英国部分名词解释
英国的英语名词解释
英国的英语名词解释英国作为一个历史悠久、文化多元的国家，在其英语语境中有许多特有的名词和词汇。
这些名词的解释和理解对于深入了解英国文化、习俗以及社会产生的影响至关重要。
在本文中，将对一些典型的英国英语名词进行解释，以便读者更好地理解和运用。
1. 皇家卫队（The Royal Guard）皇家卫队是英国皇室的仪仗兵部队，负责保卫英国王室的重要建筑和地点。
这支卫队分为英国皇室禁卫军和英国皇家马术家协会的卫队两类。
英国皇室禁卫军包括负责白金汉宫守卫的皇家步兵卫队、带领皇室仪仗队的皇家骑兵卫队等等。
他们的常见特点是穿着制式服装、持枪站岗、面色严肃。
2. 国旗（Union Jack）国旗是一个代表国家身份和普遍认同的象征。
英国的国旗被称为“Union Jack”，它由白色和红色的St. George十字与苏格兰的St. Andrew白色交叉十字组成。
威尔士的传统红色龙旗不包含在内。
Union Jack的构成反映了英国、苏格兰和威尔士的地区身份。
3. 伦敦塔桥（Tower Bridge）伦敦塔桥是英国伦敦著名的地标建筑之一，横跨泰晤士河，连接伦敦市和南岸的南华克。
它是一个活动桥梁，可以升起中间的桥段，以便让高大的船只通过。
伦敦塔桥的特点是两座铁塔，设计独特的桥面，以及维多利亚时代的建筑风格，吸引了众多游客的关注和来访。
4. 英式下午茶（Traditional English Afternoon Tea）英式下午茶是一种传统的英国茶点文化。
它通常于下午3点至5点之间享用，由带有牛奶的红茶、各种点心和小吃组成。
经典的英式下午茶包括各种茶叶选择如伯爵茶（Earl Grey Tea）、桂花带香茶（Darjeeling Tea）、白玫瑰花茶（Chamomile Tea）等。
此外，茶点种类繁多，如马德琳饼干、水果蛋糕、奶油泡芙等等。
5. 绅士和淑女（Gentlemen and Ladies）绅士和淑女是英国社会中常见的称谓，代表着对于社交礼仪和行为规范的尊重。
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学选读名词解释
英国文学选读名词解释1. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄(1)The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的）but flawed (有缺陷的)character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his e x-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byr onic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe H arold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).(2)It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superio rity in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the bu rden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly ag ainst any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral princip les with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.1812-1818 George Gordon Byron “Manfred”Manfred2. ConceitConceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Don ne’s poetry.metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century write rs who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphy sical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan of the Neoclas sical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life.(2)It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.17世纪，英国，John Donne “The Flea”3. Renaissance 文艺复兴The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings, which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries, persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.14-17世纪英国，起源于意大利，William Shakespeare Hamlet4. English RomanticismIn the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europ e and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticismgave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. Romantic literature is c haracteristic by such qualities as a deep love of nature, an indulgence in the self and th e individual, and a overwhelming interest in the supernatural, the mysterious and the g othic. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Romanticism prevailed in En gland from 1798 to 1837.1798-1837 William Blake “The Lamb”5. Dramatic monologue戏剧独白Dramatic monologue is a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetr y. Robert Browning “My Last Duchess”6. Stream of Consciousness 意识流In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.It is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.1922-21st century James Joyce Finnegans Wake7. Epiphany 顿悟A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world, in an early version of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) later published as Stephen Hero (1944).8. Critical RealismIt means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.It is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities。
英国文学史名词解释
1. Ballad(民谣)A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue.2. Alliteration(头韵)It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse.3. Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea.The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧)The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience.5. Lyric(抒情诗)As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings.6. Epic(史诗)It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost.7. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.8. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment also called the neoclassic movement. It refers to the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the 19th century. The term is generally used to describe the philosophical, scientific, and rational spirit, the freedom from superstition, the skepticism and faith in religious tolerance of much of 18th-century Europe. Te Enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule the illogical errors in government, social custom, and religious belief. This period’s poetry in England was typified by Alexander Pope, John Dryden and others.9. Classicism(古典主义)The term, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose (清新、优雅、对称与和谐) produced by attention to traditional forms. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. It stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes including dominance of reason, balance and other etc. Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism.10. Romanticism or Romantic Movement(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. The Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living. Its stylistic keynote is intensity, and its watchword is imagination. Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic setting and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included Blake, Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.11. Genre (样式):A type of category of literature marked by certain shared features or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction. These general genres are often subdivided into more specific genres and subgenres. For example, the poetry can be sub-classified as epic, elegy, lyric and pastoral etc.12. Critical realism(批判现实主义)Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of eash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical reali sm.。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。
下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。
英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。
2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。
美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。
3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。
英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。
4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。
英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。
5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。
英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。
6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。
英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。
7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。
英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。
8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。
由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。
以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。
这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。
英国文学名词解释
