, sometimes also need to change perspective.2) foreign cutting machine frame is welded steel structure, precision machining parts and components, roughness especially heat treatment technology is excellent, so that the cutter under overload load, fatigue failure, wear etc. more than domestic machine.3) domestic cutter blade design is reasonable, the single screw bolt is fixed, the blade thickness is thin enough, type 40and type 50blade thickness is 17mm; and abroad are double bolt,25～ 27mm thickness, so foreign blade in stress and life are more domestic excellent comprehensive performance.4) domestic cut machine cut fewer times per minute. Home is generally 28 to31 times, foreign higher than 15~ 20 times,30times the highest high, high work efficiency. 5) foreign models generally use the semi-open structure, gear, bearing grease, crank shaft, connecting rod, cutting knife holder, swivel by manual plus dilute oil lubrication. The model structure has fully open, fully closed, half open3, lubrication methods are concentration of dilute oil lubrication and splash lubrication of 2. 6) domestic cutting machine appearance quality, machine performance is unsatisfactory; foreign manufacturers generally is the scale of production, make investment in technology and equipment inInto, automated production level is higher, form a complete set of quality assurance and processing system. Especially on the appearance quality is refine on, cover one-time stamping molding, paint the paint spraying processing, color collocation is scientific and reasonable, the appearance can not see where the weld, burrs, sharp corners, the bright and clean appearance. And some domestic manufacturers although production history is long, but not one of the formationof scale, and aging equipment, process, production technology experience to spellphysical power, always make a few years, so the appearance of rough, perceptionof poor quality.Reinforcing steel cutting machine safety requirements for operation(1) to the surface of the work material feeding and cutter lower level, the lengthof the working platform can be processed according to material length.(2) before, should check and confirm the cutter without crack, carriage bolts, protective cover firm. And then hand belt pulley, gear meshing clearance check,adjust the cutting clearance. (3) after the start, should first air operation,check the transmission part and the bearing can be normal operation, operation.(4) machinery does not reach the normal speed, not cutting. When cutting materials, should be used in the next part, cutter, hold the reinforced alignmentedge quickly put, the operator should stand in a fixed blade side press bar, shouldprevent the reinforced end pop. Prohibit the use of both hands in blade on bothsides hold reinforced leaned feeding.(5) may not be cutting diameter and strength more than machinery nameplate provisions and a red-hot steel reinforced. A cut of a plurality of steel, the totalcross-sectional area should be within the specified scope. (6) cutting low alloysteel, should be replaced with high hardness cutting knife, cutting diameter shallbe in accordance with the provisions of machinery nameplate.(7) cut short when feeding, the distance between the hand and the knife shouldbe maintained above 150mm, such as holding end is less than 400mm, should adoptthe casing or fixture to be reinforced short head down or clip. (8) operation,prohibit the use of hand direct clear cutting knife near the end and sundries.Steel swing around and cutter may not stay around, non operators. (9) found thatwhen the machine is not operating properly, abnormal noise or the cutter deflection,should immediately stop machine overhaul.(8) operation, prohibit the use of hand direct clear cutting knife near the endand sundries. Steel swing around and cutter may not stay around, non operators.found that when the machine is not operating properly, abnormal noise or the cutter deflection, should immediately stop machine overhaul.(10) after the operation, the power should be cut off, with the steel brush to clean the sundries cutter machine, cleaning and lubricating.(11) hydraulic transmission type cutting machine operation before, should check and confirm the hydraulic oil and the rotation direction of the motor meets the requirements. After starting, no-load operation, loosen oil drain valve, hydraulic cylinder air, can be cut tendons. (12) manual hydraulic cutting machine before use, should the oil drain valve in a clockwise direction, after the cutting, should immediately counterclockwise unscrewing. During the operation, the hand should besteady and cutting machine, and wear insulated gloves.This article introduces a kind of architectural lie type steel cutting machines. Its operating principles are: It use electric motors level triangle belt transmission and secondary gear transmission to slowdown. Then, it drives the crank rotate, The crank connected to slide block and moving blades in the slippery way make the back and forth straight line sport, makes the moving blades and the fixed blade shear and cut steel.According to the working environment choice thetype of electric motors,using horizontal installation, protection of the electrical, squirrel-cage three-phase asynchronous motor.momentum, and the scope of power, transmission efOption three slowdown,first level belt slowdown, followed by the secondary gear deceleration. firstthe introduction of automated, because it has a buffer, absorb shock and operate smoothly, small noise, and can protect the over loading. Then introduce a secondary gear deceleration slowdown, because gear transmission can be used to transmit arbitrary space between the two axis movement andficient transmission accurately, long using life, such as safe and reliable character. Power output by electric motors through slow down transmission system to import power to the executive body.As the system make rotation movement, The steel cutting machine needs the back and forth straight line sport ,in order to achieve this transformation, we can use c slider-crank institutions or gear and rack. I decided to consider realistic machinery.conditions using slider-crank as the executing.1.2毕业设计中文文献钢筋切断机是一种剪切钢筋所使用的一种工具。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
冷轧机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
冷轧机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献连续纵列式冷轧机的平直度模型和控制在1994年的下半年，Sidmar一号纵列式冷轧机被改造为完全连续的五架轧机，并且配备了一条酸洗线。
其轧机设备的组成包括：机架上的液压压下机构；第一架带有能轴向移动的中间辊的六辊轧机；所有机架的支撑辊；最后一个机架上的轴向移动的工作辊。
这个新的冷轧技术和这条新的酸洗线允许酸洗过程、轧机出口尺寸和钢带平直度的闭式控制。
它含有两条平直度测量系统：一是在轧机出口处，另一个是在机架间的缝隙。
平直度是通过传统的第一架和最后一架之间的闭环反馈方法，用平直度在线模型在支撑辊和轴向移动设定的点来控制。
在线模型用来描述6、4辊轧机轴向移动的平直度元素的线性、抛物线和四次方程。
除了平直度反馈控制和在线模型设定以外，一种独特的反馈系统通过确认新来的钢带的外形的种类，用机架间的平直度测量来提高轧机出口平直度。
新系统的所有客观性能都达到了提高所提供的产品范围的平直度质量的要求。
平直度要求Sidmar轧机轧制宽650~1880mm，厚0.3~3.5 mm和材料强度从低碳钢到HSLA和中碳钢范围的材料。
从冷轧机出来的好的平直度的轧件能提高生产量和生产率，很容易满足客户最后的要求。
典型地，平直度从原料改变到±15个单位需要经过入口到出口线，但根据残留错误的波长和型式的不同，轧件的不平度水平仍大大的改变。
Sidmar轧机的改造之后，在稳定运行的情况下，从原料到±8个单位是带卷平直度的标准性能，好于从原料到±11个单位，差于从原料到±5个单位。
在新轧制线上，轧制完成的带卷被剪短的时候，它和新来的热轧带卷之间有一两个焊缝。
在这点上，它对平直度的干扰是尤为重要的，而且对单一反馈系统的反馈造成很大的困难。
不同尺寸轧机的在线平直度要求物理模型的采用使得大多数机械结构的复杂的平直度模型能以一套基本的模型被建立。
这个基本模型把物理原理转化为数学上的并作为模块代码的程序。
轧机机械专业毕业设计外文翻译
RollingObjectiveTo perform rolling process on an lead bar in order to observe the change in both the cross-sectional area and the general shape.Theory1.DefinitionFlat rolling or Rolling is defined as the reduction of the cross-sectional area of the metal stock, or the general shaping of the metal products, through the use of the rotating rolls [1]. It allows a high degree of closed-loop automation and very high speeds, and is thus capable of providing high-quality, close tolerance starting material for various secondary sheet metal working processes at a low cost [1].2.Schematic Drawing of Rolling ProcessFigure 1. Rolling Process [2]The rolls rotate as illustrated in Figure 1. to pull and simultaneously squeeze the work between them. The basic process shown in Figure 1 is flat rolling, used to reduce the thickness of a rectangular cross section.Figure 2. Various configurations of rolling mills: (a) two high, (b) three high, (c) four high,(d) cluster mill, and (e) tandem rolling mill [2].Various rolling mill configurations are available to deal with the variety of applications and technical problems in the rolling process. The basic rolling mill consists of two opposite rotating rolls and is referred to as a two-high rolling mill (Figure 2a). In the three-high configuration Figure 2(b), there are three rolls in a vertical column, and the direction of rotation of each roll remains unchanged. To achieve a series of reductions, the work can be a passed through from either side by raising or lowering the strip after each pass. Theequipment in a three-high rolling mill becomes more complicated, because an elevator mechanism is needed to raise and lower the work [2].Roll-work contact length is reduced with a lower roll radius, and this lads to lower forces, torque, and power. The four-high rolling mill uses two smaller diameter rolls to contact the work and two backing rolls behind them. Another roll configuration that allows smaller working rolls against the work is the cluster rolling mill.To achieve higher throughput rates in standard products, a tandem rolling mill is often used. This configuration consists of a series of rolling stands. With each rolling step, work velocity increases, and the problem of synchronizing the roll speeds at each stand is significant [2].3.General Overview of ProcessThe primary objectives of the flat rolling process are to reduce the cross-section of the incoming material while improving its properties and to obtain the desired