Metric and Fragstats

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测绘专业英语翻译27单元

unit 27 Developments of Photogrammetry摄影测量的发展Photogrammetry can be defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording，measuring and interpreting photographic images (American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1987).（摄影测量可以定义为通过记录、量测和解读相片来获取关于物理实体及环境的可靠信息的科学和技艺。

）Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners.（摄影测量是在相片上量测物体（二维或三维），但也可能是通过电子手段【electronically】存储在磁带上或摄像机、CCD相机或像扫描仪一样的辐射传感器自带的盘上的图像。

）The most important feature of photogrammetry is that the objects are measured without being touched.（摄影测量最重要的特征是物体不经过接触就可量测。

）Although the term Photogrammetry can apply to measurements from ground photographs, modern photogrammetric techniques are most often applied to aerial and satellite images.（尽管摄影测量这个词能应用于对地面相片的量测，现代摄影测量技术更常常用于航空和卫星图像。

Fragstats解读

输出斑块ID 为每一类型的斑块设置唯一的ID. 背景被标记为用户指定的值
斑块分析类型
选择进行分析的参数菜单
分析类型——移动窗口
焦点栅格输入栅格输出栅格
移动窗口
输入无边界栅格，在输出栅格的外围给出一个窗口宽度的背景值。
背景
A
输入栅格输出栅格
至少有一个窗口宽的边界指明了边界内的栅格为要计算的焦点栅格。
• 设置我的电脑—右键—属性—高级—环境变量—系统变量，新建名为path（已有的话就选择编辑）。 • 路径不唯一，关键在于获取ArcView目录下bin32中的.dll文件，根据自己的安装目录自行确定即可。如路径c：\esri\av30\bin32。
3）Windows 95/98：
• 首先搜索autoexec.bat文件，编辑打开，然后增加一个路径说明或者编辑现存的一个，安装路径： \esri\av_gis30\arcview\bin32。 • 使用ArcGIS，则需要aigrio.dll文件，它的安装路径：\esri\arc info\arcexe81\bin。
• Fragstats是一个计算密集性程序，它的性能随处理器速度和计算机内存而定。
二、Fragstats数据格式
输入数据要求：
• 所有的输入栅格必须是被标记为整数的栅格，理论上包括所有的非零类数值。 • 给一个类标记为零是允许的。
• 所有零值的单元被假定在景观内部。
• 必须避免零值的类在一起。 • 所有的输入栅格是由单位为m的单元组成。
1.ArcGrid在Arc/info中运行
• 使用ArcGrid时必须安装有ArcView的空间分析模块或者是ArcGIS，而且必须能接收基于ArcGrid Bin32或者ArcGIS Bin特定的.dll文件。

做蛋挞英语怎么写作文

When it comes to writing an essay in English about making egg tarts,you would want to ensure that the essay is wellstructured,informative,and engaging.Heres a detailed guide on how you could approach writing such an essay:Title:The Art of Making Egg TartsIntroductionBegin with an introduction that piques the readers interest.You could start by describing the allure of egg tarts and their popularity in various cultures,particularly in regions where they are a staple dessert.Example Paragraph:Egg tarts,with their golden,flaky crust and creamy custard filling,are a dessert that transcends cultural boundaries.From the streets of Macau to the bakeries of Portugal, these delectable pastries have captured the hearts and taste buds of many.In this essay, we will delve into the history of egg tarts,explore the variations in recipes across different regions,and guide you through the process of making these heavenly treats at home.Body1.Historical BackgroundDiscuss the origins of egg tarts,mentioning their evolution and how they have spread to different parts of the world.Include a brief history of the pastrys development and any interesting anecdotes related to its popularity.2.Cultural SignificanceExplain the cultural importance of egg tarts in various regions,such as their role in festivals or daily life.Highlight any regional variations in ingredients or preparation methods that contribute to the diversity of egg tarts.3.Ingredients and PreparationList the essential ingredients needed to make egg tarts,including the pastry,custard filling,and any optional additions.Describe the process of making the pastry,from mixing the dough to rolling it out and preparing the tart shells.Detail the steps for preparing the custard filling,including the importance of temperature control and the role of each ingredient in achieving the desired texture.4.Cooking TechniquesDiscuss the different methods of cooking egg tarts,such as baking in an oven or using a steamer.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method and provide tips for achieving the best results.5.Presentation and ServingOffer suggestions on how to present egg tarts for maximum visual appeal. Discuss the best accompaniments for serving egg tarts,such as tea,coffee,or a light salad.ConclusionConclude the essay by summarizing the key points discussed and reflecting on the joy of making and sharing egg tarts.Example Paragraph:In conclusion,making egg tarts is not just about following a recipe its about understanding the history and culture behind this beloved dessert.Whether youre a seasoned baker or a novice in the kitchen,the process of crafting these delicate pastries can be a rewarding and delicious journey.So,the next time you find yourself with a craving for egg tarts,consider rolling up your sleeves and creating your own batch, savoring every step from the mixing of ingredients to the first bite of the finished tart. References if anyIf you have used any sources for your essay,be sure to list them in a references section, following the appropriate citation style.Remember to proofread your essay for grammar,spelling,and punctuation errors,and ensure that your writing flows smoothly and coherently.Happy writing!。

框架结构的现代性与纪念性——招商局办公楼和法西奥宫比较分析

中图分类号 TU-86 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1003-739X （2024）02-0010-05 收稿日期 2023-07-15摘要钢筋混凝土框架结构在现代建筑中广泛应用。

但是，现代城市中，框架结构的建筑往往带给人们单调重复的印象，缺乏纪念性。

20世纪上半叶，杨廷宝设计的招商局办公楼和特拉尼设计的法西奥宫均使用了钢筋混凝土框架结构。

两个建筑建于古典建筑与现代建筑过渡时期，特殊的历史背景使它们更能体现现代性和纪念性的结合。

该文试图通过对比这两个案例所处的场地环境、立面形象和空间组织，分析其中所体现的现代性和纪念性。

这对于框架结构建筑在现代性中体现纪念性的设计方法有借鉴价值和启发意义。

关键词现代性纪念性框架结构招商局办公楼法西奥宫Abstract Reinforced concrete frame structure is widely used in modern architecture. However, in modern cities, the buildings with frame significance for the design method of reflecting the monumentality in frame structure architecture.Keywords Modernity, Monumentality, Reinforced concrete frame structure, The office of Zhaoshangju, Casa del FascioThe Monumentality and Modernity in Architecture with Frame Structure:Comparative Analysis on the Office of Zhaoshangju and Casa del Fascio1 重拾纪念性纪念性在古典建筑中普遍存在，而在现代建筑中却常常缺少。

芭乐石榴英语作文开头

When beginning an English composition about guava and pomegranate,one might consider using an engaging and descriptive opening that captures the readers interest. Here are a few examples of how you might start such an essay:1.Sensory Description:As the suns rays gently warm the morning dew,the vibrant hues of guava and pomegranate trees stand out in the orchard,their fruits a feast for the eyes and a symphony for the senses.2.Anecdotal Introduction:My grandmothers backyard was a treasure trove of natures bounty,where the sweet aroma of ripe guavas and the tantalizing crunch of pomegranate seeds were the soundtracks of my childhood summers.3.Historical Context:Since the times of ancient civilizations,guava and pomegranate have been revered for their culinary and medicinal properties,their seeds and juices a testament to natures rich tapestry of flavors.4.Personal Reflection:The first taste of a guava,its flesh soft and sweet,followed by the burst of tartness from a pomegranate,taught me the joy of contrasting flavors,a lesson that has stayed with me through the years.5.Cultural Significance:In many cultures,the guava and pomegranate are more than just fruits they symbolize prosperity,fertility,and health,their presence in celebrations and rituals a nod to their deeprooted significance.6.Scientific Insight:Recent studies have unveiled the hidden treasures of guava and pomegranate,their rich antioxidant content and potential health benefits making them not just delicious but essential components of a balanced diet.parative Approach:While the guavas creamy texture and the pomegranates jewellike seeds may seem worlds apart,they share a common thread of offering a burst of flavor and nutrition in every bite.8.Evocative Imagery:Picture a tropical paradise where the air is filled with the scent of ripe guavas and the sight of pomegranates hanging heavy on the branches,a scene that encapsulates the essence of summers bounty.9.Question to Engage:Have you ever wondered what makes guava and pomegranate such a popular choice in smoothies and salads alike?Their unique combination of taste, texture,and health benefits offers a clue.10.Direct Address:Dear reader,let me take you on a journey through the luscious world of guava and pomegranate,where each fruit is a story waiting to be told,each seed a chapter in the book of natures wonders.These openings set the stage for an essay that could explore various aspects of guava and pomegranate,from their cultivation and uses in cuisine to their cultural and nutritional significance.。

中英文地理信息系统(GIS)英语词汇表

accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。

它包含ArcView和ArcEditor 所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网）aspatial data 非空间数据？Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brianbest fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, PeterBusiness and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbaracadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martincannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>> Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区，地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价，>>Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, PaulCustomer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影> >Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁>> dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图>>data 数据>>automation 自动化>>capture costs 获取代价>>capture project 获取工程>>collection workflow 采集工作流>> compression 压缩>>conversion 转换>>definition 定义>>geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质>> GIS 地理信息系统>>industry 产业>>integration 集成>>mining 挖掘>>transfer 迁移>>translation 转化>>data model 数据模型>> definition 定义>>levels of abstraction 提取等级>> in practice 实际上>>types 类型>>database 数据库>>definition 定义>>design 设计>>generalization 综合>>global 全球的>>index 索引>>multi-user editing 多用户编辑>> structuring 结构>>database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统>>capabilities 能力>>data storage 数据存储>>geographic extensions 地理扩展>>types 类型>>Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家>>decision support 决策支持>>deductive reasoning 演绎推理>>definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义>>degrees of freedom 自由度>>density estimation 密度估算>>dependence in space 空间依赖>>desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统>>desktop paradigms 桌面范例>>Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图>>digital divide 数字鸿沟>>Digital Earth 数字地球>>Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型>>Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图>>Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图>>Digital representation 数字表现>>Digital terrain models 数字地形模型>>Digitizing 数字化>>DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统>> Dine CARE >>Discrete objects 离散对象>>Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法>>Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准>>Dynamic segmentation 动态分割>>Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型>>> >Easting 朝东方>>Ecological fallacy 生态谬误>>e-commerce 电子商业>>editing 编辑>>education 教育>>electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱>>ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪>>of rotation 旋转的>>emergency evacuation 应急撤退>>encapsulation 封装>>environmental applications 环境应用>>environmental impact 环境影响>>epidemiology 流行病学>>equal area property 等面积特性>>Equator 赤道>>ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司，用户遍布100多个国家，软件套数超过17000套。

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基于认知框架理论的谚语英译研究

第30卷第2期2021年4月淮阴工学院学报Jonmat of Huaiyin Institute of Tech/obpyVoU33No.2Apo2021基于认知框架理论的谚语英译研究颜蓉(苏州大学外国语学院，江苏苏州215006)摘要：框架理论为人们认识世界提供了一种思路。

近年来，不少学者以框架理论为基础对文本进行解读和分析。

不同文化中的认知框架存在差异，这在翻译中有所体现。

从认知语言学的框架理论来看，翻译的过程可以理解为译者将原文中的框架转化为相应的译入语文化框架的过程，这一过程并非简单的框架对应,而需要进行一定的框架操作以使目标读者更准确地理解原文传递的信息。

