医学英语文献阅读二翻译
医学专业英语-阅读一分册-第一-二-三章翻译(passage-one)
第一章To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医用英语2翻译
医用英语2翻译UNIT1-B发炎炎的定义和性质1当活组织受伤，一系列的变化，这可能会持续几个小时，几天或几周，发生在和周围的损伤面积。
这种损伤的反应称为炎症，一词源于拉丁文，意思是烧inflammare。
2伤是不正常的，但身体的反应，炎症，是一种正常的，复杂的生理反应，只有一个可能，尤其是受伤的情况下。
由约翰·亨特（1794），谁，他的战争创伤的研究后，得出结论：“炎症本身是不被考虑作为一种疾病，但这种炎症反应性被首次发现，作为一个有益的操作，一些暴力或一些随之而来的病“。
许多不同类型的损伤可能会引起炎症。
他们可分为如下：1）物理因素，如过度加热或冷却，紫外线或电离辐射或机械损伤。
2）化学物质，包括各种细菌的毒素。
3）过敏反应。
可能与细菌或其他抗原抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的反应，过敏释放物质引起的炎症反应机制。
4）微生物感染的炎症很重要的原因。
在一些微生物可能伤害组织方式由外或内毒素的释放，过敏机制或看到许多病毒感染的细胞死亡的细胞增殖。
5）从几乎任何原因引起的组织坏死，导致在邻近的活组织诱导炎症的物质释放。
4，在受伤后的头几个小时的反应伤害的原因是定型，并广泛应用于不同的各种类似的初步反应，急性炎症反应。
通常表示后缀炎的炎症病灶性质。
因此，阑尾发炎是阑尾炎，肝炎等。
偶尔有历史的例外。
肺部发炎是传统的肺炎，肺炎，胸膜胸膜炎胸膜炎。
急性和慢性长期指的响应时间。
急性炎症持续数天或数周;慢性炎症持续几个星期，几个月，甚至几年。
5炎症反应通常是有益的，的确是在打击大多数感染和限制许多有毒物质的有害影响的关键。
然而，它并不总是利益。
有许多情况下，当组织或其他不良影响的破坏是由于不损伤剂，但一个或其他方面的身体受伤的反应。
例如在喉部的急性炎症有可能是足够的炎性肿胀，阻碍呼吸道和窒息导致死亡。
同时在奥胡斯的反应和某些蜱叮咬，组织坏死，局部反应是由物质积聚在损伤部位的炎症反应的一部分，多形核白细胞中解放出来：如坏死引起的，不会发生在剥夺动物骨髓的毒药，如氮芥治疗前血白细胞。
医学英语课文翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。
无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。
作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。
然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。
当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。
正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。
希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。
到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。
被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。
医学学术英语U2课文翻译《重新出现的疾病今天走了,明天在这里》
重新出现的疾病：今天去了，明天在这里？我们有两种选择。
请选择1，并在10年的头条新闻可能会报告在美国国会最新的自相残杀的争吵，或者运动员签订了多少百万。
选择2，在另一方面，可能会导致头条新闻，如“新流感病毒价差：死亡人数达一百五十万”1969年，卫生局局长威廉·斯图尔特，美国国会作证时说，我们可以“传染病合上这本书。
”抗生素和疫苗都留下了印象深刻的胜利一串医学界平齐，从青霉素到小儿麻痹症。
这场战争，他们认为，即将结束。
如今，面对的是已成为被称为新出现和重新出现的疾病，我们知道更好。
“'崛起'，其实是回归，回归到标准在上个世纪盛行普遍，”1诺贝尔奖得主，哥伦比亚大学生物学家约书亚莱德伯格写在美国医学协会杂志的特殊传染病的问题。
在同一期杂志的一份报告量化了日益严重的威胁：在美国1980年和1992年之间，死亡率因感染性疾病增加了58％。
2艾滋病的占了一半以上的跳略多，但其他条件，尤其是呼吸道感染也显著贡献。
由于胜利宣言的激动人心的日子里，新的疾病，如艾滋病和埃博拉突然出现了，老痛苦，以为征服了，已经爆发了。
白喉是使前苏联卷土重来。
结核病- 它从来没有真正离开，但高档的歌剧爱好者可能会认为这是仅限于“波希米亚人”的生产- 再一次在城市中心，包括纽约市的威胁。
甲类链球菌情况有上升的趋势，这意味着猩红热可能再次成为熟悉。
每个人都在传染病领域的担心有一天感冒了强大的新菌株席卷全球。
“战争已经赢了，”一位科学家最近打趣说。
“到了另一边。
”保持我们的眼睛对运动目标事实上，这种情绪可以反映尽可能多的夸张的前卫生的。
也许目前的情况有更清楚快照是战斗已经加入。
世界卫生组织和美国疾病控制和预防已加速运转了他们的努力，检查传染病，包括复出的。
1995年10月，世卫组织建立了一个新的部门致力于在全球范围内监视和新出现的疾病的控制。
疾病预防控制中心提出了1994年预防策略虽然美国国会在1995年，不到达斯汀·霍夫曼的工资主演如“爆发”的感染战斗机资助的疾病预防控制中心的努力，只有$ 670万调- 他们都提出了数字至$ 26日万元用于感染性疾病1997年公众意识，或许是部分原因是由于这样的电影，可能影响国会的前景。
医药英语教程第二单元课文翻译
Cardiac surgery:a brief history心脏外科简史Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical science have been those made in cardiac surgery.The first successful example was carried out in 1896 by Dr Ludwig Rehn(Germany),who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle,Open-heart surgery itself dates form the 1950s,while bypass operations began in the mid-60s. By the 1980s,two-thirds of those receiving heart transplants survived five years or more.Today,heart surgery is robotized:incisions to the heart have been reduced to a minimum and patient recovery time is down from six months to a few weeks.也许医学上最伟大的成就是在心脏外科。
第一个成功的例子是Ludwig Rehn博士（德国）在1896年修补了右心室的刀伤，心脏手术本身始于上世纪50年代，而旁路手术开始于60年代中期。
上个世纪80年代，那些接受心脏移植的人三分之二存活五年以上。
今天，心脏手术已经机械化：切口心脏被减少到最低限度，病人恢复时间从六个月减少到几周。
One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery was Dr Dwight Harken,a US army medic serving during World WAR 2.Initially,he operated on animals to improve his skills,moving on to soldiers arriving from the European front with bullets lodged in their hearts.Dislodging them almost always proved fatal,but Harken developed a technique that enable him to cut into the wall of a still beating heart and successfully remove it.With time,more and more of his patients began to survive,proving it was indeed possible to operate on the human heart.其中一个在心脏外科领域的鼻祖是Dwight Harken博士，在2次世界大战期间的一个美国陆军军医。
2021年职称英语《卫生类》阅读理解2职称英语阅读理解翻译