1.the Renaissance: the period in Europe between the 14th and mid 17th centuries,when the art, literature, and ideas of ancient Greece were discovered again and widely studied, causing a rebirth of activity in all these things. On the foundations of medieval society and culture the Renaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th century and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France, and then to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.2.Humanism: a system of beliefs and standards concerned with the needs of people, and not with religious ideas人文主义；人道主义3.Metaphysical poem is a derogatory term invented by John Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious（别出心裁的）conceits（（尤指诗歌中）奇想；夸张的比喻）, incongruous（不和谐的，不匀称的，不一致的）imagery（比喻）, complexity of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death and religion.4.Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous example is John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.5.Enlightenment: An eighteenth-century philosophical movement. It began in France but had a wide impact throughout Europe and America. Thinkers of the Enlightenment valued reason and believed that both the individual and society could achieve a state of perfection. Corresponding to this essentially humanist vision was a resistance to religious authority.6.Classicism: a term used in literary criticism to describe critical doctrines that have their roots in ancient Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and art. Works associated with classicism typically exhibit restraint on the part of the author, unity of design and purpose, clarity, simplicity, logical organization, and respect for tradition.7.Neoclassicism:(also known as Age of Reason) in literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and styles of expression of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about 1800. In its purest form, Neoclassicism marked a return to order, proportion, restraint, logic, accuracy, and decorum（正统）.8.Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. The later enlighteners found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.9.Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature,[2] and was embodied in the visual arts, music, and literature.10.The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively. One of the best-known sonnet writers is William Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them (not including those that appear in his plays). A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line containing ten syllables and written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unemphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ababcdcdefef gg; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.11.Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.12.Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. In old English alliteration meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line: the verse is unrhymed; each line is divided into two half-lines of two strong stresses by a decisive pause.13. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad. 14. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.15. Comedy: in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.16.Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.in this form of poetry lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme:aa bb cc17.Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.18.Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone..19. Novel: A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot.20.Poetry:The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.21.Pre-Romanticism:It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”. The term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times22.Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters 【仅供参考】。
英国文学主要名词解释
1. Enlightenment:a.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe inthe 18th century.进步的智力运动b.The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive classof bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。
通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具c.English enlighteners differed in some way from those of France “cleared the minds of men forthe coming revolution,” the English enlighteners set no revolutionary aims before them. They strove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.英国和法国的资产阶级启蒙主义者观念上存在一定差异。
英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism (现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fiction represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism. It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is call ed modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义）Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner. It is an attempt to reflect life "as it actually is"--a concept in some ways similar to what the Greeks would call mimesis. (2) Secondly and more specifically, realism refers to a literary movement that developed out of naturalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although realism and the concern for aspects of verisimilitude have been components of literary art to one degree or another in nearly all centuries, the term realism also applies more specifically to the tendency to create detailed, probing analyses of the way "things really are," usually involving an emphasis on nearly photographic details.These writers include such diverse artists as Mark Twain, Tolstoy, &Thomas Hardy.Modernism（现代主义）: Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia WoolfModernism: 1) The rise Of modernism movement Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusionment of capitalism, which made writers and artists search for a new ways to express their understanding of the world and the human nature. The French symbolism was the forerunner ofmodernism. The First World War quickened the rising of all kinds of literary trends of modernism, which, toward the 1920s, converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement. The major figures associated with the movement were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Eliot, Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. Modernism was somewhat curbed in the 1930s. but after World War II, Varieties of modernism, or post-modernism, rose again with the spur of Sarter’s existentialism. However, they gradually disappe ared or diverged into other kinds of literary trends in the 1960s. 2) The characteristics of modernism ●Modernism marks a strong and conscious break with the past, by rejecting the moral, religious and cultural values of the past.●Modernism emphasizes on the need to move away from the public to the private, from the objective to the subjective. ●Modernism upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the psychic time over the chronological one. It maintains that the past, the present and the future are one and exist at the same time in the consciousness of individual as a continuous flow rather than a series of separate moments.●Modernism is, in many respects, a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature like story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama[22] Realism:（写实主义） A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on sordid details.Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing 4 the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do notpoint toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical realism. 批判现实主义是盛行于19世纪的文学流派之一，揭示了金钱控制一切对人性的恶劣影响，这正是19世纪批判现实主义民主和人文特点的根源。
英国部分名词解释
英国部分名词解释英国部分名词解释1.The British Commonwealth 英联邦07年考It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth2.Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. He formulated a legal system. All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".3.William the Conqueror 威廉征服William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. Heptarchy 七王国During the Anglo-Saxon's time ,Britain was divided into many kingdoms, These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.5. Witan 贤人会议Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king .It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.6. Domesday BookWilliam sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.7. the Great CharterThe Great Charter has been also known as Magna Carta which king John was forced to sign in 1215. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the church, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers.8. .The Black DeathIt was a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.9. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.10. The Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former wassymbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme.11. The Glorious Revolution光荣革命,William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.12. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.13.Blood Mary血腥玛丽Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.14. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The T ories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The T ories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.15. ThatcherismMrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularlyreferred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private owner-ship ofstate-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 撒切尔主义包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序16. the Reform Act of 1832It’s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832,it was passed by Parliament in1832 .According to the Act, rotten boroughs were abolished, and parliamentary seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.17. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制08年考A constitutional monarchy is a country in which the head of the state is a king or a queen .In practice ,the Sovereign reigns ,but does not rule18. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Consti t ution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions.19. the House of Commons 10年考The House of Commons is a part of Parliament ,a nd it’s members are elected by universal adult suffrage. It consists of 651members of Parliament. It has the ultimate authority in making laws.20 . The speaker 09年考The speaker of the House of Commons in Britain is electedat the beginning of each new Parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order,and he is acceptable to all shades of opinion in the House of Commons.21. The Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive pow er. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.22. The NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 .This Service provides for every residenta full range of medical services. It is now a largely free service.23. Christmas DayDecember 25th ,the greatest of Christian festivals to celebrate the birth of Christ. It’s also a time for the family to get together .24.Bank holiday 07，11年考Official public holiday are also called “bank holidays” The term “bank owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified”25. Comprehensive schoolsComprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.26. The Open University 09年考It refers to a non-residential university which is “ open” to all to become students. Founding in 1969, it offers degrees and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union.27. The House of LordsThe House of lLords is a part of parliam ent. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. It has a special judicial function and leader is the Lord Chancellor.28. BeatlesIn the early 1960s, four Liverpool boys who joined together in a group called themselves the Beatles. They represented a new pop culture who writes their own music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of people of all ages and social backgrounds.29. English feudal system 10年考In this system ,the king owned all the land personally, who gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military and a proportion of the land’s produce30. the welfare stateThe welfare state id a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities .This system if founded out of nation insurance contribution and taxation.。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
UK的名词解释
UK的名词解释英国的名词解释英国，全名为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），位于欧洲大陆西北部。
一、英国的地理英国位于大陆欧洲西北部，东临北海，北濒大西洋，与法国隔海相望，是一个由四个国家组成的岛屿国家，包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
1. 英格兰（England）英格兰是英国最大的国家，并占据整个岛屿国家的大部分。
伦敦是英格兰的首都和最大城市，也是全英国最重要的政治、经济和文化中心。
2. 苏格兰（Scotland）苏格兰位于英国的北部，以壮丽的苏格兰高地和众多的湖泊而闻名。
苏格兰的首府是爱丁堡，另外还有第二大城市格拉斯哥。
3. 威尔士（Wales）威尔士位于英国的西部，与英格兰相邻，拥有美丽的威尔士山脉和壮观的海岸线。
该国的首都是卡迪夫，威尔士语是威尔士的官方语言之一。
4. 北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）北爱尔兰位于爱尔兰岛的东北部，是英国唯一与爱尔兰共和国接壤的地区。
贝尔法斯特是该地区的首府和最大城市。
二、英国的历史与文化英国拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化传统，对全球的政治、经济、科技和文化领域都有着深远的影响。
1. 威廉一世（William I）和诺曼底征服威廉一世是英国历史上一位重要的统治者，他于1066年成功征服英格兰，建立了诺曼底王朝，并将法国和英格兰连结在一起。
2. 英国文艺复兴16世纪至17世纪的英国是文艺复兴时期的中心之一，诗人莎士比亚、诗人斯宾塞、文学家培根等众多文化巨匠的作品对英国文学产生了深远的影响。
3. 工业革命18世纪末至19世纪初的英国经历了工业革命，这一时期的发展对全球工业化产生了重要影响。
英国成为制造业和贸易的中心，伦敦成为全球金融中心。
4. 英国王室英国王室在英国历史和文化中起到了重要的角色。
女王维多利亚在19世纪全球霸权的时期统治英国，她的统治也被称为维多利亚时代。
英国文学中的名词解释
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More??Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of unknown authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th[1] to the early 11th century,[2] and relates events described as having occurred in what is now Denmark and Sweden. Commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature, Beowulf has been the subject of much scholarly study, theory, speculation, discourse, and, at 3182 lines, has been noted for its length.3Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. In the tale, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin. The "Green Knight" offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts, and beheads him in one blow, only to have the Green Knight stand up, pick up his head, and remind Gawain to meet him at the appointed time4A ballad is a poem usually set to music; thus, it often is a story told in a song[1]. Any myth form may be told as a ballad, such as historical accounts or fairy tales in verse form. It usually has foreshortened, alternating four-stress lines ("ballad meter") and simple repeating rhymes, often with a refrain5Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where he is known for robbing the rich to give to the poor and fighting against injustice and tyranny. His band includes "three score" group of fellow outlawed yeomen – called his "Merry Men".[1] He has been the subject of numerous films, television series, books, comics, and plays. In the earliest sources Robin Hood is a commoner, but he would often later be portrayed as the dispossessed Earl of Huntingdon6Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 25 October 1400?) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.7heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales. Chaucer is also widely credited with first extensive use of iambic pentameter8The Authorized King James Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible begun in 1604 and first published in 1611 by the Church of England. The Great Bible was the first "authorized version" issued by the Church of England in the reign of King Henry VIII.