专业英语翻译二
专业英语短文翻译2
专业英语短文翻译2南京邮电大学复习资料五:《专业英语》短文翻译1.The reader may ask , how does the demultiplexer know which groupof 8-digits relates to channel 1, 2, and so on ? Clearly this is important ! The problem is easily overcome by specifying a frame format , where at the start of each frame a unique sequence of pulses called the frame code , or synchronization word , is placed so as to identify the start of the frame. A circuit of the demultiplexer is arranged to detect the synchronization word, and thereby it knows that the next group of 8-digits corresponds to channel 1.2.Advances in audio, video and speech coding and compression algorithms and progress in Very Large System Integration technology influence the bit rate generated by a certain service and thus changethe service requirements for the network. In the future, new services with unknown requirement will appear. For the time being it is yet unclear, e. g. what the requirement in terms of bit rate for HDTV will be. A specialized network has great difficulties in adapting to changing or new service requirements.3.When the transmitter wishes to send data, it first places the line in a space level (i. e. , the complement of a mark) for one element period. This element is called the start bit and has a duration of T seconds. The transmitter then sends the character, 1 bit at a time, byplacing each successive bit on the line for a duration of T seconds, until all bits have been transmitted. Then a single parity bit is calculated by the transmitter and sent after the data bits. Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at a mark level (i. e. the same level as the idle state) for one or two bit periods. Now the transmitter may send another character whenever it wishes4.The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, switches calls to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the nationwide telephone network.. It also contains data links providing supervision links between the processor and the switch and between the cell sites and the processor. The radio link carries the voice and signaling between the mobile unit and the cell site. Microwave radio links or wire lines carry both voice and data between the cellsite and the MTSO.5.Today's telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocol6.Today’s telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below:Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocols.Television signals can be transported in three ways: broadcast via radio waves using ground antenna, by the coaxial tree network of the community antenna TV (CATV) network or recently via a satellite, using the so-called direct broadcast system (DBS)7.By far the most popular serial interface between a computer andits CRT (显示器) terminal isthe asynchronous serial interface . This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessary. In fact, the asynchronous serial data link is a very old form of data transmission system and has its origin in the era of the第1页共4页南京邮电大学teleprinter.8.At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver continually monitors the line looking for a start bit. Once the start bit has been detected, the receiver waits until the end of thestart bit and then samples the next N bits at their centers, using a clock generated locally by the receiver. As each incoming bit is sampled, it is used to construct a new character. When the received character has been assembled, its parity is calculated and compared with the receivedparity bit following the character. If they are not equal, a parityerror flag is set to indicate a transmission error.9.If we consider binary transmission , the complete informationabout a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape , or level of the transmitted signal ; parameters are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path . Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.10. The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources . The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources . The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication . The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services , such as science , education , business , history , law , art , and , entertainment , etc11.The SDH standards are based on the principle of direct synchronous multiplexing which is the key to cost effective and flexible telecommunication networking. In essence, it means that individual tributary signals may be multiplexing directly into a higher rate SDH signal without intermediate stage of multiplexing. SDH Network Elements can then be interconnected directly with obvious cost and equipment savings over the existing network.12.Improvements in component performance, cost, and reliability by 1980 led to major commitments on the part of telephone companies. Fibre soon became the preferred transmission medium for long-haul trunks. Some early installations 0. 8 µm light sources and graded-index multimode fibre, but by 1983, designers of intercity links were thinking in terms of 1. 3 µm, single-mode systems. The single-mode fibere, used in conjunction with a 1. 3 µm laser, provides a bandwidth advantage which translates into increased repeater spacings for high data rate system.13.The individual elements of multimedia are already handled by a standard 486 personal computer, such things as audio, graphics and text, but the major challenge is in real time video, for this is the major business requirement and a necessity if multimedia systems are to become standard items for the desktop. This real time processing requires a vast amount of data storage and this is a function of the amount of information contained in a colour picture, for instance a normal640×480pixel colour picture requires well over 1 M bytes of storage to give the required quality, though for full motion video this is increased up to 100 M bytes of data.1.读者也许会问，解复用器怎么知道哪一组8位码对应于第一路、第二路及其他各路呢?显然这是很重要的。