2021年职称英语《卫生类》阅读理解2职称英语阅读理解翻译 Evidence of Ancient HuntersRussian and Norwegian scientists have reported finding stone objects and animal bones in the far north of European Russia. The scientists say the objects provide the first evidence that ancienthunters lived in the area more than 30 thousand years ago. They say this is at least 15 thousand years earlier than experts had thought.The Russian and Norwegian team worked at a camp along the Usa River and the Arctic Circle. The scientists say they found several ancient stone tools. They also found 123 bones from animals suchas horses, reindeer驯鹿and wolves.The scientists say their most important discovery was a tusk from an ancient elephant called a mammoth猛犸. The huge, curved tooth was more than l meter long. The tusk is covered with smallcuts. The scientists believe humans made the marks with sharp-edged stone tools.The scientists used a process known as radiocarbon放射性碳dating to measure the age of the tusk. Radiocarbon dating shows the level of a radioactive form of carbon in a substance. The testsshowed the tusk is about 36 thousand years old.The scientists say they are not sure what kind of humans left the stone objects and bones along the river. They said the people were either early humans called Neanderthals穴居人,尼安德特人 or modernhumans. Modern humans spread through Europe and Asia 30 thousand years ago. The scientists say the ancient people needed a high level of social development to survive in the extremely coldenvironment.The objects were discovered about 300 kilometers northeast of another area where scientists say humans once lived. That area has objects more closely linked to modern humans. Those objects arebelieved to be about 28 thousand years old.Nature magazine also published a report by John Gowlett of the University of Liverpool in England. He said the discovery shows the ability of early humans to do the unexpected. He also said thediscovery should renew debate about the effects of the climate on the movements of early human population.1.Before people found stone objects and animal bones in the north of European Russia, some experts thought human beings lived in that area aboutA.30 thousand years agoB.20 thousand years agoC.28 thousand years agoD.15 thousand years ago2.The following statements are true concerning the significance of the finding EXCEPT thatA.it brings forwards the time in which ancient hunters lived in that areaB.it provides the evidence of a high level of ancient human societyC.it showed the unexpected ability of the early humansD.it indicates the effect of climate on the movement of early human population3.Which is the most important discovery among the findingsA.A long elephant tusk.B.Ancient stone tools.C.123 bones from animals.D.mammoth tusk covered with small cuts4.How old is the tusk? About years oldA.25 thousandB.28 thousandC.36 thousandD.40 thousand5.What did the ancient people need to survive in the extremely cold environmentA.the ability to do the unexpectedB.a high level of social developmentC.thick clothesD.small animals to feed on参考答案：DBDCB感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
医学学术英语课文翻译
医学学术英语课文翻译医学英语文献选读课文译文及部分参考答案Unit1 中医能否治好姚明的伤？1 NBA超级巨星姚明决定回中国寻求传统中医方法治疗他的应力性骨折，这一决定使医生和中医专家们就中医疗法是否有效争论不休。
2 这位27岁，7.6英尺高的休斯顿火箭队全明星中锋，因为左脚的应力性骨折被迫退出了这个赛季。
特别是在连接脚踝和脚掌的足舟骨上有一道裂缝。
3 姚明在上个月初进行了手术，手术时植入了一颗固定骨骼的钢钉。
施行手术的医生表示，手术十分成功。
姚明术后一旦能行走，将会进行积极的康复治疗。
4 这项手术通常需要4个月的术后休息。
但似乎姚明也想借助传统中医方法（中医是一种包括针灸和草药在内的医学体系）加快治疗进度。
周五，美联社报道称姚明已经回到了他的祖国，和中国顶级的中医专家进行了探讨。
5 一些美国医生，比如位于华盛顿特区的乔治・华盛顿大学中的整形外科医生---Robert.J.Neviaser，对这种额外的举动是否会有任何益处表示怀疑。
6 “我很清楚没有任何已知的科学证据表明，中医疗法能对应力性骨折有明显的效果。
”Neviaser说，“我们不太了解针灸，他的价值似乎在对手术麻醉的一种替代，但没有任何数据表明它对医治骨折有好处。
”7 但有些中医专家声称，尽管没有文献证据证明，但中医的方法似乎可以成功的解决姚明的伤痛。
8 “这么做毫无问题，如果我是姚明我也会这样做的。
因为传统西方医学中，除了被动地恢复也没有什么好的办法来治疗应力性骨折。
”Raymond Chang博士说，他是位于纽约的“中西药研究院”的院长。
9 “尽管只凭经验没有研究，传统中医在这种情况下是有用的，作为我们中国人所受教育的一部分，在几乎所有中国人的眼里，它是常见的，且享有盛誉，姚明选择这种疗法实在正常不过。
”Chang博士补充道。
10 应力性骨折十分疼痛，并且难以治愈。
11 和其他骨折不同，应力性骨折并不是一下子发生的。
相反，它是承重骨中脆弱的部分在机械性应力反复作用的的产物，比如那些足部骨骼。
医学英语文献选读2部分文章全文翻译
医学英语文献选读部分文章全文翻译Unit1 Text B定义和自然的炎症反应当生活组织都受伤了,一系列的变更,这可能会持续几个小时,几天或几周内,发生在和伤病的周围。
这个反应损伤被称为炎症,术语源自拉丁语inflammare意义燃烧.这受伤异常但身体的反应,炎症,是很正常的,如果复杂的、生理的反应——唯一一个可能的情况下的特殊损伤。