[4] In January 1604, King James I of England convened the Hampton Court Conference where a new English version was conceived in response to the perceived problems of the earlier translations as detected by the Puritans, a faction within the Church of England.9The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born")[1] was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform, this is a very general use of the term.10Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535) was an English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading humanist scholar, and occupied many public offices, including Lord Chancellor (1529–1532), in which he had a number of people burned at the stake for heresy. More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in the eponymous book published in 1516. He was beheaded in 1535 when he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England.11The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively. One of the best-known sonnet writers is Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them. A Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line contains ten syllables, and each line is written in iambic pentameter in which a pattern of a non-emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, in which the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.12Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter (like that which is used in Shakespearean plays13Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an important English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem celebrating, through fantastical allegory, the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy.The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser, published first in three books in 1590, and later in six books in 1596. The Faerie Queene is notable for its form: it was the first work written in Spenserian stanza. It is an allegorical work, written in praise of Queen Elizabeth I. Largely symbolic, the poem follows several knights in an examination of several virtues.Amoretti was first published in 1595 in London by William Ponsonby. It was printed as part of a volume entitled “Amoretti and Epithalamion. Written not long since by Edmunde Spenser.” The volume included the sequence of 89 sonnets, along with a series of s hort poems called Anacreontics and an Epithalamion, a public poetic celebration of marriage 15Christopher "Kit" Marlowe (baptised 26 February 1564 – 30 May 1593) was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost Elizabethan tragedian next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death。
英国文学名词解释
定义1.文艺复兴Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.2.启蒙运动The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)3.浪漫主义Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind. In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.4.湖畔诗人The Lake Poets，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey。
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel 8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup” fogs伦敦雾 10.British isles 11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵 12.Thomas becket:托马斯 13.Geoffrey Chaucer 14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德 15.lollards:罗拉德派 16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国 20.St.Augustine 21.Witan 贤人会议 22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣 23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings 25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服 27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册 28.The Black Death黑死病 29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽 35.rotten boroughs衰败选区 36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。
英美国家概括名词解释英国部分
英美国家概括名词解释英国部分英美国家概括名词解释The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 11.LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.2.Robin Hood罗宾汉，英国传说中的一位著名绿林好汉，在森林里盘踞，以劫富济贫杀贪官污吏为宗旨。
Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions压迫from the Normans, he became an outlaw反叛者and hid himself with his band of “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.3.Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊They were two groups of Germanic日耳曼peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.4.King Arthur 亚瑟国王，6世纪时英格兰统治者，圆桌骑士的领袖，有关他的传说很多。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况名词解释
英语国家概况名词解释英国部分Chapter1◆Official name 官方名称：The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.◆British Empire 大英帝国：About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.◆Commonwealth of Nations/the British Commonwealth 英联邦：It’s a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was established in 1931, replacing the former British Empire. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special power. The decision to became a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation .At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.Chapter2◆Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo—Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East,Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria. They were giventhe name of Heptarchy.◆Alfred the Great 亚尔弗雷得大帝：Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy” .He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated books from Latin into English.◆William the Conqueror 征服者威廉：He was also known as William, Duke of Normandy. In 1066, he invaded England, defeated and killed Harold near Hastings in Sussex and conquered England. He confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Chapter3◆Domesday Book 末日审判书：It’s a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086.The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it’s kept in the Public Records Office in London.◆The Great Charter[Magna Carta]大宪章： The Great Charter has been also known as Magan Carta which King John was forced to sign in 1215.The Great Charter has been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and the spirit of it was the limitation of the powers of the King.◆Joan of Arc 圣女贞德：Joan of Arc was a national heroine in French history. She led and encouraged the French in driving the English out of France in the HundredYear’s War.Chapter4◆The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争：The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485.Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors, From these wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.◆Bloody Mary血腥玛丽：It’s the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry Ⅷ.She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that shi is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Bloody Mary.◆The English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴：(1)Renaissance was a cultural movement in Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century.(2)It originated in Italy and began to come to England in the late 15th century.(3)The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in poetry, drama and prose.(4)The greatest literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.Chapter5◆The Reform Act of 1832 改革法案： (1)It’ s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832, it was passed by Parliament in 1832.(2)According to the Act, “rotten boroughs” were abolished, and parliament seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing industrial towns.(3)It also gave the vote to many householder and tenants who were required to have certain property.◆Charles Darwin 查尔斯达文：(1)A famous British scientist in the 19th century.(2)He has been especially remembered for his important book“the Origins of Species” in which he developed his theory of evolution.(3)The theory of evolution caused evident reaction of the Victorians and contributed to the decay of Victorianism.◆The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期：(1)It refers to monarchy of Britain under Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in British history.(2)The Victorian Age was an age of national development and national optimism.(3)The Victorians were very religious and conservative in family life. It was also, in its later stages, an age of imperialism.◆The State of Westminster 威斯敏斯特条例：(1)In 1931, the British Parliament passed a bill which later has been known as the Statute of Westminster, according to which, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Ireland, New Foundland and South Africa turned into “Dominions”.(2)These selfgovernment both internally and externally, although they still regarded the British monarch as their head of state .(3)This marked the disruption of the British Empire and the establishment of the British Commonwealth.◆The Europe Economic Community 欧共体：(1)Also known as the Common Market, it was established by the Treaty of Rome on January 1,1958.(2)Originally it was composed of six Western Europe countries—France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg.(3)Britain didn’t become a full member of the Community until 1973. Today, there are altogether 12 member in the Community.Chapter7◆The Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制：It’s a political system that has been practiced in Britain since the Glorious Revolution of 1688.According to this system; the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but doesn’t rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact in the House of Commons.◆The British Constitution英国宪法：It’s not written in any single document. It’ s made up of Statute Law, common law and Conventions. It’s more flexible than the written constitution of other countries.◆British Parliament 英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Supreme lawmaking authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.Chapter9◆The Church of England 英格兰国教：(1)Also called the Anglican Church, it’s one of the many Protestant sects which broke away from Roman Catholic church during the Reformation tin the 16th century.(2)It’s an established church which means that it represents the official state religion.(3)Its religious leader is the Archbishop of Canterbury and its secular leader is the British Monarch.◆Free Churches 自由教会：(1)Also known as NonConformist Churches in England, Free churches are protestant sect that have separated from the established church of England.(2)These include the Methodist, the Congregational, the Baptist,an the Quakers, and many others.(3)All these sects agree on the essentials of Christianity, but have different forms of service and points of emphasis.◆The Quakers 贵格派：(1)Also known as the Religious Society of Friends. The Quakers are a Protestant group that originated in England in the 17th century, under George Fox.(2)They refuse to participate in the church of England services.(3)They advocate simple living and hard work and believe in complete equality and fraternity.Chapter10◆The elevenplus 十一岁附加考试：（1）Under the old selective system of secondary education in Britain, the “elevenplus” is the examination taken by children in their last year at primary school.(2)The results of this examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive.(3)Those with the highest marks go to grammar school ;other children may go to technical schools or secondary modern schools.(4)In the 1960s and 70s, this examination was abolished and has ever since gradually been replaced by comprehensive schools which take children of all abilities.◆Grammar schools 语法学校： (1)It’ s a type of state secondary schools in Britain. It has been in existence since the 16th century.(2)These schools concentrate on academic subjects and expect many of their children to take higher examinations and go on to universities.(3)Now, its importance in the British educational system has been largely diminished due to the growth of comprehensive schools.◆Public school公学：(1)It’s a kind of independent privatelyowned secondary boarding schools in Britain.(2)These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.(3)Most of their students come from rich families and arevery likely to go on to famous universities.(4)The word “public” is a traditional one with little meaning today since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.◆Prep schools 准备学校：(1)Also called preparatory schools. They are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public schools.(2)The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the state junior schools, and there is a distinctive emphasis on classical subjects.(3)At the age of thirteen, the pupils will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a public school.◆Open University 开放大学：(1)As a new type of higher education, Open University only appeared in Britain in 1969.(2)It’ s open to everybody, especially to people who have missed the opportunity for higher education.(3)It doesn’t demand the same formal qualification as the other universities.(4)It uses modern communications means such as television, radio or correspondence.(5)It’s nonresidential although there is a network of study centers throughout the country for contact with tutors and fellow students.(6)After passing the examinations of all required course, students are awarded a university degree.◆Comprehensive schools 综合中学：Comprehensive schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wideranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.◆The Times 泰晤士报： (1)It’ s the most famous of all British national newspapers and is read by the most important British all over the world.(2)Politically it is independent, though it is traditionally inclined to be more sympathetic to the Conservative Party.(3)It’s not an organ of the British government and has areputation for extreme caution is its attitude.◆BBC 英国广播公司：(1)It’s the abbreviation of British Broadcasting Corporation.(2)It has both radio and television services.(3)For radio broadcasting, it uses 39 languages and broadcasts to the whole world.(4)There is no advertisement on any BBC program.(5)It’s financed by payments which must be made by all people who own television sets.(6)It has a Board of Governors, who are appointed by the Government.美国部分Chapter14WASPs：Traditionally, the mainstreams American were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo—Saxon Protestants.◆Indentured Servants 契约劳工：Indentured servants refer to some immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross—Atlantic fare and debts.◆Ellis Island 爱利斯岛：Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1980s and at the turn of the century.Sunbelt areas 阳光地带：Chapter15◆Bill of Right 人权法案：(1)In 1789,James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.(2)Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and this first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bill of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.◆Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋：It’s written by Beecher Stowe’s novelUncle Tom’s Cabin, public feeling against slavery was increased. Many people joined the abolitionists. They considered slavery inhuman and brutal.◆Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言：Lincoln issues it during the Civil War, when Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making war a just war against slavery. Under the Emancipation of Proclamation, all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy were freed.◆Abolitionists 废奴主义者：They were people, mostly Northern humanitarians, who strongly opposed slavery and aimed to abolish the system.◆The Constitutional Convention制宪会议：(1)Since 1781, the thirteen states had been governed by the Articles of Confederation which set up a very weak central government.(2)In May,1787,the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation.(3)After much debate, the Constitution was later ratified.◆The “Great Compromise”大妥协： On the American constitutional Convention, contradictions emerged between the bigger and smaller states, between the industrial—commercial interests and landed interests, etc. The Great Compromise of July 16,1787,gave each state an equal vote in the Senate, making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.◆The Federalist Papers 联邦文集：(1)During the ratification period, beginning on October 27,1787, the newspapers of New York City carried at short intervals a total of 85 letters to the public written under the name of Publius.(2) Later it was known that these letters were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay and they came to be called the Federalist Papers.◆The Compromise of 1850 1850 年妥协：(1)With the territorial expansiontowards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas arose. (2)The compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for or against slavery and more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.◆The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件：In 1773,when ships carried tea reached Boston, the governor decided to protest the distribution of tea. Several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party ”.Chapter16◆The Muckrakers 揭丑者：The Muckrakers, a group of reform—minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.◆The Progressive Movement 进步运动：The Progressive Movement, a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country .The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms.◆The Big Four 四大列强：It refers to the four most influential countries after the WWI. They were the United State, Britain, France, and Italy.`◆Henry Ford 亨利福特： Henry Ford was one of the most admired businessmen in the 1920s.He introduced the assembly line into automobile production.◆The Red Scare 红色恐惧：Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened in American where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalismexisted. On November 7,1919, and January 2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4,000 suspected communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the United States.◆The ku Klux Klan三 K 党：The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed membership of four to five million. It was a violent society, which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, communist and socialist party members, etc.◆The Black Thursday黑色星期四： It refers to the day of October 24,1929.On that day the New York stock market collapsed and the Great Depression began.◆The Great Depression 大萧条：(1)It refers to the economic depression started from the New York stock marker collapse on October 24,1929.(2)After that, thousands of bands and businesses failed.(3)Many people lost their jobs.(4)It was due the New Deal started in 1933 and the defense build up before and during the WWII, that the United States finally recovered from the Great Depression. Chapter17（1） George Kennan was a highranking official in the ◆George Kennan乔治坎南：American embassy to Moscow.(2)He sent a long telegram to the State Department and suggested the containment policy towards the Soviet Union.◆The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义：On March 12,1949, American President Truman made the open declaration of containment policy in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The US would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism. This is the Truman Doctrine.◆The Marshall Plan马歇尔计划：It was announced by Secretary of State GeorgeMarshall on June 5,1947.The purpose of the Plan was to offer Western Europe countries economic aid and to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion.◆McCarthyism 麦卡锡主义：(1)Senator Joseph R. McCarthyism started a campaign of wild accusation and arrests in 1950s.(2)His fullscale antiCommunist hysteria was called McCarthyism.(3)In 1954 he was condemned by the Senate and McCarthyism ended.◆War Power Act战争权利法案： (1)The Vietnam War led to contradiction between Congress and the Executive.(2)The War Power Act was passed to limit the President’s power in sending troops abroad and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision.◆The New Frontier 新边疆计划：It was the name of American President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.◆The Civil Right Act of 19641964 年民权法案：Within months Johnson had signed into law the Civil Right Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination not only in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.Chapter18◆Monetarist policies货币主义政策： Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.Chapter19◆The Federal system联邦制：In American, the Federal system has two layers of rule. There is a central or federal government for nation. There are also state or local government. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.◆Separation of powers 三权分立：The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power.◆Checks and balances 权利制衡：This is a major principle of the American government system by which each branch of the government exercises a check on the actions of others. Such three branches as the legislative, the executive, and the judicial are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.◆The Supreme Court 最高法院：The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States and is the only organ, which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and eight Association Justices.Chapter20◆Public schools 公立学校：Public schools, usually larger in size, are created , financially supported and governed by states or communities.◆Private schools 私立学校： There’ re by religious groups, or nonreligious private organization or individuals.◆Diversity of American education美国教育的多样化：(1)Diversity considered to be and outstanding characteristic of American education.(2)This can be seen not only in the type, size and control of the institutions but educational policies andpractices.(3)As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal government.(4)As each state has the freedom the develop its own school system and delegate its power over education to local districts, many variation can be found in the education system of the 50 states.◆State board of education州教育委员会：An elected or appointed board. It’s responsible for establishing policies and, through a state department of education, delegates authority for the operation of schools to local school districts.◆School districts 学区：(1)They are subdivisions of the states.(2)Currently, there are some 15,500 operating local public school districts.(3)Each local school district has a government board which is usually elected by the voters.(4)Its major responsibilities are the hiring of professional and support staff, determining the most suitable local curriculum, and budget to carry out educational programs.◆High school 高中：High schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks.◆The general standards for admission to institutions 入学标准水平：They include successful completion of high school, high school grade point average (GPAP) and class rank, course studied in areas of English, mathematics, and science and results from standardized tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and American College Testing Program’s examination (ACTP). Open admissions are also being practiced in some public institutions.◆Graduate study 研究生教育：(1)Graduate study, both at the master’s and doctoral levels, is intended to prepare students for professional work.