交通灯外文翻译
交通信号灯英语作文小学
文章标题:Traffic Lights: The Guardians ofOur StreetsTraffic lights, those bright beacons of safety that dot our streets, play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth flow of traffic and the safety of pedestrians. They are the silent guardians, directing us when to stop, when to go, and when to yield. As children, we learn the basic rules of traffic lights: red means stop, yellow means prepare to stop, and green means go. But there's more to these simple signals than meets the eye.The history of traffic lights dates back to the late19th century, evolving from gas-powered to electric-powered systems. Today, they are a sophisticated combination of electronics and engineering, designed to maximize safety and efficiency. Each color of the traffic light carries a specific meaning and purpose. Red, the universal symbol of danger, alerts us to stop and wait. Yellow, a warning, prepares us to slow down and be ready to stop. And green, the signal of permission, tells us we can proceed, but always with caution.As we grow up, understanding traffic lights becomes more than just a matter of safety; it's a lesson in patience and respect. Waiting at a red light teaches us to be patient, to not rush, and to respect the rules that keep us all safe. Yielding to other vehicles or pedestrians at a yellow or flashing red light teaches us to be considerate and mindful of others.Moreover, traffic lights are not just for cars and pedestrians. They also govern the movement of bicycles, motorcycles, and even emergency vehicles. Each mode of transportation must adhere to the signals, ensuring that everyone shares the road safely.In our daily lives, we encounter traffic lights countless times, often without realizing their full impact. But they are there, silently guiding us, protecting us, and ensuring that our journey is as safe as it can be.So, the next time you approach a traffic light, take a moment to appreciate its significance. Think about the engineering behind it, the safety it provides, and the lessons it teaches. Remember, traffic lights are not just a part of the urban landscape; they are the guardians of ourstreets, keeping us safe and allowing us to move forward, one step at a time.**交通信号灯:街道的守护者**交通信号灯,那些点缀在我们街道上的明亮安全灯塔,在确保交通顺畅和行人安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
关于交通灯的英语作文
The Importance of Traffic Lights in RoadSafetyTraffic lights are a crucial component of road safety, governing the flow of traffic and ensuring the smooth movement of vehicles. They play a pivotal role in preventing accidents and ensuring the safety of road users, including pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists. The three basic colors of traffic lights - red, yellow, and green - each have a specific meaning and purpose, which is universally understood and followed.The red light indicates a stop. When the light turns red, it means that vehicles must come to a complete stop and wait for the signal to proceed. This gives other road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists, the opportunity to cross the road safely. Failing to stop at a red light can result in serious accidents and injuries.The yellow light serves as a warning, indicating that the light will soon turn red. Drivers are advised to slow down and prepare to stop when they see the yellow light. This gives them time to safely come to a stop before the red light comes on.The green light means that vehicles can proceed. However, it is important for drivers to exercise caution even when the light is green. They should always check for pedestrians and cyclists before proceeding and ensure that they drive at a safe speed.Traffic lights are not just about controlling the flow of traffic; they are also about promoting road safety and saving lives. By following the rules and regulations set by traffic lights, we can help create a safer and more orderly road environment for everyone.The effectiveness of traffic lights lies in theirability to communicate clearly and concisely with drivers. The simple colors and universal meaning of the lights ensure that there is no confusion or ambiguity. This is crucial in a fast-paced and often chaotic environment like a busy intersection, where split-second decisions can have life-or-death consequences.Moreover, traffic lights are designed to adapt to different traffic patterns and conditions. For example, some intersections may have sensors that detect the flow of traffic and adjust the timing of the lights accordingly.This ensures that the lights are always working efficiently and effectively to maximize traffic flow while minimizing the risk of accidents.In addition to their role in road safety, trafficlights also play a significant role in city planning and infrastructure development. They are often used as a tool to manage and direct the growth of cities, ensuring that new developments and construction projects do not disrupt or impede the flow of traffic.In conclusion, traffic lights are an essential component of road safety and traffic management. They not only regulate the flow of traffic but also promote safety and orderliness on the roads. By following the rules and regulations set by traffic lights, we can all contribute to creating a safer and more enjoyable driving experience for everyone.**交通灯在道路交通安全中的重要性**交通灯是道路安全的重要组成部分,它们管理着交通流量,确保车辆顺畅行驶。
基于PLC的交通灯控制系统设计外文翻译
毕业设计(外文翻译)英文题目 PLC-based design of traffic lights中文题目基于PLC的交通灯设计系(院)自动化系专业电气工程与自动化学生姓名学号 2009022388指导教师职称讲师二〇一三年六月PLC-based design of traffic lights Abstract: One kind of traffic light control system using programmable logic controller (PLC), via software control traffic lights run automatically. In the system, the original line is the program instead of the relay, programmable logic controller (PLC) system hardware and software resources to be fair use. Normal operation and emergency transport for a detailed description and from the East and West emergencies can be mutually linked. Traffic signal systems and two seven-segment digital display in the countdown order; also discussed in detail the wiring of the hardware and PLC ladder. Traffic lights at the crossroads of the remote monitoring system design configuration software MCGS, real-time monitoring of traffic lights, greatly improving the reliability of data transmission. At the same time, we can configure the traffic lights to change the status of photographs.Keywords: switching power,supply protection, circuit system design1. IntroductionWith the social development and progress, traffic flow becomes increasingly important. On the one hand, too many crossroads, more and more vehicles, which are causing serious traffic congestion. On the other hand, in the limited time it is necessary to maintain the vehicle and pedestrian fast and safe. Therefore, one kind of traffic light control system design, can be used to display time countdown, with computer controlled real-time data. In addition, the configuration technology for real-time images that reflect the traffic lights, understand the historical crossroads of work to get traffic lights visualization. The system consists of host computer and a low computer. MCGS configuration is installed in the host computer is lower by the PLC control system.Normal traffic signal timing diagram shown in Figure 1. But there are some urgent matters, for example. There are a number of ambulances to transport patients to the hospital or to deal with a number of fire engines and fire. Fire engines and ambulances rushed to take precedence over other traffic scene. According to urban traffic control system, under normal circumstances, two control methods and urgency traffic control factors into account. This process can show 14 segment encoder. U.S. traffic lights instant record of the monitoring process.Emergency control signals to control traffic emergency switch. If there is no emergency lights all work, but when an emergency open. In this case, the car is urgent priority pass. Once the emergency vehicle passes, emergency switch off immediately. The green light in the same direction of the vehicle quickly flashes three times, followed by the normal operation. If you were from the north-south and east-west two emergency vehicles, traffic control systems can respond quickly came early, and then another.2. Traffic Control System DesignA. Hardware designCP1H series PLC as controller, display the procedure should stop when the time series of abnormal system operation, the time will not be displayed. When the emergency procedures are completed time series, countdown display program should be reset. At 220 V AC system is used to control traffic lights, 24 V DC control segment encoder, Figure 2 shows the scheme Eastern time display. CP1H series programmable logic controller (PLC) is a simple controller, which consists of 24 inputs and sixteen outputs. Because the output to twenty In this system, an I / Omodule must be extended. Circuit is shown in Figure 2.B. Control Program DesignSix timers and two special normal open pulse is used in this system, the green light flashes for all north-south and east-timer and a special pulse; eight kinds ofinterlocking internal relay is used to implement the urgency and transmit pulse two directions to PLC, shown in the figure. Two SDEC instructions are used to display the countdown display the corresponding light. As an important part of the countdown display program, east and west of the green light reflected in the view 4 in these programs downloaded to the programmable logic controller (PLC), all the traffic lights running accuracy, urgency, and things can be interlocked from north to south strictly, all the lights can be set back to the urgency of passing state. Therefore, these