专业英语第二章翻译
Chapter 2 Boiler第二章锅炉Air heater 空预器Commissioning 试运行Anchor 支座，固定Compressor 压缩机、压气机Anhydrous ammonia 无水氨Condenser 凝汽器Anthracite 无烟煤Containment 反应堆安全壳Atomized 雾化Convection 对流Austenitic 奥氏体钢Coolant 制冷剂Auxialiary 辅助机械Coordinated 坐标，定位Axis 轴Corten低合金耐腐蚀钢Bagasse 甘蔗渣Counterflow 逆流（换热器）Bare tube 光管Creep strength 蠕变强度Bark 树皮Criterion 标准Beam 梁，横梁Critical pressure 临界压力Bituminous coal 烟煤Culm 煤屑Blade 叶片Cyclone furnace 旋风炉Blast 鼓风Debris 残骸、有机残留物Blowdown 排污Decane 癸烷Boiler 锅炉Decay 分解Bulk 大块的Deposited 沉积，沉淀的Burner zone 燃烧器区域Deterioration 恶化Butane 丁烷Diesel oil 柴油Calcination 煅烧Differential 差动，微分Capacity 出力Distillate 馏出物Carbon steel 碳钢Distortion 变形Cerium 铈Division wall 分隔墙，双面水冷壁Chromium 铬Drainage 疏水Circulating fluidized bed CFB 循环流化Drum 汽包床锅炉Coal char 煤焦Dwell time 保留时间Cogenerator 热电联产机组Economizer 省煤器Combustion 燃烧Embrittlement 脆性，脆化Equalization 均衡，平衡Ingress进口，入口Erosive 侵蚀的，腐蚀的In-line 顺列Ethane 乙烷Inorganic 无机的Evaluate 评估，评价Ion 离子Evaporate 蒸发Jurisdiction 权限Excess air 过量空气Lignite 褐煤Extended surface 扩展受热面Lime 石灰Fatigue 疲劳Limestone 石灰石Feedwater 给谁Low alloy 低合金钢Ferrite 铁素体Low-volatile 低挥发分的Fin 鳍片，肋片Margin 裕量，安全系数Flange 法兰Matrix 矩阵Flue gas 烟气Membrane 膜Fouling 沾污Methane 甲烷Furnace 炉膛Mill 磨煤机Generator 发电机Molecule 分子Geological 地质的Molten 熔化Girth 环形Nitric oxide 氮氧化物Govern 控制、调节Nonpressure 非承压的Gravity 重力Nontoxic 无毒的Header 联箱，集箱Organisms 有机体Helical 螺旋状的Oxidation 氧化Helium 氦Peat 泥煤Heterogeneous 不均匀的Pendants superheat platen悬吊式屏式过热器Hopper 斗，料斗Pentane 戊烷Husk 壳，外壳Petrochemical 石油化工制品Hydraulic 水力的，液压的Petroleum 石油制品Ignite 点火Plasma spray coating 等离子喷涂Impurity 杂质Platen 屏Inert 惰性Polymer 聚合物Inferior 低级的，劣质的Pores 气孔，小孔Ingredients 成分Porosity多空的Potassium 钾Slurry 水煤浆Prandtl numbers 普朗特数Sodium 钠Prefabricated 预制的Solvents 溶剂Premium fuel 优质燃料Sootblower 吹灰器Pressure loss 压力损失Sour gas 含硫气体Primary air 一次风Specification 规格Propane 丙烷Stable ignition 稳定着火Proximate analysis 工业分析Stanton number 斯坦顿数Pulp 纸浆Saturated 饱和的Pyrites 黄铁矿Straw 稻草Radius 半径，范围Steam line blowing 蒸汽管路吹灰Rare earth element 稀土元素Steams 茎，杆Recuperator 间壁式换热器Stress corrosion 应力腐蚀Regenerator 回热器，蓄热器Structural formula 结构式Regulate 控制，调节Stud 双头螺栓Repercussions 反应Subbituminous 贫煤，次烟煤Reservoirs 储气罐Suction 真空，负压Residuale fuel oil 渣油Sulphur 硫Resonant 共振Superheater 过热器Retract缩回Swamp 沼泽Reynolds number 雷诺数Sweet gas 无硫气Rigid 刚性的，紧密地Switchgear 配电装置，开关装置Rollers 辊子Temperature-entropy 温熵图Scale 水垢，Tenacious 黏的Seal 密封Thermodynamics 热力学Sedimentary 沉积Tube bundles 管束Serpentine tube 蛇形管Tubular 管状的Shale 页岩Turbine 汽轮机Silica 二氧化硅V elocity 速度Silt 淤泥V ertical spidle mill 中速磨，立轴磨Single-phase 单相V essel 容器Skin casing 外护板Viscosity 黏度Slag 结渣V olumetric expansion 体膨胀Vulnerable 易损的，薄弱的DEH 数字电液系统Wear磨损DNB 偏离核态沸腾Welded 焊接FDF 送风机Wingwall屏式凝渣管FGD 烟气脱硫Yttrim 釔FSSS 炉膛安全检测保护系统Abbreviations HRB 回热锅炉AFBC 常压流化床燃烧IDF 引风机AFCO 燃料自动切断IGCC 整体煤气化联合循环AFWC 给水自动切断LMTD 对数平均温差ASME 美国机械工程师协会MFT 主燃料切断ATM 标准大气压MUF 锅炉补给水BFP 锅炉给水泵NWL 正常水位BUT 按钮OFA 火上风，燃尽风BWC锅炉水浓度PFBC 增压流化床燃烧BYP 旁路SSC 刮板除渣机CFBB 循环流化床锅炉TGA 热重分析仪MCR 最大连续蒸发量UBC 未燃烧DAS 数据采集系统WFGD 湿法烟气脱硫2.1 IntroductionBoilers use heat to convert water into steam for a variety of applications. Primary among these are electric power generation and industrial process heating. Steam has become a key resource because of its wide availability, advantageous properties and non toxic nature. The steam flow rates and operating conditions can vary dramatically; from 1000lb/h (0.1kg/s) in one process use to more than 10 million lb/h (1260kg/s) in large electric power plant; from about 14.7 psi (1 bar) and 212ºF in some heating applications to more than 4500 psi (310bar) and 1100ºF (593℃) in advanced cycle power plant.2.1 简介SSC锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进行各种利用。
物流专业英语翻译对照2
第二节 Recent Trends in Logistics1.Third Part Logistics ( TPL) 第三方物流Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。
他们在第一方（供应商或生产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设施供应商的角色。
第三方物流提供商的基本目标是降低供应商的整体物流成本，提高顾客服务水平。
Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth.A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:第三方物流增长十分迅速。
专业英语综合教程2翻译
Unit 11.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。
（illusion）Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运的保存了下来。
(devastate) That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone table survived.3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对地震孤儿的同情。
(fill with) The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake.4.那场大地震中，我们听过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命（leave behind)In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives.5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。
(off and on）The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money.6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。
专业英语八级-翻译(二)
专业英语八级-翻译(二)(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Exercise One{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)1.哲学家们以各种各样的方式解释世界。
哲学是言而不是行。
哲学家断乎改变不了自然与社会。
是不能也，非不为也。
哲学不是科学技术，不是生产力。
哲学是怀疑，是思虑，是静观，是探索。
严格来说，哲学不是解释宇宙，那是自然科学的事。
哲学家至多只能解释人生，解释自己，解释文本。
哲学也不是知识，不是知识体系，不是儿何学，物理学那样一大套公理、公式，可以解决实际生存问题。
哲学的精神永远是探究、怀疑、发问、深思；而不是提供现存答案。
哲学家有些不食人间烟火，他远离田野车间，甚至也不拿天文望远镜观察天体，而只是坐存静湍的书斋罩读书、思考、思考那究竟至极、虚无缫渺的本体问题。
哲学家孤苦伶仃，独处一室之中。
面对古往今来的大哲学家遗留下来的问题，他苦苦沉思。
他唯一的财富是文本，哲学因而就是解释文本，而不是解释宇宙。
哲学家只是一味地同古往今来的灵魂交谈——他读书，是同古昔人物交谈：他写作，是同子孙后代奁谈；他讲演，是同莘莘学子交谈；他沉思是同自己交谈。
他长于洞见，洞见未来；他善于遐想，遐想无限；他耽于梦幻，幻游彼岸；他富于关怀，关怀永恒。
他同远在天涯的哲人和精神交谈，在这个意义上，他视通万里，思接千载。
他伟大，他不朽，他同古往今来的灵魂对话。
以哲学为命运的人应当准备在崎岖小路上独行，没有目的，也不会有黄金滚滚而来。
告别鲜花、头衔、掌声和奖品，钟情于思，就会有真哲学。
