英语语言学ppt课件
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Chapter9语言学-LanguageandliteraturePPT课件
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
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❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
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❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
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1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
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The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
英语语言学chapter4.ppt
Deep structure & surface structure
Consider one more sentence: Flying planes can be dangerous.
Modifiers（修饰语）
Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of heads.（用于描述tences (the S rule)
S
NP VP
S
NP Det A N boy V found VP NP Det the N evidence
Infl realized by a tense label
InflP（=S） VP
NP
NP
N Infl boy Pst V found Det the N evidence
Det A
Infl realized by an auxiliary
InflP （ =S ） NP VP
NP
Det A N Infl boy will V find Det the N evidence
Word-level categories
Major lexical categories: N, V, Adj, Prep. Minor Lexical categories: Det, Deg, Qual, Auxi, Conj.
The criteria on which categories are determined
Sentences (the S rule)
S NP infl VP InflP(=S) NP VP
Infl
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学ppt课件
The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.
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3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
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“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
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“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
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3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
英语语言学Syntax PPT
VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation
【正式版】英语语言学课程介绍PPT
5 ❖ 12 Teaching
0
❖ 6 Semantics
5 ❖ 课程总结
必要性
❖ 《英语语言学概论》传授有关语言的本质和共性的知识，是 语言文学类专业学生的专业必修课，对学生提高专业素质， 培养学术能力，提高分析思辨能力具有重要意义，是学生经 过基础阶段语言训练课程后提高理论素养的重要环节。
❖ 随着全民英语能力的提高，特别是非英语专业大学毕业生英 语能力的普遍提高，英语专业已逐渐成为一个“没有专业的 专业”。对于主修语言的学生来说，除了掌握使用英语的能 力，即听、说、读、写、译的能力，对人类语言具备一定的 理性认识，懂得一点语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要的。
❖ 总学时：48
语言学课程可以为其他相关课程提供理论依据，教学内容可以做到相互渗透、相互交流。
课程性质：专业必修 开课学期：第五学期 7 Pragmatics
❖ ❖ 对于从事文秘、对外贸易及销售等工作的语言类学生而言，语言学中所涉及的语言与文化、语言与社会、语言与心理等研究会有助于
他们更好地利用语言工具与人沟通交流。
❖ 对于从事文秘、对外贸易及销售等工作的语言类学生而言， 语言学中所涉及的语言与文化、语言与社会、语言与心理等 研究会有助于他们更好地利用语言工具与人沟通交流。
教学原则方法
对于即将从事语言教学工作的学生而言，语言学的理论有助于其更好地教学； 语言学课程可以为其他相关课程提供理论依据，教学内容可以做到相互渗透、相互交流。
内容安排
❖ 课程介绍
❖ 7 Pragmatics 4
❖ 1 Introduction 6 ❖ 8 Culture
3
❖ 2 Phonetics
6 ❖ 9 Society
3
❖ 3 Phonology
英语语言学实用教程PPT课件
第4页/共77页
(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Review
• What are common means of cohesion in English? • What do we mean by conversational repair?
第1页/共77页
Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
• The connotative meaning can be the same /different in different languages or cultures. e.g.: fox, machine BUT: dragon, dog, elephant (White Elephant)
detective
spy
decease
die
pegged out
slim
thin
skinny
strong-minded
firm
pig-headed
public servant government employee bureaucrat
(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Review
• What are common means of cohesion in English? • What do we mean by conversational repair?
第1页/共77页
Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
• The connotative meaning can be the same /different in different languages or cultures. e.g.: fox, machine BUT: dragon, dog, elephant (White Elephant)
detective
spy
decease
die
pegged out
slim
thin
skinny
strong-minded
firm
pig-headed
public servant government employee bureaucrat
语言学第四章ppt课件.ppt
The arrow can be read as “consist of ” or
“branches into”. The parentheses mean that the
element in them can be omitted and the three
dots in each rule indicate that other complement
Syntactic category can be divided into two groups:
Lexical category and phrase category
Lexical category is most central to the study of syntax.
Lexical categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP,
and PP can be written as follows:
NP →
(Det) N
(PP) …
VP → (Qual) V
(NP) …
AP →
(Deg) A
(PP) …
PP →
(Deg) P
(NP) …
options are available.
Phrase structure rule
Examples: a phrase consisting of a specifier, a head, and a complement
英语语言学讲课PPT课件
第25页/共38页
• Questions: • 1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought
following types:
第10页/共38页
• Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 • Fricatives 擦音 • Affricates 塞擦音 • Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚ • Nasals 鼻音 • Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音
第8页/共38页
4. Classifications of English
• Question:
s o u n d s • Analyze the impor tant features of vowels and consonants.
speech
第9页/共38页
• (1) Classification of consonants • In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the
diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
第7页/共38页
• Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. • Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音 : the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
• Questions: • 1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought
following types:
第10页/共38页
• Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 • Fricatives 擦音 • Affricates 塞擦音 • Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚ • Nasals 鼻音 • Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音
第8页/共38页
4. Classifications of English
• Question:
s o u n d s • Analyze the impor tant features of vowels and consonants.
speech
第9页/共38页
• (1) Classification of consonants • In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the
diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
第7页/共38页
• Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. • Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音 : the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT
Derivational and inflectional morphemes (p.55)
Some derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of words (or grammatical class of words) and others
➢ the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,
➢ a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
When the root of the word is a free morpheme, we say the word has a free root, such as e.g. hopeful, interpersonal
When it is a bound morpheme, we say the word has a bound root, such as e.g. precede, receive, submit, retain, recur
The identification of words
(2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可 隔 断 性 ): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-me-not)
Chapter3-4语言学ppt课件
• head: the word around which the phrase is formed.