control program is correct, simple.C. Monitoring SystemComputer system has two main functions: an output signal acquisition and display real-time status of the programmable logic controller (PLC) to control traffic lights, traffic lights. Another notification robot status and history of the state real-time curve by examining the history and alarm window.This monitoring system design and configuration software MCGS configuration is easy. The serial communication is implemented as follows.Data inspection methods: double endedSerial Communications Number: COM0 endedThe minimum sampling period: 200 msProgrammable Logic Controller (PLC) The parameters are defined as follows: The minimum sampling period of the basic properties: 200 msThree read / write channel: X0, X1, X2Six read-only access (read U.S. traffic lights): Q0-Q5All channels must be connected to a variable defined in a real-time database access visits and other parameters to their default values. After a successful relationship, PLC and computer control system is able to change the color of the analog signal lights in the picture on the PC being collected data through the serial port.. In contrast, by changing the parameters of the host, the corresponding value is written to the PLC internal relay control, intersection traffic lights can be implemented. Experimental results show that the system is usually good enough and animation. Online monitoring system of traffic lights in Figure 5:3. ConclusionExperimental results show that the system is usually configured with enough good photos. This system simplifies the programmable logic controller (PLC) and the communication between the host computer using industrial configuration software development time is greatly reduced. In particular, more suitable for complex controlsystems. We can control the traffic lights by the PLC and MCGS configuration, replace the original relay control, improve the system's lifetime. At the same time, this method can be applied to control the motor and fluid levels. Remote control and configuration combined with the simulation, can be applied to similar control zone. 4. References[1] Whitworth, Duller, Jones D I. Aerial video inspection of overhead power lines [J].PowerEngineering Journal,2001,15:25-32.[2] Jan Axelson, Lakeview Research-Serial port complete [D]. USA:1999:91-135.基于PLC的交通灯控制系统设计摘要一种交通灯控制系统采用可编程序控制器(PLC), 通过软件控制交通灯自动运行。
单片机交通灯中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译原文DESIGN OF TRAFFIC LIGHT BASED ON MCUBecause of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task.PrefaceIn practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effectIn modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderlycontrol. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems.In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility.About AT89C511.function characteristics description:AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in figure 1 for the AT89C51 pins allotment.Figure 1 the AT89C51 pins allotment2.interrupt introductionAT89C51 has six interrupt sources: two external interruption, (and), three timer interrupt (timer 0, 1, 2) and a serial interrupts. Each interrupt source can be passed buy bits or remove IE the relevant special register interrupt allow control bit respectively make effective or invalid interrupt source. IE also includes an interrupt allow total control bit EA, it can be a ban all interrupts. IE. Six is not available. For AT89C51, IE. 5 bits are also not be used. User software should not give these bits write 1. They AT89 series for new product reserved. Timer 2 can be TF2 and the T2CON registers EXF2 or logical triggered. Program into an interrupt service, the sign bit can be improved by hardware qing 0. In fact, the interrupt service routine must determine whether TF2 or EXF2 activation disruption, the sign bit must also by software qing 0. Timer 0 and 1 mark a timer TF0 and TF1 has been presented in the cycle count overflow S5P2 074 bits. Their value until the next cycle was circuit capture down. However, the timer 2 marks a TF2 in count overflow of the cycle of S2P2 074 bits, in the same cycle was circuit capture down3.external clock driving characteristicsTable 14.leisure and power lost pattern external pins stateTable 2About 8255 chip1.8255 features:(1)A parallel input/output LSI chips, efficacy of I/O devices, but as CPU bus and peripheral interface.(2)It has 24 programmable Settings of I/O mouth, even three groups of 8 bits I/O mouth to mouth, PB mouth and PA PC mouth. They are divided into two groups 12 I/O mouth, A group including port A and C mouth (high four, PC4 ~ PC7), including group B and C port B mouth (low four, PC0 ~ PC3). A group can be set to give basic I/O mouth, flash control (STROBE) I/O flash controlled, two-way I/O3 modes, Group B can only set to basic I/O or flash controlled the I/O, and these two modes of operation mode entirely by controlling registers control word decision.2. 8255 pins efficacy:(1). RESET: RESET input lines, when the input outside at high levels, all internal registers (including control registers) were removed, all I/O ports are denoting input methods.(2). CS: chip choose a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/CS = 0, said chip is selected, allow 8255 and CPU for communications, / CS = 1, 8255 cannot with CPU do data transmission.(3). RD: read a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/RD = 0 and/CS = 0, allow 8255 through the data bus to the CPU to send data or state information, namely the CPU 8255 read from the information or data.(4). The WR: write a standard lights, when the input pins for low levels, namely/WR = 0 and/CS = 0, allows the CPU will data or control word write 8255.(5). D7: three states D0 ~ two-way data bus, 8255 and CPU data transmission channel, when the CPU execution input/output instruction, through its realization 8 bits of data read/write operation, control characters and status information transmitted through the data bus.(6). PA0 ~ PA7: port A input and output lines, A 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input latches.(7). PB0 ~ PB7: port B input and output lines, a 8 bits of I/O latches, an 8 bits of input and output buffer.(8). PC0 ~ PC7: port C input and output lines, a 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input buffer. Port C can through the way of working setting into two four ports, every 4 digit port contains A 4 digit latches, respectively with the port A and port B cooperate to use, can be used as control standard lights output or state standard lights input ports.(9). A0, A1: address selection line, used to select the PA 8255 mouth, PB mouth, PC mouth and controlling registers.When A0=0, A1= 0, PA mouth be chosen;When A0=0, A1 = 1, PB mouth be chosen;When A0=0, A1 = 1, PC mouth be chosen;When A0=1, A1= 1, control register is selected.Concerning seven section LED display introductionThrough light emitting diode chip appropriate link (including series and parallel) andappropriate optical structure. May constitute a luminous display light-emitting segments or shine points. By these luminous segments or shine point can be composed digital tube, symbols tube, m word pipe, tube, multilevel matrix display tube etc. Usually the digital tube, symbols tube, m word tube were called stroke display, but the stroke displays and matrix tube collectively referred to as character displays.1. The LED display classification(1) by word high marks: stroke monitors word high least 1mm (monolithic integrated type more digital tube word high in commonly 2 ~ 3mm). Other types of stroke display tiptop1.27 mm (0.5 inch) even up to hundreds of mm.(2) color-coded score red, orange, yellow, green and several kinds.(3) according to the structure points, reflecting cover type, a single point-elastic and monolithic integrated type.(4) from the luminous section electrode connection mode of points of anode and cathode two kinds.2. LED display parametersDue to the LED display is LED based, so its light, and the electrical characteristics and ultimate meaning of the parameters with most of the same light emitting diode. But because the LED monitor containing multiple light emitting diode, it must has the following specific parameters:(1) the luminous intensity ratioDue to the digital tube paragraphs in the same driving voltage, each are not identical, so positive current each different. The luminous intensity All segments of the luminous intensity values the ratio of the maximum and minimum values for the luminous intensity ratio. The ratio between 2.3 in 1.5 ~, the maximum cannot exceed 2.5.