以认知框架理论为基础，试图探讨谚语英译中的框架操作问题，以期丰富对翻译的认识,并为谚语英译提供借鉴和思考。

关键词：框架理论;谚语;英译中图分类号：H05文献标志码：A文章编号:1009-7761(2021)02-0044-07A Research on English Translation of Proverbs Basedon Cognitive Frame TheoryYANRogy(School of Foreign Languayos,Soochow Unmps/y,Suzhou Jiangsu215796,China)ASstroch:Frame Theo,,on which provi/os a perspective fhr people to perceive the woOU.In recent years,a nnmber of scholars have analyzef and intemotef texts basef on the0,,.Diberent calturos have different cognitive frameworfs,which are mflecUO in translation2From the perspective of Frame Theos m cognitive lin-yuistics,the process of translation can bo understooh as the process in which the translator transforms the frame of the source text into the covesponding caltural frame of the target lpgupo.The process is not a simple transformation of the frame,but repuiros ceOain opemtions on the iamo to enaPle the target reapers to understand the information conveyef by the source text more accnmtUy.Basef on Cognitive Frame Theos ,this paper attempts to explcue the ogerations on the frame in English translation of proverbs in order to enrich the understanding of translation and provi/o reference and thinking for the English translation of pmOs.Key worbt:Frame Theos；proverfs:English translation1774年,Minsky［在《表征知识的框架》一文中将框架定义为“一种特定情境的数据结构，例如身处某种类型的客厅,或者参加孩子的生日派对”。

介绍乐器的英语作文

Music is an integral part of human culture,and it is expressed through a wide variety of instruments that span different cultures and historical periods.Here is an introduction to some of the most common and significant instruments used in music around the world.1.Piano:Known as the king of instruments,the piano is a large keyboard instrument that produces sound by striking strings with hammers.It is versatile and can be used in classical,jazz,and popular music.2.Violin:The violin is a string instrument with four strings,played with a bow.It is known for its high,clear sound and is a staple in orchestras,string quartets,and as a solo instrument.3.Guitar:The guitar is a stringed instrument that is played by plucking or strumming the strings,either with fingers or a pick.It is popular in many genres,including rock,blues, jazz,and classical.4.Flute:The flute is a woodwind instrument with a series of holes that produce different notes when played.It is known for its bright,airy sound and is used in orchestras,bands, and as a solo instrument.5.Trumpet:A brass instrument,the trumpet is played by buzzing the lips into a cupshaped mouthpiece.It is known for its powerful,penetrating sound and is used in orchestras,jazz bands,and marching bands.6.Drums:Drums are percussion instruments that produce sound when struck with a drumstick or hand.They come in various sizes and types,including snare drums,bass drums,and tomtoms,and are used to provide rhythm in many musical styles.7.Saxophone:Invented in the19th century,the saxophone is a woodwind instrument known for its rich,smooth sound.It is commonly used in jazz and classical music and comes in various sizes,including soprano,alto,tenor,and baritone saxophones.8.Cello:The cello is a large string instrument that is played in an upright position between the musicians legs.It has a deep,resonant sound and is often used as a solo instrument as well as part of an orchestra.9.Harp:The harp is a stringed instrument with a large,triangular frame decorated with intricate designs.It is played by plucking the strings with the fingers and is known for its ethereal,delicate sound.10.Trombone:A brass instrument,the trombone is played by moving a slide in and out to change the pitch.It is known for its versatility and is used in orchestras,bands,and jazz ensembles.11.Clarinet:The clarinet is a woodwind instrument with a single reed.It is known for its warm,mellow tone and is used in a variety of musical settings,including classical,jazz, and klezmer music.ulele:A small,fourstringed instrument related to the guitar,the ukulele is known for its bright,cheerful sound.It is popular in Hawaiian music and has gained popularity in various genres worldwide.Each of these instruments has its own unique characteristics and contributes to the rich tapestry of musical expression.Whether played solo or in ensembles,they offer a wide range of tonal colors and textures that enrich the listening experience.。

fragstats-部分景观指数生态学含义

[转载]fragstats 部分景观指数生态学含义2月10日fragstats 部分景观指数生态学含义拼块类型面积（CA），单位：ha，范围：CA>0公式描述：CA等于某一拼块类型中所有拼块的面积之和（m2），除以10000后转化为公顷（ha）；即某拼块类型的总面积。

生态意义：CA度量的是景观的组分，也是计算其它指标的基础。

它有很重要的生态意义，其值的大小制约着以此类型拼块作为聚居地（Habitation）的物种的丰度、数量、食物链及其次生种的繁殖等，如许多生物对其聚居地最小面积的需求是其生存的条件之一；不同类型面积的大小能够反映出其间物种、能量和养分等信息流的差异，一般来说，一个拼块中能量和矿物养分的总量与其面积成正比；为了理解和管理景观，我们往往需要了解拼块的面积大小，如所需要的拼块最小面积和最佳面积是极其重要的两个数据。

景观面积（TA），单位：ha，范围：TA>0公式描述：TA等于一个景观的总面积，除以10000后转化为公顷（ha）。

生态意义：TA决定了景观的范围以及研究和分析的最大尺度，也是计算其它指标的基础。

在自然保护区设计和景观生态建设中，对于维护高数量的物种，维持稀有种、濒危种以及生态系统的稳定，保护区或景观的面积是最重要的因素。

拼块所占景观面积的比例（%LAND），单位：百分比，范围：0< %LAND<=100公式描述：%LAND等于某一拼块类型的总面积占整个景观面积的百分比。

其值趋于0时，说明景观中此拼块类型变得十分稀少；其值等于100时，说明整个景观只由一类拼块组成。

生态意义：%LAND度量的是景观的组分，其在拼块级别上与拼块相似度指标（LSIM）的意义相同。

由于它计算的是某一拼块类型占整个景观的面积的相对比例，因而是帮助我们确定景观中模地（Matrix）或优势景观元素的依据之一；也是决定景观中的生物多样性、优势种和数量等生态系统指标的重要因素。

拼块个数（NP），单位：无，范围：NP>=1公式描述：NP在类型级别上等于景观中某一拼块类型的拼块总个数；在景观级别上等于景观中所有的拼块总数。

凤翔泥塑纹样推演与设计应用

摘要：为了继承和发扬泥塑文化，塑造出具有延续性、创新性的纹样形态，设计出适应现代环境发展的凤翔泥塑文化产品。

文章提出将形状文法应用于凤翔泥塑的纹样研究中，通过分析整理泥塑纹样的内涵特征，提取代表性设计因子，设定好约束条件，进行纹样推演再设计。

生成以生肖虎为例的最优方案，并进行实践应用。

通过最终设计效果证明了方法的可行性，以科学的理论支撑设计过程，丰富了泥塑纹样文化的表现形式，并为同类的设计研究提供了参考。

关键词：文化产品形状文法泥塑纹样设计推演生肖虎中图分类号：TB472 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-0069（2022）12-0050-04Abstract：In order to inherit and carry forward the clay figurines culture，shape a continuous and innovative pattern form，and design Fengxiang clay sculpture cultural products to adapt to the development of modern environment.This paper puts forward the application of shape grammar in the study of Fengxiang clay figurines. By analyzing and finishing the connotation features of clay figurines patterns，this paper extracts representative design factors，sets constraints，and carries out pattern deduction and redesign.The optimal scheme taking the zodiac tiger as an example is generated and applied in practice.Through the final design effect，it demonstrated the feasibility of the method，scientific theory supports the design process and enriches the expression forms of clay sculpture pattern culture，and provided a reference for design research of a kind.Keywords：Cultural products Shape grammar Clay sculpture pattern Design deduction Zodiac tiger西安理工大学艺术与设计学院杜杰路晓倩凤翔泥塑纹样推演与设计应用FENGXIANG CLAY PATTERN DEDUCTION AND DESIGN APPLICATION引言凤翔泥塑代表着陕西的一种生活文化，它见证了历史的变迁，有着浓郁的乡土气息和研究价值，在1996年左右逐渐萧条，一方面是由于打工潮兴起引发的环境影响，另一方面是因为凤翔泥塑品种较为单一[1]，呈现内卷化并进入瓶颈期，缺乏创新性再生[2]。

关于写电影的作文英语

关于写电影的作文英语Certainly! Here's a sample essay on writing about movies in English:The Magic of Cinema: A Journey Through FilmCinema is not just a form of entertainment; it's an art that transcends boundaries and speaks to the human soul. Whenwriting an essay about movies, one must delve into the heartof the film, exploring its themes, characters, and the emotions it evokes.IntroductionBegin your essay by introducing the film you are discussing. Mention the title, director, and a brief overview of the plot without giving away too many spoilers. For instance, "Titanic, directed by James Cameron, is a love story set against the backdrop of the ill-fated maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic."Character AnalysisCharacters are the lifeblood of any film. Discuss the main characters, their development throughout the movie, and how they contribute to the film's narrative. Use direct quotes from the film to support your analysis. For example, "JackDawson, played by Leonardo DiCaprio, is a free-spiritedartist whose charm and passion for life captivate Rose, played by Kate Winslet."Themes and SymbolismEvery great film has a central theme or several interwoven themes. Discuss the themes presented in the film and how they are conveyed through the story, characters, and cinematography. Symbolism can also be a powerful tool in filmmaking. Identify and explain any symbols used in the film to enhance your essay. For example, "The iceberg that the Titanic strikes symbolizes the impending doom and the inevitable end of the characters' love story."Cinematography and Visual EffectsDiscuss the visual aspects of the film. How does the director use camera angles, lighting, and color to create mood and atmosphere? Analyze the visual effects if they are a significant part of the film. For instance, "The use of warm colors in the scenes where Rose and Jack are together creates a sense of intimacy and warmth, contrasting sharply with the cold, blue tones used to depict the Titanic's tragic end."Sound and MusicSound and music play a crucial role in setting the tone of a film. Analyze the soundtrack and how it complements thefilm's narrative. Discuss any notable musical themes or leitmotifs that recur throughout the film. For example,"James Horner's score for Titanic is both haunting and uplifting, perfectly capturing the essence of the characters' love and the tragedy of the ship's sinking."ConclusionConclude your essay by summarizing your analysis and reflecting on the film's impact. Discuss what makes the film memorable and why it resonates with audiences. For example, "Titanic's enduring appeal lies in its timeless love story, its historical significance, and its stunning visual effects, making it a cinematic masterpiece that continues to captivate viewers even decades after its release."RecommendationsEnd your essay with a few recommendations for those who have not seen the film or suggestions for further viewing. For example, "For those who have not yet experienced Titanic, I highly recommend it as a film that offers a poignant love story, historical insight, and a visual spectacle that is not to be missed."Writing about movies is an opportunity to explore the multifaceted world of cinema and share your insights with others. By focusing on character analysis, themes, cinematography, sound, and music, your essay will provide a comprehensive look at the film and its impact on audiences.Remember to maintain an academic tone throughout your essay and use proper citations if you quote directly from the film or other sources. Happy writing!。