炎症反应的性质是首先被约翰亨特(1794),他在研究战伤后,得出结论:infammation本身是不应被视为一种疾病,但从而有利于机体要么暴力或一些疾病”。
许多不同类型的损伤可能引发炎症。
他们可分为如下:(1)物理因素如过度加热或冷却,紫外线和电离辐射或机械创伤。
(2)化学物质,包括各种细菌毒素。
(3)过敏反应。
反应的抗体或敏感的淋巴细胞和细菌或其他抗原可以释放物质的机制导致过敏炎症反应.(4)微生物感染中是一个非常重要的原因的炎症反应。
微生物在几个方面可能会伤害到组织——的释放将外——或者endo -毒素,通过超敏反应机制或细胞内乘法紧随其后的是细胞死亡中看到许多病毒感染。
(5)坏死的组织几乎任何原因导致释放物质诱发炎症在邻近的生活组织。
(6)反应在受伤后的头几个小时,一般印象和广泛不同的损伤缺陷引起simlilar最初反应-急性炎症反应。
炎性病变的性质通常是suffixitis所表示的。
因此发炎的阑尾是阑尾炎,肝肝炎等。
偶尔会有一些异常历史。
肺部炎症传统上是肺炎,而不是肺炎以及不pleuritis胸膜炎的胸膜。
急性和慢性的术语指响应的时间。
急性炎症持续几天或几周;慢性炎症持续数周、数月甚至数年。
炎性反应通常是有益的,事实上它是根本的在对抗大多数感染和限制的有害影响的许多有毒因子。
但是,事情并非总是有利的。
在许多情况下破坏的组织或其他意料之外的效果是由于不破坏代理,但一个或其他方面的受伤的身体反应。
例如在急性炎症喉部可能有足够的炎性肿胀来阻止气道,导致死亡的窒息。
在阿尔都反应和当地应对某些蜱虫叮咬,坏死的组织是由于物质的解放polymorphonuclear白细胞的累积损伤的部位的炎症反应的一部分:这种坏死并没有出现在动物的血液白细胞剥夺由之前的治疗与骨髓毒药如氮芥。
医学英语第二单元翻译
Smallpox vaccination①smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.天花是由天花病毒引起的,通常是通过吸入病毒传播it has an incubation period of between 7 and 17 days,after which symptoms begin to appear.the inital symptoms are flu-like.A significant feature of the disease is the development of blisters on the upper part of the boby,which eventually scab over and leave scars when the scabs fall off. around 30 per cent of those infected with smallpox die,usually within two weeks of symptoms appearing.它有7至17天的潜伏期,之后开始出现症状。
初是类似流感的症状。
疾病的一个重要特征是水泡上的发展身体的一部分,最终愈合留下疤痕有30%的感染者因天花死去,通常在两周内出现症状。
②The first attempts to control the disease used a technique know as variolation. dried scab tissue from victims of smallpox was used to deliberately infect young people. of those infected by variolation, one per cent died,far fewer than the 30 per cent killed by infection in the normal way.despite the risks, variolation was still used in some remote communities until relatively recently. 第一个试图控制这种疾病使用天花接种的技术知道。
医学英语文献阅读(二)
医学英语文献阅读(二)Medical English Literature Reading (Part II)。
In the field of medicine, staying updated with the latest research and advancements is crucial for healthcare professionals. Reading medical literature is an essential skill that allows practitioners to access and understand scientific studies, clinical trials, and expert opinions. In this article, we will delve deeper into the process of reading medical English literature and explore various strategies to enhance comprehension and critical analysis.1. Understanding the Structure of Medical Articles。
Medical articles generally follow a specific structure, consisting of the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Familiarizing yourself with this structure can greatly facilitate your reading process. The title provides a concise overview of the study, while the abstract summarizes the key findings and conclusions. The introduction introduces the research question and provides background information, while the methods section outlines the study design, sample size, and data collection methods. The results section presents the findings, often in the form of tables, figures, and statistical analyses. The discussion section interprets the results, compares them with existing literature, and highlights the study's limitations. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main findings and their implications.2. Skimming and Scanning Techniques。
英语医学文献2Book 2-Unit 2-Text C
Unit 2 Gene and Its ApplicationText CGene Study Helps Unravel Biology of Alcoholism1 Genomic association studies can help scientists pick out target genes and biological pathways for further investigation, but they are not the end-all tools to explain disease mechanisms.2 A new genomewide association study (GWAS①) has found several mutations linked to increased susceptibility for developing alcohol dependence, bringing scientists a step closer to understanding the complex biological mechanisms of alcohol use disorders.3 Two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs②), both located on the chromosomal region 2p35, had the highest degree of association with alcohol dependence in a relatively homogenous patient population. These SNPs are located near the PECR gene, which encodes an enzyme (peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-coA reductase) involved in fatty-acid metabolism, particularly when the body’s energy supply is switched from glucose to fat.4 A third SNP with a slightly lower association with alcohol dependence is located within the PECR gene. These three variants are “in strong linkage disequilibrium, or LD, meaning that the same variants at different loci almost always appear togeth er,” Marcella Rietschel, M.D.