法律英语讲座之十一 美国刑事诉讼法(中)
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谈美国刑事诉讼法，不可避免地就要谈到陪审团制度。陪审团制度是英美法系的重要组成部分，也
是诉讼体系中非常有特色的一部分，这种制度对美国的民主生活1和司法体系有着深远的影响。笔者本
期将专门对这一制度以及与其有关的法律英语内容作一个介绍。
陪审团一般分为两类：小陪审团（pet it j ur y ）和大陪审团（gr and j ur y ）。
(一)小陪审团（peti t j ur y ）
美国小陪审团一般由12人组成，人少的话则规定由6人组成即可。小陪审团在民事和刑事案件中都有采用。下面是一段对小陪审团的介绍：
Incri m inal cases it s taskis t odeter m ine punishable gui lt,andi t usual lydoes sow ithli ttle cr itici sm .Its positi onas a bul w arkof liberty,a pr otector against executi ve oppression,and as a m ode of l esseningthe r igor s of overlystrictlegislationissecure.
T he civi l j ury's taskis generallytodet erm ine li abilit ytopaym oneydam ages.It i snotew or thy,how ever,that theci vil juryis not now andnever hasbeenusedinequit ycases,althougha few states pr ovide for equi tyjurytrial s inverylim i tedci rcum stances.
刑事案件中小陪审团的主要任务是判定当事人是否犯有应受惩罚的罪行，其所起的作用通常很少受到非议。它在作为自由的堡垒，反抗暴政的保护人以及减轻严刑峻法的模式方面的地位是相当稳固的。
民事案件中小陪审团的主要任务通常是判定赔付金钱损害赔偿之责任。但值得注意的是，无论是过去还是现在，在衡平法案件中民事陪审团是很少使用的。
equi ty cases 衡平法案件
民事陪审团（小陪审团）自其诞生以来一直都存在着很多的争议。读者需要注意的是在民事审判团的诞生地英国，这种制度已经被废除50多年了。现在世界上只有美国还存在着大陪审团和小陪审团两种形式并存的局面。
在这里，还有一点我们必须要理解的是：在美国刑事和民事诉讼中，无论多么微小的案件，被告人都有选择陪审团进行审判的权利。这项权利是美国宪法第六修正案所规定的。
T he S i xthA m endm ent tothe U .S.C onst itut ionaff ords cr im inal defendants sevendiscr ete per sonal l ibert ies:
(1)theri ght toaspeedytrial ,(2)t her ight toa public trial,(3)the right toanim part ial jury,(4)the right t obe i nform edof pendingchar ges,(5)the r ight to confront andcross-exam ine adverse w itnesses,(6)the ri ght t o com pel favorablew itnessestotest ifyat tri al t hroughthe subpoenapow er of t hejudiciar y,and(7)the right tolegal counsel.
第六条修正案〔1791年〕规定：“在一切刑事诉讼中，被告享有下列权利：由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速而公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知被控告的性质和理由；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得对其有利的证人；取得律师帮助为其辩护。”
由陪审团审判，是宪法规定的被告人的一项不可剥夺的基本权利，当然，这种权利也是可以放弃的。
（二）大陪审团（gr and j ur y ）
第二种陪审团的类型是大陪审团。大陪审团并不判定有罪或无罪，它的功能是起诉。当一名疑犯被带到司法官（m agi st r at e ）面前且司法官认为有足够的证据时，该案便会提交给大陪审团作调查。只有公诉人才向大陪审团提交证据。
美国刑事诉讼法（中）
（李湛意上海外国语大学法学院）法律英语讲座之十一
法律英语
3法律英语
T he gr and jury's task i s to determ i ne w het her the evidence present ed,i f uncont ested,w ould w ar rant convi ction.If it fi nds that it does it w ill issuea tr ue bill of indi ctm ent andt he case w ill pr oceedtotri al.If the evidence is insuffi cient t he case w il l bedism i ssed.