(2)At the master’s level the program is primarily course oriented, an extension ofundergraduate study. The master’s degree can normally be earned in one year by students holding a bachelor’s degree in the field of study; in some cases, the program is designed to require two years.(3)The program of study for the Ph.D. is rarely as specific as that for the master’s degree. The student’s program is usually decided by the student and his advisor or with a committee of professors. It’ s based on the student’s previous study and experience and career plan and interests. The doctoral program requires at least three years’ postgraduate study including the master’s degree. The average number of years’ study beyond the bachelor’s degree for the Ph.D. is roughly about 5—8 years.◆Community college 社区大学：(1)An aspect of American higher education that has drawn attention is the community college and the role it plays.(2)In the early 1900s, this kind of twoyears colleges emerged to meet the immediate need of the economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants of the times.(3)Since then, it has undergone a rapid growth. It calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies general and liberal education career and vocational education and adult and continuing education. It performs important function. The guiding principle of it is higher education for every one.Chapter21◆Benjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林：(1)He was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today.(2)There are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.(3)His uncompleted autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.◆Knickerbockers era 纽约市人时代：In the early 19th century, New York City is the center of American writing. Its writers called “Knickerbockers”. The periodfrom 1810 to 1840 is known as the “Knickerbockers era” of American literature. The name comes from A History of New York, written by Washington Irving.◆华盛顿欧文：(1)He was the first American writer who gained international fame.(2)His book A History of New York gives the name “Knickerbockers era ” to the period from 1810 to 1840.His book created a lot of interest in the local history of New York.(3)His most famous book was“The Sketch Book”containing two of the best loved stories from American Literature “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.◆Ralph W. Emerson and Transcendentalism 爱默生和先验主义：(1) In the 1830s and 1840s, there emerged a movement among American young intellectuals, which emphasized man’s potentiality for goodness, creativity and selfdevelopment. It was called “Transcendentalism”.(2)Emerson was regarded as the leader of this movement. In “Nature” he stared that man shouldn’t see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness.(3)In his speech “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of Independence, he attacked the influence of tradition and the past, and called for a new burst of American creativity. A man should know himself through intuition and the study of nature, not of books.(4)His other famous books include Selfreliance, Representative Men, English Traits and Poems.◆Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑：(1)One of those who attacked Transcendentalism with no regard for any social impact.(2)He thought that man was superior to all other living things because man could make a conscious choice between good and evil.(3)In his most famous novel “The Scarlet Letter” the considers the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy and of hatred.◆Mark Twain 马克吐温：(1)His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He gained a wide knowledge of humanity through his life experience.(2)In 1865, he became famous with his short story“The celebrate Jumping Frog” .(3)His boyhood experience furnished his with ample material for writing. “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” was an immediate success as “a boy book”, and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” became his master work.(4)All stories of his novels are simple and he represented American social life through portrayal of local places he knew best and through his colloquial style. His other famous book are :”A Tramp Abroad”, “Life on the Mississippi”.◆Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼：(1)American poet, he praised an emerging America, its expansion and its individualism. He broke free from the convention of the poetic rhyme exhibiting a freedom in from unknown before.(2)In his master piece “Leaves of Grass”, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the selfreliant spirit and the joy of the common man.(3)He was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse. He invented a completely new and completely American form of poetic expression.◆Emily Dickinson 艾米莉迪更森： (1)She was female American poet. She praised an emerging America, its expansion and individualism.(2)Cut off from the outside world, she created a very personal and pure kind of poetry. Her poetry is now seen as very modern for its time.(3)She made the “search for faith ”one of the great themes of her work. Apart from Bible, her most important guide in this search war the philosophy of Emerson.◆Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱曼：(1)He was one of the naturalists who in their works reported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums.(2)His first novel。
英国文学名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition; in verse or in prose; describing the life and adventures of a noble hero; especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song; usually in four-line stanzas; with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style. 4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works; logic; order; restrained emotion and accuracy. 8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends inEnglish literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions; and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet; with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.杰弗里乔叟：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales 埃特伯雷故事集24stories2.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I四大悲剧：1奥瑟罗叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言;被嫉妒所压倒;掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜;随后自己也悔恨自杀..奥瑟罗是个襟怀坦白、英勇豪爽的战士;苔丝德蒙娜天真痴情;毅然爱上了他;不顾家庭的反对和社会的歧视;同他结了婚..但是;他们的爱情虽然战胜了种族歧视;却没有逃脱伊阿古的阴谋陷害..伊阿古假装忠诚;心地奸诈;由于升不上副将;就对奥瑟罗怀恨在心;千方百计害死奥瑟罗夫妇;最后自己也得不到好下场..通过这个形象;莎士比亚对原始积累时期新兴资产阶级中的极端利已主义进行了深刻的揭露和批判..2李尔王描写一个专制独裁的昏君;由于刚愎自用;遭受到一场悲惨的结局..悲剧的目的同样在于揭露原始积累时期的利已主义;批判对于权势、财富的贪欲..悲剧还反映了当时广大农民流离失所的英国现实..在第三幕第四场里;李尔被两个女儿驱逐出门以后;跑到暴风雨的荒野;诅咒女儿忘恩负义..在雷电交加中;李尔对穷苦的人们喊道：“衣不蔽体的不幸的人们;无论你们在什么地方;都得忍受着这样无情的暴风雨的袭击;你们的头上没有片瓦遮身;你们的腹中饥肠雷动;你们的衣服千疮百孔;怎么抵挡得了这样的气候呢”这里;莎士比亚通过李尔的口表达了他对无家可归的农民的同情;同时也是对当代现实的揭露..但是;紧接着上面那段话之后;李尔说道：“安享荣华的人们呵;睁开你们的眼睛来;到外面来体味一下穷人所忍受的苦;分一些你们享用不了的福泽给他们;让上天知道你们不是全无心肝的人吧这种求助于剥削阶级发善心以解决社会矛盾的想法;正是一种调和阶级矛盾的人道主义思想..3麦克白野心家麦克白将军从战场上立功凯旋;由于野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿;利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会;弑君而自立;最后;这个血腥的篡位者被邓肯的儿子和贵族麦克德夫所战败而死去..他的妻子也因精神分裂而死..这出悲剧深刻地揭示出个人野心对人所起的腐蚀作用;是莎士比亚心理描写的杰作..4哈姆莱特1601是莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就;写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特为父复仇的故事..悲剧的情节是这样的：丹麦王子哈姆莱特;在德国威登堡大学接受人文主义教育..因为父王突然死去;怀着沉痛的心情回到祖国；不久;母后又同新王——他的叔父结婚;使他更加难堪..新王声言老王是在花园里被毒蛇咬死的;王子正在疑惑时;老王的鬼魂向他显现;告诉他“毒蛇”就是新王;并嘱咐他为父复仇..哈姆莱特认为他这复仇不只是他个人的问题;而是整个社会、国家的问题..他说自己有重整乾坤;挽狂澜于既倒的责任..他考虑问题的各个方面;又怕泄漏心事;又怕鬼魂是假</PGN0315.TXT/PGN>的;怕落入坏人的圈套;心烦意乱;忧郁不欢;只好装疯卖傻..同时;他叔父也怀疑他得知隐秘;派人到处侦察他的行动和心事..甚至利用他的两个老同学和他的情人去侦察他..他趁戏班子进宫演出的机会;改编一出阴谋杀兄的旧戏文贡札古之死叫戏班子演出;来试探叔父..戏未演完;叔父做贼心虚;坐立不住;仓皇退席..这样;更证明叔父的罪行属实..叔父觉得事情不妙;隐私可能已被发觉..宫内大臣波洛涅斯献计;让母后叫儿子到私房谈话;自己躲在帷幕后边偷听；王子发现幕后有人;以为是叔父;便一剑把他刺死..