(2) pulse positive currentIF each segment of typical strokes displays for positive dc working current IF, then the pulse, positive current can be far outweigh.someotherwordpeopledontthinkoffirst. Pulse 390v smaller, pulse positive current can be bigger.Traffic signal control typeThe purpose of the traffic signal control are three: first,in time and space space intersection traffic in different directions,control traffic operation order; Second, make onplanar cross the road network on the people and objects of transport at the highest efficiency, Third, as the road users to provide necessary information, and help them to effectively use the traffic facilities. Road traffic signal control of basic types have many points method.According to the control geometry characteristic is divided into: single intersection control - point control, the traffic trunk lines of coordinated control - wire, traffic network coordination control surface controlling; -- According to the control principle differentiates: timing control, induced control and adaptive control.About watch-dog circuitBy single-chip computers.the micro computer system, because of single chip work often can be affected by external electromagnetic interference, causing program run fly while into dead circulation, the program's normal operation be interrupted by single chip microcomputer control system was unable to work, can cause the whole system of come to a standstill, happen unpredictable consequences, so out of microcontroller running status real-time.according consideration, they generate a specially used for monitoring microcontroller program running state of the chip, commonly known as "watchdog" (watchdog).MAX692 was slightly system monitoring circuit chip, have back-up battery switching, power lost discriminant functions monitoring, the watchdog. The encapsulation and pin instructions as figure2shows.Figure 2 MAX692 encapsulation and pinsWatch-dog circuit application, make SCM can in no condition to achieve continuous work, its working principle is: the watchdog chip and MCU an I/O pins are linked together, the I/O pins through program control it regularly to the watchdog of the pins on into high level (or the low level), this program statement is scattered on SCM other control statements,once among single-chip due to the interference makes application run into a fly after the procedures section into dead circulation state, write the watchdog pins program cannot be executed, this time, the watch-dog circuit will be without microcontroller sent signals, then at it and MCU reset pin connected pin reset signal give out a a, make SCM reposition occurs, namely the program from program memory splittext started, so we realized the MCU automatic reset.Infrared detection circuitThe infrared radiation photon in semiconductor materials stimutes the non-equilibrium carriers (electronic or holes), cause electrical properties change. Because carrier does not escape in vitro, so called within the photoelectric effect. Quantum photoelectric effect high sensitivity, response speed heat detectors much faster, is optional detectors. In order to achieve the best performance, generally need worked in low temperature. Photoelectric detector can be divided into:(1) optical type: also called photoconductive resistance. The incident photon stimulate the valence band uniform semiconductor electronic across forbidden band into the conduction band and left in valence band, cause cavitation increases, for electric conductance eigen light conductivity. From the band gaps of impurity level also can stimulate light into the conduction band or born carriers valence band, and for impurities light conductivity. The cutoff wavelength by impurity ionization energy (ie) decision. Quantum efficiencies below eigen optical and require lower working temperature.(2) photovoltaic type: mainly p - n knot of light born volts effect. Energy more than the width of infrared photonic band gaps in "area and its nearby of electrons cavitation. Existing "electric field make hole into p area, electronic into n area, two parts appear potentials. Deoxidization device have voltage or current signal. Compared with optical detectors, pv detector detect rate more than forty percent of figure limit, Don't require additional bias electric field and load resistance, no power consumption, having a high impedance. These characteristics of preparation and use of the focal plane array bring great benefits.(3) light emitting - Schottky potential barrier detector: metal and semiconductor contact, typically include PtSi/Si structure and form was Schott potential barrier, infrared photon through Si layer for PtSi absorption, electronic Fermi level, obtain energy leap over left cavitation potential barrier into the Si substrate, PtSi layer of electronic was collected,complete infrared detection. Make full use of Si integration technology, facilitate production, with lower cost and good uniformity wait for an advantage, but make it mass (1024 x 1024 even greater) focal plane array to make up for the defect of quantum low efficiency. Have strict low temperature requirements. With this kind of detector, both at home and abroad has already produced as qualitative good thermography. Pt Si/Si structure made of FPA is the earliest IRFPA.Timing counting and traffic calculationUsing MCS - 51 internal timer/counter for timing, cooperate software delay realizes the timer. This method hardware cost saving, cut allows the reader in timer/counter use, disruptions and programming get exercise and improve. Computation formula is as follows: TC = M - CType in, M for counter touch value, the value and the counter working way concerned.For a traffic intersection, it can in the shortest possible time to achieve maximum traffic, even reached the best performance, we call in unit of time to achieve the maximum flow multi-energy for cars.Use the equation: (traffic = traffic/time) to represent.译文:基于单片机的交通灯设计我国经济快速发展,汽车数量猛增,大中型城市的城市交通正面临着严峻的考验,交通问题日益严重,其主要表现如下:交通事故频发,对人类生命安全造成极大威胁;交通拥堵严重,导致出行时间增加,能源消耗加大;空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加深等。
交通灯外文翻译
Traffic lights and PLC With economic development, increased the number of vehicles, road congestion is becoming increasingly serious, intelligent traffic lights on the emerged. At present, the world's Intelligent Transportation System will be: a huge structure, management difficulties, such as themaintenance of large inputs. In order to improve the existing traffic conditions, and to overcome the existing shortcomings of intelligent transportation system I designed analog control traffic lights in urban and rural areas of small-scale smart traffic lights. It has small size, intelligence, maintenance into small, easy to install and so on. And other intelligent transportation system compared to the system to adapt to economic and social development, in line with the current status of scientific and technological development. Intelligent traffic lights are a comprehensive use of computer network communication technology, sensor technology to manage the automatic control system of traffic lights. Urban traffic control system is used for urban traffic data monitoring, traffic signal control and trafficmanagement computer system; it is the modern urban traffic control system command and the most important component. In short, how to use the appropriate control method to maximize the use of costly cities to build high-speed roads, trunk road and the ramp to alleviate urban areas with the neighboring state of traffic congestion has become more and 、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术,不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范问题,而且可保障各类管路习题到位。
介绍交通信号灯的作文英文
介绍交通信号灯的作文英文英文:As a traffic signal, I play an important role in ensuring the safety of drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists on the road. I use a combination of colors to communicate different messages to those on the road. For example, when I am red, it means that drivers must stop their vehicles, and pedestrians can cross the road safely. When I am green, it means that drivers can proceed with caution, and pedestrians should wait for the next green light to cross the road. Finally, when I am yellow, it means that thelight is about to change, and drivers and pedestrians should prepare to stop or proceed accordingly.In addition to the colors, I also have different shapes and symbols that convey additional information to those on the road. For example, I may have a left or right arrow to indicate that drivers can turn in that direction, or a pedestrian symbol to indicate that pedestrians have theright of way.Overall, my purpose is to regulate the flow of traffic and ensure the safety of everyone on the road. Without me, chaos could ensue, and accidents could happen. So next time you're on the road, be sure to pay attention to my colors and symbols, and follow my instructions to stay safe.中文:作为交通信号灯,我在确保驾驶员、行人和骑车人在道路上的安全方面扮演着重要角色。
交通信号灯有关英语作文
交通信号灯有关英语作文Title: The Importance of Traffic Signal LightsIn modern cities, traffic signal lights play a crucial role in regulating traffic flow and ensuring road safety. These colorful lights, positioned strategically at intersections and pedestrian crossings, serve as silent guardians of order and efficiency on our roads.Firstly, traffic signal lights provide clear and consistent guidance to motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians. With their distinct colors—red, yellow, and green—they communicate universally understood messages: stop, prepare to stop, and go. This standardized system helps prevent confusion and minimizes the risk of accidents caused by conflicting movements.Moreover, traffic signal lights facilitate the smooth flow of traffic, especially during peak hours. By controlling the timing and sequencing of signal changes, they optimize the movement of vehicles, reducing congestion and delays. This not only saves time for commuters but also reduces fuel consumption and air pollution, contributing to a more sustainable urban environment.Furthermore, traffic signal lights enhance pedestrian safety by providing designated intervals for crossing roads. The inclusion of pedestrian signals, such as the "walk" and "don't walk" symbols, ensures that pedestrians have sufficient time to cross safely and that motorists are aware of their presence. This is particularly important in densely populated areas with high pedestrian traffic.However, the effectiveness of traffic signal lights relies heavily on proper maintenance and synchronization. Malfunctioning lights or poorly coordinated signal timings can lead to confusion and frustration among road users, undermining the system's efficiency and safety benefits.In conclusion, traffic signal lights are indispensable components of modern transportation infrastructure. By regulating traffic flow, enhancing safety, and reducing congestion, they contribute to the smooth functioning of urban mobility systems. As cities continue to grow and evolve, it is essential to prioritize investment in reliable and efficient traffic signal systems to ensure safe and efficient transportation for all.。
小学生英语作文交通信号灯
小学生英语作文交通信号灯When I walk to school every morning, I always pay close attention to the traffic lights. They are an essential part of our daily life, ensuring the safety of pedestrians and vehicles alike.The traffic light system is simple yet effective. It consists of three colors: red, yellow, and green. The red light means "stop," signaling drivers to halt their vehicles and wait for the light to change. It's important for everyone to obey this signal to prevent accidents.The yellow light serves as a warning that the light is about to change to red. It tells drivers to slow down and prepare to stop. It's a brief moment to adjust before the red light comes on.Finally, the green light is the signal for "go." It's a go-ahead for drivers to proceed with caution. However, even when the light is green, it's still important to look out for pedestrians and other vehicles.As a student, I've learned that traffic lights are not just for cars. They also help us cross the street safely. When the pedestrian light turns green, it's our turn to walk across. But we must always look both ways before stepping onto the road.In conclusion, traffic lights are a crucial part of our transportation system. They help maintain order and safety on the roads. By understanding and following the signals, we can all contribute to a safer community.。
交通灯外文翻译
Traffic lights and PLCWith economic development, increased the number of vehicles, road congestion is becoming increasingly serious, intelligent traffic lights on the emerged. At present, the world's Intelligent Transportation System will be: a huge structure, management difficulties, such as the maintenance of large inputs. In order to improve the existing traffic conditions, and to overcome the existing shortcomings of intelligent transportation system I designed analog control traffic lights in urban and rural areas of small-scale smart traffic lights. It has small size, intelligence, maintenance into small, easy to install and so on. And other intelligent transportation system compared to the system to adapt to economic and social development, in line with the current status of scientific and technological development.Intelligent traffic lights are a comprehensive use of computer network communication technology, sensor technology to manage the automatic control system of traffic lights. Urban traffic control system is used for urban traffic data monitoring, traffic signal control and traffic management computer system; it is the modern urban traffic control system command and the most important component. In short, how to use the appropriate control method to maximize the use of costly cities to build high-speed roads, trunk road and the ramp to alleviate urban areas with the neighboring state of traffic congestion has become more andmore traffic management and urban planning departments need to address the the main problem.Nowadays, traffic lights installed in each crossing, has become the most common and dredge the traffic, the most effective means. The developme nt of the society, people's consumption level unceasing enhancement, pri vate vehicles unceasing increase. And more cars roads are narrow road tra ffic is clear. So adopting effective method to control the traffic light is im perative. PLC intelligent control principle is the core of the control syste m, PLC put the things direction or north-south direction according to qua ntity of vehicles, the corresponding scale what divides class given the gre en light direction between north and south direction according to certain r ules too long. It can realize divides class according to a given the green ca rs duration scale of maximum car release, reduce crossroads vehicles, eas e traffic congestion stagnation, realize the optimal control, so as to impro ve the efficiency of the traffic control system.The application of PLC is continuously, and drive to the deepening traditi onal control test new month benefit updates. It is simple in structure, prog ramming and high reliability etc, convenient already widely used in indus trial processes and position in the automatic control. Due to use of PLC h as the characteristics of environmental adaptable, and its internal timer is very rich in resources, but the current widely used "progressive" lights, es pecially for precise control more than thecrossway control can be easily realized. So now increasingly applying P LC traffic light system.Meanwhile, PLC itself also has communication networking function, will the same path as part of a LAN signal unified dispatching management, can shorten the traffic wait times, realize scientific manage ment. In real-time detection and automatic control of PLC application sys tem, PLC is often used as a core components.In the 21st century, PLC will have greater development. Technically, the c omputer technology can morely new achievements used in programmable controller design and manufacturing, there will be faster, s torage and larger capacity, intelligent stronger varieties appear; Look fro m product size, can further to mini and super-large direction; Look from p roduct compatibility, the variety of our products will be more rich, specifi cation more complete, perfect man-machine interface and complete com munication equipment can better adapt to all kinds of industrial control oc casion demands; Look from the market, all countries to their production of multiple products with international competition intensifies and break, c an appear a few brand monopoly international market situation, can appea r international general programming languages; Judging from the develop ment of the network, programmable controller and other industrial control computernetworking constitute a large control system is programmable controller t echnology development direction. The current computer distributed contr ol system DCS has already a lot of programmable controller applications. Along with the development of computer network, the programmable con troller as automation control network andinternational general network will be an important part of the industry an d industry, the numerous fields outside play an increasing role.In China the increasing amount of motor vehicles, many big cities like Be ijing, Shanghai, nanjing and other ground appeared trafficoverload running condition, traffic accidents problem also more and m ore serious. And because the various special vehicles (such as an ambulance, 119 120 car, police and various special vehicle 110 in emergency situa tions, by red under limited to traffic bring a lot of inconvenience, even ca use traffic accident. And now, most traffic lights at the same moment will appear two or more than two direction at the same time for the green situa tion, and increase the incidence of the traffic accident. Therefore, design a kind of designed for special vehicles through and not cause any traffic ac cident, normal traffic control any time only one direction of modern intell igent traffic light green traffic control system is urgently needed.交通灯与PLC随着经济的发展,车辆的数目不断增加,道路堵车现象日益严重,智能交通灯就应运而生了。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译智能交通信号灯控制中英文对照
英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Controlby Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from drivers going too fast.The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, people's traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road can't solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For example,according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly.There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower andlook out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city.When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes.In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone else’s.The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening.Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean thattraffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.We have implemented the 'Green Light District', a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting timeswith at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译:智能交通信号灯控制马克·威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。