大陪审团的任务是：确定所提交的证据（如果没有争议）能否足够充分而确保定罪。如果大陪审团认为证据能够确保定罪，它便会发出准予起诉书，案件将进入审判程序。如果证据不足，案件便不会被受理。
dism i ss 驳回、不予受理。注意：tr ue bi l l 是指“准予起诉”；bi l l of i ndi ctm ent 准予起诉书
还有一种f ederal grand j ur y 联邦大陪审团
下面这段文字是对联邦大陪审团的介绍：
Inthe U nit edS t ates,federal grand juri es have bet w een16and23jur ors.The gr andjuryreceives com plai nts andaccusat ions incrim inal cases,hear s evidence adducedbyt he stat e 2,andapproves anindictm ent w hensatisfied that ther e is enoughevidence agai nst t he accusedtow arrant a tri al.3
在美国，i ndi ctm ent 指由大陪审团提出的刑事起诉书，它不同于由检察官提出的起诉书（i nf orm ati on ）。在美国，有些州规定所有重罪都必须以公诉书起诉，而有的州则一般允许以检察官的起诉书对重罪案件提起起诉。美国宪法第五条修正案规定，对可能判处死刑的犯罪和其他“不名誉犯罪”（i nf am ous cr i m e ）等案件的指控必须依据公诉书提起。通常，在须以公诉书起诉时，先由检察官向大陪审团提出“申请公诉书”（bi l l of i ndi ct m ent ）。有时，大陪审团也会受法官的命令来调查老百姓或者政府官员中可能存在的特定类型的犯罪活动，这些调查也可能导致诉讼。
（三）陪审员4的选择
美国的陪审员选择已经形成了比较科学的跨区（C r oss sect ion ）选择制度，即把一个地区分成若干陪审员选区，从每一个选区中选择相同人数组成陪审池（j ur y pool ），以保障其对地区人员的广泛代表性。而且还通过1975年的一个案件（Tayl ar v.L oi si ana,419U .S.522(1975)）确定，如果在陪审团中把一个较大的明显为一个特殊人群中的某一类人如女性、黑人从陪审池中整体排除，那么这样的陪审团被认为违宪而导致整个审判无效。
而具体的选择过程是这样的：
T he venire,a panel of prospective juror s livinginthe di stri ct w her e the tri al is tobe held,is sum m onedfor exam inat ion.C ounsel s for the parti es m ayf irst challenge the array,t hat is,object that the veni re as a w hole w as im pr operl y chosen or is f or som e reason unfi t.The chall enges t o the poll (the m em ber s of t he venire taken indi vidually)ar edesignedtosecure as jurors unbiasedper sons w it hout special know ledge of the m atters inissue.Includedare challengesfor principal cause,i.e,som egroundssuchasr elationshiptoapar tythat requir esdism issal of a m em ber of t he venir e;challenges to the f avor,and a li m it ed num ber of per em ptor ychallenges.
法院将召集全体候选陪审员，即居住在案件审理法院所在地的所有有资格充任陪审员者参加选取。双方律师都可将就整个候选陪审员名单的选取方式提出质疑。这样做的目的是为了防止完全不合理的选取或者是出于某些原因的选取不当。接下来对候选陪审员个人的质疑旨在确保所有陪审员并无偏见，而且对争议问题并无独到知识。主要可以质疑的内容包括：绝对有因回避请求，例如出于某种原因陪审员与被告之间存在着需回避的联系；以偏见为由的回避请求，以及其他的无因回避请求。
veni r e （拉）（陪审团组团名单上的）全体候选陪审员
pr i nci pal cause 绝对有因回避请求（与“以偏见为由的回避请求”chal l enge t o t he f avor 相对应）1陪审制度作为民主的产物，首先是为了反抗政府的暴政，在美国的宪法判例中明确规定“陪审团有权防止被告免受政府的压迫”，因而强调任何人都有可能成为陪审员，除非他因为年龄、精神状态不能对事物有辨别和认识能力，或者有犯罪记录等特殊情况，否则社区的所有人都应当有其代表。
2听取由州政府提出的证据
3并在证据充分，可以确保将被告人交付审判时，批准“申请公诉书”。s at i s f y 确保。
4j ur or 陪审员。广义上，该词指列于陪审团名单上可充任陪审员的任何人。狭义上，一般指已经宣誓并开始审理案件的陪审团成员，包括“特别陪审员”（s peci al j u r or ）和“候补陪审员”（al t er n at e j ur or ）。此外，注意，我们国家的陪审员并不译为j ,而应该译为。
7ur o r as s ess or
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一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书 award（用于仲裁） 裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions
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法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
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