（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：To some extent, philosophers tend to refrain from any secular involvements. A philosopher seldom frequents farmlands or factories, and he even never bothers to look through a telescope to make any observation of celestial bodies. He is only fond of staying in his personal library, in all its quietude, where he indulges himself in book reading and in musing, pondering on those intangible onto logical issues that he deems to be of ultimate significance. A philosopher is willing to surrender himself to utter loneliness and seclusion, confining himself to a room of his own, in a state of overwhelming solitude. In the face of the philosophical issues left over by great philosophical thinkers, ancient and modem, he contemplates painstakingly. The only wealth to his possession is texts. Therefore, the task of philosophy is to interpret texts rather than to interpret the universe. A philosopher is solely concerned with conducting dialogues with the great souls from ancient antiquity to the contemporary era. In reading books, he converses with the ancients. In writing his own books, he converses with the progeny. In delivering lectures, he converses with a multitude of young students. In contemplating, he converses with himself.二、{{B}}SECTION B English TO Chinese{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)2.The effect of any writing on the public mind is mathematically measurable by its depth of thought.{{U}} How much water does it draw? If it awaken you to think, if it lift you from your feet with the great voice of eloquence. then the effect is to be wide. slow. permanent, over the minds of men; if the pages instruct you not. they will die like flies in the hour. The way to speak and write what shall not go out of fashion is. to speak and write sincerely. The argument which has not power to reach my own practice, I may well doubt, will fail to reach yours. But take Sidney's maxim: --"Look in thy heart, and write." He that writes to himself writes to an eternal public. That statement only is fit to be made public, which you have come at in attempting to satisfy your own curiosity. The writer who takes his subject from his ear, and not from his heart, should know that he has lost as much as he seems to have gained, and when the empty book has gathered all its praise, and half the people say, "What poetry! What genius!" it still needs fuel to make fire. {{/U}}That only profits which is profitable, Life alone can impart life; andthough we should burst, we can only be valued as we make ourselves valuable.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：那么计算标准是什么呢?如果一部作品发人深省，如果它以其伟大雄辩的声音令你有醍醐灌顶之感，那么该作品对人类思想的影响便是宽广、渐进、永恒的。
专业英语翻译 (2)
It is/我们可以很方便地把电流看作是正电荷的移动，也即，与负电荷的流动方向相反，如图1－1所示。
这一惯例是由美国科学家和发明家本杰明－富兰克林引入的。
虽然我们现在知道金属导体中的电流是由负电荷引起的，但我们将遵循通用的惯例，即把电流看作是正电荷的单纯的流动。
于是电流就是电荷的变化率，它是以安培为单位来度量的。
从数学上来说，电流i、电荷q以及时间t之间的关系是：i=dq/dt.An electric/them电路仅仅是元件之间的相互结合。
我们发现电路中存在有两种元件：无源元件和有源元件。
有源元件能够产生能量而无源元件却不能，无源元件有电阻、电容和电感器等。
最重要的有源元件是通常向与它们相连的电路释放能量的电压和电流源。
Resistors/difficult对于不同端部电流而具有不同电阻的电阻器被称为非线性电阻器。
对于这种电阻器，电阻就等于器件中所流动的电流的函数。
非线性电阻器的一个简单的例子是白炽灯。
这种器件的一个典型的伏——安特性曲线如图1－10所示。
图中我们看到其图形不再是一条直线。
由于它不是一个恒值，对于包含有非线性的电路的分析显得更加困难。
In reality Resistors /事实上，所有实际电阻器都是非线性的，因为所有电阻器的电气性能会受到例如温度等的环境因素所影响。
不过很多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。
专注于这种类型的元件并且仅仅把它们称为电阻器。
The/application在电子电路中电子信号的性质按功能分为几类，一类是模拟电子学，另一类是数字电子学。
模拟和数字电子学使用类似的电子元件，但是它们使用的方法是不同的，并且在技术上表现的很明显，基于这个原因我们应该分开学习它们直到我们能让它们总是不变的应用在仪器和设备中。
Analog/linearity模拟电子学适用于电子电压和电流是模拟的物理量并且不断地变化的系统。
电子电路能重现音乐一定有与音乐成比例的电压和电流。
专业英语术语翻译2
6． point-to-point communications 点对点通信
7． modulated electrical impulse 调制电脉冲
8． communication(s) satellite 通信卫星
79． vendor-centric model 客户中心模式
80． information infrastructure 信息基础结构设施
81． value-added services (VAS) 增值业务
82． vulnerability assessment tool 弱点评估工具
42． switched internetwork 交换式内部网
43． routing protocol 路由协议
44． carrier sense 载波侦听
45． hierarchical network 分层网络
46. dynamic routing 动态路径选择，动态路由选择
57． intelligent hub 智能集线器
58． heterogeneous network 异构网络
59． packet delivery 包传送
60． IBM compatible 与IBM相容的
61． IP datagram IP数据电报
62． system crash 系统崩溃
32． multiple-access network 多路访问网络
33． management software 管理软件
34． broadband connection 宽带连接
35． confidential information 机密情报，机密信息
专业英语翻译 第二课
LESSON 2Properties of Materials材料的特性The properties of a material are those characteristics that help modify and distinguish one material from another.材料的特性是变更和区分一种材料和另一种材料的特征。
All properties are observable and most can be measured quantitatively.所有的特性都是可见的，而且大多数是可以定量测量的。
Properties are classified into two main groups, physical and chemical properties材料特性可分为物理特性和化学特性两大类。
Physical properties involve no change in the composition of the material .物理特性指的是材料成分不发生改变的特性。
Chemical properties are associated with the transformation of one material into another化学特性指的是能够结合一种材料变成另外一种材料的特性。
.Physical properties are, in turn, arbitrarily subdivided into many categories.物理特性，可以被任意地分为许多种类。
These subdivisions bear names such as mechanical, metallurgical , fabrication ,general ,magnetic ,electrical thermal ,optical , thermonuclear ,and electro-optical.这些细类名称包括机械特性，冶金特性，装配特性，通用特性，磁性特性，电子特性Regardless of the name of subdivision ,physical properties result from the response of the materials to some environmental variable ,such as a mechanical force, a temperature change, or an electro-magnetic field. In the following, the mechanical property of materials will be discussed.这些特性是由于材料在环境变化下形成的反应而产生，比如机械力，温度的改变，电磁场。
数学专业英语翻译2-6
英语字母和希腊字母表通常用于表示函数。为此，一 些特定的字母如：f,g,h,…频繁使用。
If f is a given function and if x is an object of its domain, the notation f(x) is used to designate that object in the range which is associated to x by the function f; and it is called the value of f at x or the image of x under f. The symbol f(x) is read as “f of x.”
对于一个给定的实数x>0，数出小于或者等于x的素数 的个数是有可能的。这个数称为x的函数，尽管还没 有一个简单代数式可以由已知的x计算(不通过计数求) 出它的值。
The word “function” was introduced into mathematics by Leibniz, who used the term primarily to refer to certain kinds of mathematical formulas.
“函数”这个词是由莱布尼茨引入到数学中的，他主 要使用这个术语来指代某种数学公式。
It was later realized that Leibniz’s idea of function was much too limited in its scope, and the meaning of the word has since undergone many stages of generalization. 后来人们才认识到，莱布尼茨的函数思想适用的范围 太过局限了，这个术语的含义从那时起已经过了多次 推广。
专业英语2翻译
A combination of information technology innovations and a changing domestic and global business environment makes the role of IT in business even more important for managers than just a few years ago信息技术创新加上国内及全球商业环境的不断变化，使得IT在商业中的作用对管理者来说显得比几年前更为重要。
The Internet revolution is not something that happened and then burst, but instead has turned out to be an ongoing, powerful source of new technologies with significant business implications for much of this century.互联网革命不仅仅是发生，然后破裂那样简单，它是一个不断发展的且强有力的新技术源泉，对本世纪许多事物有着重大商业影响。
There are five factors to consider when assessing the growing impact of IT in business firms both today and over the next ten years.Internet growth and technology convergenceTransformation of the business enterpriseGrowth of a globally connected economyGrowth of knowledge and information- based economiesEmergence of the digital firm在评价IT技术现在和未来10年对商业越来越大的影响时，有五个因素评估时要考虑：互联网的发展和技术融合商业企业的转型全球互联经济的增长以知识和信息为基础的经济的增长数字公司的涌现These changes in the business environment, summarized in Table 2.1, pose a number of new challenges and opportunities for business firms and their managements.表2.1总结了商业环境的变化，列出一些商业企业和它们的管理所面对的新的挑战和机遇The internet and technology convergenceOne of the most frequently asked questions by Wall Street investors, journalists, and business entrepreneurs is, “What’s the next big thing?”As it turns out, the next big thing is in front of us: 互联网和技术的融合一个被华尔街的投资者、记者和企业家最常问到的问题是，“下件大事会是什么？”事实证明，下一个大事件正摆在我们面前：We are in the midst of a networking and communications revolution driven by the growth of the Internet, Internet-based technologies, and new business models and processes that leverage the new technologies.我们正处于一个由互联网发展、以互联网为基础的技术及新的商业模式和商业进程所驱动的网络和通讯革命之中，它们还促使新技术的改变。
化工专业英语第二篇翻译
The Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing Process 化工生产过程构成The basic components of a typical chemical process(n过程;步骤;方法;工艺,vt 加工;处理) are shown in Fig.1, in which each block represents a stage in the overall process for producing a product from the raw materials. Fig.1 represents a generalized(无显著特点的,一般的) process; not all the stages(步骤;阶段) will be needed for any particular(特定的) process and the complexity of each stage will depend on the nature of the process. Chemical engineering design is concerned with the selection and arrangement（排列；安排）of the stages, and the selection, specification and design of the equipment required to perform(演出；执行；完成任务) the stage functions.典型的化学工艺的基本构成示于图1., 在此图中，每一个方框表示从原料到加工成产品的全过程中的一个步骤。
图1所示只是一般的情况，对于一个特定的工艺来说并非所有的步骤都是必需的，而且每一个步骤的复杂程度取决于生产过程的性质。
化工设计所关注的是各步骤的选择与安排，以及完成各步骤的任务所需设备的选择、说明和设计。
环境工程专业英语翻译 2考试
Unit 5 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants空气污染物的类型和来源What is air pollution?Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。
电气专业英语翻译第二部分
An acceptable system must at minimum satisfy the three basic criteria of stability, accuracy, and a satisfactory transient response. These three criteria are implied in the statement that an acceptable system must have a satisfactory time response to specified inputs and disturbances. So although we work in the Laplace and frequency domains for convenience, we must be able to relate these two domains, at least qualitatively, to the time domain.
线性和非线性系统：如果系统所有元件都是线性的，系统就是线性的。如果任何一个是非线性的，系统就是非线性的。
时变和时不变系统：一个时不变系统或静态系统，其参数不随时间变化。当提供一个输入时，时不变系统的输出不依赖于时间。描述系统的微分方程的系数为常数。如果有一个或多个参数随时间变化，则系统是时变或非静态系统提供输入的时间必须已知，微分方程的系数是随时间而变化的。
连续和离散系统：所有变量都是时间的连续函数的系统称做连续变量或模拟系统，描述的方程是微分方程。离散变量或数字系统有一个或多个只是在特殊时刻可知的变量，如图2-1A-2b，描述方程是差分方程。如果时间间隔是可控的，系统被称做数据采样系统。离散变量随机地产生，例如：为只能接受离散数据的数字计算机提供一个输入。显然，当采样间隔减小时，离散变量就接近一个连续变量。不连续的变量，如图2-1A-2c所示，出现在开关或乓-乓控制系统中。这将分别在后续的章节中讨论。
专业英语八级翻译分类真题汉译英(二)
专业英语八级翻译分类真题汉译英(二)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}TRANSLATION{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}CHINESE TO ENGLISH{{/B}}(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的，容不得半点儿强求、干涉和控制。
{{U}}彼此之间，情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交，反之，则离、则绝。
朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密，也不能随便过头、不恭不敬，这样，默契和平衡将被打破，友好关系将不复存在{{/U}}。
{{U}}每个人都希望拥有自己的一片私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。
待友不敬，有时或许只是一件小事，却可能已埋下了破坏性的种子。
维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉，久而敬之才能天长地久{{/U}}。
（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：([直译] The continuation of friendship is on the premise that one respects the other. It does not allow any bit of forcing, interference or control. {{U}}If one shares interest, taste, and value of the other, they will come together and relate to one another; otherwise, they stay away from one another and discontinue their relations. No matter how familiar friends may be and how close their relations are, they shall not be too casual to show disrespect and impoliteness. Otherwise, their harmony will break, their balance will be lost, and the friendly relationship between them will come to an end{{/U}}. {{U}}Every one wants a personal space, a forbidden space one may call one's own. If friends are too casual to one another, they may unconsciously invade the other's personal space, so that conflicts may arise, and separation may result. Treating friends with disrespect may seemingly be a small matter, but in fact, it has already sown a destructive seed. We keep a friendly relation best if we relate to one another with due respect and politeness, each not interfering the other's business. Always respect your friends, and your friendship will last{{/U}}. [意译] Mutual respect is the basis of friendship. Any bit of forcing, interference or control will only help to break up this relationship. {{U}}People who share the same interest and taste, who have the same value, come together to form good relationships, whereas people who do not stay away from each other and end their relationships. Familiar though friends may be to one another, and close as their relations, if one is too casual, the other may feel that he is not treated with due respect and politeness. As a result, the harmony may break, the balance may be lost, and their friendly relationship may be finished{{/U}}. {{U}}We all want to have a personal space, a space of our own. If we the friends are too casual to each other, we may unconsciously invade this forbidden space, causing conflicts and making us split up. Casual behavior among friends may seem a small matter. In fact, it is a destructive seed. Don't interfere with your friends' business, and always respect your friends. It is mutual respect and politeness that best keeps a friendly relation and makes it last{{/U}}.)解析：[解析] 首先，这是一篇典型的中国文人写的散文，酷似中国画和书法，洋洋洒洒，读起来使人难免有些飘飘然的朦胧感觉。
全国翻译专业资格水平考试英语二级笔译综合能力模拟试题
全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试英语二级笔译综合能力模拟试题全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语二级笔译综合能力模拟试题Section 1: Vocabulary and Grammar (25 Points)This section consists of three parts. Read the directions for each part before answering the questions. The time for this section is 25 minutes.Part 1 Vocabulary SelectionIn this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C, D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only one right answer. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. The streets of the Dual Springs neighborhood, a migrant-worker hub in northern Beijing, are ______. That's no surprise; more than 13,000 people have been quarantined in China's capital to halt the insidious spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).A. desertedB. vacatedC. unlived inD. removed2. In many ______ a lack of direction prompted the Republican Guard to call it a day.A. occasionsB. casesC. eventsD. days3. They did considerable work to ______ the masses of the United States with the elementary problems of Latin America.A. allowB. acquaintC. notifyD. propagate4. My mother says a teaching machine has to be _____ to fit the mind of each boy and girl it teaches and that each kid has to be taught differently.A. modifiedB. consideredC. adjustedD. remanufactured5. The big retailers are starting to think small, too. Sainsbury's and Tesco have launched convenience-store chains, called Local and Express, respectively - that have fast become _____ in British towns.A. ubiquitousB. establishedC. frequentedD. known6. The solidarity among the young, especially the 386 Generation, is so strong that it's helping to _____ the country's deep-rooted regional divide.A. enhanceB. dissolveC. weakenD. move7. The Wright brothers continued their flying in France and _____ all who saw them.A. saddenedB. frightenedC. astonishedD. alarmed8. We are will aware of the responsibilities that necessarily _____ to our office.A. attachB. confrontsC. givenD. face9. People say that what we are all _____ is a meaning for life, but I don't think that's what we all look for.A. seeingB. seekingC. watchingD. looking10. When Joe was left to live with those people, he found that they were so ____ of life that he couldn't stay with themA. painfulB. disdainfulC. meaningfulD. fruitful11. When you make the sacrifice in marriage, the psychologists say, you're sacrificing not to each other but to ______ in a relationship.A. unityB. utilityC. fraternityD. reality12. The constant changes in fashion, _____ with a view to higher sales, made greater demands on women as a class.A. predictedB. dictatedC. statedD. related13. It is easy to see why many little girls prefer to _____ with the male role, but the girl who does find the male role more attractive is faced with a dilemma.A. beautifyB. modifyC. identifyD. justify14. If we can _____ any kind of killing in the name of religion, the door is opened for all kinds of other justifications.A. purifyB. satisfyC. justifyD. verify15. I could easily perceive that his heart burnt to relieve his starving kids, but he seemed ashamed to ______ his inability to me.A. discoverB. recoverC. demonstrateD. impress16. It is a dangerous thing nowadays if you do not _____ others at arm's length, for they may hit you below the belt any time.A. bakeB. keepC. takeD. make17. I will never _____ the experiences of the four years at Howard University, though there were unhappy encounters.A. dischargeB. rechargeC. discardD. dispose18. We should not _____ the West, nor should we praise it to the skies and think great of everything that belongs to the West.A. forgiveB. forsakeC. forlornD. forage19. Bill Gates is one of those who are said to be _______, able to rack huge profits at every turn.A. on the shipB. on the planeC. on the gravy trainD. on the rocks20. He aimed at finding some workable _____ with a man who was a celebrity not only in the inward-reflecting world of Oxford but in the larger world outside.A. neighborhoodB. workmanshipC. relationshipD. craftsmanshipPart 2 Vocabulary ReplacementThis part consists of 15 sentences in which one word or phrase is underlined. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C, D. You are to select the ONE choice that can replace the underlined word without causing any grammatical error or changing the principal meaning of the sentence. There is only one right answer. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. It wasn't long before Franks was a marked man. After he served in Desert Storm, directing helicopter and ground units, the Army's high command gave him the job of remaking the service for the post-cold war world.A. a person whose conduct is watched with suspicion or hostilityB. a man destined to succeedC. a remarkable personD. a notable person22. The most notorious expression of that change was last year's bootleg publication of "The Japan That Can Say No" - the book written by right-wing politician Shintaro Ishihara and Sony chairman Akio Morita.A. free publicationB. pirate publicationC. lawful publicationD. commercial publication23. "No," Kojima said, "the point is, he spoke out, he stood up to America. Japan is just getting tired of being pushed around."A. he stood up and spoke to the American audienceB. he faced America boldlyC. he challenged AmericaD. he met the Americans' challenge proudly24. Traffic with criminals is dangerous.A. dealing with criminalsB. tracking the criminalsC. fighting the criminalsD. transporting criminals25. Some - such as liquid oxygen - are so cold that they embrittle many constructional materials and evaporate continuously if not refrigerated.A. weakenB. strengthenC. reduceD. cause … to become brittle26. A "Backgrounder" permits newspapermen to publish information given them though without attribution to the source.A. a person who remains behind the sceneB. a person providing the background knowledgeC. a press conferenceD. a news agency27. Is it possible that the entire tale is but a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for LeifA. detailedB. plausibleC. distortedD. eye-witness28. Isolated cases of disaffection - or harbingers of a mass cross-border movement that threatens Europe's economic stability The question is pressing.A. signB. forerunnerC. messengerD. vanguard29. The man we met this morning grows many kinds of plants in his garden, most of which are flowers including succulents and cacti.A. risesB. raisesC. plantsD. plows30. The scientist contested the assumption of previous scientists that the fate of human beings could not be predicated.A. respectedB. supposedC. suspectedD. assumed31. One's knowledge of the world, according to humanists, is largely derived by observation, experience and their analysis of the things they observe and experience.A. come fromB. determinedC. resulted inD. resulted from32. In the last 10 years we have all witnessed an impressive growth in our knowledge about the environments.A. imperativeB. observableC. sustainableD. expressive33. In our culture and in our eyes success all too often means simply outdoing other people by virtue of achievement judged by some single scale - income or honors - and coming out at "the top".A. outfittingB. outbiddingC. outragingD. outshining34. Social taboos remained strong. Gambling was virtually prohibited except on the racecourses, and drinking of alcohol was discouraged by the closing of hotels at six o'clock and by the shortage of bottle beer.A. factuallyB. eventuallyC. consequentlyD. significantly35. Everyone must be responsible for their own behavior, and most of the young people today are interested, as far as I can perceive, in taking their knocks, just as adults must take theirs.A. taking their jobsB. sharing their ideas27. Is it possible that the entire tale is but a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for LeifA. detailedB. plausibleC. distortedD. eye-witness28. Isolated cases of disaffection - or harbingers of a mass cross-border movement that threatens Europe's economic stability The question is pressing.A. signB. forerunnerC. messengerD. vanguard29. The man we met this morning grows many kinds of plants in his garden, most of which are flowers including succulents and cacti.A. risesB. raisesC. plantsD. plows30. The scientist contested the assumption of previous scientists that the fate of human beings could not be predicated.A. respectedB. supposedC. suspectedD. assumed31. One's knowledge of the world, according to humanists, is largely derived by observation, experience and their analysis of the things they observe and experience.A. come fromB. determinedC. resulted inD. resulted from32. In the last 10 years we have all witnessed an impressive growth in our knowledge about the environments.A. imperativeB. observableC. sustainableD. expressive33. In our culture and in our eyes success all too often means simply outdoing other people by virtue of achievement judged by some single scale - income or honors - and coming out at "the top".A. outfittingB. outbiddingC. outragingD. outshining34. Social taboos remained strong. Gambling was virtually prohibited except on the racecourses, and drinking of alcohol was discouraged by the closing of hotels at six o'clock and by the shortage of bottle beer.A. factuallyB. eventuallyC. consequentlyD. significantly35. Everyone must be responsible for their own behavior, and most of the young people today are interested, as far as I can perceive, in taking their knocks, just as adults must take theirs.A. taking their jobsB. sharing their ideasC. assuming their responsibilitiesD. shaking off their responsibilitiesPart 3 Correcting Grammatical ErrorsThis part consists of 15 sentences in which there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C, D. You are to select the ONE choice and replace the underlined element(s) so that the error is erased and corrected. There is only one right answer. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.36. A survey asked British mums who work outside the home what they would most like for Mother's Day. And what did they reply "Flowers Chocolates Dinner in Paris " No, what 72% wanted was this: a little bit of time for mother.A. to myselfB. to momC. for momD. by myself37. Of course, nobody ever thought the prime minister's job shall be easy.A. wouldB. couldC. willD. should38. Downing Street is fighting fiercely for something it hopes it shall control: its reputation. "[The BBC] is now saying, 'Nobody ever said the prime minister told a lie,' but that's exactly what they're saying," Alastair Campbell, Blair's director of communications, told Newsweek. "That's pretty heavy."A. couldB. wouldC. canD. will39. The made-in-America idea of the global brand has built a name that people will buy on faith, and the pioneer was Coca-Cola.A. is buildingB. is to buildC. was to buildD. was building40. For the least, American roots are no longer an easy selling point. Through much of the postwar period, US brands could play off this cachet; Levi's ad campaigns used wholesome themes of boy-meets-girl in a heartland American setting until the early 1990s.A. At leastB. At the leastC. At mostD. At the most41. For me and my other classmates, trying to fathom what happened to our old school friend, we may never know if we really would grow up with a future terrorist.A. grow upB. are growing upC. grew upD. shall grow up42. When I was an editor, I always preferred to apologise promptly, what the merits of the case, rather than face the expense and, importantly, the time consuming complexities and debilitating worry of litigation, libel being one of the least satisfactory branches of the law.A. whichever, more importantlyB. whatever, more importantC. whichever, more important C. whatever, more importantly43. One morning my patience was growing thin during Mark talked once too often, and then I made a novice-teacher's mistake.A. whenB. asC. whileD. whenever44. One of the key features of CBI is the use of authentic "input" - in other words, "real" reading but listening material: magazine and newspaper articles, poems, short stories, brochures, excerpts from textbooks written for native speakers of English, radio interviews, lectures, and advertisements.A. andB. orC. and/orD. Nil45. In each person's life there are three stages. When one was young, people said, "He will do something." As he grew older and did nothing, they said, "He could do something if he found himself." When he was white-haired, people said of him, "He might do something if he could try anything."A. He should have done something if he has tried somethingB. He would have done something if he should have tried anythingC. He might do something if he would try something.D. He might have done something if he had tried anything46. China not only will endeavor to curb its population growth, but will also upgrade the education of its citizens.A. will not only … but also willB. will not only … but also willC. will not only … but alsoD. not only … but will also47. Of course, the notion suspects that while people work 50 weeks a year, their output is greater than they work 46or 47 weeks.A. p redicts … even ifB. assumes … ifC. assumes … whenD. predicts … when48. If they will not be able to reach agreement before the conference, they shall lose a good opportunity of involving themselves to do the project.A. will be unable … to involvingB. are unable … to involveC. are not be able … to involveD. will be able … to involving49. I was standing behind him and I did see Sandra handing the letter to Joe.A. handB. has handedC. handedD. was handing50. The President was talking to all the department heads while a group of unexpected important clients had arrived for a talk with him.A. when … were arrivingB. as … had arrivedC. when … arrivingD. when … arrivedSection 2: Reading Comprehension (50 Points, 70 minutes)In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with four (A. B.C and D) suggested answers or ways of finishing. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Questions 51-55 are based on the following passage.To Err Is Humanby Lewis ThomasEveryone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from $379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributionsare mailed over and over to people with crazy sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they're turning everything off, that sort of thing. If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain,you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying, "Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account."These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be the normal behavior of a good machine. If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible.I wonder whether this can be true. After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe. A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse. They can do anything we can do, and more besides.It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about this. When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and standing listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking, and the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, choking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters. On the other hand, the evidence of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all around, in every mail. As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities.51. The title of the writing "To Err Is Human" implies thatA. making mistakes is confined only to human beings.B. every human being cannot avoid making mistakes.C. all human beings are always making mistakes.D. every human being is born to make bad mistakes.52. The first paragraph implies thatA. computer errors are so obvious that one can hardly prevent it from happening.B. the computer is so capable of making errors that none of them is avoidable.C. computers make such errors as miscalculation and inaccurate reporting.D. Computers can't think so their errors are natural and unavoidable.53. The author uses his hypothesis that "computers represents an extension of the human brain" in order to indicate thatA. human beings are not infallible, nor are computers.B. computers are bound to make as many errors as human beings.C. errors made by computers can be avoided the same as human mistakes can be avoided.D. computers are made by human beings and so are their errors.54. The rhetoric the author employed in writing the third paragraph, especially the sentence "A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess…" is usually referred to in writing asA. climaxB. personificationC. hyperboleD. onomatopoeia55. The author compared the faint and distant sound of the computer to the sound of thinking and regarded it as the product ofA. dreaming and thinkingB. some property of errorsC. consciousnessD. possibilitiesQuestions 56-60 are based on the following passage.The Frugal Gourmet Cooks Americanby Jeff SmithOur real American foods have come from our soil and have been used by many groups -- those who already lived here and those who have come here to live. The Native Americans already had developed an interesting cuisine using the abundant foods that were so prevalent.The influence that the English had upon our national eating habits is easy to see. They were a tough lot, those English, and they ate in a tough manner. They wiped their mouths on the tablecloth, if there happened to be one, and they ate until you would expect them to burst. European travelers to this country in those days were most often shocked by American eating habits, which included too much fat and too much salt and too much liquor. Not much has changed! And, the Revolutionists refused to use the fork since it marked them as Europeans. The fork was not absolutely common on the American dinner table until about the time of the Civil War, the 1860s. Those English were a tough lot.Other immigrant groups added their own touches to the preparation of our New World food products. The groups that came still have a special sense of self-identity through their ancestral heritage, but they see themselves as Americans. This special self-identity through your ancestors who came from other lands was supposed to disappear in this country. The term melting pot was first used in reference to America in the late 1700s, so this belief that we would all become the same has been with us for a long time. Thank goodness it has never worked. The various immigrant groups continue to add flavor to the pot, all right, but you can pick out the individual flavors easily.The largest ancestry group in America is the English. There are more people in America who claim to have come from English blood than there are in England. But is their food English Thanks be to God, it is not! It is American. The second largest group is the Germans, then the Irish, theAfro-Americans, the French, the Italians, the Scottish, and the Polish. The Mexican and American Indian groups are all smaller than any of the above, though they were the original cooks in this country.56. Which of the following statements is nearly identical in meaning with the sentence "they ate until you would expect them to burst" in the second paragraphA. You bet they would never stop to eat till they are full.B. What you can expect is that they would not stop eating unless there was no more food.C. The only thing you would expect is that they wouldn't stop eating till they had had enough of the food.D. the only thing is that they wouldn't stop eating till they felt sick.57. Which of the following statements is Not trueA. English people had bad table manners.B. American food was exclusively unique in its flavors and varieties.C. American diet contained a lot of fat, salt and liquor.D. Europeans were not at all accustomed to the American way of eating.58. The author's attitude towards the American food is thatA. American food is better than foods from other countries.B. American food is superior to European foods.C. the European food had helped enrich the flavors and varieties of the American foods.D. people from other countries could still identify from the American foods the food that was unique to their countries.59. Immigrant groups, when they got settled down in the United States, still have had their own sense of self-identity becauseA. their foods are easily identified among all the foods Americans eat.B. their foods stand out in sharp contrast to foods of other countries.C. they know pretty well what elements of the American food are of their own countries' origin.D. they know pretty well how their foods contribute to American cuisine.60. Which of the following statements is trueA. People from other cultures or nations start to lose their self-identity once they get settled down in America.B. The "melting pot" is supposed to melt all the foods but in reality it doesn't.C. The special sense of self-identity of people from other countries can't maintain once they become Americans.D. The "melting pot" finds it capable of melting all the food traditions into the American tradition.Questions 61-64 are based on the following passage."It's like being bitten to death by ducks." That's how one mother described her constant squabbles with her eleven-year-old daughter. And she's hardly alone in the experience. The arguments almost always involve mundane matters - taking out the garbage, coming home on time, cleaning up the bedroom. But despite its banality, this relentless bickering takes its adolescents - particularly mothers - report lower levels of life satisfaction, less marital happiness, andmore general distress than parents of younger children. Is this continual arguing necessaryFor the past two years, my students and I have been examining the day-to-day relationships of parents and young teenagers to learn how and why family ties change during the transition from childhood into adolescence. Repeatedly, I am struck by the fact that, despite considerable love between most teens and their parents, they can't help sparring. Even in the closest of families, parents and teenagers squabble and bicker surprisingly often - so often, in fact, that we hear impassioned recountings of these arguments in virtually every discussion we have with parents or teenagers. One of the most frequently heard phrases on our interview tapes is, "We usually get along but …"As psychologist Anne Petersen notes, the subject of parent-adolescent conflict has generated considerable controversy among researchers and clinicians. Until about twenty years ago, our views of such conflict were shaped by psychoanalytic clinicians and theorists, who argued that spite and revenge, passive aggressiveness and rebelliousness toward parents are all normal, even