③, the senior author of the study, told Psychiatric News④. “So it is very likely—but still not certain—that the PECR gene is involved [in alcohol dependence].”5 Rietschel is a professor of genetic epidemiology in psychiatry at the Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim at the University of Heidelberg⑤, Germany.6 This chromosomal region has been implicated in alcohol dependence in previous research. The PECR gene is expressed most heavily in the liver, but very little in the brain. “As alcohol does not act only on the brain, alcohol dependence can be modulated by many factors whose primary target is not the brain,” Rietschel said. “The best known genetic variants modulating alcohol a ddiction are variants in the genes metabolizing alcohol, like variants in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene clusters.”7 Indeed, this study confirmed several other SNPs associated with alcohol dependence, including those located in the ADH1C gene coding for one of the alcohol-metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenases, as well as the CDH13 gene coding fora cell-adhesion protein known as T-cadherin. Both genes have been implicated in①Genomewide Association Study全基因组关联研究②Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 单核苷酸多态性③abbr. Medicinae Doctor （[拉丁语] 医学博士(=Doctor of Medicine)）④Psychiatric News is the newspaper of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It is published on the first and third Fridays of each month. 《精神病学新闻》⑤德国海德堡大学曼海姆中央精神卫生研究所alcohol dependence in previous studies.8 Despite the strong evidence, these variants and their impact on alcohol dependence need to be replicated by additional studies. “The uncertainty is a problem encountered in many GWA studies: A SNP is found to be associated but is not functional itself, so one cannot be sure if this SNP is itself involved in the regulation of genes or if it is only in LD with other causal SNPs, which can be quite far away or even in other genes,” said Rietschel. Since the three top SNPs discovered in this study are close to an d in the PECR gene, “this gene definitely merits further investigation.”9 The researchers first performed a genomic scan for more than 500,000 SNPs, using a sample of 487 alcohol-dependent patients and 1,358 controls. The GWAS identified 121 SNPs that were likely candidates for genetic association.10 The patients selected for the GWAS were German men with a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence, whose condition was severe enough to require hospitalization for treatment or prevention of alcohol withdrawal. In addition, the subjects all had an onset of alcohol dependence before age 28; early-onset alcohol dependence has been shown to have a stronger hereditary component. Because alcohol dependence is a multifactorial disorder with multiple phenotypes and genotypes, the researchers narrowed their sampling to clinically similar patients to reduce the heterogeneity.11 Because of the vast number of mutations existing in every person and the large number scanned in a GWAS, scientists face the challenge of weeding out too many potential false-positive“hits,” or variants that appear to be significantly associated with a disease when they are, in fact, random coincidences. To minimize false hits and maximize true disease-associated mutations, strategies such as stringent statistical criteria and replication studies are often used in genetic association studies.12 Here, the researchers used a method called convergent functional genomics. This approach combines gene-expression data