从此;奸王使用借刀杀人法;派他去英国;并让监视他去的两个同学带去密信一封;要英王在王子上岸时就杀掉他；但被哈姆莱特察觉半路上掉换了密信;反而叫英王杀掉了两个密使；他自己却跳上海盗船;脱险回来..回来后知道情人奥菲莉娅因父死、爱人远离而发疯落水溺死..奸王利用波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯为父复仇的机会;密谋在比剑中用毒剑、毒酒来置哈姆莱特于死地..结果;哈、雷二人都中了毒剑;王后饮了毒酒;奸王也被刺死..王子临死遗嘱好友霍拉旭传播他的心愿.. C:鉴赏与品评:莎士比亚的悲剧主要是理想与现实的矛盾和理想的破灭..如哈剧中安排三条复仇线索;以王子复仇为主线;另两条线索穿插糅合其间..李剧中也有两条平行交错的线索..其次;人物形象鲜明;作者善于深入刻画人物的内心世界;使其性格更丰满深刻..如哈姆雷特的着名独白;富有哲理性..麦克白杀人后精神崩溃的过程更是刻画得细腻真切..此外;作者还善于渲染气氛;营造悲剧性的氛围;烘托人物的心理活动..如麦剧中夜与血的形象贯穿始终;阴森恐怖..李剧中暴雨荒原一场;激烈哀愤喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶5. Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible6.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory7.George Gordon Byron: vigorous; strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记spenserian stanza; fights for liberty; Don Juan唐璜a broad critical picture of European life; When We Two Parted昔日依依别；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希腊8.: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风;希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression9.Jane Austen: wit; dry humour; subtle irony;realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Elizabeth and Darcy；Sense and Sensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛10.: critical realist writer; humour; wit; happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记London & Paris; where there is oppression; there is revolution; David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔；Oliver Twist雾都孤儿；Hard Time艰难时世；Great Expectations远大前程； Dombey and Son董贝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传11.我已故的公爵夫人 7.The Bronte Sisters: ：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性;她生活在社会底层;受尽磨难..但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神..小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写;引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历;歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见..扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情;具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量..其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗;敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象.. Emily: Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后;因受辱和恋爱不遂;外出致富;回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事..。
英国文学重要的名词解释
英国文学重要的名词解释英国文学是世界文学宝库中的一颗明珠，自古以来，它给我们带来了许多杰出的作品和经典的人物形象。
本文旨在解释英国文学中的一些重要名词，帮助读者更好地了解这个丰富多彩的领域。
1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance）文艺复兴是英国文学历史上的一个重要时期，大约从16世纪初到17世纪中叶。
这个时期，英国人开启了一场"重建古典精神"的运动，受到希腊罗马古典文化的启发。
著名的文艺复兴作家包括莎士比亚、培根和斯宾塞。
他们的作品反映了人类情感、思想和道德，并对后世产生了深远的影响。
2. 浑然一体（Organic Unity）浑然一体是英国文学中的一个重要概念，指的是作品的整体结构和主题之间的紧密联系。
这个概念最早由浪漫主义时期的作家塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治提出，并被广泛运用于文学评论中。
浑然一体使得作品成为一个有机的整体，每个部分都相互依存，共同构成了作品的精髓。
3. 寓言（Fable）寓言是一种通过虚构的故事来传达道德教训或智慧的文学形式。
英国文学中最著名的寓言作家之一是伊索。
寓言通常通过人物化的动物或非人类事物来呈现故事情节，让读者通过故事中的冲突和解决方式去思考并得出教训。
4. 古典主义（Classicism）古典主义是英国文学中的一个重要流派，主要受到希腊罗马古典艺术的影响。
古典主义强调理性、秩序和对称，追求完美和纯粹的艺术形式。
著名的古典主义作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏、乔恩·德赛和约翰·米尔顿。
5. 民间传说（Folklore）民间传说是英国文学中丰富多样的一部分，它包括神话、传说、谚语、童话故事等。
这些传统的口头文学作品常常通过讲故事的方式传递历史、道德和文化的价值观。
著名的民间传说角色有亚瑟王和罗宾汉等。
他们的形象经过历代改编和传承，成为英国文学中不朽的经典。
6. 女性主义（Feminism）女性主义在英国文学中有着重要的地位，它关注女性在社会中的地位和权益，并试图改变现有的性别关系。
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英国部分名词解释1.The British Commonwealth 英联邦07年考It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth2.Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. He formulated a legal system. All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".3.William the Conqueror 威廉征服William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. Heptarchy 七王国During the Anglo-Saxon's time ,Britain was divided into many kingdoms, These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.5. Witan 贤人会议Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king .It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.6. Domesday BookWilliam sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.7. the Great CharterThe Great Charter has been also known as Magna Carta which king John was forced to sign in 1215. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the church, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers.8. .The Black DeathIt was a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.9. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.10. The Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme.11. The Glorious Revolution光荣革命,William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.12. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.13.Blood Mary血腥玛丽Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.14. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.15. ThatcherismMrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private owner-ship ofstate-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 撒切尔主义包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序16. the Reform Act of 1832It’s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832,it was passed by Parliament in1832 .According to the Act, rotten boroughs were abolished, and parliamentary seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.17. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制08年考A constitutional monarchy is a country in which the head of the state is a king or a queen .In practice ,the Sovereign reigns ,but does not rule18. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions.19. the House of Commons 10年考The House of Commons is a part of Parliament ,and it’s members are elected by universal adult suffrage. It consists of 651members of Parliament. It has the ultimate authority in making laws.20 . The speaker 09年考The speaker of the House of Commons in Britain is elected at the beginning of each new Parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order,and he is acceptable to all shades of opinion in the House of Commons.21. The Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive pow er. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.22. The NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 .This Service provides for every residenta full range of medical services. It is now a largely free service.23. Christmas DayDecember 25th ,the greatest of Christian festivals to celebrate the birth of Christ. It’s also a time for the family to get together .24.Bank holiday 07，11年考Official public holiday are also called “bank holidays” The term “bank owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified”25. Comprehensive schoolsComprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.26. The Open University 09年考It refers to a non-residential university which is “ open” to all to become students. Founding in 1969, it offers degrees and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union.27. The House of LordsThe House of lLords is a part of parliament. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. It has a special judicial function and leader is the Lord Chancellor.28. BeatlesIn the early 1960s, four Liverpool boys who joined together in a group called themselves the Beatles. They represented a new pop culture who writes their own music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of people of all ages and social backgrounds.29. English feudal system 10年考In this system ,the king owned all the land personally, who gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military and a proportion of the land’s produce30. the welfare stateThe welfare state id a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities .This system if founded out of nation insurance contribution and taxation.。