MCGS交通灯控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Design of traffic light control system based on MCGS Abstract: One kind of traffic light control system using programmable logic controller (PLC), via software control traffic lights run automatically. In the system, the original line is the program instead of the relay, programmable logic controller (PLC) system hardware and software resources to be fair use. Normal operation and emergency transport for a detailed description and from the East and West emergencies can be mutually linked. Traffic signal systems and two seven-segment digital display in the countdown order; also discussed in detail the wiring of the hardware and PLC ladder. Traffic lights at the crossroads of the remote monitoring system design configuration software MCGS, real-time monitoring of traffic lights, greatly improving the reliability of data transmission. At the same time, we can configure the traffic lights to change the status of photographs.Keywords: switching power,supply protection, circuit system designSignal control is a necessary measure to maintain the quality and safety of traffic circulation. Further development of present signal control has great potential to reduce travel times, vehicle and accident costs, and vehicle emissions. The development of detection andcomputer technology has changed traffic signal control from fixed-time open-loop regulation to adaptive feedback control. Present adaptive control methods, like the British MOV A, Swedish SOS (isolated signals) and British SCOOT (area-wide control), use mathematical optimization and simulation techniques to adjust the signal timing to the observed fluctuations of traffic flow in real time. The optimization is done by changing the green time and cycle lengths of the signals. In area-wide control the offsets between intersections are also changed. Several methods have been developed for determining the optimal cycle length and the minimum delay at an intersection but, based on uncertainty and rigid nature of traffic signal control, the global optimum is not possible to find out.In adaptive traffic signal control the increase in flexibility increases the number of overlapping green phases in the cycle, thus making the mathematical optimization very complicated and difficult. For that reason, the adaptive signal control in most cases is not based on precise optimization but on the green extension principle. In practice, uniformity is the principle followed in signal control for traffic safety reasons. This sets limitations to the cycle time and phase arrangements. Hence, traffic signal control in practice are based on tailor-made solutions and adjustments made by the traffic planners. The modern programmable signal controllers with a great number of adjustable parameters are well suited to this process. For good results, an experienced planner and fine-tuning in the field is needed. Fuzzy control has proven to be successful in problems where exact mathematical modelling is hard or impossible but an experienced human can control the process operator. Thus, traffic signal control in particular is a suitable task for fuzzy control. Indeed, one of the oldest examples of the potentials of fuzzy control is a simulation of traffic signal control in an inter-section of two one-way streets. Even in this very simple case the fuzzy control was at least as good as the traditional adaptive control. In general, fuzzy control is found to be superior in complex problems with multiobjective decisions. In traffic signal control several traffic flows compete from the same time and space, and different priorities are often set to different traffic flows or vehicle groups. In addition, the optimization includes several simultaneous criteria, like the average and maximum vehicle and pedestrian delays, maximum queue lengths and percentage of stopped vehicles. So, it is very likely that fuzzycontrol is very competitive in complicated real intersections where the use of traditional optimization methods is problematic.Fuzzy logic has been introduced and successfully applied to a wide range of automatic control tasks. The main benefit of fuzzy logic is the opportunity to model the ambiguity and the uncertainty of decision-making. Moreover, fuzzy logic has the ability to comprehend linguistic instructions and to generate control strategies based on priori communication. The point in utilizing fuzzy logic in control theory is to model control based on human expert knowledge, rather than to model the process itself. Indeed, fuzzy control has proven to be successful in problems where exact mathematical modelling is hard or impossible but an experienced human operator can control process. In general, fuzzy control is found to be superior in complex problems with multi-objective decisions.At present, there is a multitude of inference systems based on fuzzy technique. Most of them, however, suffer ill-defined foundations; even if they are mostly performing better that classical mathematical method, they still contain black boxes, e.g. de fuzzification, which are very difficult to justify mathematically or logically. For example, fuzzy IF - THEN rules, which are in the core of fuzzy inference systems, are often reported to be generalizations of classical Modus Ponens rule of inference, but literally this not the case; the relation between these rules and any known many-valued logic is complicated and artificial. Moreover, the performance of an expert system should be equivalent to that of human expert: it should give the same results that the expert gives, but warn when the control situation is so vague that an expert is not sure about the right action. The existing fuzzy expert systems very seldom fulfil this latter condition.1. IntroductionWith the social development and progress, traffic flow becomes increasingly important. On the one hand, too many crossroads, more and more vehicles, which are causing serious traffic congestion. On the other hand, in the limited time it is necessary to maintain the vehicle and pedestrian fast and safe. Therefore, one kind of traffic light control systemdesign, can be used to display time countdown, with computer controlled real-time data. In addition, the configuration technology for real-time images that reflect the traffic lights, understand the historical crossroads of work to get traffic lights visualization. The system consists of host computer and a low computer. MCGS configuration is installed in the host computer is lower by the PLC control system.Normal traffic signal timing diagram shown in Figure 1. But there are some urgent matters, for example. There are a number of ambulances to transport patients to the hospital or to deal with a number of fire engines and fire. Fire engines and ambulances rushed to take precedence over other traffic scene. According to urban traffic control system, under normal circumstances, two control methods and urgency traffic control factors into account. This process can show 14 segment encoder. U.S. traffic lights instant record of the monitoring process.Emergency control signals to control traffic emergency switch. If there is no emergency lights all work, but when an emergency open. In this case, the car is urgent priority pass. Once the emergency vehicle passes, emergency switch off immediately. The green light in the same direction of the vehicle quickly flashes three times, followed by the normal operation. If you were from the north-south and east-west two emergency vehicles, traffic control systems can respond quickly came early, and then another.2. Traffic Control System DesignA. Hardware designCP1H series PLC as controller, display the procedure should stop when the time series of abnormal system operation, the time will not be displayed. When the emergency procedures are completed time series, countdown display program should be reset. At 220 V AC system is used to control traffic lights, 24 V DC control segment encoder, Figure 2 shows the scheme Eastern time display. CP1H series programmable logic controller (PLC) is a simple controller, which consists of 24 inputs and sixteen outputs. Because the output to twenty In this system, an I / O module must be extended. Circuit is shown in Figure 2.B. Control Program DesignSix timers and two special normal open pulse is used in this system, the green light flashes for all north-south and east-timer and a special pulse; eight kinds of interlockinginternal relay is used to implement the urgency and transmit pulse two directions to PLC, shown in the figure. Two SDEC instructions are used to display the countdown display the corresponding light. As an important part of the countdown display program, east and west of the green light reflected in the view 4 in these programs downloaded to the programmable logic controller (PLC), all the traffic lights running accuracy, urgency, and things can be interlocked from north to south strictly, all the lights can be set back to the urgency of passing state. Therefore, these control program is correct, simple.C. Monitoring SystemComputer system has two main functions: an output signal acquisition and display real-time status of the programmable logic controller (PLC) to control traffic lights, traffic lights. Another notification robot status and history of the state real-time curve by examining the history and alarm window.This monitoring system design and configuration software MCGS configuration is easy. The serial communication is implemented as follows.Data inspection methods: double endedSerial Communications Number: COM0 endedThe minimum sampling period: 200 msProgrammable Logic Controller (PLC) The parameters are defined as follows:The minimum sampling period of the basic properties: 200 msThree read / write channel: X0, X1, X2Six read-only access (read U.S. traffic lights): Q0-Q5All channels must be connected to a variable defined in a real-time database access visits and other parameters to their default values. After a successful relationship, PLC and computer control system is able to change the color of the analog signal lights in the picture on the PC being collected data through the serial port.. In contrast, by changing the parameters of the host, the corresponding value is written to the PLC internal relay control, intersection traffic lights can be implemented. Experimental results show that the system is usually good enough and animation. Online monitoring system of traffic lights in Figure 5:3. ConclusionExperimental results show that the system is usually configured with enough goodphotos. This system simplifies the programmable logic controller (PLC) and the communication between the host computer using industrial configuration software development time is greatly reduced. In particular, more suitable for complex control systems. We can control the traffic lights by the PLC and MCGS configuration, replace the original relay control, improve the system's lifetime. At the same time, this method can be applied to control the motor and fluid levels. Remote control and configuration combined with the simulation, can be applied to similar control zone.4. References1. M.G.H. Bell, Future Directions in Traffic Signal Control, Transportation Research26 (992) 303-313.2. R. Cignoli, M.L. D'Ottaviano, D. Mundici, Algebraic Foundations of many valuedReasoning, to appear.3. U. H"ohle, On the Fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory. J. of Math. Anal. and Appl.201 (1996) 786-826.基于MCGS的交通灯控制系统设计摘要:一种交通灯控制系统采用可编程序控制器(PLC), 通过软件控制交通灯自动运行。
第1部分 教材知识解读 必修第三册 Unit 4 Space Exploration
Ⅰ.认阅读单词1.procedure n.程序;步骤;手续2.cm abbr.(centimetre or centimeter)厘米3.rocket n.火箭;火箭弹4.gravity n.重力;引力5.frontier n.边境;国界;边远地区6.vehicle n.交通工具;车辆7.satellite n.人造卫星;卫星8.orbit n.(环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道;势力范围v t.& v i.沿轨道运行;环绕……运行9.giant adj.巨大的;伟大的n.巨人;巨兽;伟人10.agency n.(政府的)专门机构;服务机构;代理处11.transmit v t.& v i.传输;发送12.data n.[pl.]资料;数据13.ongoing adj.持续存在的;仍在进行的;不断发展的14.spacecraft n.航天器;宇宙飞船15.spacewalk n.太空行走;太空行走的时间16.jade n.玉;翡翠;玉器17.dock v i.& v t.(两架航天器)对接;(使)……进港n.码头;船坞18.solar adj.太阳的;太阳能的19.solar system太阳系20.sufficient adj.足够的;充足的21.microwave n.(also microwave oven)微波炉22.tissue n.纸巾;(人、动植物细胞的)组织23.facility n.设施;设备24.fatal adj.致命的;灾难性的25.high-end adj.高端的26.foam n.泡沫橡胶;泡沫27.pillow n.枕头28.the USSR abbr.the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics苏联29.NASA abbr.National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国)国家航空与航天局30.the International Space Station国际空间站31.Mars n.火星32.Jupiter n.木星Ⅱ.记重点单词1.astronaut n.宇航员;太空人2.launch v t.& n.发射;发起;上市3.leap n.跳跃;剧增;剧变(leapt,leapt or leaped,leaped) v i.& v t.跳过;跃过4.mankind n.人类5.signal v t.& v i.标志着;标明;发信号n.信号;标志6.recycle v t.回收利用;再利用7.muscle n.肌肉;实力;影响力8.float v i.浮动;漂流;漂浮v t.使浮动;使漂流9.otherwise ad v.否则;要不然10.beyond prep.在更远处;超出11.current adj.当前的;现在的n.水流;电流;思潮12.soap n.肥皂13.towel n.毛巾;抹布14.keen adj.热衷的;渴望的15.shallow adj.肤浅的;浅的16.pattern n.模式;图案;模范17.monitor n.监视器;监测仪v t.监视;监测;监控18.smartphone n.智能手机19.resource n.资源;财力;物力20.oxygen n.氧;氧气Ⅲ.知拓展单词1.mental adj.精神的;思想的→mentally ad v.精神上地2.universe n.宇宙;天地万物→universal adj.宇宙的;通用的3.intelligent adj.有智慧的;聪明的;有智力的→intelligence n.智慧4.determined adj.有决心的;意志坚定的→determine v t.查明;确定;决定→determination n.决心;果断5.disappointed adj.失望的;沮丧的→disappoint v t.使失望→disappointing adj.令人失望的→disappointment n.失望;沮丧6.desire n.渴望;欲望v t.渴望;期望→desired adj.渴望的,想要的7.independent adj.独立的;自立的→independently ad v.独立地;自立地→independence n.独立;自立→depend v i.依靠8.lack v t.缺乏;没有n.缺乏;短缺→lacking adj.缺乏的;不足的9.globe n.地球;世界;地球仪→global adj.全球的;全面的10.argue v t.& v i.论证;争辩;争论→argument n.争论;争吵;论点11.analysis n.(对事物的)分析;分析结果→analyze (=analyse) v.分析12.regular adj.定期的;经常的;正常的→regularly ad v.有规律地;经常;定期地→irregular adj.无规律的;不定期的13.limited adj.有限的→limitless adj.无限的→limit v t.& n.限制14.closing adj.结尾的;结束的n.停业;关闭;倒闭→close v t.关闭adj.近的;亲密的→closely ad v.仔细地;严密地15.mystery n.神秘事物;谜→mysterious adj.神秘的16.attach v t.系;绑;贴→attached adj.附着的;依恋的→attachment n.附件;附属品;依恋Ⅳ.背核心短语1.carry on继续做,坚持干2.on board在宇宙飞船上;在船上;在飞机上3.in the hope of doing sth.抱着……的希望4.so as to (do sth.)为了;以便5.figure out弄懂;弄清楚;弄明白6.result in导致;造成7.as a result所以;结果(是)8.provide for sb.提供生活所需9.in closing最后10.run out用完;耗尽1.credit n.信用;赞扬;学分2.criminal n.罪犯;犯人3.currency n.货币;通货4.customs n.海关;关税5.database n.资料库,数据库6.deadline n.最后期限,截止日期1.These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.(make+宾语+宾补)这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和失望,但是探索宇宙的欲望从未消失过。
交通灯外文文献
FUZZY LOGIC TRAFFIC SIGNALCONTROLZEESHAN RAZA ABDYPREPARED FORDR NEDAL T. RATROUTINTRODUCTIONSignal control is a necessary measure to maintain the quality and safety of traffic circulation. Further development of present signal control has great potential to reduce travel times, vehicle and accident costs, and vehicle emissions. The development of detection and computer technology has changed traffic signal control from fixed-time open-loop regulation to adaptive feedback control. Present adaptive control methods, like the British MOV A, Swedish SOS (isolated signals) and British SCOOT (area-wide control), use mathematical optimization and simulation techniques to adjust the signal timing to the observed fluctuations of traffic flow in real time. The optimization is done by changing the green time and cycle lengths of the signals. In area-wide control the offsets between intersections are also changed. Several methods have been developed for determining the optimal cycle length and the minimum delay at an intersection but, based on uncertainty and rigid nature of traffic signal control, the global optimum is not possible to find out.As a result of growing public awareness of the environmental impact of road traffic many authorities are now pursuing policies to:− manage demand and congestion;− influence mode and route choice;− improve priority for buses, trams and other public service vehicles;−provide better and safer facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users;− reduce vehicle emissions, noise and visual intrusion; and− improve safety for all road user groups.In adaptive traffic signal control the increase in flexibility increases the number ofoverlapping green phases in the cycle, thus making the mathematical optimization very complicated and difficult. For that reason, the adaptive signal control in most cases is not based on precise optimization but on the green extension principle. In practice, uniformity is the principle followed in signal control for traffic safety reasons. This sets limitations to the cycle time and phase arrangements. Hence, traffic signal control in practice are based on tailor-made solutions and adjustments made by the traffic planners. The modern programmable signal controllers with a great number of adjustable parameters are well suited to this process. For good results, an experienced planner and fine-tuning in the field is needed. Fuzzy control has proven to be successful in problems where exact mathematical modelling is hard or impossible but an experienced human can control the process operator. Thus, traffic signal control in particular is a suitable task for fuzzy control. Indeed, one of the oldest examples of the potentials of fuzzy control is a simulation of traffic signal control in an inter-section of two one-way streets. Even in this very simple case the fuzzy control was at least as good as the traditional adaptive control. In general, fuzzy control is found to be superior in complex problems with multiobjective decisions. In traffic signal control several traffic flows compete from the same time and space, and different priorities are often set to different traffic flows or vehicle groups. In addition, the optimization includes several simultaneous criteria, like the average and maximum vehicle and pedestrian delays, maximum queue lengths and percentage of stopped vehicles. So, it is very likely that fuzzy control is very competitive in complicated real intersections where the use of traditional optimization methods is problematic. Benefits and disadvantages of fuzzy systemsFuzzy logic has been introduced and successfully applied to a wide range of automatic control tasks. The main benefit of fuzzy logic is the opportunity to model the ambiguity and the uncertainty of decision-making. Moreover, fuzzy logic has the ability to comprehend linguistic instructions and to generate control strategies based on priori communication. The point in utilizing fuzzy logic in control theory is to model control based on human expert knowledge, rather than to model the process itself. Indeed, fuzzy control has proven to be successful in problems where exact mathematical modelling is hard or impossible but an experienced human operator can control process. In general, fuzzy control is found to be superior in complex problems with multi-objective decisions.At present, there is a multitude of inference systems based on fuzzy technique. Most of them, however, suffer ill-defined foundations; even if they are mostly performing better that classical mathematical method, they still contain black boxes, e.g. de fuzzification, which are very difficult to justify mathematically or logically. For example, fuzzy IF - THEN rules, whichare in the core of fuzzy inference systems, are often reported to be generalizations of classical Modus Ponens rule of inference, but literally this not the case; the relation between these rules and any known many-valued logic is complicated and artificial. Moreover, the performance of an expert system should be equivalent to that of human expert: it should give the same results that the expert gives, but warn when the control situation is so vague that an expert is not sure about the right action. The existing fuzzy expert systems very seldom fulfil this latter condition.Many researches observe, however, that fuzzy inference is based on similarity. Kosko, for example, writes 'Fuzzy membership...represents similarities of objects to imprecisely defined properties'. Taking this remark seriously, we study systematically many-valued equivalence, i.e. fuzzy similarity. It turns out that, starting from the Lukasiewicz well-defined many-valued logic, we are able to construct a method performing fuzzy reasoning such that the inference relies only on experts knowledge and on well-defined logical concepts. Therefore we do not need any artificial defuzzification method (like Center of Gravity) to determine the final output of the inference. Our basic observation is that any fuzzy set generates a fuzzy similarity, and that these similarities can be combined to a fuzzy relation which turns out to a fuzzy similarity, too. We call this induced fuzzy relation total fuzzy similarity. Fuzzy IF - THEN inference systems are, in fact, problems of choice: compare each IF-part of the rule base with an actual input value, find the most similar case and fire the corresponding THEN-part; if it is not unique, use a criteria given by an expert to proceed. Based on the Lukasiewicz welldefined many valued logic, we show how this method can be carried out formally.Hypothesis and Principles of Fuzzy Traffic Signal Control Traffic signal control is used to maximize the efficiency of the existing traffic systems [6]. However, the efficiency of traffic system can even be fuzzy. By providing temporal separation of rights of way to approaching flows, traffic signals exert a profound influence on the efficiency of traffic flow. They can operate to the advantage or disadvantage of the vehicles or pedestrians; depend on how the rights of ways are allocated. Consequently, the proper application, design, installation, operation, and maintenance of traffic signals is critical to the orderly safe and efficient movement of traffic at intersections.In traffic signal control, we can find some kind of uncertainties in many levels. The inputs of traffic signal control are inaccurate, and that means that we cannot handle the traffic of approaches exactly. The control possibilities are complicated, and handling these possibilities are an extremely complex task. Maximizing safety, minimizing environmental aspects and minimizing delays are some of the objectives of control, but it is difficult to handle them together in the traditional traffic signal control. The causeconsequence- relationship is also not possible to explain in traffic signal control. These are typical features of fuzzy control.Fuzzy logic based controllers are designed to capture the key factors for controlling a process without requiring many detailed mathematical formulas. Due to this fact, they have many advantages in real time applications. The controllers have a simple computational structure, since they do not require many numerical calculations. The IFTHEN logic of their inference rules does not require much computational time. Also, the controllers can operate on a large range of inputs, since different sets of control rules can be applied to them. If the system related knowledge is represented by simple fuzzy IFTHEN- rules, a fuzzy-based controller can control the system with efficiency and ease. The main goal of traffic signal control is to ensure safety at signalized intersections by keeping conflict traffic flows apart. The optimal performance of the signalized intersections is the combination of time value, environmental effects and traffic safety. Our goal is the optimal system, but we need to decide what attributes and weights will be used to judge optimality.The entire knowledge of the system designer about the process, traffic signal control in this case, to be controlled is stored as rules in the knowledge base. Thus the rules have a basic influence on the closed-loop behaviour of the system and should therefore be acquired thoroughly. The development of rules is time consuming, and designers often have to translate process knowledge into appropriate rules. Sugeno and Nishida mentioned four ways to derive fuzzy control rules:1. operators experience2. control engineer's knowledge3. fuzzy modelling of the operator's control actions4. fuzzy modelling of the processZimmermann added three sources more5. crisp modeling of the process6. heuristic design rules7. on-line adaptation of the rules.Usually a combination of some of these methods is necessary to obtain good results. As in conventional control, increased experience in the design of fuzzy controllers leads to decreasing development times.FUSICO PROJECTThe main goals of FUSICO-research project are theoretical analysis of fuzzy traffic signal control, generalized fuzzy rules for traffic signal control using linguistic variables, validation of fuzzy control principles and calibration of membership functions, and development of a fuzzy adaptive signal controller. The vehicle-actuated control strategies, like SOS, MOV A and LHOVRA, are the control algorithms of the first generation. The fuzzy control algorithm can beone of the algorithms of the second generation, the generation of artificial intelligence (AI). The fuzzy control is capable of handling multi-objective, multi-dimensional and complicated traffic situations, like traffic signalling. The typical advantages of fuzzy control are simple process, effective control and better quality.FUSICO-project modelled the experience of policeman. The rule base development was made during the fall 1996. Mr. Kari J. Sane, experienced traffic signal planner, was working at the Helsinki University of Technology at this time. Everyday discussions and working groups helped us to model his experience to our rules.In particular pathological traffic jams or situations where there are very few vehicles in circulation; there first-in-first-out is the only reasonable control strategy. The Algorithm is looking for the most similar IF-part to the actual input value, and the corresponding THEN-part is then fired. Three realistic traffic signal control systems were constructed by means of the Algorithm and a simulation model tested their performance. Similar simulations were made to a non-fuzzy and classical Mamdani style fuzzy inference systems, too. The results with respect to average vehicle and pedestrian delay or average vehicle delay were in most cases better on fuzzy similarity based control than on the other control systems. Comparisons between fuzzy similarity based control and Mamdani style fuzzy control also strength an assumption that, in approximate reasoning, a fundamental concept is many-valued similarity between objects rather than a generalization of classical Modus Ponens rule of inference.FUSICO PROJECT RESULTSThe results of this project have indicated that fuzzy signal control is the potential control method for isolated intersections. The comparison results of Pappis-Mamdani control, fuzzy isolated pedestrian crossing and fuzzy two-phase control are good. The results of isolated pedestrian crossing indicate that the fuzzy control provides the effective compromise between the two opposing objectives, minimum pedestrian delay and minimum vehicle delay. The results of two-phase control and Pappis-Mamdani control indicate that the application area of fuzzy control is very wide. The maximum delay improvement was more than 20 %, which means that the efficiency of fuzzy control can be better than the efficiency of traditional vehicle-actuated control.According to these results, we can say that the fuzzy signal control can be multiobjective and more efficient than conventional adaptive signal control nowadays. The biggest benefits can, probably, be achieved in more complicated intersections and environments. The FUSICO-project continues. The aim is to move step by step to more complicated traffic signals and to continue the theoretical work of fuzzy control. The first example will be the public transport priorities.REFERENCES1. M.G.H. Bell, Future Directions in Traffic Signal Control, Transportation Research 26 (992) 303-313.2. R. Cignoli, M.L. D'Ottaviano, D. Mundici, Algebraic Foundations of many valued Reasoning, to appear.3. P. H'ajek, Metamathematics of fuzzy logic, Kluwer Acad. Publishers, Dordrecht, 1998.4. U. H"ohle, On the Fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory. J. of Math. Anal. and Appl. 201 (1996) 786-826.5. J. Niittym"aki, Isolated Traffic Signals - Vehicle Dynamics and Fuzzy Control, Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 1997.6. J. Niittym"aki, S. Kikuchi, Application of Fuzzy Logic of a Pedestrian Crossing Signal, Transportation Research Record No 1651. Intelligent Transportation Systems, Automated Highway Systems, Travel Information, and Artificial Intelligence. Washington D.C. 1998.7. B. Kosko, The probability monopoly, IEEE Transactions of fuzzy systems, 2 (1994) 32-33.8. C. Pappis, E. Mamdani, A fuzzy logic controller to a traffic junction,IEEE transaction on systems, man and cybernetics V ol SMC-7 No 10, 1977, 707-717.9. J. Pavelka, On fuzzy logic, I,II,III Zeitsch. f. Math. Logik. 25 (1979), 45-52, 119-134, 447-464.10. D. Teodorovic, Fuzzy logic systems for transportation engineering: the state of the art. Transportation Research Part A 33 (1999) 337-364.11. M. Sugeno, M. Nishida, Fuzzy control to model car. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 16 (1985) 103-113.12. E. Turunen, Mathematics behind Fuzzy Logic, Advances in Soft Computing, Physica- Verlag, Heidelberg, 1999.13. L. Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control 8 (1965) 338-353. 16. H.-J. Zimmermann, Fuzzy Set Theory, Kluwer, 1996.14. Optimising fuzzy logic traffic signal control systems, Stuart Clement , .au/tsc/index.html, Transport Systems Centre, University of South Australia.15. Fuzzy Traffic Signal Control - Principles and Applications Jarkko Niittymäki, Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ,Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.16. Traffic Signal Control on Total Fuzzy Similarity based Reasoning, Jarkko Niittym"aki Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland17. Chiu, S and Chand, S (1992) Adaptive traffic signal control using fuzzy logic, pp 98-107 of Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Detroit, Michigan, USA.Clement, SJ Bell, MGH Cassir, C and Grosso, S (1997a) Experiences with the Path Flow Estimator on a Leicester City street network, pp 455-68 of Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Transport Research Forum Adelaide: University of South Australia.。
交通信号灯英语作文小学
交通信号灯英语作文小学Traffic lights are an essential part of our daily lives, guiding us safely through intersections. They are bright beacons of safety, warning us when to stop, go, or proceed with caution. In this article, we will explore the significance of traffic lights and how they contribute to road safety, especially for young students.The traffic light system consists of three main colors: red, yellow, and green. Each color has a specific meaning and purpose. The red light indicates that it is unsafe to proceed and all vehicles and pedestrians must stop. The yellow light is a warning, indicating that the signal is about to change and drivers should prepare to stop. Finally, the green light means it is safe to proceed, but driversstill need to exercise caution and follow traffic rules.For young students, understanding the traffic light system is crucial for their safety. They should always remember that when the light is red, they must stop andwait for the signal to change. It is important not to runor dash across the road when the light is red, as this can lead to serious accidents. Similarly, when the light isyellow, they should slow down and prepare to stop. And when the light is green, they can proceed, but they should still look both ways to ensure the road is clear.In addition to understanding the traffic light system, young students should also learn about other important traffic rules and safety measures. For example, they should always cross the road at designated crossings and not jaywalk. They should also look both ways before crossing the road, even if the traffic light is green. Furthermore, they should avoid playing or running around roadsides, as this can distract drivers and increase the risk of accidents.Teachers and parents can play a crucial role in educating young students about traffic safety. They can explain the importance of following traffic rules and the consequences of ignoring them. They can also conduct practice sessions where students can simulate crossing the road under different traffic light conditions. This will help them better understand and apply the knowledge they have learned.In conclusion, traffic lights are an essential part of our road safety system, and understanding theirsignificance is crucial for young students. By followingthe traffic light system and other safety measures, theycan ensure their own safety and contribute to a safer road environment for everyone. Let us all work together to make our roads safer for everyone, especially our young and vulnerable road users.**交通信号灯:安全通行的指引**交通信号灯是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,它们引导我们安全地通过路口。
交通灯的英文摘要
AbstractIn recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, SCM applications are continually deepening, and promote more traditional control detection update. In the SCM application of real-time detection and automatic control system, microcontroller as a core component to use, only SCM knowledge is not enough, should also be based on specific hardware structure of hardware and software, to be perfect.Crossroads shuttle vehicles, pedestrians bustling, car dealers lane, people walkways, everything in good order and well arranged. So what to realize it in order? Relying on the automatic command system is the traffic signal lamp. A lot of traffic signal control. The system uses MSC-51 Series MCU ATSC51 and programmable parallel I/O interface chip 80C51 centric devices to design the traffic light controller, realized according to the actual traffic flow through the 8051 chip set P1 mouth red, the green light to kindle the function of time; traffic light cycle of light, when the countdown seconds left the yellow light flashing warning. The system practical, simple operation, strong function expansion The design of the microcontroller core, LED lamp as a straight line and turning around lights subject completed all the required functions.近年来,随着科学技术的飞速发展,单片机的应用正在不断深入,同时带动传统控制检测更新。
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Traffic lights and PLCWith economic development, increased the number of vehicles, road congestion is becoming increasingly serious, intelligent traffic lights on the emerged. At present, the world's Intelligent Transportation System will be: a huge structure, management difficulties, such as the maintenance of large inputs. In order to improve the existing traffic conditions, and to overcome the existing shortcomings of intelligent transportation system I designed analog control traffic lights in urban and rural areas of small-scale smart traffic lights. It has small size, intelligence, maintenance into small, easy to install and so on. And other intelligent transportation system compared to the system to adapt to economic and social development, in line with the current status of scientific and technological development.Intelligent traffic lights are a comprehensive use of computer network communication technology, sensor technology to manage the automatic control system of traffic lights. Urban traffic control system is used for urban traffic data monitoring, traffic signal control and traffic management computer system; it is the modern urban traffic control system command and the most important component. In short, how to use the appropriatecontrol method to maximize the use of costly cities to build high-speed roads, trunk road and the ramp to alleviate urban areas with the neighboring state of traffic congestion has become more and more traffic management and urban planning departments need to address the the main problem. Nowadays,traffic lights installed in each crossing,has becom e the most common and dredge the traffic,the most effective mea ns.The development of the society,people's consumption level unceasing enhancement,private vehicles unceasing increase.An d more cars roads are narrow road traffic is clear.So adopting e ffective method to control the traffic light is imperative.PLC intelligent control principle is the core of the control system ,PLC put the things direction or north-south direction accordi ng to quantity of vehicles,the corresponding scale what divide s class given the green light direction between north and south direction according to certain rules too long.It can realize di vides class according to a given the green cars duration scale o f maximum car release,reduce crossroads vehicles,ease traffic congestion stagnation,realize the optimal control,so as to im prove the efficiency of the traffic control system.The application of PLC is continuously,and drive to the deepeni ng traditional control test new month benefit updates.It is simple in structure,programming and high reliability etc,conveni ent already widely used in industrial processes and position in the automatic control.Due to use of PLC has the characteristics of environmental adaptable,and its internal timer is very rich in resources,but the current widely used"progressive"lights ,especially for precise control more than thecrossway control can be easily realized.So now increasingly ap plying PLC traffic light system.Meanwhile,PLC itself also has communication networking function,will the same path as part of a LAN signal unified disp atching management,can shorten the traffic wait times,realize scientific management.In real-time detection and automatic co ntrol of PLC application system,PLC is often used as a core comp onents.In the21st century,PLC will have greater development.Technic ally,the computer technology can morely new achievements usedinprogrammable controller design and manufacturing,there will b e faster,storage and larger capacity,intelligent stronger var ieties appear;Look from product size,can further to mini and s uper-large direction;Look from product compatibility,the var iety of our products will be more rich,specification more compl ete,perfect man-machine interface and complete communication equipment can better adapt to all kinds of industrial control oc casion demands;Look from the market,all countries to their pro duction of multiple products with international competition in tensifies and break,can appear a few brand monopoly internatio nal market situation,can appear international general program ming languages;Judging from the development of the network,pr ogrammable controller and other industrial control computer networking constitute a large control system is programmable co ntroller technology development direction.The current compute r distributed control system DCS has already a lot of programmab le controller applications.Along with the development of compu ter network,the programmable controller as automation control network andinternational general network will be an important part of the i ndustry and industry,the numerous fields outside play an increasing role.In China the increasing amount of motor vehicles,many big citie s like Beijing,Shanghai,nanjing and other ground appeared tra fficoverload running condition,traffic accidents problem also m ore and more serious.And because the various special vehicles( such as an ambulance,119120car,police and various special ve hicle110in emergency situations,by red under limited to traff ic bring a lot of inconvenience,even cause traffic accident.An d now,most traffic lights at the same moment will appear two or more than two direction at the same time for the green situation ,and increase the incidence of the traffic accident.Therefore ,design a kind of designed for special vehicles through and not cause any traffic accident,normal traffic control any time onl y one direction of modern intelligent traffic light green traff ic control system is urgently needed.交通灯与PLC随着经济的发展,车辆的数目不断增加,道路堵车现象日益严重,智能交通灯就应运而生了。