from animal models, evidence from human genetic association studies, and findings from human tissues such as brain tissue in autopsies to help prioritize investigation on the most promising candidate genes or the most likely biological pathways. In this study, 19 SNPs were identified after the human GWAS findings were compared with homologous, over-expressed genes in rats that were “alcoholic” strains.13 Armed with 121 candidate SNPs from the GWAS and 19 SNPs derived from convergent functional genomics analysis, the researchers performed a replication study of 1,024 male patients with alcohol dependence and 996 age-matched controls. The replication study confirmed that 15 SNPs have a significant association with alcohol dependence.14 This study was funded by grants from the German government and the European Commission.Source: /content/44/16/25.1.fullWords: 776Words and Expressionsgenomic [ʤi:'nəʊmɪk] adj. of or relating to genome 基因组的；染色体的target gene 目标基因dependence [dɪ'pendəns] n. being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on somethingthat is psychologically or physically habit-forming（毒）瘾，吸毒癖好；药瘾alcohol dependence酒精瘾alcohol use disorders 因酒精使用而导致的障碍nucleotide ['nju:klɪətaɪd] n.a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structuralunit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) 核苷酸polymorphism [,pɒlɪ'mɔ:fɪzm]n. (biology) the existence of two or more forms ofindividuals within the same animal species(independent of sex differences) 多形性（现象）；多态性degree of association 相关度，关联度disequilibrium [,dɪsɪkwɪ'lɪbrɪəm] n. loss of equilibrium attributable to anunstable situation in which some forcesoutweigh others（尤指经济上的）不平衡，失去平衡，失调，不稳定linkage disequilibrium连锁不平衡express [ɪks'pres]vt. manifest the effects of (a gene or genetic trait) 使（某一基因）在表型中产生有关性状；在表型中表现某一基因的性状（或效应等），使（基因）示性；使（基因）合成特种蛋白dehydrogenase [di:'haɪdrəʤəneɪs] n. 脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase醇脱氢酶gene cluster基因簇；一组相同或者相似的基因adhesion protein粘着蛋白cadherin钙黏蛋白genomic scan 基因组扫描hospitalization [,hɒspɪtəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] n. the condition of being treated as a patient ina hospital; a period of time when you areconfined to a hospital送进医院治疗；住院（治疗）；住院期间alcohol withdrawal 戒酒；酒精戒断hereditary [hɪ'redɪtərɪ] adj. tending to occur among members of a family usuallyby heredity遗传的；遗传性的multifactorial[,mʌltɪfæk'tɔ:rɪəl] adj. involving or depending on several factors orcauses (especially pertaining to a condition ordisease resulting from the interaction of manygenes) 多遗传因子的；多种因素的phenotype ['fi:nə,taɪp] n.what an organism looks like as a consequence of theinteraction of its genotype and the environment表现型；表型；显型genotype ['ʤi:nəʊtaɪp] n. a group of organisms sharing a specific geneticconstitution基因型，遗传型heterogeneity [,hetərəʊdʒɪ'niːɪtɪ] n.the quality of being diverse and notcomparable in kind多样性，不均一性；异质性false-positive假阳性的functional genomics功能基因组学homologous [hɒ'mɒləgəs] adj.having the same evolutionary origin but servingdifferent functions同种异体的；相应的，同源的；同系列的，同属列的，同周期的；（细胞、抗血清等）同种的Comprehension ExercisesExercise 1 Multiple ChoicesDirections: Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1)According to GWAS, how many SNPs are found to have the highest degree ofassociation with alcohol dependence?A)One.B)Two.C)Three.D)Four.2)Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?A)Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), both located on thechromosomal region 2p33, had a slightly lower degree of association withalcohol dependence.B)Because of the strong evidence, these SNPs and their impact on alcoholdependence needs no additional studies.C)Because alcohol does not act only on the brain, alcohol dependence can bemodulated by many factors whose primary target is not the brain.D)Armed with 121 candidate SNPs from the GWAS and 19 SNPs derived fromconvergent functional genomics analysis, the researchers performed areplication study of 1358 male patients with alcohol dependence and 487age-matched controls.3)Which gene is helpful to further gene studies, according to a new genomewideassociation study (GWAS)?A)SNPsB)CDH13C)ADH1CD)PECR4)Which of the following strategies or methods is not the one adopted in order tominimize false hits and maximize true disease-associated mutations?A)Stringent statistical criteria.B)Replication studies.C)Convergent functional genomics.D)Genomic scanKey:B-C-D-DExercise 2 True or False StatementsDirections: Read the following statements and decide whether they are true (T) or false (F).（）1)Genomic association studies can explain disease mechanisms because it helps scientists pick out target genes and biological pathways forfurther investigation.（）2) A new genomewide association study (GWAS) has found several mutations related to alcohol dependence.（）3)SNPs which are located near the PECR gene, encode an enzyme (peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-coA reductase) involved in fatty-acidmetabolism.（）4)The three SNPs which are proved to have degree of association with alcohol dependence are near or within the PECR gene.（）5)Marcella Rietschel believed that it is very likely that the PECR gene is involved in alcohol dependence.（）6)The PECR gene is expressed most heavily in the liver, but very little in the brain.（）7)The best known genetic variants modulating alcohol addiction are variants in the genes metabolizing alcohol, like variants in thedehydrogenase gene clusters.（）8)ADH1C gene is the gene codes for one of the alcohol-metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenases known as T-cadherin.Key:F-T-F-T-T; T-F-FExercise 3 Word-detectingDirections: Find a word in the designated paragraph to complete the sentence.1)ADH1C gene and CDH13 gene have been i in alcohol dependence inprevious studies. (Para. 7)2)The u is a problem encountered in many GWA studies. (Para. 8)3)The patients selected for the GWAS were German men with a DSM-IV diagnosisof alcohol d . (Para. 10)4)Alcohol dependence is a m disorder with multiple phenotypes andgenotypes. (Para. 10)Key:1)implicated2)uncertainty3)dependence4)multifactorialVocabulary ExercisesEnhance your command of medical wordsExercise 1 Word-matchingDirections: Choose the definitions in the right column to match the words in the left column.Key:b-d-a-e-f-g-c-hExercise 2 TranslationDirections: Translate the following terms into Chinese.Key:1) 目标基因2) 酒精瘾3) 使用障碍4) 相关度，关联度5) 连锁不平衡6) 醇脱氢酶7) 基因簇；一组相同或者相似的基因8) 粘着蛋白9) 基因组扫描10) 戒酒；酒精戒断11) 假阳性的12) 功能基因组学Exercise 3 Word-detectingDirections: Find a word in the designated paragraph to complete the sentence.1) The physician should also order and hormonal studies. (Para. 3)2) People with diabetes have too much , or sugar, in their blood. (Para. 3)3) In the absence of an accurate , no basis exists for selecting a treatment.(Para. 10)1) nucleotide 2) polymorphism 3) loci 4) express 5) dehydrogenase 6) cadherin 7) phenotype 8) genotype a) （基因）座位（locus 的复数） b) 核苷酸 c) 表现型；表型；显型 d) 多形性（现象）；多态性 e) 使（基因）示性；使（基因）合成特种蛋白 f) 脱氢酶 g) 钙黏蛋白 h) 基因型，遗传型1) target genes 2) alcohol dependence 3) use disorders 4) degree of association 5) linkage disequilibrium 6) alcohol dehydrogenase 7) gene cluster 8) adhesion protein 9) genomic scan 10) alcohol withdrawal 11) false-positive 12) functional genomics4)Doctor: I can do nothing about your conditi on. I’m afraid it’s . (Para. 10)5)The two loci all have sequence . (Para. 10)6)Translocation occurs when a fragment of one chromosome becomes attached to anon- chromosome. (Para. 12)Key:1)chromosomal2)glucose3)diagnosis4)hereditary5)heterogeneity6)homologousTranslation of the sentences1)还应该进行染色体和激素水平的检查。
医药学类文献双语版：汉译英
介导性shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡背景—由于肿瘤细胞抑制凋亡增殖,特定凋亡的抑制因素会对于发展新的治疗策略提供一个合理途径。
Livin是一种凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员，在多种恶性肿瘤的表达中具有意义。
但是, 在有关胃癌方面没有可利用的数据。
在本研究中,我们发现livin基因在人类胃癌中的表达并调查了介导的shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达，从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡。
方法—mRNA及蛋白质livin基因的表达用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术及西方吸干化验进行了分析。
小干扰RNA真核表达载体具体到livin基因采用基因重组、测序核酸。
然后用Lipofectamin2000转染进入SGC-7901细胞。
逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和西方吸干化验用来验证的livin基因在SGC-7901细胞中使沉默基因生效。
所得到的稳定的复制品用G418来筛选。
细胞凋亡用应用流式细胞仪(FCM)来评估。
细胞生长状态和5-FU的50%抑制浓度(IC50)和顺铂都由MTT比色法来决定。
结果—livin mRNA和蛋白质的表达检测40例中有19例(47.5%)有胃癌和SGC-7901细胞。
没有livin基因表达的是在肿瘤邻近组织和良性胃溃疡病灶。
相关发现在livin基因的表达和肿瘤的微小分化和淋巴结转移一样(P < 0.05)。
4个小干扰RNA真核表达矢量具体到基因重组的livin基因建立。
其中之一,能有效地减少livin基因的表达,抑制基因不少于70%(P < 0.01)。
重组的质粒被提取和转染到胃癌细胞。
G418筛选所得到的稳定的复制品被放大讲究。
当livin基因沉默,胃癌细胞的生殖活动明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。
研究还表明,IC50上的5-Fu和顺铂在胃癌细胞的治疗上是通过shRNA减少以及刺激这些细胞(5-Fu proapoptotic和顺铂)(P < 0.01)。
医学英语文章带翻译
医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译1椎间盘突出Unit 2 Text A Herniated Disc (Disc Herniation of the Spine)第二单元主题A 椎间盘突出症Many patients with back pain, leg pain, or weakness of the lower extremity muscles arediagnosed with a herniated disc.许多患腰腿疼痛，下肢肌端乏力的病患均为椎间盘突出症。
When a disc herniation occurs, the cushion that sits between the spinal vertebra is pushedoutside its normal position.椎间盘突出发生时，脊柱间的缓冲带将发生侧突。
A hrniated disc would not be a problem if it werent for the spinal nerves that are very close tothe edge of these spinal discs.如果脊神经不是离椎间盘特别近的话，椎间盘突出就不是什么大问题了。
HOW ARE THE SPINE AND ITS DISCS *****D脊柱与椎间盘The vertebras are the bony building blocks of the spine.脊椎是建造脊柱的构件。
Between each of the largest parts (bodies) of the vertebrae are the discs.各椎骨之间为椎间盘。
Ligaments are situated around the spine and discs.脊椎和椎间盘周围散布着韧带。
The spine has seven vertebrae in the neck (cervical vertebrae), 12 vertebrae in the mid-back(thoracic vertebrae) , and five vertebrae in the low back (lumbar vertebrae).颈部有7条椎骨，胸部为12条，腰部有5条。
大学英语2医学院校版课文翻译
大学英语2医学院校版课文翻译我最初听到这个故事是在印度.那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的一尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。
后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，-家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。
但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。
故事发生在印度。
某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。
筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯;屋顶明椽裸露，宽大的玻璃i ]外便是走廊。
跟他们一起就做的客人有军官和他们的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。
席间，-位年轻的女士同-.位少校展开了热烈的讨论。
年轻的女士认为妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样--见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上，少校则不以为然。
他说:“一遇到危急情况，女人的反应便是尖叫。
而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一.筹。
这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。
”那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。
在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。
她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。
她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。
男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。
在座的客人中除广那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕, 也没有石到那个男仆把一-碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊5\ Ndorin那个美国人突然醒悟过来。
在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思一引蛇的诱饵。
他意识到餐室甲-定有条眼镜蛇。
他抬头看了看屋顶.上的椽子一那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方一但那上:面空荡荡的。
室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。
这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了一餐桌下面。
他首先想到的是往后- -跳，并向其他人发出警告。
但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜蛇受惊咬人。
于是他很快讲了一道话，其语气非常威严，竞使得所有的人都安静了下米。
“我想了解-.下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力,我数三百下一也就是五分钟一你们谁都不许动-动。
学术英语 医学 Unit 2 Text A 翻译
Unit 2 Text A再现疾病：今天遁形无踪，明日卷土重来？桑塔亚纳有句格言：“不能铭记过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙”，这句话用在生物学上就有这样一个推论：人们相信我们已经征服了古老的微生物这个敌人，这种信念让我们惊人地脆弱，很易受他们的攻击。
“宿敌不死。
”我们有两个选择。
按照第一种选择去做，10年之后头条新闻要么报道国会里你死我活的争吵，要么报道哪位运动员签了几百万的合约。
而另一方面，第二种选择的结果是出现这样的标题：“新型流感变种在蔓延：死亡人数已达五十万”1969年，美国卫生局局长威廉·斯图尔特在国会听证时说，我们可以“给传染病画上句号了。
”抗生素和疫苗带来了一个接一个了不起的胜利，从青霉素的发现到脊髓灰质炎的防治等凡此种种，让医学界欣喜不已。
他们认为这场战争几乎结束了。
今天，当我们面对各种已经被称为新现疾病和再现疾病时，我们认识更加透彻。
在《美国医学协会杂志》传染病的一期特刊中，诺贝尔奖得主，哥伦比亚生物学家约书亚·莱德伯格写道：“‘出现’其实是回归，回到上个世纪普遍盛行的水平。
”就在这期特刊中，有个报告对日益严重的传染病构成的威胁进行了量化： 1980年到1992年间，美国传染病的死亡率增加了58％，其中艾滋病占了一半略多一点，而其他一些疾病，特别是呼吸道感染，也有显著贡献。
宣布胜利的日子里，人们飘飘然起来，然而后来突然出现了像艾滋病和埃博拉之类的各种新型疾病，虽然人们认为那些已有的病魔已经被降服，但是他们已经再次暴发。
白喉在前苏联正卷土重来。
虽然上层社会的歌剧迷们也许觉得结核病只是歌剧《波西米亚人》中的创作，而事实上，结核病就从来没有消失过，再次成为包括纽约市在内的城市中心的威胁。
甲型链球菌传染病正在增多，这意味着猩红热可能再次为大家熟知。
每一位在传染病领域的工作者都害怕，终有一日一种强大的新型流感菌株会席卷全球。
“战争胜利了，” 最近有位科学家嘲弄道，“是对方（传染病）获胜。
英语阅读(二)参考译文
第一单元健康第1篇我们需要额外的维生素吗？1．许多人认为摄入维生素补剂是最好的保护物，以防止不全面饮食所带来的危害，但这是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的做法。
即使真正需要额外的维生素，这样的问题迟早要被提出来——“我们需要哪种维生素？需要多少？需要多长时间？”对这样的问题的确没有一个绝对的答案。
食品标准委员会(食品纯净标准的法定保护者、对食品的要求和品种进行分类并予以公布的机构)在最近的报告中向政府建议：我们不需要任何额外的维生素。
该委员会认为维生素“对每一个健康的人、每一个饮食正常的人是没有必要的。
”尽管我们当中几乎没有人就营养问题对这一权威性的论断提出异议，但是对这类问题提出疑问还是有道理的：“我们当中有多少人是健康的？什么是正常的饮食？”许多人头脑里对这两个问题还有点拿不准，尽管几乎没有人通晓食品标准委员会报告中的措辞和术语，但他们确实本能地想知道他们是否在食用正确的食物。
不良的饮食习惯应归咎于那些便宜的无处不在的没营养的食物和方便食品。
正如我们所知，这些食品中的某些食品并不像所认为的那样是形成不良饮食习惯的罪魁祸首。
白面包要比黑面包(由没去麦麸的面粉制成)少许缺乏一些营养；冷冻的蔬菜几乎和新鲜的蔬菜一样“新鲜”。
几乎没有食品真正地被说成是完全无用的废物。
许多袋装食品中糖分含量高，如果我们避免食用这些食品将受益匪浅，但大部分罐装的、加工过的和干缩食品含有有益的成分——脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素以及矿物质。
加上少量的水果或附带一些色拉、配上一些方便食品，如意大利馅饼及汉堡包，就可把快餐变成一顿营养十分均衡的美餐了。
2．真正“没营养”的食品是很难界定的。
白糖可能走这一“头衔”的最有力竞争者(白糖很可能是最没有营养的食品)。
它含有很多提供能量的热量大卡，但含有别的营养不多，因而常常被称之为“仅含大卡”的食物。
酒的热量也高，但啤酒和葡萄酒含有一些维生素B，葡萄酒中含有较多的铁质。
因此，从营养角度来讲，即使一个滴酒不沾的人也不能把酒当作完全无用的饮料。
医学英语文献阅读二翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
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Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。
无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。
From Medical Ideal to Standard Ethics Guidelines4.The Hippocratic Oath was not very well received when it was first penned, beinga representation of only a minor segment of Greek opinion at the time. However, bythe end of ancient times, physicians began conforming to the conditions of the oath. It is possible that when scientific medicine suffered a gross decline after the fall of the Roman Empire, this oath, along with the dictates of Hippocratic medicine, was all but forgotten in the West. It was through the perseverance of the spirit of inquiry in the East that the tenets of Hippocratic medicine - and the Hippocratic Oath - survived this period of deterioration, notably through the writings of Arabian authorities in medicine. The knowledge of Greek medicine was later revived in the Christian West through the Latin translations of both these Arabic works and the original Greek texts.作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。
然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。
当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。
正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。
希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。
5.By the late 17th Century, standards of professional behaviour had been set in the Western World. The first code of medical ethics to be adopted by a professional organisation was written by English physician Thomas Percival (1740-1804) in 1794, which was adapted and adopted by the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1846. This code of ethics, which provided a gold standard for professional physicians, dictated the moral authority and independence of physicians in service to others and their responsibility towards the sick, as well as the physician's individual honour.到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。
被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。
Thomas Percival提出的道德规范为职业医师提供了金标准，主宰着医生们服务他人时的道德权威和独立性以及医生对病人的责任，还有医生的个人荣誉。
6.The seeds had been sown by Hippocrates - or one of his ghost writers.种子已经被希波克拉底或者他的代笔者们所播种。
7.After World War II, 23 doctors from Nazi Germany concentration camps were found guilty of breaching the code of medical ethics by performing horrifying medical experiments on prisoners. This incident led to the composition of the Nuremberg Code (1947), which represented the starting point in discussions regarding ethical treatment of human subjects, and outlined the ethics of medical research with regard to the rights of these subjects. This in turn led to the adoption of the Declaration of Geneva oath by the World Medical Association in 1948.二战之后，由于在罪犯身上进行骇人听闻的医学实验而违反了医学伦理准则，23位来自行德国纳粹集中营的医生被判有罪。