section at the exit from the rolls. The process can be carried out hot, warm, or cold, depending on the application and the material involved. The rolled products are flat plates and sheets. Rolling of blooms, slabs, billets, and plates is usually done at temperatures above the recr ystallization temperature (hot rolling). Sheet and strip often are rolled cold in order to maintain close thickness tolerances.Basically flat rolling consists of passing metal between two rolls that revolve in oppositedirections, the space between the rolls being somewhat less than the thickness of the entering metal. Because the rolls rotate with a surface velocity exceeding the speed of the incoming metal, friction along the contact interface acts to propel the metal forward. The metal is squeezed and elongated and usually changed in cross section. The amount of deformation that can be achieved in a single pass between a given pair of rolls depend on the friction conditions along the interface. If too much is demanded, the rolls will simply skid over stationery metal. Too little deformation per pass results in excessive cost.Rolling involves high complexity of metal flow during the process. From this point of view, rolling can be divided into the following categories [3]:•Uniform reduction in thickness with no change in width: Here, the deformation is in plane strain, that is, in the directions of rolling and sheet thickness. This type occurs in rolling of strip, sheet, or foil.•Uniform reduction in thickness with an increase in width: Here, the material is elongated in the rolling direction, is spread in the width direction, and is compressed uniformly in the thickness direction. This type occurs in the rolling of blooms, slabs, and thick plates.•Moderately non-uniform reduction in cross section: Here, the metal is elongated in the rolling direction, is spread in the width direction, and is reduced non-uniformly in the thickness direction.•Highly non-uniform reduction in cross section: Here, the reduction in the thicknessdirection is highly non-uniform. A portion of the rolled section is reduced in thickness while other portions may be extruded or increased in thickness. As a result, in the width direction metal flow may be toward the center [3].Hot RollingThe distinctive mark of hot rolling is not a crystallized structure, but the simultaneous occurrence of dislocation propagation and softening processes, with or without recrystallization during rolling. The dominant mechanism depends on temperature and grain size. In general, the recrystallized structure becomes finer with lower deformation temperature and faster cooling rates and material of superior properties are obtained by controlling the finishing temperature [1].Hot rolling offers several advantages [1]:1)Flow stresses are low, hence forces and power requirements are relatively low, andeven very large workpieces can be deformed with equipment of reasonable size.2)Ductility is high; hence large deformations can be taken.3)Complex part shapes can be generated.The upper limit for hot rolling is determined by the temperature at which either melting or excessive oxidation occurs. Generally, the maximum working temperature is limited to 50°C below the melting temperature. This is to allow the possibility of segregated regions of lowermelting material [4].Cold RollingCold rolling, in the everyday sense, means rolling at room temperature, although the work of deformation can raise temperatures to 100-200°C. Cold rolling usually follows hot rolling. A material subjected to cold rolling strain hardness considerably. Dislocation density increases, and when a tension test is performed on this strain-hardened material, a higher stress will be needed to initiate and maintain plastic deformation; thus, the yield stress increases. However, the ductility of the material – as expressed by total elongation and reduction of area – drops because of the higher initial dislocation density. Similarly, strength coefficient rises and strain-hardening exponent drops. Crystals (grains) become elongated in the direction of major deformation [1].Cold rolling has several advantages [1]:1)In the absence of cooling and oxidation, tighter tolerances and better surface finish canbe obtained.2)Thinner walls are possible.3)The final properties of the workpiece can be closely controlled and, if desired, thehigh strength obtained during cold rolling can be retained or, if high ductility is needed, grain size can be controlled before annealing.4)Lubrication is, in general, easier.Rolling Problems and DefectsThe main problem during rolling process is the calibration of rollers. This calibration faults may occur in case of used bearings and may affect the thickness of parts. A simple classification is as here below:a.Lengthwise Occurring DefectsChange of rollers speedMaterial temperatureRoller temperatureInlet thicknessMaterial propertiesEccentric and conical rollersUsed bearingsb.Transversally Occurring DefectsParallel position of rollersSurface geometry of rollers轧制目的：为了观察在执行轧制过程中铅条的横截面积和一般形状的变化。
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轧钢机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献基于振动监测的设备故障诊断技术在大型轧钢机械上的应用摘要对基于振动的设备故障诊断技术做了较全面和深入的介绍,通过实例介绍了该诊断技术在轧钢机械领域的应用。
指出该诊断技术可同时对一个测点进行复杂的时域、频域、相关域、统计域等分析,具有一定的趋势预测分析能力。
关键词轧钢机械; 振动监测; 故障诊断1前言轧钢机械属于大型的旋转机械,是轧钢厂的关键设备。
转轴组件是轧机的核心部分,它包括旋转轴、齿轮传动件、联轴器、滑动和滚动轴承等。
人们通过长期观察和实践,发现旋转机械的绝大多数前期故障都会表现出异常的振动,因此掌握机械振动的一般规律就能从振动信号中识别出常见的设备故障。
通过对振动信号波形进行简单的时域、频域以及小波分析可对振动进行一般的识别,振动的可识别性是对机械故障进行振动噪声测试分析的技术前提。
因此,采用在设备诊断技术领域较成熟的振动分析技术作为技术的突破口对轧钢机进行日常振动状态监测,就能在设备运行中或基本不拆卸全部设备的情况下,掌握轧机运行状态,判定产生故障的部位和原因,并预测未来的技术状态,从而可在早期有效地发现,以及在后期及时地抑制故障,保障生产的可持续发展。
2信号识别与获取任何机器设备在运行中都会产生振动,机器的振动信号中包含了丰富的机器运行的状态信息。
当设备发生异常或故障时,振动将会发生变化,一般表现为振幅加大。
由不同类型、性质、原因和部位产生的故障所激发的振动具有不同的特征,这些特征表现为频率成分、幅值大小、相位差别、波形形状和能量分布状况等。
振动信号的性质和特征不仅与故障有关,还与系统的固有特性有关,具体表现为同一故障发生的部位不同、故障激励传递通道(即传递函数)不同,其振动特征和响应亦会有较大的差别。
总之,设备的振动是由故障激励和系统特性所共同决定的,但很多情况下,振动特征和故障类型之间并不是一一对应的关系,不能简单地对号入座,这就给振动的识别带来一定的困难。
因此,振动的识别对于设备诊断技术的完善是至关重要的。
轧钢机械工作时轧件是非连续地被轧制的,其转速并不恒定、功率更是从空载到满负荷间周期地波动。
从原动机到轧辊间有庞大的传动和减速机构,可能出现的故障类型很多,因此检测设备、测点、点检方式和点检时间的选择对诊断的准确与否起关键作用。
为保证所测数据具有可比性,在测定数据时应遵循以下几点原则: ①每次测量要在同一测点进行,否则由于激振源到测点的传递函数不同,而使测量的结果相差很大。
②保持每次测量时机器的工况相同。
③保持测量的参数相同,一般来说,频率在10～100Hz的振动应以位移作为数采器的输出参数,频率在100～1 000Hz的振动应以速度作为数采器的输出参数,频率在1000Hz以上的振动应以加速度作为数采器的输出参数。
④使用的仪器相同和测量的方法(如传感器及其固定方式)相同。
在测振过程中,测点的选择同样影响监测结果,其选择原则是:(1) 测点应选择在振动信号传递的通道上而且路线最短的位置,尽量减少中间传递介质。
(2) 测点应选在信号反应比较敏感的部位,如轴承座、机座等。
(3) 测点应选择在便于多方位测量的位置。
一般测振动要选定三个方向(水平X、垂直Y、轴向A)来评定,特别对低频振动,更要强调其方向性(高频振动对方向不敏感) 。
(4) 对于大型机械设备,受传递函数的影响,应多点检测。
3轧钢机械等旋转机械的常见故障及其诊断方法旋转机械的常见故障,按转子类型和振动性质的不同,可分为:转子不平衡、转子不对中、基座或装配松动、转子与定子摩擦、感应电机振动、滚动轴承故障、齿轮机构的振动等。
利用振动监测技术对这些常见机械故障可进行较为准确的诊断。
3. 1转子不平衡不平衡是旋转机械中最常见的一种故障。
引起不平衡的原因较多,如安装不良造成偏心、配合松动、轴弯曲变形、加工制造误差以及长期运行中产生不均匀磨损等。
我们从离心力的计算公式易知,不平衡振动对转速的变化是最敏感的。
转子不平衡的振动特征是:刚性转子在启动时振幅随转速的增大而增大,柔性转子在启动时振幅是先增大而后减小。
在频率特征方面,不平衡振动的频率成分单一而明朗,主要表现为转子的基频;在相位方面,水平和垂直方向的振动相差90œ,且通常水平方向的振动比垂直方向的大、径向振动比轴向振动要大。
3. 2转子不对中转子不对中是指转子中心与轴承中心不对中,或多转子系统中各转子的轴线不对中,也是旋转机械的一类多发性的典型故障。
不对中有三种类型,即平行不对中、角度不对中、综合不对中。
其产生的原因有:转子及支座安装不良、轴承支座不均匀膨胀引起变形、地基变形以及热不对中等。
转子不对中的振动特征是:当转子不对中时将产生一种附加弯矩,形成附加激励,故轴向振动往往是存在不对中的一种征兆。
在振动频率特征方面,平行不对中主要激起2倍转频,角度不对中则表现为同频振动突出,它们的共同点是以旋转频率的2 倍频或4 倍频为主,尚伴有高次倍频。
在相位特征方面,平行不对中时,转子两端径向振动相位相差180œ;角度不对中时,联轴器两端轴向振动相位相差180œ,而径向相位相同。
3. 3基座或装配松动松动常和不平衡相伴生,表现为非线形的振动特征。
地脚松动引起的振动方向特征很明显,表现在垂直方向的振动很强烈。
由零件配合松动引起的振动,其方向特征不明显。
在振幅方面,松动引起的振动随负荷的增加而增大,但对转速表现出无规律的变化,忽大忽小,呈跳跃式变化。
在振动频率特征方面,除基频成分外,基频的奇数倍频突出(常高于基频的幅值) ,伴有3倍、5倍、7倍及0. 3～0. 5倍的谐波成分,频谱结构成梳状。
3. 4转子与定子摩擦此类摩擦属干摩擦,大多表现为径向摩擦。
摩擦振动属于非线性振动,频带范围很宽,除基频外,还有2倍、3倍以及1 /3、1 /2 等谐波成分。
在时域波形上,常表现为削波状态,“截头余弦”形状的波形是摩擦故障特有的重要标志。
在某些特殊情况下,摩擦还可能激起系统的固有频率振动。
3. 5感应电机振动故障特征电动机是一种典型的旋转机械,在机械故障的表现方面具有旋转机械的共同特点,如存在转子不平衡、不对中、松动、摩擦等故障类型。
感应电机的振动故障的一大特点是包括机械和电气两方面内容,发生的故障除机械因素外还与电气相关,如转子与定子间磁隙不均匀、电压不稳定、匝间短路等也会引起电机的异常振动。
当电动机在运行中突然给它断电,其时如果振动立即下降为零,即说明电动机存在电气方面的故障,否则,属于机械故障。
3. 6 滚动轴承故障滚动轴承是旋转机械转子系统的重要支撑部件,其基本结构包括外圈、内圈、滚动体、保持架等元件。
对滚动轴承实施振动诊断的基本方法是频率分析,因为滚动轴承每一个元件都有其各自的故障特征频率。
理论上,通过频率分析不但能判断轴承有无故障,而且可以具体判断轴承中损坏的元件。
滚动轴承的故障特征频率(简化计算)为:内圈通过频率F = 0. 6Z •Fr,外圈通过频率F = 0. 4Z •Fr,保持架通过频率F = 0. 4Fr,其中Z 为滚动体个数, Fr 为轴承内圈回转频率。
还需指出的是滚动轴承的振动与安装也有关,如安装滚动轴承的旋转轴系弯曲、轴承装歪、轴承紧固过松或过紧都会引起振动,其振动频率成分也含有滚动体通过频率和高次谐波。
3. 7 齿轮机构的振动特征及诊断齿轮是旋转机械的重要部件,其运行状态的好坏直接影响到整个机组的正常工作。
在齿轮箱中的各类零件中,失效比例分别为齿轮60%、轴承19%、轴10%、箱体7%、紧固件3%、油封1% ,可见在所有零件中齿轮自身的失效比例最大。
根据国外抽样统计的结果表明,齿轮的各种损伤的概率为: 断齿41%、齿面疲劳31%、齿面磨损10%、齿面划痕10%、其它故障8%。
在理想渐开线齿形及齿轮刚度无穷大的假设下,一对齿轮在啮合运动中是不会产生振动的,但由于制造、安装及齿轮刚度不可能为无穷大等方面的问题,一对新齿轮在啮合运动中也会产生振动。
通过对齿轮运动方程的分析可知,正常齿轮传动中由于啮合刚度的周期性变化会引起参数振动;由于齿形误差的随机激励可能会引起齿轮弹性系统的共振;当齿轮出现故障时,振动往往会加剧,也会产生一些新的频率成分,这些都是齿轮的特征频率。
齿轮特征频率主要有3种,即齿轮啮合频率、齿轮自振频率和齿轮边频带。
定轴转动的啮合频率为F = Z •Fr , 行星轮系的啮合频率为F = Z( Fr ±Fc) ,其中Z 为齿轮齿数、Fr 为齿轮旋转频率、Fc 为转臂旋转频率。
直齿圆柱齿轮自振频率为F =2/)/(21m k π,其中k 为齿轮副的弹簧常数、m 为齿轮副的等效质量, 其它类型齿轮的自振频率一般由试验测定(不随转速改变而恒有的频率分量通常就是系统的固有频率, 齿轮固有频率一般为1 ～10kHz) 。
当齿轮存在故障时,由于载荷波动而产生幅值调制,由于转速波动而产生频率调制,因此在啮合频率或固有频率两旁产生等间隙( 1X)的一簇边频。
通过振动诊断判别齿轮状态,最有效可行的方法是分析齿轮振动功率谱的变化,其次是分析倒频谱(如果仪器的信噪比高, 倒频谱分析效果也很好) 。
首先看啮合频率幅值的消长;二是要看啮合频率谐波的分布;三是看边频,随着齿轮故障的发展和振动能量的增加,边频越来越丰富,幅值也增加(边频分析通常要先将谱细化) 。
4诊断实例分析对轧机进行日常振动状态检测所需的工具主要有振动传感器、数据采集器、配套软件等,目前市面上已有此类成套的设备出售。
我们选用的是北京圣迪公司的振通904型振动动平衡一体化仪器。
它的主要功能是检测振动信号并进行采集记录和预处理,通过RS232C标准串行口与微机( P486以上)通讯后可以将记录在仪器中的各种数据送入微机中,借助仪器附带的波形分析软件可对采集到的数据进行时域、频域、统计域等方面的分析,做更精细的设备故障分析和诊断,建立设备状态数据库,预报设备状态发展趋势等。
运用该仪器可以对轧机日常运行时的振动进行检测,掌握轧机的运行状态、发现和跟踪轧机的早期故障、提出维修计划、跟踪维修质量等。
以广钢连轧厂12#轧机为例,利用基于振动的设备故障诊断技术对其进行一次全面的分析诊断。
根据测点选择原则,我们选取了3个测点(图6中ZJ12 - 1、ZJ12 - 2、ZJ12 - 3) 。
2005年3月29日12#轧机被诊断为发生了齿轮断齿故障。
当天的点检现象:轧机无异响、但振值和波形有故障迹象,尤其是ZJ12 - 1测点的信号特别明显。
诊断过程用到了振值表(表1,其数值为最近6个月内的数值) 、时域波形(图1) 、自相关图形(图2) 、幅值谱图(图3) 、概率密度图(图4) 、倒频谱图(图5) 。
通过对表1、图1、图2、图3、图4、图5和图6对12#轧机进行的全面分析诊断如下:(1) 振值表:在6个月里振值表内各项指标没有明显增大现象,表明振动级数和能量在故障前后未有明显变化,小部分断齿对振值表内各项指标不敏感,这也解释了故障时设备无异响的原因。