healthy, aspects of adolescence. But studies conducted during the 1970s on samples of average teenagers and their parents (rather than those who spent Wednesday afternoons on analysts' couches) challenged the view that family storm and stress was inevitable or pervasive. These surveys consistently showed that three-fourths of all teenagers and parents, here and abroad, feel quite close to each other and report getting along very well. Family relations appeared far more pacific than professionals and the public had believed.61. According to the passage, parents and teenagers are always at loggerheads with each other overA. the careless attitude of teenagers toward their parents' work pressure.B. who should take the lion's share of the housework.C. the finger-pointing attitude of the parents toward their children.D. disagreements on each other's behavioral patterns.62. The parents-children relationship changes from the relative positive to the relative negative whenA. the children reach 7 or 8 years of age.B. the children reach 13 or 14 years of age.C. the parents begin to have too many household responsibilities.D. the parents begin to feel there is too much burden in the house.63. Studies conducted during the 1970s on parents-children relationship indicated thatA. adolescence did not cause as much trouble as clinicians and theorists had stated.B. Children's aggressiveness and rebelliousness were growing.C. Children-parents relationship was declining.D. teenagers became even more abhorrent of their parents.64. The author's own discoveries from the day-to-day relationships of parents and young teenagers indicate thatA. storm and stress between the parents and the teenagers are normal.B. storm and conflicts are unavoidable.C. parents can never avoid the conflicts unless they love their children.D. parents' strictness lead to their children's disapproval of them.Questions 65-71 are based on the following passage.Questions of education are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on. This is one of the commonest reasons for the unsatisfactoriness of the answers. It is only within a particular social system that a system of education has any meaning. If education today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse opinions about the kind of society we want. Education is a subject which cannot be discussed in a void: our questions raise other questions, social, economic, financial, political. And the bearings are on more ultimate problems even than these: to know what we want in education we must know what we want in general, we must derive our theory of education from our philosophy of life. The problem turns out to be a religious problem.One might almost speak of a "crisis" of education. There are particular problems for each country, for each civilization, just as there are particular problems for each parent; but there is also a general problem for the whole of the civilized world, and for the uncivilized so far as it is being taught by its civilized superiors; a problem which may be as acute in Japan, in China or in India as in Britain or Europe or America. The progress (I do not mean extension) of education for several centuries has been from one aspect a drift, from another aspect a push; for it has tended to be。
化学化工专业英语翻译2
•Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.煤，石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。
•Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。
•An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same.人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。
•These books are packed in tens. 这些书每十本装一包。
•These products are counted by hundreds. 这些产品是成百成百计数的。
•They went out by twos and threes. 他们三三两两地出去了。
•They consulted tens of magazines. 他们查阅了几十本杂志。
•Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over. 自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。
•More weight must be placed on the past history of patients. 必须更加重视患者的病史。
•The continuous process can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.连续过程能在任何常用的压力下进行，而不必暴露在大气中。
医学专业英语翻译2单元1
The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.
Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.
英语专业高级英语2课后翻译
1. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the same of conversation.无论动物之间的交流有多么复杂，它们都称不上聊天。
2. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no wining in conversation.争吵可能经常是它的一部分，但争吵的目的并不是要说服他人。
聊天中没有输赢之分。
3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.或许是我自小常去英国酒吧的缘故，我认为酒吧聊天拥有自己独特的魅力4. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it —— she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not sth. that was pressing on her mind —— but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk我不记得是什么使我们的一个伙伴提前了这个话题——她显然不是特意来酒吧说这件事的，那也不是什么她非说不可的事——但她十分自然的在聊天中说出了这句话5.There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken ".每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制定一些规则时，总会遭到下层社会的抵制。
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专业英语翻译二地理131班邓慧玲1301100012In geography, maps are one of the most important tools researchers, cartographers, students and others can use to examine the entire Earth or a specific part of it.What Is a Map?Simply defined, maps are pictures of the Earth's surface. They can be general reference and show landforms, political boundaries, water, the locations of cities, or in the case of thematic maps, show different but very specific topics such as the average rainfall distribution for an area or thedistribution of a certain disease throughout a county.Today with the increased use of GIS, also known as Geographic Information Systems, thematic maps are growing in importance.The Different Types of MapsThe following is a list of each major map type used by geographers and a description of what they are and an example of each kind.∙Political Map: A political map does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map. A common type of political map would be oneshowing the 50 U.S. states and their borders along with the United States' north and southinternational borders (map of the United States).∙Physical Map: A physical map is one that shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue.Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief.Normally on physical maps green shows lower elevations while browns show high elevations. An example of a physical map is one showing the state of Hawaii (map of Hawaii). Low elevation coastal regions are shown in dark green, while the higher elevations transition from orange to dark brown. Rivers are shown in blue.∙Topographic Map: A topographic map is similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep. For example a topographic map showing the Big Island of Hawaii would have contour lines that are close together near the steep, high elevation mountains of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. By contrast, the low elevation, flat coastal areas show contour lines that are spread apart.∙Climate Map: A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. They can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show differentclimatic areas. A climate map for Australia for example uses colors to show differences between the temperate area of Victoria and desert region in the center of the continent.∙Economic or Resource Map: An economic or resource map shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colorsdepending on what is being shown on the map. For example an economic activity map for Brazil can use colors to show different agricultural products of given areas, letters for natural resources and symbols for different industries (image showing a map of Brazil).∙Road Map: A road map is one of the most widely used map types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on detail) as well as things like airports, city locations and points of interest like parks, campgrounds and monuments. Major highways on a road map are generally red and larger than other roads, while minor roads are a lighter color and a narrower line.A road map of San Francisco, California for example would show the major highways as a wide redline and other large roads as a lighter red with minor streets as gray (map of San Francisco).∙Thematic Map: A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points toenhance the map's theme. An example of a thematic map would be one showing the population change of Canada in specific locations from 1996 to 2001. The map shows the theme it isattempting to get across to its audience and uses a political map (e.g. one showing the provincial and territorial borders of Canada) to give it more of a reference.翻译：在地理学的角度,地图对研究者来说是最重要的一个工具,制图者、学生和其他人可以使用它来检查整个地球或一个特定的一部分。