• specifier: the word on the left side of the heads
• complement: the word on the right side of the heads
整理ppt
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4.2 Categories
• Category: a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
• Noun (N); Verb (V); Adjective (A); Preposition (P);
• 2. minor lexical category
• Determiner (Det 限定词); • Degree word (Deg); • Qualifier (Qual 修饰词) ; • Auxiliary (Aux); • Conjunction (Con).
• 3. distribution
• (what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word)
• ex: nouns and determiners (a boy); verbs and
auxiliary (should come); adjectives and degree
整理ppt
14
The phrase level emerges from the word level
英语语言学PPT
Chapter 3: Morphology
The study of words
精选可编辑ppt
1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
精选可编辑ppt
14
Diagram B to classify morphemes
精选可编辑ppt
18
3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
精选可编辑ppt
10
3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
The study of words
精选可编辑ppt
1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
精选可编辑ppt
14
Diagram B to classify morphemes
精选可编辑ppt
18
3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
精选可编辑ppt
10
3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
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• e.g “The dog bites the man.” is semantically different from “The man bites the dog.” though their components are exactly the same.
5
• The cat is chasing the mouse. • The mouse is chasing the cat.
meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions(选择限制规则 )(constraints on what lexical items can go with what other).
8
Predication analysis述位结构分析
• Predication analysis----a way to analyze sentence meaning (British G.Leech 杰弗里 .利奇).
• Predication----the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.
• One-place predication (单位述谓结构): smoke, grow, rise, run……
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• Two-place predication (双位述谓结构） ： like, love, save, bite, beat...
• Three-place predication ( 三位述谓结构）： give, sent, promise, call...
• No-place predication (空位述谓结构）： It is hot.
12
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• Tom smokes. TOM (SMOKE) • The tree grows well. TREE (GROW) • The kids like apples. KIDS (LIKE) APPLE • I sent him a letter. I (SEND) HIM LETTER
• A predicate is something said about an argument states the logical relation linking the arguments in sentence.
• 谓词是对变元所作的陈述，或是陈述一个句 子中链接变元之间的逻辑关系。
10
• 成分分析法是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的 方法。这个理论是基于这样一个信念：一个词的 意义能被分解成被称为语义特征的意义成分。
3
For example: man: + HUMAN + ADULT + MALE woman: + HUMAN + ADULT – MALE boy: + HUMAN – ADULT + MALE girl: + HUMAN – ADULT – MALE
• 述谓结构是句子意义的抽象。由变元和谓词 构成。
9
பைடு நூலகம்
An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal sentence.
• 一个变元就是一个述谓结构的逻辑参与者， 在很大程度上等同于一个句子的名词性成分。
5.5 Analysis of meaning
Group members: 小英 玲玲 慧慧
.
1
Analysis of meaning 意义分析
• Componential analysis(成分分析） • Predication analysis(述谓结构分析）
2
Componential analysis成分分析
4
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• 1）The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up the meaning of its component words.
• 首先，句子意义并不是它所有成分意义的总和。
• Componential analysis---a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
• 其次，句子的意义包括语法意义和语义意 义两个方面。
7
• e.g. • Green clouds are sleeping furiously. • Sincerity shook hands with the black apple. • Whether a sentence is semantically
• I have read that book. • That book I have read.
• The daughter of Queen Elizabeth’s son is the son of Queen Elizabeth’s daughter.
6
• 2) there are two aspects to sentence meaning: Grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning.
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we may classify the predications into the following types:
5
• The cat is chasing the mouse. • The mouse is chasing the cat.
meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions(选择限制规则 )(constraints on what lexical items can go with what other).
8
Predication analysis述位结构分析
• Predication analysis----a way to analyze sentence meaning (British G.Leech 杰弗里 .利奇).
• Predication----the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.
• One-place predication (单位述谓结构): smoke, grow, rise, run……
11
• Two-place predication (双位述谓结构） ： like, love, save, bite, beat...
• Three-place predication ( 三位述谓结构）： give, sent, promise, call...
• No-place predication (空位述谓结构）： It is hot.
12
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• Tom smokes. TOM (SMOKE) • The tree grows well. TREE (GROW) • The kids like apples. KIDS (LIKE) APPLE • I sent him a letter. I (SEND) HIM LETTER
• A predicate is something said about an argument states the logical relation linking the arguments in sentence.
• 谓词是对变元所作的陈述，或是陈述一个句 子中链接变元之间的逻辑关系。
10
• 成分分析法是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的 方法。这个理论是基于这样一个信念：一个词的 意义能被分解成被称为语义特征的意义成分。
3
For example: man: + HUMAN + ADULT + MALE woman: + HUMAN + ADULT – MALE boy: + HUMAN – ADULT + MALE girl: + HUMAN – ADULT – MALE
• 述谓结构是句子意义的抽象。由变元和谓词 构成。
9
பைடு நூலகம்
An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal sentence.
• 一个变元就是一个述谓结构的逻辑参与者， 在很大程度上等同于一个句子的名词性成分。
5.5 Analysis of meaning
Group members: 小英 玲玲 慧慧
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Analysis of meaning 意义分析
• Componential analysis(成分分析） • Predication analysis(述谓结构分析）
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Componential analysis成分分析
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Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• 1）The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up the meaning of its component words.
• 首先，句子意义并不是它所有成分意义的总和。
• Componential analysis---a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
• 其次，句子的意义包括语法意义和语义意 义两个方面。
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• e.g. • Green clouds are sleeping furiously. • Sincerity shook hands with the black apple. • Whether a sentence is semantically
• I have read that book. • That book I have read.
• The daughter of Queen Elizabeth’s son is the son of Queen Elizabeth’s daughter.
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• 2) there are two aspects to sentence meaning: Grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning.
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we may classify the predications into the following types: