专业英语翻译二

专业英语翻译二
地理131班邓慧玲1301100012
In geography, maps are one of the most important tools researchers, cartographers, students and others can use to examine the entire Earth or a specific part of it.
What Is a Map?
Simply defined, maps are pictures of the Earth's surface. They can be general reference and show landforms, political boundaries, water, the locations of cities, or in the case of thematic maps, show different but very specific topics such as the average rainfall distribution for an area or the
distribution of a certain disease throughout a county.
Today with the increased use of GIS, also known as Geographic Information Systems, thematic maps are growing in importance.
The Different Types of Maps
The following is a list of each major map type used by geographers and a description of what they are and an example of each kind.
∙Political Map: A political map does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map. A common type of political map would be one
showing the 50 U.S. states and their borders along with the United States' north and south
international borders (map of the United States).
∙Physical Map: A physical map is one that shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue.
Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief.
Normally on physical maps green shows lower elevations while browns show high elevations. An example of a physical map is one showing the state of Hawaii (map of Hawaii). Low elevation coastal regions are shown in dark green, while the higher elevations transition from orange to dark brown. Rivers are shown in blue.
∙Topographic Map: A topographic map is similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep. For example a topographic map showing the Big Island of Hawaii would have contour lines that are close together near the steep, high elevation mountains of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. By contrast, the low elevation, flat coastal areas show contour lines that are spread apart.
∙Climate Map: A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. They can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different
climatic areas. A climate map for Australia for example uses colors to show differences between the temperate area of Victoria and desert region in the center of the continent.
∙Economic or Resource Map: An economic or resource map shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors
depending on what is being shown on the map. For example an economic activity map for Brazil can use colors to show different agricultural products of given areas, letters for natural resources and symbols for different industries (image showing a map of Brazil).
∙Road Map: A road map is one of the most widely used map types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on detail) as well as things like airports, city locations and points of interest like parks, campgrounds and monuments. Major highways on a road map are generally red and larger than other roads, while minor roads are a lighter color and a narrower line.
A road map of San Francisco, California for example would show the major highways as a wide red
line and other large roads as a lighter red with minor streets as gray (map of San Francisco).
∙Thematic Map: A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to
enhance the map's theme. An example of a thematic map would be one showing the population change of Canada in specific locations from 1996 to 2001. The map shows the theme it is
attempting to get across to its audience and uses a political map (e.g. one showing the provincial and territorial borders of Canada) to give it more of a reference.
翻译：
在地理学的角度,地图对研究者来说是最重要的一个工具,制图者、学生和其他人可以使用它来检查整个地球或一个特定的一部分。

●什么是地图吗?
简单地来说,地图是地球表面的照片。

他们可以大概引用和表示地形,政治边界,海域,城市位置,或者就专题地图来说,地图显示不同但非常具体的主题,例如,一个地区的平均降雨量分布或者在一个国家某种疾病的分布。

今天，随着GIS的使用，GIS也称为地理信息系统。

专题地图的重要性正日益增强。

●不同类型的地图
下面列出的每种主要类型的地图的用途是根据地理学家以及他们描述每种类型的一个例子。

•政治地图:政治地图不显示任何地形特征。

它而是关注地区和国家边界的一个地方。

根据详细的地图，它还包括城市的位置——无论大小。

一种常见的政治地图将显示美国50个州和边境以及美国的北部和南部国界(美国)的地图。

•自然地图:自然地图是显示一个地方的自然景观特征。

他们通常显示诸如山脉,河流和湖泊和海域总是用蓝色显示的东西。

山脉和高程变化通常用不同的颜色和色调显示地势。

通常在自然地图里，绿色显示低海拔，黑色显示高海拔。

自然地图的一个例子是表示夏威夷(map)地势的状态。

低海拔沿海地区用深绿色表示,而更高的海拔从橙色转变为深棕色来表示。

河流则显示为蓝色。

•地形图:地形图与自然地图很类似，都是显示了不同的自然景观特征。

但是他们是不同的，因为地形图是使用轮廓线而不是颜色来展示景观的变化。

等高线地形图上通常是一定的间隔来表示海拔高度变化(例如,每一行代表100英尺(30米)高度变化)当等高线靠得很近的时候就代表地形陡峭。

例如夏威夷大岛的地形图显示接近陡崖的轮廓线靠得很近,高海拔的莫纳罗亚山和基拉韦厄火山。

相比之下,低海拔,平坦的沿海地区的轮廓线是分开的。

•气候地图:气候地图显示了一个地区的气候信息。

他们可以展示一个具体气候区域面积根据温度,大量的积雪面积接收或阴天的平均数量。

这些地图通常使用颜色来显示不同的气候区域。

澳大利亚气候地图例如使用颜色来显示温带地区维多利亚和沙漠地区中心的大陆的差异。

•经济或资源地图:一个经济或资源地图显示了在一个区域里特定类型的经济活动或自然资源通过使用不同的符号或颜色显示在地图上。

例如巴西的经济活动地图可以用颜色来显示一定区域内不同的农产品。

路线图:路线图是使用最广泛的地图类型之一。

这些地图显示主要和次要的高速公路和道路(取决于细节)以及诸如机场、城市的位置,像公园、营地和纪念碑。

在路线图上主要高速公路通常用红色来表示,而次要道路较轻的颜色和窄线来表示。

加州旧金山的路线图,例如主要的高速公路作为宽的红线和其他轻红色与灰色的小街道旧金山(map)。

专题地图:专题地图是一幅专注于一个特定的主题或特殊的话题，专题地图不同于上面那六种因为他们不只是提到的一般参考地图显示的自然特性,如河流、城市,政治区域、海拔和高速公路。

如果这些项目在专题地图上,他们只是背景信息,作为参考点来增强地图的主题。

专题地图的一个例子将展示一个加拿大的人口变化从1996年到2001年在特定位置。

地图显示的主题是试图越过它的观众,并使用一个政治地图(例如一个省和领土边界的加拿大)给它更多的参考。