Paths, Trees, and Flowers

Paths,Trees,and Flowers“Jack Edmonds has been one of the creators of the field of combinatorial optimization and polyhedral combinatorics.His1965paper‘P aths,Trees,and Flowers’[1]was one of the first papers to suggest the possibility of establishing a mathematical theory of efficient combinatorial algorithms...”[from the award citation of the1985John von Neumann Theory Prize,awarded annually since1975by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences].In1962,the Chinese mathematician Mei-Ko Kwan proposed a method that could be used to minimize the lengths of routes walked by mail carriers.Much earlier, in1736,the eminent Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler,who had elevated calculus to unprecedented heights,had investigated whether there existed a walk across all seven bridges that connected two islands in the river Pregel with the rest of the city of Ko¨nigsberg on the adjacent shores,a walk that would cross each bridge exactly once.Different as they may sound,these two inquiries have much in common.They both admit schematic represen-tations based on the concept of graphs.Thus they are problems in graph theory,a twentieth century discipline which combines aspects of combinatorics and topology. Given a set of items called nodes and a second set of items called arcs,a graph is defined as a relationship between such sets:For each arc,two of the nodes are specified to be joined by this arc.The actual,say physical,meaning of such nodes and arcs is not what distinguishes graphs.Only formal relationships count. In particular,the bridges of Ko¨nigsberg may be consid-ered as arcs,each joining a pair of the four nodes whichcorrespond to the two islands and the two shores. The commonality between the two graph-theoretical problem formulations reaches deeper.Given any graph, for one of its nodes,say i0,find an arc a1that joins node i0and another node,say i1.One may try to repeat this process and find a second arc a2which joins node i1to a node i2and so on.This process would yield a sequence of nodes—some may be revisited—successive pairs of which are joined by arcs(Fig.3).The first andthe last node in that sequence are then connected by this“path.”Fig.2.The graph of the bridges of Ko¨nigsberg.Fig.1.The bridges of Ko¨ningsberg.Fig.3.Open and closed paths in the graph.(Think of a route along street segments joining inter-sections.)If each pair of nodes in a graph can be con-nected by a path,then the whole graph is considered connected.A path in a graph is called closed if it returns to its starting point(Fig.3).Mei-Ko Kwan’s“Chinese Postman Problem,”as it is now generally called(since first suggested by Alan Goldman,then of NBS),is to determine,in a given connected graph,a shortest closed path which traverses every arc at least once—delivers mail on every assigned street block.Euler also considers closed paths meeting all arcs,but aims at characterizing all graphs which accommodate an Euler tour,a closed path that crosses each arc exactly once.As Euler found,they are precisely those connected graphs in which each node attaches to an even number of arcs,or in other words,every node is of even degree.By this result,there can be no Euler tour over the bridges of Ko¨nigsberg.Euler’s examination typifies the classical combinatorial query:Do certain constructs exist and if so,how many?The following question also illustrates the flavor of classical combinatorics:how many isomers are there of the hydrocarbon C n H2n+2?Each such isomer(Fig.4)is characterized by the joining patterns of the carbon atoms as nodes and bonds as arcs.The corresponding arrangements,therefore,represent graphs.These graphs have a very special property:For any two of their nodes there exists a unique connecting path without repeat arcs.Such a graph is called a“tree.”Every isomer defines a tree of carbon atoms whose nodes are of degree four or less.Conversely,every such tree uniquely characterizes an isomer.In graph-theoret-ical terms,the question is:How many trees with n nodes are there with node degrees not exceeding four?(For n=40,the number is62,481,801,147,341,as deter-mined by ingenious use of“generating functions.”) Here is one more topic in the same vein.A match-maker has a list of k single men and l single women.Her experience of many years enables her to discern which pairs are compatible.She considers a number of com-patible matches that might be arranged simultaneously. How can she be sure that she arrived at the largest possible number of such matches?A theorem by one of the founders of graph theory, the Hungarian mathematician De´nes Ko¨nig in1931, suggests an answer to that question.He considered theFig.4.The carbon graphs of the isomers of C6H14.Fig.5.A matching in a graph;two of the augmenting paths arehighlighted by........graph whose nodes are the matchmaker’s clients and whose arcs join the compatible pairs,leading to the graph-theoretical concept of matching.A matching in a graph is any subset of its arcs such that no two arcs in the matching meet at a common node(Fig.5). Similar concepts are that of a packing or independent set,namely,a subset of the nodes no two of which are connected by an arc,and of a cover,namely,a subset of the nodes that meets every arc.The matchmaker’s graph has the special property that each of its nodes is of one of two kinds,male or female, and every arc connects nodes of different gender.For such a bipartite graph,Ko¨nig’s theorem states that the number of arcs in a maximum matching equals the number of nodes in a minimum cover.However,this deep result ignores the problem of actually finding a minimum cover in order to prove the optimality of a matching.Given a particular matching in any graph,an exposed node is one that is not met by any arc of the matching.An alternating path,that is,a path whose every other arc is part of the matching,is called augmenting if it connects two exposed nodes.Indeed,switching arcs in and out of the matching along an augmenting path results in a new matching with one more arc in it.It is a1957theorem by the French mathematician Claude Berge that a larger matching exists not merely if,but also only if,the current matching admits an augmenting path.The classical graph theorist would look at this elegant characterization of maximum matchings and ask:what more needs to be said?That outlook had been changing during and after W orld W ar II.The extensive planning needs,military and civilian,encountered during the war and post-war years now required finding actual solutions to many graph-theoretical and combinatorial problems,but with a new slant:Instead of asking questions about existence or numbers of solutions,there was now a call for “optimal”solutions,crucial in such areas as logistics, traffic and transportation planning,scheduling of jobs, machines,or airline crews,facility location,microchip design,just to name a few.George B.Dantzig’s celebrated“Simplex Algorithm”for linear program-ming was a key achievement of this era.The Chinese Postman is a case in point.He does not care about how many tours of his street blocks there are to choose from nor whether there are indeed Euler tours. He cares about delivering his mail while walking the shortest possible distance.(Admittedly,mail carriers, Chinese and otherwise,don’t really think in terms of the Chinese Postman Problem.But how about garbage collection in a big city?)And then there were computers,and the expectation that those electronic wizards would handle applied combinatorial optimizations even if faced with the large numbers of variables which typically rendered manual computations impractical.Enter Jack Edmonds.Edmonds did his undergradu-ate work at the George W ashington University.He recounts—as one of the pioneers featured in the volume History of Mathematical Programming:A Collection of P ersonal Reminiscences[20]Ϫhis varied interests and activities of that period.Thus he designed toys and games with expectations of monetary rewards, which unfortunately did not materialize.A stint as a copy boy at the W ashington Post found him at the night desk during President Eisenhower’s heart attack in1955.Mathematics,however,survived as his over-riding interest.Fascinated by the study of polytopes by the Canadian Mathematician H.S.M.Coxeter, Edmonds’master thesis at the University of Maryland (1959)addressed the problem of embedding graphs into surfaces[6].Fig.6.Jack Edmonds.In1959he joined NBS,became a founding member of Alan Goldman’s newly created Operations Research Section in1961,and was steered towards precisely the endeavor of developing optimization algorithms for problems in graph theory and combinatorics.In particular,he was drawn to two fundamental problems: the“Maximum Packing Problem”and the“Minimum Cover Problem”of determining largest packings and smallest covers,respectively,in a given graph[2]. Edmonds quickly recognized the major challenge of that task,a challenge that he called“the curse of exponentiality.”While plainly“finite,”many of the known graph-theoretical algorithms required exponen-tial effort,or their authors had not detailed their proce-dures in a way that avoided such exponentiality. Consider the“Maximum Matching Problem”of finding the largest matching in a given graph.Recall that a matching can be enlarged whenever there is an augmenting path,that is,an alternating path connecting two exposed nodes.As a consequence,there exists an “algorithm”which in a finite number of steps—every-thing is finite here—determines whether a matching is maximum or shows how to improve it.“All”that’s needed is to examine,at each step,the alternating paths originating at exposed nodes.It’s just that there are so darn many of them!In a general framework,computational problems have a natural size,for instance,the number of nodes or arcs in a graph.For algorithms,computational effort can then be defined as the number of basic computational steps,such as individual additions or multiplications, and depends on problem size.If computational effort increases as fast or faster than exponentially with problem size,then it is said to require exponential effort. P olynomial time,by contrast,—Edmonds used the term good—prevails if computational effort is bounded by a power d of problem size n.The notation O(n d)is used to indicate that level of complexity.Regardless of technological progress,computers are helpless when faced with exponential effort.T o wit, the“Traveling Salesman Problem.”Here a connected graph is given along with a particular length for each arc.What is wanted is a closed path of least total length that visits every node.The sequence of visits essentially defines such a round trip.Consider,for instance,the 48state capitals of the contiguous United States and W ashington,DC,as nodes of a graph with an arc between any two of them.From a base in W ashington, all those capitals are to be visited while minimizing the total distance traveled.Thus there are48!(factorial) round trips in the running.A future supercomputer, spending1nanosecond per trip,would require more than3ϫ1044years to examine all possible trips.Stressing the integral role of complexity,Edmonds became the leading proponent of a new direction:to develop good algorithms for problems in graph theory and combinatorics(or to identify problems for which such algorithms can be proven not to exist).This has spawned a new area of research that has grown and flourished for four decades and is still going strong.It is not by accident that a graph-theoretical optimization problem,namely,the Traveling Salesman Problem,is now frequently used as a complexity standard,calling a problem NP-complete if it requires computational effort equivalent to that of the Traveling Salesman Problem. In1961,while attending a summer workshop at the RAND corporation in Santa Monica,California, Jack Edmonds discovered a good algorithm for the Maximum Matching Problem,whose complexity he conservatively pegged at O(n4).That algorithm is described in the paper P aths,Trees, and Flowers[1].In its title,the words“paths”and “trees”refer to the standard graph-theoretical concepts. The algorithms augmenting paths are found by a“tree search”combined with a sophisticated process of shrinking certain subgraphs called blossoms into single nodes of a reduced graph.Hence the term“flowers”in the title.Why was it a breakthrough?The answer is that all good graph-theoretical algorithms known at the time addressed“unimodular”problems such as the“Shortest Path”and“Network Flow”problems,the rigorous proof for the latter having been given by Edmonds with collab-oration by Richard M.Karp[13].These are problems that could be formulated as integrality-preserving linear programs,which by themselves did not create good algorithms but indicated the potential for such. Edmonds’matching algorithm was the very first instance of a good algorithm for a problem outside that mold.In addition,P aths,Trees,and Flowers contributed a major theoretical result:a generalization of Ko¨nig’s theorem that holds for matchings in all kinds of graphs, not just bipartite ones.Edmonds also conjectured in this paper that both the Maximum Packing Problem and the Minimum Cover Problem were intrinsically harder than the Maximum Matching Problem.Indeed,both of the former problems were subsequently shown to be NP-complete.In one of his seminal papers[3-10]published in the Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards,Edmonds[7]extended his algorithm to find matchings that optimize the sum of given arc weights, and,perhaps more importantly,he laid the foundationfor a polyhedral interpretation of matching theory which was pursued,for instance,in the doctoral thesis by William R.Pulleyblank[15]advised by Edmonds. Subsequently,Edmonds found other good algorithms, for instance,in his path-breaking research on combina-torial abstractions of matrices,called matroids[4,12, 14-17,19].And,last but not least,he and Ellis L. Johnson used the matching paradigm to arrive at a first good algorithm for the Chinese Postman Problem[18]. In1969,Edmonds accepted a professorship of mathematics at the University of W aterloo,where a list of distinguished doctoral students is testament to his special gift of guiding and motivating young mathemati-cians.He remains to this day an active and highly influential researcher in the field of graph theory and combinatorics.Why is it important to identify even a few graph-theoretical and combinatorial problems with good solution algorithms,when there is such a great variety of real-life optimization tasks,most of them defined in a less clear-cut fashion?The utility of good algorithms for idealized problems and their theory is that they sug-gest generalizations,variations,promising avenues of attack,treatable approximations,iterative applications, and also flag problem formulations best to avoid.In all these roles,Edmonds’matching algorithm has been an indispensable and inspirational part of the toolkit for combinatorial optimization and its multiple applications to modern technology.Prepared by Christoph Witzgall with help by Ronald Boisvert,Geraldine Cheok,Saul Gass,Alan Goldman, and James Lawrence.Bibliography[1]Jack Edmonds,Paths,Trees,and Flowers,Canad.J.Math.17,449-467(1965).[2]Jack Edmonds,Covers and Packings in a Family of Sets,Bull.Amer.Math.Soc.68,494-499(1962).[3]Jack Edmonds,Existence of k-Edge Connected Ordinary Graphswith Prescribed Degrees,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.68B,73-74 (1964).[4]Jack Edmonds,Minimum Partition of a Matroid into Indepen-dent Subsets,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.69B,67-72(1965).[5]Jack Edmonds,Lehman’s Switching Game and a Theorem ofTutte and Nash-Williams,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.69B,73-77 (1965).[6]Jack Edmonds,On the Surface Duality of Linear Graphs,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.69B,121-123(1965).[7]Jack Edmonds,Maximum Matching and a Polyhedron with0,1-V ertices,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.69B,125-130(1965). [8]Jack Edmonds and D.R.Fulkerson,Transversals and MatroidPartition,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.69B,147-153(1965). [9]Jack Edmonds,Optimum Branchings,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.71B,233-240(1967).[10]Jack Edmonds,Systems of Distinct Representatives and LinearAlgebra,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.71B,241-245(1967). [11]Jack Edmonds,Matroid Partition,in Mathematics of the Deci-sion Sciences,P art I,(Proceedings of the Fifth Summer Seminar on the Mathematics of the Decision Sciences,Stanford Univer-sity,Stanford,CA,1967),American Mathematical Society, Providence,RI(1968)pp.335-345.[12]Jack Edmonds,Submodular Functions,Matroids,and CertainPolyhedra,in Combinatorial Structures and their Applications (Proceedings of the Calgary International Conference on Combi-natorial Structures and their Applications,University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta,Canada,1969),Gordon and Breach,New Y ork (1970)pp.69-81.[13]Jack Edmonds and Richard M.Karp,Theoretical Improvementsin Algorithmic Efficiency for Network Flow Problems,in Combinatorial Structures and their Applications(Proceedings of the Calgary International Conference on Combinatorial Structures and their Applications,University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta,Canada,1969),Gordon and Breach,New Y ork (1970)pp.93-96.[14]Jack Edmonds,Matroids and the Greedy Algorithm,Math.Programming1,127-136(1971).[15]W.Pulleyblank and Jack Edmonds,Facets of1-MatchingPolyhedra,in Hypergraph Seminar(Proceedings of the First W orking Seminar on Hypergraphs,Ohio State Univ.,Columbus, Ohio,1972)Lecture Notes in Mathematics V ol.411,Springer-V erlag,Berlin(1974)pp.214-242.[16]Jack Edmonds,Edge-Disjoint Branchings,in CombinatorialAlgorithms(Courant Computer Science Symposium9,Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey,CA,1972),Algorithmics Press, New Y ork(1973)pp.91-96.[17]Peyton Y oung and Jack Edmonds,Matroid Designs,J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.77B,15-44(1973).[18]Jack Edmonds and Ellis L.Johnson,Matching,Euler T ours,andthe Chinese Postman,Math.Programming5,88-124(1973).[19]Jack Edmonds,Matroid Intersection,in Discrete Optimization I(Proceedings of the Advanced Research Institute on Discrete Optimization and Systems Applications,Alberta,Canada,1977);Ann.Discrete Math.4,39-49(1979).[20]Jan Karel Lenstra,Alexander H.G.Rinnooy Kan,AlexanderSchrijver,History of Mathematical Programming,A Collection of P ersonal Reminiscences,North-Holland,Amsterdam(1991).。

关于花园的英语作文

In the heart of our city lies a beautiful garden that serves as a sanctuary for both residents and visitors alike.This essay aims to describe the gardens allure,its significance to the community,and the various activities that take place within its bounds.Title:The Enchanting City GardenThe garden is a sprawling expanse of greenery,meticulously maintained to showcase the best of natures bounty.As one enters the garden,the first thing that captures the attention is the vibrant array of flowers that line the pathways.Roses in shades of red,pink,and white,along with daffodils and tulips,create a colorful tapestry that changes with the seasons.The Layout and DesignThe garden is designed with winding paths that lead visitors through different sections, each with its own unique charm.A central fountain,adorned with intricate stone carvings, serves as a focal point.The water cascades gently,creating a soothing ambiance that invites relaxation.Surrounding the fountain are lush lawns where families often gather for picnics.The grass is kept impeccably trimmed,providing a soft carpet underfoot.Benches are strategically placed throughout the garden,offering resting spots with picturesque views. Flora and FaunaThe garden is home to a diverse range of plants,including towering oaks that provide shade and smaller shrubs that add texture to the landscape.Bird species are drawn to the garden,making it a haven for bird watchers.The melodic chirping of birds in the morning and the gentle rustling of leaves in the evening create a symphony of nature that is both calming and invigorating.Community SignificanceThe garden plays a vital role in the community,offering a respite from the hustle and bustle of city life.It is a place where people of all ages can connect with nature and with each other.Children play hideandseek among the trees,while the elderly enjoy leisurely strolls or engage in friendly games of chess.Cultural and Educational EventsThe garden is not just a passive space but also a hub for cultural and educational events. During spring,the annual flower show draws horticulturists and enthusiasts who marvel at the exotic and native species on display.Summer evenings are often filled with live music performances,adding a festive air to the garden.Educational workshops are held regularly,teaching visitors about sustainable gardening practices,the importance of pollinators,and the history of the garden itself.These events foster a sense of stewardship and appreciation for the natural world.ConclusionThe city garden is more than just a place of beauty it is a living testament to the harmony between urban development and the preservation of green spaces.It serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining a balance between our built environments and the natural world.Whether one seeks solitude,community,or education,the garden offers a welcoming embrace to all who enter its gates.。

盖房子的过程常用英语作文

Building a house is a complex process that involves various stages,each with its own set of tasks and responsibilities.Here is a detailed description of the process in English,as one might find in an essay on the subject.nd Acquisition:The first step in building a house is acquiring the land.This involves identifying a suitable plot,negotiating the price,and completing the legal formalities to secure ownership.2.Planning and Design:Once the land is secured,the next step is to plan the house.This includes deciding on the layout,the number of rooms,and the overall design.Architects and designers play a crucial role in this stage,creating blueprints and ensuring that the design meets the clients needs and local building regulations.3.Securing Permits and Approvals:Before construction can begin,various permits and approvals must be obtained from local authorities.This includes building permits,which ensure that the construction will be carried out safely and in accordance with local building codes.4.Site Preparation:The land must be prepared for construction.This involves clearing the site of any obstacles,such as trees or existing structures,and leveling the ground.Soil tests may also be conducted to determine the suitability of the ground for building.5.Foundation and Footings:The foundation is the base upon which the house will rest.It is crucial for the stability of the structure.Footings are dug into the ground to support the weight of the house,and the foundation is then built on top of these footings.6.Framing:Once the foundation is in place,the framing of the house begins.This involves constructing the skeletal structure of the house,including the walls,floors,and roof. Framing is typically done with wood or steel.7.Utilities Installation:While the framing is being completed,the installation of utilities such as plumbing, electrical wiring,and HVAC systems can begin.This is a critical stage as it involves laying the groundwork for the houses essential functions.8.Exterior and Interior Finishing:After the framing is complete,the exterior and interior of the house are finished.This includes installing windows and doors,applying insulation,and finishing the walls with drywall or other materials.The exterior may also be covered with siding or brick.9.Roofing:The roof is a crucial part of the house,providing protection from the elements.Roofing materials are chosen based on durability,weather resistance,and aesthetic appeal.The roof is then installed,ensuring it is watertight and secure.10.Finishing Touches:The final stage of construction involves adding the finishing touches to the house.This includes painting,installing flooring,and adding fixtures such as light fittings and ndscaping and outdoor features are also completed at this stage.11.Inspection and Handover:Before the house can be occupied,it must pass a final inspection to ensure that it meets all safety and building code requirements.Once the house passes inspection,the keys are handed over to the homeowner,marking the completion of the construction process. Building a house is a significant undertaking that requires careful planning,skilled labor, and adherence to safety and building standards.It is a journey from an empty plot of land to a home filled with memories.。

美国ASTM标准(F1797)

Designation:F1797–98(Reapproved2003)An American National Standard Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated Digger Derricks1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation F1797;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emis-sion(AE)testing of insulated digger derricks.1.1.1Equipment Covered—This test method applies to special multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines,commonly known as digger derricks.These machines are primarily designed to dig holes,set poles,and position materials and apparatus.1.1.1.1Insulated type digger derricks may be evaluated with this test method.1.1.1.2Digger derricks,if so equipped to position personnel or equipment,or both,may also be evaluated with this test method in conjunction with Test Method F914.1.1.2Equipment Not Covered—Excluded from this test method are general-purpose cranes designed only for lifting service and machines primarily designed only for digging holes.1.2The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources.Veriﬁcation of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test(NDT)methods,such as radiography,ultrasonic,magnetic particle,liquid penetrant,and visual inspection.1.3Precaution—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the test,caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle or components.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:E569Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled Stimulation2E610Deﬁnitions of Terms Relating to Acoustic Emission2 E650Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Contact Sensors2E750Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentation2E976Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-tic Emission Sensor Response2E1067Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin(FRP)Tanks/Vessels2 F914Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices32.2Other Standards:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A—Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation in Nondestructive Testing4 ANSI A10.31Digger Derricks—Safety Requirements, Deﬁnitions,and Speciﬁcations5EMI Nomenclature and Speciﬁcations for Truck-Mounted Extensible Aerial Devices,Articulating Aerial Devices, Digger-Derricks63.Terminology3.1Deﬁnitions:3.1.1acoustic emission,AE—the class of phenomena whereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from a localized source or sources within a material,or the transient elastic wave(s)so generated.3.1.1.1Discussion—acoustic emission is the recommended term for general use.Other terms that have been used in AE literature include(1)stress wave emission,(2)microseismic activity,and(3)emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modiﬁers.3.1.2amplitude(acoustic emission signal amplitude)—the peak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signal waveform from an emission event.3.1.3amplitude distribution—a display of the number of acoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitrary amplitude as a function of amplitude.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F18.55on Acoustic Emission.Current edition approved Nov.10,1998.Published February1999.Originally published as F1797–st previous edition F1797–97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol10.03.4Available from American Society of Nondestructive Testing,4153Arlingate Plaza,Caller#28518,Columbus,OH43228.5Available from the American National Standards Institute,1430Broadway, New York,NY10018.6Available from the Equipment Manufacturer’s Institute,410N.Michigan Ave., Chicago,IL60611.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States. 电子发烧友电子技术论坛3.1.4attenuation —loss of energy per unit distance,typi-cally measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unit distance from the source of emission.3.1.5channel —an input to the main AE instrument that accepts a preampliﬁer output.3.1.6commoned —two or more sensors interconnected such that the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a single channel without differentiation of sensor origin.(syn.teed)3.1.7count ,n —(acoustic emission count)the number of times the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a preset threshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.8decibel,dB —a reference scale that expresses the logarithmic ratio of a signal peak amplitude to a ﬁxed reference amplitude.Signal peak amplitude ~dB !520log 10A 1A(1)where:A 0=1µV at the sensor output (before ampliﬁcation),and A 1=peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB Value Voltage At Sensor Output Voltage at Integral Preamp Sensor Output (40dB Gain)01µV 100µV 2010µV 1mV 40100µV 10mV 601mV 100mV8010mV 1V 100100mV10V3.1.9event (acoustic emission event)—a local material change giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.10event count,N —the number obtained by counting each discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.11ﬁrst-hit —a mode of operation of AE monitoring equipment in which an event occurring on one channel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a speciﬁed period of time.The channel with a sensor closest to the physical location of the emission source will then be the only channel processing data from that source.3.1.12insulator —any part of the digger derrick such as,but not limited to,any of the extensible boom sections or support-ing structure,made of a material having a high dielectric strength,usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.13noise —any undesired signal that tends to interfere with the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.14qualiﬁed personnel —personnel who,by possession of a recognized degree,certiﬁcate,professional standing,or skill,and who,by knowledge,training,and experience,have demonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to the subject matter,the work,or the project.3.1.15signal (emission signal)—a signal obtained by detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.16For deﬁnitions of other terms in this test method,refer to Deﬁnitions E 610and the EMI Nomenclature and Speciﬁcations.3.2Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to the Standard:3.2.1auger —the hole-boring tool of the digger.3.2.2authorized person —a qualiﬁed person approved and assigned by the user to perform a speciﬁc type of duty or duties or to be at a speciﬁc location or locations at the job site.3.2.3boom angle indicator —a device that indicates the angle between the boom and a horizontal plane.3.2.4boom pin —the horizontal shaft about which the boom pivots as it is raised or lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.5boom tip sheave —the sheave,located at the tip of a boom,that carries the winch line.3.2.6capacity chart —a chart that indicates the load capac-ity or rated capacity of the digger derrick,and by the choice of the user reﬂects either the load capacity or the ratedcapacity.FIG.1Insulated Digger DerrickNomenclature3.2.7centerline of rotation—the vertical axis about which the digger derrick rotates.3.2.8critical members—those components,members,or structures in a digger derrick whose failure would cause catastrophic failure of the digger derrick system.3.2.9design stress—the maximum stress at which the com-ponent is designed to operate under conditions of rated capacity.3.2.10digger—the mechanism that drives the auger.3.2.11extension cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder or cylin-ders that extend the boom.3.2.12instability—a condition of a mobile unit in which the sum of the moments tending to overturn the unit is equal to or exceeds the sum of the moments tending to resist overturning.3.2.13intermediate boom(C)7—structural member or members that extend and are located between the upper and lower booms.3.2.14jib—an auxiliary boom that attaches to the upper boom tip to extend the reach of the boom.3.2.15lift cylinder—a hydraulic cylinder that lifts the boom.3.2.16load block—a component consisting of a sheave or sheaves and a hook that is used for multiple parting of the load line.3.2.17load capacity—the maximum load,speciﬁed by the manufacturer,that can be lifted by the mobile unit at regular intervals of load radius and boom angle,through the speciﬁed ranges of boom elevation,extension,and rotation,with options installed and inclusive of stability requirements.3.2.18load line—the load hoisting line.3.2.19lower boom(D)—the structural member,attached to the turntable,that supports the extensible boom or booms. 3.2.20manufacturer—one who originally constructs the digger derrick.3.2.21model—manufacturer’s designation for digger der-rick speciﬁed.3.2.22operator—the person actually engaged in the opera-tion of the digger derrick.3.2.23outrigger cylinder—the hydraulic cylinder that ex-tends the outrigger.3.2.24outriggers(L)—the structural members that are ex-tended or deployed to assist in stabilizing the mobile unit. 3.2.25pedestal(G)—the stationary base of the digger derrick that supports the turntable.3.2.26platform(H)—the optional personnel-carrying com-ponent of a digger derrick,such as a bucket,basket,stand,or equivalent.3.2.27platform pin—the horizontal pin about which the optional platform rotates relative to the boom.3.2.28structural components—those elements of a digger derrick that are subjected to stress during operation.3.2.29turntable(F)—the structure above the rotation bear-ing that supports the booms.3.2.30ultimate strength—for materials that do not have a clearly deﬁned yield strength,the stress level at which failure of a material will occur.3.2.31upper boom(B)—the structural member that extends the farthest,and that supports the boom tip sheave,or the optional platform,or both.3.2.32upper boom tip(A)—the end of the boom farthest from the turntable.4.Summary of Test Method4.1This test method consists of applying a predetermined load to an insulated digger derrick while it is being monitored by sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emissions(AE)caused by active defects.These acoustic emissions can be generated by,but are not limited to,the following:crack nucleation, movement,or propagation in the metal components;or matrix crazing,delamination orﬁber breakage of theﬁber reinforced plastic(FRP)material,or both.4.2The insulated digger derrick is loaded at a uniform rate until a predetermined load is reached,which is held for a period of time.The load is removed and the cycle is repeated. Acoustic emissions are monitored for the components being evaluated during both cycles,and the data is reviewed.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of an insulated digger derrick shown in Table1.The test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within the digger derrick under controlled loading.The energy releases occur during intentional application of a predeter-mined load.These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualiﬁed individuals.Acceptance/rejection cri-teria are beyond the scope of this test method.The test may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern,or to avoid imminent damage to the digger derrick resulting from the application of the test load.5.2Signiﬁcant sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more reﬁned acoustic emission test techniques or by other nondestructive methods (visual,liquid penetrant,radiography,ultrasonic,magnetic particle,etc.).Other nondestructive methods may be required in order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick,and to estimate their size.Additional tests are outside the scope of this test method.7Letters in parentheses refer to the corresponding letters in Table1and Fig.1.TABLE1Insulated Digger Derrick Components That May be Monitored with Acoustic EmissionComponentCorresponding Letter inFig.1Upper Boom Tip A AUpper Boom B A Intermediate Boom(s),if equipped CLower Boom DLower Boom Lift Cylinder Attach Bracket ETurntable FPedestal GOptional Components—if equippedPlatform HPlatform Attachment IJib J AJib Bracket/Cylinder Attach Bracket K A Outriggers LA These components must bemonitored.5.3Defective areas found in digger derricks by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate.Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.6.Personnel Qualiﬁcations6.1The test method shall be performed by qualiﬁed person-nel.Qualiﬁcation shall be in accordance with an established written program prepared by a person familiar with design, manufacture,and operation of insulated digger derricks.The program shall include an established format of ASNT SNT-TC-1A for training,qualiﬁcation,and certiﬁcation of personnel for conducting AE testing.N OTE1—Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation (visual,liquid penetrant,radiography,ultrasonic,magnetic particle,etc.) on digger derricks should be certiﬁed in accordance with ASNT SNT-TC-1A guidelines.6.2Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar with the design,manufacture,and operation of insulated digger derricks.Relevant information is contained in ANSI A10.31 and manufacturers’operating and service manuals.7.Acoustic Emission Instrumentation7.1The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisition from discrete channels using60kHz and150kHz sensors.The number of AE instrument channels shall be determined by the attenuation characteristics of the digger derrick in order to provide coverage of those components identiﬁed in Table1. Refer to the description of mandatory instrumentation charac-teristics in Annex A1.N OTE2—Annex A1requires the use of a minimum of eight channels. N OTE3—The sensors used by most testing agencies are resonant at60 kHz for FRP components and150kHz for metal components.Selection of sensors other than these may signiﬁcantly affect test results.8.Test Preparation8.1Prior to the AE test,a visual evaluation of the digger derrick shall be performed to determine,as far as practical,that the derrick is free from any condition that may prohibit the test or adversely affect the test results.8.2The components to be monitored in an insulated digger derrick shall include,but not be limited to,those speciﬁed in Table 1.Additional channels and sensors may be used to supplement the minimum test requirements and improve loca-tion resolution.8.3Position the sensors on the FRP and metal portions of the components to be monitored.The extent of the coverage is determined by the number of sensors used and the attenuation characteristics of the individual components,and can be veriﬁed by a simulated AE technique as indicated in Guide E976.Record the amplitude of the simulated AE source at a distance of12in.(304mm)from the sensor as a reference. Continue to move the simulated AE source away from the sensor until the amplitude is no more than15dB less than the reference amplitude.This will establish the maximum effective coverage of the sensor.8.4The mounting of sensors shall be in accordance with Practice E569and E650.The couplant used shall not affect the integrity of the digger derrick.N OTE4—The couplant should be compatible with the digger derrick; not a possible cause of contamination.The couplant should be completely removable from the surface after testing,leaving the original surface intact.9.AE Instrumentation System Performance Check9.1Performance veriﬁcation shall be made with an AE simulator immediately prior to application of test load.This simulator should be capable of producing a transient elastic wave having an amplitude representative of the AE signals to be recorded.9.2The AE simulator may be gas jet,pencil lead break technique or an electronically induced event or equivalent. 9.3The detected peak amplitude of the simulated event at a ﬁxed distance,typically6to9in.(152to228mm),from each sensor shall not vary more than6dB from the average of all the sensors on the same type material.The detected peak ampli-tude of any sensor shall not exceed90dB to avoid saturation of ampliﬁer(s).10.System Calibration10.1Subject the AE system to a thorough calibration and functional check to verify accurate performance in accordance with the manufacturer’s speciﬁcation,in conjunction with Practice E750.Perform calibration annually as a minimum in accordance with a written calibration procedure.Include in the calibration,as a minimum:calibration of threshold levels, amplitude measurement circuits,count measurement circuits, AE sensors and load measuring devices.10.2Subject the AE system to a routine performance check, which shall include as a minimum,veriﬁcation of threshold levels and amplitude measurements.Performance checks should be conducted monthly or after40h of operation, whichever is more frequent.11.Procedure11.1Test the digger derrick in a position such that the components indicated in Table1can be monitored.Ideally,this would be with the insulated boom only extended at an angle of zero degrees(horizontal).Fig.2shows the recommended test positions.The insulated boom test load shall be150%of its maximum rated capacity.11.2Attach the load measuring device to the load applica-tion system,which in turn shall attach to an adequate dead weight or anchor.11.3Loads should be applied to the actual load line used for material handling.The line may run just over the outer sheave and a loading mechanism or stiffer line attached to minimize line stretch.11.4All components of the load application system shall be capable of supporting the test load.11.5Perform the loading sequence as shown in Fig.3. 11.6Platforms should be tested separately in accordance with Test Method F914.11.7If the unit is equipped with a jib,it should be tested separately with booms retracted so as not to require the monitoring of the digger derrick during the jib tests,except for the interface between the jib and derrick.The jib shall be tested in its fully extended position at an angle of0-degrees.Thetestload shall be 150%of its rated capacity.Where applicable the actual loadline shall be used.11.8If the digger derrick is rated with other load ratings or other loading positions that would cause signiﬁcantlydifferentNotes (Apply To All Tests):(1)Position truck in most favorable stable position,on ﬁrm,level ground.(2)Extend outriggers.(3)Refer to manufacturers load charts,operational manuals,and decals before testing.(4)Maintain weights (test loads)within 2ft of the ground at all times.FIG.2Insulated Digger Derrick Recommended Test Positions and TestLoadsFIG.3Acoustic Emission Test Sequence for Insulated DiggerDerrickstresses or potential for defect initiation,then it shall be tested in those positions in addition to the standard position described previously.11.9Pass/Fail Criteria for Acoustic Emission Testing of FRP Components:11.9.1The following acceptance criteria are valid only when using this test method and applied loads remain constant during hold cycles.The following AE responses from moni-toring FRP components constitute acceptance:11.9.1.1Zero events or counts,or both,during the last3min of the second hold,at test load,or11.9.1.2Fewer total events or counts,or both,recorded during the second hold period at test load than the total events or counts,or both,recorded during theﬁrst hold period(Kaiser effect).A clear reduction in the rate of acoustic activity over both hold periods should also be observed(that is,the slope of events/time or counts/time decreases over the hold periods).11.9.2Acoustic responses outside the previously described parameters are unacceptable to this test method.Suitability for service of FRP components that do not meet this test method must be carefully evaluated.12.Report12.1The report shall be signed and dated by the responsible qualiﬁed personnel performing the tests.The information recorded shall be sufficient to permit complete analysis of the results.12.2Test Equipment—Instrument settings shall be included in all reports submitted for the examination.The report shall include,but is not limited to:12.2.1Sensor manufacturer,model number,serial numbers, nominal peak frequency response,methods of sensor attach-ment,and type of couplant.12.2.2Diagram or sketch of sensor locations including a description indicating areas of coverage.12.2.3Description of load application and measured test load sequence.12.2.3.1Identify the type of load application,that is,con-stant load versus time or constant displacement versus time.12.2.3.2Report the variation of load versus time during each of the load hold periods in pounds or percent of full load.12.2.4Permanent data record in the form of charts,graphs or tabulations,or combination thereof.12.2.5Ambient conditions during test,such as wind,tem-perature,rain,etc.12.3Digger Derrick—All submitted reports of the exami-nation shall include,but not be limited to,the following information:12.3.1The digger derrick manufacturer,model,serial num-ber,and year of manufacture.12.3.2General description including rated capacities of the boom,jibs,platforms and other attachments in the positions tested.12.3.3Modiﬁcations,changes,repairs and damage or sus-pected damage to the digger derrick.12.4Other Test Information:12.4.1The method used for determination of the test load.12.4.2A description of the test position(s)used,and12.4.3Any additional pertinent information.12.5Any departure from the procedures speciﬁed in this test method shall be adequately justiﬁed and documented in the test record.13.Precision and Bias13.1Each testing agency has the responsibility of judging the acceptability of its own results.The precision of the results is a function of the procedures,facilities utilized,as well as compliance to the recommended industry state-of-the-art prac-tices.Reproducible analysis determinations by different users can be achieved only with identical facilities and trained conscientious personnel.ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1.INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSA1.1Sensors—AE sensors shall be stable over the tem-perature range of use,and shall not exhibit sensitivity changes greater than3dB over this range.Sensors shall be shielded against radio frequency and electromagnetic noise interference through proper shielding practice or differential(anticoinci-dent)element design,or both.Sensors shall have omnidirec-tional response,with variations not exceeding4dB from the peak response.A1.1.1High frequency sensors,used on metal components of the digger derrick,should have the primary resonant frequency at150kHz610kHz.Minimum sensitivity shall be−80dB referred to1V per microbar,or−40dB for integral preamp sensors as determined by face-to-face ultrasonic swept-frequency calibration.AE sensors should not vary in sensitivity more than3dB from the average.A1.1.2Low frequency sensors,used onﬁberglass compo-nents of the digger derrick,should have the primary resonant frequency at60kHz610kHz.Minimum sensitivity shall be equivalent or greater than high sensitivity accelerometers designed for use at60kHz.A1.1.3Up to two sensors may be commoned into a single channel.A1.2Signal Cable—The signal cable from sensor to preampliﬁer shall not exceed6ft(1.8m)in length and shallbeshielded against electromagnetic interference.This require-ment is omitted where the preampliﬁer is mounted in the sensor housing,or a line-driving(matched impedance)sensor is used. A1.3Preampliﬁer—The preampliﬁer may be separate or may be mounted in the sensor housing.For sensors with integral preampliﬁers,frequency response characteristics may be conﬁned to a range consistent with the operational fre-quency of the sensor.If the preampliﬁer is of differential design,a minimum of40dB of common-mode noise rejection shall be provided.Unﬁltered frequency response shall not vary more than3dB over the frequency range of20to400kHz,and over the temperature range of use.A1.4Filters—Filters shall be of the band pass or high pass type,and shall provide a minimum of−24dB/octave signal attenuation.Filters may be located in preampliﬁer or post-preampliﬁer circuits,or may be integrated into the component design of the sensor,preampliﬁer,or processor to limit fre-quency response.Filters or integral design characteristics,or both,shall ensure that the principal processing frequency for high frequency sensors is not less than100kHz,and for low frequency sensors,not less than25kHz.A1.5Power-Signal Cable—The cable providing power to the preampliﬁer and conducting the ampliﬁed signal to the main processor shall be shielded against electromagnetic noise. Signal loss shall be no more than1dB per100ft(30.4m)of cable length.Five hundred feet(152m)is the recommended maximum cable length to avoid excessive signal attenuation. Digital or radio transmission of signals is allowed consistent with standard practice in transmitting those signal forms.A1.6Main Ampliﬁers—The main ampliﬁer,if used,shall have signal response with variations not exceeding3dB over the frequency range of20to400kHz,and temperature range of use.The main ampliﬁer shall have adjustable gain,or an adjustable threshold for event detection and counting.A1.7Main Processor:A1.7.1General—The main processors shall have a mini-mum of eight independent channel inputs for signal processing of events.If mixer(s)are used,ﬁrst-hit event processing for each channel must be provided.A1.7.1.1Independent processing of counts,events,and amplitude(per event)for each channel is preferred;but as a minimum,two active processing circuits shall process counts and amplitude information from metal andﬁberglass channels independently.A1.7.1.2The system shall be capable of processing and storing at least100events/s for limited periods of time.A1.7.2Peak Amplitude Detection—Usable dynamic range shall be a minimum of60dB with5dB resolution over the frequency band of20to400kHz,and the temperature range of use.Not more than2dB variation in peak detection accuracy shall be allowed over the stated temperature range.Amplitude values may be stated in volts or dB,but must be referenced to aﬁxed gain output of the system(sensor or preamp).A1.7.3Source Location—Source location using time differ-ence processing between channels is optional,and may be used where it improves source identiﬁcation on the structure. However,use of the source location algorithms shall not prohibit processing of individual orﬁrst-hit sensor information. A1.7.4Signal Outputs and Recording—The processor shall provide as a minimum outputs for permanent recording of: A1.7.4.1Events by channel(events versus time).A1.7.4.2Counts versus time or load for metal channels,A1.7.4.3Counts versus time or load forﬁberglass channels, A1.7.4.4Amplitude distribution for metal channels,A1.7.4.5Amplitude distribution forﬁberglass channels,and A1.7.4.6Load versus time.N OTE A1.1—The required outputs should be based onﬁrst hit infor-mation.A1.7.5Load Measuring Device—The load cell or other load measuring device shall be capable of registering the loads applied during testing within its calibration range.The device shall be calibrated in a manner and at intervals recommended by the manufacturer’s speciﬁcations.The percent error for loads within the loading range of the load cell and readout shall not exceed61.0%of reading.In load readouts that possess multiple-capacity ranges,the veriﬁed loading of each range shall not exceed61.0%of reading.An electronic output of the load measuring device,proportional to applied load,shall be properly conditioned and ampliﬁed to match the requirements of the recording device used.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

电影举起手来观后感

As a seasoned film critic, I often find myself in the unique position of being able to dissect a film from various angles, appreciating the art form for its technical prowess, narrative depth, and emotional resonance. Raise Your Hands is a film that, despite its seemingly simple premise, offers a rich tapestry of cinematic experiences that I found both compelling and thoughtprovoking.From the outset, the films title, Raise Your Hands, intrigued me. Its a phrase that can be interpreted in multiple ways, and the film does not disappoint in exploring these various interpretations. Its a call to surrender, a plea for help, or a gesture of acknowledgment. The film weaves these themes into a narrative that is both gripping and emotionally charged.The cinematography of Raise Your Hands is nothing short of breathtaking. The film opens with sweeping shots of the rugged landscape, setting the stage for a story that is as raw and untamed as the terrain itself. The use of natural light and the stark contrast between the harsh environment and the tender moments shared by the characters create a visual poetry that is both haunting and beautiful.The narrative unfolds at a deliberate pace, allowing the audience to fully immerse themselves in the story. The plot is driven by the characters internal struggles and their interactions with one another. The film does not rely on gimmicks or plot twists to keep the audience engaged instead, it trusts in the power of its storytelling and the strength of its performances.Speaking of performances, the cast of Raise Your Hands delivers a masterclass in acting. Each actor brings depth and nuance to their character, making them feel real and relatable. The lead actor, in particular, delivers a performance that is both powerful and understated, capturing the essence of a character who is torn between their duty and their humanity.One of the most striking aspects of the film is its exploration of the human condition. It delves into themes of sacrifice, redemption, and the weight of responsibility. The film does not shy away from the harsh realities of life, but it also highlights the moments of beauty and hope that can be found even in the darkest of circumstances.The films score is another element that deserves mention. It complements the visuals and the narrative perfectly, adding another layer of emotion to the film. The music is haunting and evocative, reflecting the turmoil and the resilience of the characters.In terms of its technical aspects, Raise Your Hands is a triumph. The editing is seamless, the sound design is immersive, and the production design is meticulous. The attention to detail in every aspect of the films production is a testament to the dedication and the passion of the filmmakers.However, what truly sets Raise Your Hands apart is its emotional impact. The film resonates with the audience on a deeply personal level, evoking a range of emotions from sorrow to hope. It is a film that stays with you long after the credits have rolled, prompting reflection and introspection.In conclusion, Raise Your Hands is a cinematic gem that offers a powerful narrative, stunning visuals, and unforgettable performances. It is a film that challenges the viewer to confront the complexities of the human experience and to find solace in the moments of connection and humanity that shine through even in the face of adversity. It is a testament to the power of cinema as a medium for storytelling and emotional exploration, and it is a film that I would highly recommend to anyone seeking a deeply moving and thoughtprovoking cinematic experience.。

研究生专业词汇

2-dimensional space3D mapabstractaccess dataAccessibilityaccuracyacquisitionad-hocadjacencyadventaerial photographsAge of dataagglomerationaggregateairborneAlbers Equal-Area Conic projection (ALBER alignalphabeticalphanumericalphanumericalalternativealternativealtitudeameliorateanalogue mapsancillaryANDannotationanomalousapexapproachappropriatearcarc snap tolerancearealAreal coverageARPA abbr.Advanced Research Projects Agen arrangementarrayartificial intelligenceArtificial Neural Networks (ANN) aspatialaspectassembleassociated attributeattributeattribute dataautocorrelationautomated scanningazimuthazimuthalbar chartbiasbinary encodingblock codingBoolean algebrabottombottom leftboundbreak linebufferbuilt-incamouflagecardinalcartesian coordinate system cartographycatchmentcellcensuscentroidcentroid-to-centroidCGI (Common Gateway Interface) chain codingchainscharged couple devices (ccd) children (node)choropleth mapclass librariesclassesclustercodecohesivelycoilcollinearcolumncompactcompasscompass bearingcomplete spatial randomness (CSR) componentcompositecomposite keysconcavityconcentricconceptual modelconceptuallyconduitConformalconformal projectionconic projectionconnectivityconservativeconsortiumcontainmentcontiguitycontinuouscontourcontour layercontrol pointsconventionconvertcorecorrelogramcorrespondencecorridorCostcost density fieldcost-benefit analysis (CBA)cost-effectivecouplingcovariancecoveragecoveragecriteriacriteriacriterioncross-hairscrosshatchcross-sectioncumbersomecustomizationcutcylindrical projectiondangledangle lengthdangling nodedash lineDATdata base management systems (DBMS) data combinationdata conversiondata definition language (DDL)data dictionarydata independencedata integritydata itemdata maintenancedata manipulationData manipulation and query language data miningdata modeldata representationdata tabledata typedatabasedateDBAdebris flowdebugdecadedecibeldecision analysisdecision makingdecomposededicateddeductiveDelaunay criterionDelaunay triangulationdelete(erase)delineatedemarcationdemographicdemonstratedenominatorDensity of observationderivativedetectabledevisediagonaldictatedigital elevation model (DEM)digital terrain model (DTM) digitizedigitizedigitizerdigitizing errorsdigitizing tablediscrepancydiscretediscretedisparitydispersiondisruptiondissecteddisseminatedissolvedistance decay functionDistributed Computingdividedomaindot chartdraftdragdrum scannersdummy nodedynamic modelingeasy-to-useecologyelicitingeliminateellipsoidellipticityelongationencapsulationencloseencodeentity relationship modelingentity tableentryenvisageepsilonequal area projectionequidistant projectionerraticerror detection & correctionError Maperror varianceessenceet al.EuclideanEuclidean 2-spaceexpected frequencies of occurrences explicitexponentialextendexternal and internal boundaries external tablefacetfacilityfacility managementfashionFAT (file allocation table)faultyfeaturefeaturefeedbackfidelityfieldfield investigationfield sports enthusiastfields modelfigurefile structurefillingfinenessfixed zoom infixed zoom outflat-bed scannerflexibilityforefrontframe-by framefreefrom nodefrom scratchfulfillfunction callsfuzzyFuzzy set theorygantrygenericgeocodinggeocomputationgeodesygeographic entitygeographic processgeographic referencegeographic spacegeographic/spatial information geographical featuresgeometricgeometric primitive geoprocessinggeoreferencegeo-relational geosciences geospatialgeo-spatial analysis geo-statisticalGiven that GNOMONIC projection grain tolerance graticulegrey scalegridhand-drawnhand-heldhandicaphandlehand-written header recordheftyheterogeneity heterogeneous heuristichierarchical hierarchicalhill shading homogeneoushosthouseholdshuehumichurdlehydrographyhyper-linkedi.e.Ideal Point Method identicalidentifiable identification identifyilluminateimageimpedanceimpedanceimplementimplementimplicationimplicitin excess of…in respect ofin terms ofin-betweeninbuiltinconsistencyincorporationindigenousinformation integration infrastructureinherentinheritanceinlandinstanceinstantiationintegerintegrateinteractioninteractiveinteractiveinternet protocol suite Internet interoperabilityinterpolateinterpolationinterrogateintersectintersectionIntersectionInterval Estimation Method intuitiveintuitiveinvariantinventoryinvertedirreconcilableirreversibleis adjacent tois completely withinis contained iniso-iso-linesisopleth mapiterativejunctionkeyframekrigingKriginglaglanduse categorylatitudelatitude coordinatelavalayerlayersleaseleast-cost path analysisleftlegendlegendlegendlength-metriclie inlightweightlikewiselimitationLine modelline segmentsLineage (=history)lineamentlinearline-followinglitho-unitlocal and wide area network logarithmiclogicallogicallongitudelongitude coordinatemacro languagemacro-like languagemacrosmainstreammanagerialmanual digitizingmany-to-one relationMap scalemarshalmaskmatricesmatrixmeasured frequencies of occurrences measurementmedialMercatorMercator projectionmergemergemeridiansmetadatameta-datametadatamethodologymetric spaceminimum cost pathmirrormis-representmixed pixelmodelingmodularmonochromaticmonolithicmonopolymorphologicalmosaicmovemoving averagemuiticriteria decision making (MCDM) multispectralmutually exclusivemyopicnadirnatureneatlynecessitatenestednetworknetwork analysisnetwork database structurenetwork modelnodenodenode snap tolerancenon-numerical (character)non-spatialnon-spatial dataNormal formsnorth arrowNOTnovicenumber of significant digit numeric charactersnumericalnumericalobject-based modelobjectiveobject-orientedobject-oriented databaseobstacleomni- a.on the basis ofOnline Analytical Processing (OLAP) on-screen digitizingoperandoperatoroptimization algorithmORorderorganizational schemeoriginorthogonalORTHOGRAPHIC projectionortho-imageout ofoutcomeoutgrowthoutsetovaloverdueoverheadoverlapoverlayoverlay operationovershootovershootspackagepairwisepanpanelparadigmparent (node)patchpath findingpatternpatternpattern recognitionperceptionperspectivepertain phenomenological photogrammetric photogrammetryphysical relationships pie chartpilotpitpixelplanarplanar Euclidean space planar projection platformplotterplotterplottingplug-inpocketpoint entitiespointerpoint-modepointspolar coordinates polishingpolygonpolylinepolymorphism precautionsprecisionpre-designed predeterminepreferences pregeographic space Primary and Foreign keys primary keyprocess-orientedprofileprogramming tools projectionprojectionproprietaryprototypeproximalProximitypseudo nodepseudo-bufferpuckpuckpuckPythagorasquadquadrantquadtreequadtree tessellationqualifyqualitativequantitativequantitativequantizequasi-metricradar imageradii bufferrangelandrank order aggregation method ranking methodrasterRaster data modelraster scannerRaster Spatial Data Modelrating methodrational database structureready-madeready-to-runreal-timerecordrecreationrectangular coordinates rectificationredundantreference gridreflexivereflexive nearest neighbors (RNN) regimeregisterregular patternrelationrelationalrelational algebra operators relational databaseRelational joinsrelational model relevancereliefreliefremarkremote sensingremote sensingremote sensingremotely-sensed repositoryreproducible resemblanceresembleresemplingreshaperesideresizeresolutionresolutionrespondentretrievalretrievalretrievalretrieveridgerightrobustrootRoot Mean Square (RMS) rotateroundaboutroundingrowrow and column number run-length codingrun-length encoded saddle pointsalientsamplesanitarysatellite imagesscalablescalescanscannerscannerscannerscarcescarcityscenarioschemascriptscrubsecurityselectselectionself-descriptiveself-documentedsemanticsemanticsemi-automatedsemi-major axessemi-metricsemi-minor axessemivariancesemi-variogram modelsemi-varogramsensorsequencesetshiftsillsimultaneous equations simultaneouslysinusoidalskeletonslide-show-stylesliverslope angleslope aspectslope convexitysnapsnapsocio-demographic socioeconomicspagettiSpatial Autocorrelation Function spatial correlationspatial dataspatial data model for GIS spatial databaseSpatial Decision Support Systems spatial dependencespatial entityspatial modelspatial relationshipspatial relationshipsspatial statisticsspatial-temporalspecificspectralspherical spacespheroidsplined textsplitstakeholdersstand alonestandard errorstandard operationsstate-of-the-artstaticSTEREOGRAPHIC projection STEREOGRAPHIC projection stereoplotterstorage spacestovepipestratifiedstream-modestrideStructured Query Language(SQL) strung outsubdivisionsubroutinesubtractionsuitesupercedesuperimposesurrogatesurveysurveysurveying field data susceptiblesymbolsymbolsymmetrytaggingtailoredtake into account of … tangencytapetastefullyTelnettentativeterminologyterraceterritorytessellatedtextureThe Equidistant Conic projection (EQUIDIS The Lambert Conic Conformal projection (L thematicthematic mapthemeThiessen mapthird-partythresholdthroughputthrust faulttictiertiletime-consumingto nodetolerancetonetopographic maptopographytopologicaltopological dimensiontopological objectstopological structuretopologically structured data set topologytopologytrade offtrade-offTransaction Processing Systems (TPS) transformationtransposetremendousTriangulated Irregular Network (TIN) trimtrue-direction projectiontupleunbiasednessuncertaintyunchartedundershootsunionunionupupdateupper- mosturban renewaluser-friendlyutilityutility functionvaguevalidityvarianceVariogramvectorvector spatial data model vendorverbalversusvertexvetorizationviablevice versavice versaview of databaseview-onlyvirtualvirtual realityvisibility analysisvisualvisualizationvitalVoronoi Tesselationvrticeswatershedweedweed toleranceweighted summation method whilstwithin a distance ofXORzoom inzoom out三维地图摘要，提取，抽象访问数据可获取性准确，准确度（与真值的接近程度）获得，获得物，取得特别邻接性出现,到来航片数据年龄聚集聚集，集合空运的, （源自）航空的,空中的艾伯特等面积圆锥投影匹配，调准，校直字母的字母数字的字母数字混合编制的替换方案替代的海拔，高度改善,改良,改进模拟地图，这里指纸质地图辅助的和注解不规则的，异常的顶点方法适合于…弧段弧捕捉容限来自一个地区的、面状的面状覆盖范围(美国国防部)高级研究计划署排列，布置数组，阵列人工智能人工神经网络非空间的方面，方向，方位，相位，面貌采集，获取关联属性属性属性数据自动扫描方位角，方位，地平经度方位角的条状图偏差二进制编码分块编码布尔代数下左下角给…划界断裂线缓冲区分析内置的伪装主要的，重要的，基本的笛卡儿坐标系制图、制图学流域，集水区像元，单元人口普查质心质心到质心的公共网关接口链式编码链电荷耦合器件子节点地区分布图类库类群编码内聚地线圈在同一直线上的列压缩、压紧罗盘，圆规，范围 v.包围方位角完全空间随机性组成部分复合的、混合的复合码凹度，凹陷同心的概念模型概念上地管道,导管,沟渠,泉水,喷泉保形（保角）的等角投影圆锥投影连通性保守的，守旧的社团,协会,联盟包含关系相邻性连续的轮廓,等高线,等值线等高线层控制点习俗，惯例，公约，协定转换核心相关图符合，对应走廊, 通路费用花费密度域，路径权值成本效益分析有成本效益的，划算的结合协方差面层，图层覆盖，覆盖范围标准，要求标准，判据，条件标准，判据，条件十字丝以交叉线作出阴影截面麻烦的用户定制剪切圆柱投影悬挂悬挂长度悬挂的节点点划线数据文件的扩展名数据库管理系统数据合并数据变换数据定义语言数据字典与数据的无关数据的完整性数据项数据维护数据操作数据操作和查询语言数据挖掘数据模型数据表示法数据表数据类型数据库日期数据库管理员泥石流调试十年，十，十年期分贝决策分析决策，判定分解专用的推论的，演绎的狄拉尼准则狄拉尼三角形删除描绘划分人口统计学的说明分母，命名者观测密度引出的，派生的可察觉的发明，想出对角线的，斜的要求数字高程模型数字地形模型数字化数字化数字化仪数字化误差数字化板，数字化桌差异，矛盾不连续的，离散的不连续的，离散的不一致性分散，离差中断，分裂，瓦解，破坏切开的，分割的发散，发布分解距离衰减函数分布式计算分割域点状图草稿，起草拖拽滚筒式扫描仪伪节点动态建模容易使用的生态学导出消除椭球椭圆率伸长包装，封装围绕编码实体关系建模实体表进入,登记想像,设想,正视,面对希腊文的第五个字母ε等积投影等距投影不稳定的误差检查和修正误差图误差离散，误差方差本质，本体，精华以及其他人，等人欧几里得的，欧几里得几何学的欧几里得二维空间期望发生频率明显的指数的延伸内外边界外部表格(多面体的)面工具设备管理样子，方式文件分配表有过失的，不完善的（地理）要素，特征要素反馈诚实，逼真度，重现精度字段现场调查户外运动发烧友场模型外形，数字，文件结构填充精细度以固定比例放大以固定比例缩小平板式扫描仪弹性，适应性，机动性，挠性最前沿逐帧无…的起始节点从底层完成，实现函数调用模糊的模糊集合论构台,桶架, 跨轨信号架通用的地理编码地理计算大地测量地理实体地理（数据处理）过程地理参考地理空间地理信息，空间信息地理要素几何的，几何学的几何图元地理（数据）处理过程地理坐标参考地理关系的地球科学地理空间的地学空间分析地质统计学的假设心射切面投影颗粒容差地图网格灰度栅格,格网手绘的手持的障碍，难点处置、处理手写的头记录重的,强健的异质性异构的启发式的层次层次的山坡（体）阴影图均匀的、均质的主机家庭色调腐植的困难，阻碍水文地理学超链接的即，换言之，也就是理想点法相同的可识别的、标识识别阐明图像，影像全电阻，阻抗阻抗实现，履行履行,实现牵连,暗示隐含的超过…关于根据…在中间的嵌入的，内藏的不一致性，矛盾性结合，组成公司(或社团)内在的,本土的信息集成基础设施固有的继承，遗传，遗产内陆的实例，例子实例，个例化整数综合，结合相互作用交互式的交互式的协议组互操作性内插插值询问相交交集、逻辑的乘交区间估值法直觉的直觉的不变量存储，存量反向的，倒转的，倒置的互相对立的不能撤回的，不能取消的相邻完全包含于包含于相等的，相同的线族等值线图迭代的接合,汇接点主帧克里金内插法克里金法标签，标记间隙，迟滞量土地利用类别纬度（B）纬度坐标熔岩，火山岩图层图层出租，租用最佳路径分析左图例图例图例长度量测在于小型的同样地限制，限度，局限线模型线段谱系，来源容貌，线性构造线性的，长度的，直线的线跟踪的岩性单元局域和广域网对数的逻辑的逻辑的经度（L）经度坐标宏语言类宏语言宏主流管理人的，管理的手工数字化多对一的关系地图比例尺排列,集合掩膜matrix 的复数矩阵实测发生频率量测中间的合并墨卡托墨卡托投影法合并合并，融合子午线元数据元数据，也可写为 metadata元数据方法学，方法论度量空间最佳路径镜像错误表示混合像素建模模块化的单色的,单频整体的垄断，专利权，专卖形态学镶嵌, 镶嵌体移动移动平均数多准则决策分析多谱线的,多谱段的相互排斥的短视，没有远见的最低点，天底，深渊，最底点本性，性质整洁地成为必要嵌套的、巢状的网络网络分析网状数据库结构网络模型节点节点节点捕捉容限非数值的(字符)非空间的非空间数据范式指北针非新手，初学者有效位数数字字符数值的数值的基于对象的模型客观的，目标的面向对象的模型面向对象的数据库阻碍全能的，全部的以…为基础在线分析处理屏幕数字化运算对象，操作数算子，算符，操作人员优化算法或次，次序组织方案原点，起源，由来直角的，直交的正射投影正射影像缺少结果长出，派出，结果，副产物开头，开端卵形的，椭圆形的迟到的管理费用重叠，叠加叠加叠置运算超出过头线软件包成对(双)地，两个两个地平移面,板范例、父节点补钉，碎片，斑点路径搜索图案式样,图案, 模式模式识别感觉，概念，理解力透视图从属，有关，适合现象学的，现象的摄影测量的摄影测量物理关系饼图导航洼坑象素平面的平面欧几里得空间平面投影平台绘图仪绘图仪绘图插件便携式，袖珍式，小型的点实体指针点方式点数，分数极坐标抛光多边形多义线，折线多形性，多态现象预防措施精确，精度（多次测量结果之间的敛散程度）预定义的，预设计的预定、预先偏好先地理空间主外键主码面向处理的纵剖面、轮廓编程工具投影投影所有权,业主原型，典型最接近的,近侧的接近性假的, 伪的伪节点缓冲区查询（数字化仪）鼠标数字化鼠标鼠标毕达哥拉斯方庭，四方院子象限，四分仪四叉树四叉树方格限定，使合格定性的量的定量的、数量的使量子化准量测雷达影像以固定半径建立缓冲区牧场，放牧地等级次序集合法等级评定法栅格栅格数据模型栅格扫描仪栅格空间数据模型分数评定法关系数据结构现成的随需随运行的实时记录娱乐平面坐标纠正多余的，过剩的，冗余的参考网格自反的自反最近邻体制，状态，方式配准规则模式关系关系关系代数运算符关系数据库关系连接中肯，关联，适宜，适当地势起伏，减轻地势的起伏评论，谈论，谈到遥感遥感遥感遥感的知识库可再产生的相似，相似性，相貌相似类似，像重取样调整形状居住，驻扎调整大小分辨率分辨率回答者，提取检索检索检索高压脊右稳健的根部均方根旋转迂回的舍入的、凑整的行行和列的编号游程长度编码行程编码鞍点显著的，突出的，跳跃的，凸出的样品, 标本, 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FRAGSTATS使用说明

Total Core Area (TCA) Number of Disjunct Core Areas (NDCA) Disjunct Core Area Density (DCAD) Core Area Distribution (CORE_MN, _AM, _MD, _RA, _SD, _CV) Disjunct Core Area Distribution (DCORE_MN, _AM, _MD, _RA, _SD, _CV) Core Area Index Distribution (CAI_MN, _AM, _MD, _RA, _SD, _CV)
三个层次的景观指标
与fragstats 中的指标层次
? 单个斑块的指标
? Cell-level metrics
(individual patch indices/metrics)
? Patch-level metrics
? 斑块类型的指标
(patch class indices/metrics)
? Class-level metrics
2、形状指标（Shape metrics ）：
Number 中文名称
Patch Metrics
P1
周长-面积比
P2
形状指数
P3
分形维数
P4
近圆形形状指数
P5
邻近指数
Class Metrics
C1
周长面积分维
C2-C7
周长面积比分布
C8-C13 形状指数分布
C14-C19 分形维数分布
C20-C25 线性指数分布
C26-C31 限定框分布
C32-C37 邻近指数分布
Landscape Metrics

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• 数据
– 北京土地覆盖数据
Fragstats
Patch(单个斑块)-Class（斑块类型）-Landscape（整体景观）
/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html McGarigal, K., SA Cushman, MC Neel, and E Ene.
那么，我需要什么样的指数？
•
这取决于你认为景观的什么特征影响你所关注的物种. 大多数景观尺度野生动物研究关心的栖息地数量和空间特征。
•
对面积敏感的内部种（ Interior Species）
•
•
• • • • •
Patch area (Area) Patch area standard deviation (Area_CSD) Class habitat percentage (Pland) Class mean patch area (Area_MN) Class patch area variation (Area_SD) Class total core area (TCA) Class core area percent of landscape (CPLAND)
Patch Neighbor Rule
4-cell rule
8-cell rule
Class Properties File Class ID, Class Name, Status, Is Background
11,Cropland irrigated,true,false 12,Cropland non-irrigated,true,false 21,Forest canopy >30%,true,false 22,Shrubland,true,false 23,Forest canopy 10-30%,true,false 31,Grassland cover>50%,true,false 32,Grassland cover 20-50%,true,false 33,Grassland cover 5-20%,true,false 42,Lake,true,false 43,Resevoir,true,false 46,Flooded,true,false 51,Urban,true,false 52,Rural settlement,true,false 53,Industry/transportation,true,false 61,Desert,true,false 62,Gobi,true,false 65,Bare,true,false 66,Bare rock,true,false
• 计算格局指数 (patch, class, and landscape)
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 软件
– Fragstats 3.3 – ArcGIS9.2(ArcMap、ArcToolbox) – Excel （Excel table+ArcgGIS)
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
a
b
c
a. Moving window (not Standard), that is Round. b. Radius (meters) = 800 c. Uncheck Class Metrics.
移动窗口分析
Moving Window Analysis
• •
2.用Fragstats计算pathc、Class 和Landscae三类指数 3.对两期景观指数作图进行初步分析
Class Properties File
Code Class_Name • • • • •
1,Forest,t,f 2,Farmland,t,f 3,Grassland,t,f 4,Urban,t,f 5,Water,t,f
Pattern-Process
景观格局指数
Landscape Ecology uses “pattern metrics” to quantify structure • 大小Size – Area, perimeter, width, core area

• 形状 Shape – Elongated, circular, amount of edge

目标
• 熟悉常用的景观构成指数和空间配置指数
• 学习使用Fragstatst(和ArcGIS)进行空间格局分析
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 计算格局指数 (patch, class, and landscape)
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
Excel 数据导入
Copy
b:Select all the columnns a:type “1” and copy
c:paste
Open ID Image
546 pactches
Database join
Database join
种群生存力 (Extinction and Recolinization)
• • • • • •
Class habitat percentage (PLAND) Class number of patches (NP) Class largest patch index (LPI) Class mean euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN_MN) Class variation in euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN_SD) Class Connectance Index (CONNECT)
景观格局指数和Fragstats
Landscape Pattern Metric and Fragstats
王
•聚集 Clumpy •分散 Dispersed •随机 Random •多样 Diverse •破碎 Fragmented
格局-过程
• 空间配置指数 Configuration
– Contagion（聚集度） and Dispersion: distinguish between landscapes with clumped or evenly distributed patches – Isolation（隔离度）: based on the distances between similarly classified patches•
• 空间配置 Spatial configuration – Measuring patterns in the mosaic (patch metrics) • Clustered, dispersed • Dominance, linkages, isolation, proximity… • Fragmentation, isolation, connectivity
Display Patch metrics
景观指数存在的问题
•
•
•
指数之间高度冗余（redundant）指数的尺度敏感性景观格局分析概念上的缺陷
– 格局与过程之间莫须有的关系 – 只量化格局而不考虑过程 – 存在与生态学无关的景观指数
•
近期很多文章讨论这些问题:
– Wu, J. 2004. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations. Landscape Ecology 19: 125-138. – Li, H., and J. Wu. 2004. Use and misuse of landscape metrics. Landscape Ecology 19: 389399.
• A circular or square moving window moves across the input grid and selected metrics are calculated for the center cell of the window
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 计算格局指数 (patch, class, and landscape)
变量之间“，”号分隔
Landscape Metrics:
ONE metric per site (“landscape”)
Whole landscape
Class Metrics:
ONE metric per class in the map
Each color represents separate class
• 景观构成指数 Composition
– Fractional Cover（类型比例）: what proportion of the landscape is occupied by a given class – Richness(丰富度): the number of classes – Evenness（均匀度）: the relative abundance of classes
谢谢
考试
•
1.模拟两个景观（Early-settlement 和Post-settlement）
– 250*250 栅格（ArcGis） – 建立属性数据库类型：Forest，Farmland，Grassland，Urban， Water – 矢量转栅格（ArcGRID), cell size=10
Code ,Class_Name
以相对路径形式保存文件